AS modern Europe History sample by Cambridge International Education

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EDWIN CHADWICK (1800–90)

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What causes poorwhich healthled are described in this source? However there were other of factors from the to improve the essay, there sho meeting of the Estates General the process becoming focus. More debate on the ‘exte Why do you think to this report proved to be so influential, The Provisional Government has been deposed. a revolution,and the persuaded execution ofparliament the king andto the endWhy of the act? do you thinkis needed, and clearer points m The act did create a central Board of Health in London, State powerInternational has passed into hands of theModern organ Europe, 1750–1921 Cambridge ASthe Level History factors played such a large part monarchy. The kingconditions would not were compromise andby accept these tolerated those who lived in which of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ andreported Soldiers’to parliament and encouraged the that he had to become a constitutional monarch to them and those who created them? creation of local health boards that had the power to Deputies – the Revolutionary Military Committee, survive. Many of the aristocracy and clergy would not give make improvements. The only firm powers that the up their privileges and exemption from taxation. Many which heads the Petrograd proletariat and garrison. act gave central government, however, was the right to middle-class men strongly resented paying taxes and ACTIVITY 2.13 The cause for which the people have fought, CONCEPT impose local health Key boards on areasboxes where the death rate having no KEY means of influencing how they were spent. They Figure highlight Trained originally as namely, the immediate offer of a democratic peace, From theOtherwise, report of the Royalwas Commission of 1842 representation. Many were influenced by wanted political rose above the national average. there no Cause and consequence Martin, D. (2013). The French a lawyer, Chadwick important historical figures the ideas of the Enlightenment and wanted a much fairer the abolition of landlord ownership, workers’ national pressure to improve the quality of housing – that Chapter 3:are Liberalis (There three parti was deeply concerned Look backofatgovernment. the information inwanted this chapter on livingHodder. First, as to the extent and operation of the evils and more just system They things that you need remember. control production, and the establishment of authorities, was left to the local and fewto exercised the 1, on the ‘Essentials’ is a good conditions in towns period. Were poor living by theover impact of which are the subject of this inquiry: – like equality before the law and aduring much this more efficient they had to do so. Soviet Power – this secured. conditions solely the consequence of large and rapidgeneral guide; 4, on ‘What sort industrialisation on cause has beenpowers system of government. That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and Directory are particularly valua population growth in towns, or did other causes contribute? the live way the many people of workers, soldiers, Long revolution other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated Make a list of as many such causes as you can that explain Rees, D. (2015).3France Rev and worked. He chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric a inExp andlived peasants! urbancausative living conditions thenot working class were poor. SOURCE D why other This introduces factors, butfor does Edition. London: Hodder. (Th became a committed impurities produced by decomposing animal and Ger In what ways can you link these reasons together? provide detail on why they were of less importance. Source: Kertesz, G.A. (ed.). (1970). Documents in Napoleon’s domestic policies a reformer. His detailed, vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close revolution are particularly thehighly Political History of the European Continent and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the b usefu ‘Pru scientific, Overall it was economic factors which brought the crisisin 1898, From Bismarck’s memoirs, published 1815–1939. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 376 population in every part of the kingdom, whether Waller, S. (2002). France in investigations into both individual welfare and forRe on and led to the calling of the Estates General. However it Ems recalling evening when he edited the dwelling in separate houses, in rural villages, in the London: Heinemann. (The fir public health led to both the New Poor Law of Key Concepts boxes contain questionsstudents, is particularly good uni factors which then led to the actual revolution small towns, in the larger townswas – asother they have o Telegram, 13king. July 1870 management of the Does1834 this and source support the Act view the Public Health of that 1848.October 1917 in anddistricts the death Much better a been found to prevail in the lowest of of the that help you develop conceptual and the financial crisis. The sec Russia was either a coup or a popular revolution? Refer to Estates General by the king would have prevented further After I had read out the concentrated edition toat A Level students, has many the metropolis. understanding of History, and how trouble. Many of the aristocracy and the clergy would not the the content of the source in support of your answer. That such disease, wherever its attacks frequent, myare two guests, Moltke remarked: “Now it has a development of analytical skill give up their privileges and events like the Storming of different topics you study are connected. and sewage disposal. They anticipated further laws by International Cambridge ASfound LevelinHistory Modern 1750–1921 is always connexion with the physical CitizenSource Emper diffEurope, erent it sounded before parley [a Dwyer, P. (2014).Read the Bastille and ring; the Flight to Varennes made itlike evenamore circumstances above specified, revolutionary. and that where those parliament and controls from central government. This D asBloomsbu evidenc 1799–1815. London: negotiation]; now it is like a flourish in answer to Think Like a Historian boxes contain prompts circumstances are removed by drainage, proper would naturally mean more taxation, more bureaucracy are excellent on Napoleon’s war with dom Fra a challenge.” cleansing, better ventilation, and other means of I went on to explain: “If in execution and more inspectors. On your the other side were Reflection: Compare approach tothose this question of the book focuses on his foreig and questions requiring that you apply your diminishing atmospheric impurity,of thehis frequency 1 a to Compare and contrast the attitudes towards was more concerned with stamping out troublethis than Majesty’s order I at once communicate who still supported laissez-faire ideas and objected Source C is with of another student. Did you use diff Doyle, W. (2018). The Oxford skills inthat evaluation and analysis. They goerent beyond intensity of B. such disease is abated; and where factory reform inand sources A and curing problems. text, which contains no alteration in or additionRevolution. 