State symbols are often used to indicate the physical state of substances involved in a reaction: (s) = solid (l) = liquid (g) = gas (aq) = aqueous (dissolved in water)
Worked examples 1.1 #BMBODF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPO w / H w ) H → w /) H
BOE XPSL PVU UIF TVN PG UIF DPFą DJFOUT JO UIF FRVBUJPO *O UIF VOCBMBODFE FRVBUJPO UIFSF BSF UXP / BUPNT BOE UXP ) BUPNT PO UIF MFGU IBOE TJEF PG UIF FRVBUJPO CVU POF / BUPN BOE UISFF ) BUPNT PO UIF SJHIU IBOE TJEF *U JT OPU QPTTJCMF GPS UXP / BUPNT UP SFBDU XJUI UXP ) BUPNT UP QSPEVDF POF / BUPN BOE UISFF ) BUPNT UIFSFGPSF UIJT FRVBUJPO JT OPU CBMBODFE *U DBO CF CBMBODFE JO UXP TUBHFT BT GPMMPXT w / w ) → /) BUPNT / / ) ) w / ) → /) BUPNT / / ) ) 5IJT FRVBUJPO JT OPX CBMBODFE CFDBVTF UIFSF JT UIF TBNF OVNCFS PG FBDI UZQF PG BUPN PO CPUI TJEFT PG UIF FRVBUJPO 5IF TVN PG UIF DPFą DJFOUT JO UIJT FRVBUJPO JT 5IF DPFą DJFOU PG / JT BMUIPVHI XF EP OPU VTVBMMZ XSJUF UIJT JO BO FRVBUJPO 1.2 #BMBODF UIF GPMMPXJOH FRVBUJPO w $ H H w 0 H → w $0 H w ) 0 M
$PNQPVOET BSF CBMBODFE ê STU UIFO FMFNFOUT w $ H H w 0 H → $0 H ) 0 M
5IFSF BSF UXP PYZHFO BUPNT PO UIF MFGU IBOE TJEF PG UIF FRVBUJPO BOE 0 OFFET UP CF NVMUJQMJFE CZ UP HJWF PYZHFO BUPNT XIJDI JT UIF OVNCFS PG PYZHFO BUPNT PO UIF PUIFS TJEF < ¤ ¤ > w $ H H 0 H â&#x2020;&#x2019; $0 H ) 0 M
5IF FRVBUJPO JT CBMBODFE BT TIPXO CVU JU MPPLT NVDI OFBUFS XIFO CBMBODFE XJUI XIPMF OVNCFST 5P BDIJFWF UIJT BMM UIF DPFÄ&#x2026; DJFOUT BSF NVMUJQMJFE CZ $ H H 0 H â&#x2020;&#x2019; $0 H ) 0 M
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