Contents How to use this book
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Chapter 1: Moles and equations
1
Masses of atoms and molecules Accurate relative atomic masses Amount of substance Mole calculations Chemical formulae and chemical equations Solutions and concentration Calculations involving gas volumes
Chapter 2: Atomic structure Elements and atoms Inside the atom Numbers of nucleons Isotopes How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
Chapter 3: Electrons in atoms Simple electronic structure Evidence for electronic structure Subshells and atomic orbitals Electronic configurations Orbitals and the Periodic Table Patterns in ionisation energies in the Periodic Table
Chapter 4: Chemical bonding Types of chemical bonding Ionic bonding Covalent bonding Shapes of molecules More molecular shapes Metallic bonding Intermolecular forces Hydrogen bonding Bonding and physical properties
2 3 5 6 10 14 18
24 25 25 28 28 29
32 33 34 37 38 40 41
48 49 49 51 55 56 58 60 64 66
Chapter 5: States of matter
72
States of matter The gaseous state The liquid state The solid state Simple molecular lattices Carbon nanoparticles Conserving materials
73 73 77 78 80 82 83
Chapter 6: Enthalpy changes
89
What are enthalpy changes? 90 Standard enthalpy changes 92 Measuring enthalpy changes 94 Hess’s law 97 Enthalpy change of reaction from enthalpy changes of formation 97 Enthalpy change of formation from enthalpy changes of combustion 98 Calculating the enthalpy change of hydration of an anhydrous salt 99 Bond energies and enthalpy changes 99 Calculating enthalpy changes using bond energies 101
Chapter 7: Redox reactions What is a redox reaction? Redox and electron transfer Oxidation numbers Redox and oxidation number Naming compounds From name to formula Balancing chemical equations using oxidation numbers
Chapter 8: Equilibrium Reversible reactions and equilibrium Changing the position of equilibrium Equilibrium expressions and the equilibrium constant, Kc Equilibria in gas reactions: the equilibrium constant, Kp Equilibria and the chemical industry Acid-base equilibria
Chapter 9: Rates of reaction Reaction kinetics The effect of concentration on rate of reaction The effect of temperature on rate of reaction Catalysis Enzymes
Chapter 10: Periodicity Structure of the Periodic Table Periodicity of physical properties Periodicity of chemical properties
106 107 108 109 110 111 112 112
116 117 119 123 127 129 130
140 141 143 143 144 145
148 149 149 154
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