Contents Introduction
vi
Block 1: General physics
1
1 Making measurements
2
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
3 5 6 9
Measuring length and volume Improving precision in measurements Density Measuring time
2 Describing motion 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Understanding speed Distance–time graphs Understanding acceleration Calculating speed and acceleration
3 Forces and motion 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6
15 16 20 21 24
34
We have lift-off Mass, weight and gravity Falling and turning Force, mass and acceleration The idea of momentum More about scalars and vectors
35 37 40 41 44 46
4 Turning effects of forces
52
4.1 The moment of a force 4.2 Calculating moments 4.3 Stability and centre of mass
5 Forces and matter 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Forces acting on solids Stretching springs Hooke’s law Pressure Calculating pressure
53 55 57
64 64 65 67 69 73
6 Energy transformations and energy transfers 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Forms of energy Energy conversions Conservation of energy Energy calculations
80 81 84 85 88
7 Energy resources
97
7.1 The energy we use 7.2 Energy from the Sun
97 102
8 Work and power
105
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4
Doing work Calculating work done Power Calculating power
105 106 110 110
Block 2: Thermal physics
117
9 The kinetic model of matter
118
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4
States of matter The kinetic model of matter Forces and the kinetic theory Gases and the kinetic theory
10 Thermal properties of matter 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6
Temperature and temperature scales Designing a thermometer Thermal expansion Thermal capacity Specific heat capacity Latent heat
119 121 125 127
134 135 137 139 142 142 146
11 Thermal (heat) energy transfers 151 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4
Conduction Convection Radiation Some consequences of thermal (heat) energy transfer
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2014
152 154 157 159 Contents
iii