Consolidating and Maintaining Power
there were still only around 1 million radios in Italy – about one for every forty-four people. To deal with this, public-address systems were set up in cafés, restaurants and public squares, so that more people could listen to Il Duce’s speeches. Free radios were also given to schools.
Figure 2.15 Mussolini reviving the ancient glories of Rome; he is viewing a statue of Julius Caesar installed in the recently excavated forum
Mussolini was slow to realise the potential of film, but in 1924, a government agency (L’Unione Cinematografica Educativa, LUCE) was established to produce documentaries and newsreels. Soon, Mussolini was making full use of film. He insisted that the state-sponsored newsreel films (from 1926, these had to be played in all cinemas as part of the programme) showed him addressing large crowds of enthusiastic supporters, and that he was filmed from below, in order to disguise his lack of height.
Fascist propaganda Throughout the 1930s, the press office extended its role to cover not just radio and film, but all aspects of culture. In 1933, Mussolini’s son-in-law, Galeazzo Ciano, took over the running of the office. In 1935, it was renamed the Ministry for Press and Propaganda – in part an imitation of developments in Nazi Germany.
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