Cambridge International AS and LevelA Biology Level Biology
9
Gas exchange and smoking
185
Gas exchange 186 Lungs 186 Trachea, bronchi and bronchioles 187 Alveoli 189 Smoking 190 Tobacco smoke 190 Lung diseases 190 Short-term effects on the cardiovascular system 193 End-of-chapter questions 195
10 Infectious diseases
198
Worldwide importance of infectious diseases 200 Cholera 200 Malaria 202 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 205 Tuberculosis (TB) 209 Measles 212 Antibiotics 213 End-of-chapter questions 219
11 Immunity iv
Defence against disease Cells of the immune system Active and passive immunity Autoimmune diseases – a case of mistaken identity End-of-chapter questions
P1 Practical skills for AS
222 223 224 232 237 242
246
Experiments 247 Variables and making measurements 247 Estimating uncertainty in measurement 255 Recording quantitative results 255 Constructing a line graph 256 Constructing bar charts and histograms 258 Making conclusions 259 Describing data 259 Making calculations from data 259 Explaining your results 261 Identifying sources of error and suggesting improvements 261 Drawings 262 End-of-chapter questions 264
12 Energy and respiration
267
The need for energy in living organisms 268 Work 269 ATP 270 Respiration 272 Mitochondrial structure and function 276 Respiration without oxygen 277 Respiratory substrates 278 Adaptations of rice for wet environments 281 End-of-chapter questions 283
13 Photosynthesis
286
An energy transfer process 287 The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis 288 The light independent reactions of photosynthesis 290 Chloroplast structure and function 290 Factors necessary for photosynthesis 291 C4 plants 293 Trapping light energy 295 End-of-chapter questions 297
14 Homeostasis
299
Internal environment 300 Control of homeostatic mechanisms 301 The control of body temperature 302 Excretion 304 The structure of the kidney 305 Control of water content 312 The control of blood glucose 315 Urine analysis 319 Homeostasis in plants 320 End-of-chapter questions 325
15 Coordination Nervous communication Muscle contraction Hormonal communication Birth control Control and coordination in plants End-of-chapter questions
329 330 344 349 351 353 358