Contents Introduction
v
1 Planet Earth
1
1.1 Natural cycles and resources 1.2 The atmosphere 1.3 Seas and rivers 1.4 The Earth’s crust
2 5 11 14
2 The nature of matter
21
2.1 The states of matter 2.2 Separating and purifying substances 2.3 Atoms and molecules 2.4 The structure of the atom 2.5 Electron arrangements in atoms
22 27 34 41 47
3 Elements and compounds
55
3.1 The Periodic Table – classifying the elements 3.2 Trends in groups 3.3 Trends across a period 3.4 Chemical bonding in elements and compounds 3.5 The chemical formulae of elements and compounds 3.6 Metals, alloys and crystals
56 60 63 65 75 78
4 Chemical reactions
89
4.1 Chemical reactions and equations 4.2 Equations for chemical reactions 4.3 Types of chemical reaction 4.4 A closer look at reactions, particularly redox reactions 4.5 Electrolysis 4.6 A closer look at electrode reactions
90 91 94
5 Acids, bases and salts
100 102 113
119
5.1 What is an acid? 5.2 Acid and alkali solutions 5.3 Metal oxides and non-metal oxides
120 124 125
5.4 Acid reactions in everyday life 5.5 Alkalis and bases 5.6 Characteristic reactions of acids 5.7 Acids and alkalis in chemical analysis 5.8 Salts 5.9 Preparing soluble salts 5.10 Preparing insoluble salts 5.11 Strong and weak acids and alkalis
127 129 131 134 136 138 141 143
6 Quantitative chemistry
151
6.1 Chemical analysis and formulae 6.2 The mole and chemical formulae 6.3 The mole and chemical equations 6.4 Calculations involving gases 6.5 Moles and solution chemistry
152 158 161 165 166
7 How far? How fast?
174
7.1 Energy changes in chemical reactions 7.2 Rates of reaction 7.3 Catalysts 7.4 Photochemical reactions 7.5 Reversible reactions and chemical equilibria
175 181 187 193 194
8 Patterns and properties of metals 206 8.1 The alkali metals 8.2 Aluminium 8.3 The transition elements 8.4 The reactivity of metals 8.5 Electrical cells and energy
207 210 212 215 221
9 Industrial inorganic chemistry
226
9.1 The extraction of metals by carbon reduction 9.2 The extraction of metals by electrolysis 9.3 Ammonia and fertilisers 9.4 Sulfur and sulfuric acid 9.5 The chlor–alkali industry 9.6 Limestone 9.7 The economics of the chemical industry
Original material © Cambridge University Press 2014
Contents
227 234 235 238 241 242 245 iii