3rdWilhelm government interference inLevel local matters. In particular, Cambridge International AS History Modern Europe, 1750–1921 I, to Edition. Oxfo approaches to selecting content from the source to After workingtothrough the removal of the noxious agencies appears be this chapter, make sure you wanted to theyou increased taxation needed tothese syllabus toavoid help understand how to the telegram, only to the newspapers, Press. (This is probably b ‘All workers were treated harshly in this period.’ understand the be 72 thethey the following not key points: of the North complete, such disease almost entirely disappears. use your answer? Would you use some of these This istelegraph a competent to response. There is good focus fundinimprovement. detailed coverage of the whole How far do sources A to D support this view? but by all our embassies, it on the skills apply ininthe whyalso the problems and policies of Louis XVI reached crisis created as a is question. There is nothing irrelevant there. There is a good approaches yourreal ownworld. work following your discussion? That the formation of all habits of• cleanliness point and why his management ofmidnight, this crisis led and … and an excellent level of comm will bein 1789 known in Paris before 1 a Compare and contrast the attitudes towards the increase in its national debtby and an increasing reluctance obstructed defective supplies of water. which Pruss range of valid points and they are sensibly developed. It to revolutionary change in France If your college is a m KEY TERM nobility in Sources B and C. by lenders to lend any more money Essay based questions gives therag middle and working classes had school orpower will have thereasons effectwhy ofboth a red upon the Gallic That the annual losstoofthe lifeFrench from fi lth and bad in no Association, you can access a • how the grievances, failure to findand consensus on how France should each point is backed up with relevant government. Answer both parts of the questions below. ventilation are greater than the loss from death or [French] bull. Fight we must if we do not want to b Royal ‘AngerCommission: over privilegeAn was the principal cause enquiry into an issue setofup by the Reichstag be governed aft er 1790 led to the execution of the king, specifically designeda detail – for example, the middle class because they didmaterial not wounds any wars in which the country beenof THINK LIKE ARevolution.’ HISTORIAN the French Howtofar do the witnesses sources government. It has the power summon act thehas part therepresentation vanquished a battle. serious political instability and the Reignand of without Terror 2 toagiveExplain why British townsingrew so rapidly in the have political the working class because as well as revision guides.brok Ther Prussia times. support and this is view? evidence expected to write a detailed report makingperiod This paragraphengaged developsin themodern point well. There is good Success, unemployment and the lackdepends of anyinwelfare system. of The 1780–1850. topics such asthe theoutbrea origins of however, essentially upon • how the of attempt to provide stable government France recommendations for sources changes. Iton was customary forof those Look at two different the downfall a political Each chapter ends with a summary, Exam-style supporting detail here, but there needs to be greater focus Source: www.bl.uk/collections-item/1842 answer came centres on end explaining why there was the unrest, and the causes of the Terror, the im by the Directory to an with Napoleon’s seizure impression which origination of the recommendations to become law. ‘The rich got richer poor got poorer.’ To the on developing theand ‘verythe large’ point. published a leader or government study describing itthe or listing the grievances. Thewar response Essay based questions in recent times. How doesbyour of Sample powernot justanswer. the revolution and the rise of N questions and a what extent is this an accurate picture of Britain also deals clearly on the ‘so it much’ part of the question. The makes upon us and others; is important that we What causes of poor health are described in this source? of the collapse of the tsarist regime and the Provisional number of articles you can dow Answer both parts of the questions below. • an analysis of Napoleon’s domestic rule in France and the sound. Source C pre level of knowledge and understanding is also in Another the period 1780–1850? Why do youwas think this proved be so influential, Government help you to understand the failure of other be the party attacked … points major problem that thereport system of tax toshould the French Revolution’, ‘Interpr The Summary is a brief review of the main in the methods he used to retain power. 2 a Explain why the Bastille was stormed. and the othe and persuaded parliament to act? Why do you think The actofdid create a central Board of Health in collection ineff icient and oftpopular en corrupt. Much of the kinds government? ‘Napoleon’s Domestic Policies 3 London, a Explain whywas there was so much unrest v chapter to by help you Source: Hamerow, T. (ed.). (1973). The Age of these conditions were tolerated those who revise. lived in b To what extenttowas the Frenchand crisis of 1789 which should have come in to the government been forced which reported parliament encouraged the in money Britain after 1815. them and those What who created them? causedofby economic in the system. was an even more Bismarck: Documents and Interpretations. creation local healthfactors? boards that had the power to simply got lost to protect th b Evaluate thefactor reasons wasrichest limited important waswhy thatthere the two sections ofNew York: the improvements. The only powers that the Harper & Row, pp. 93–95 reprinted at 3 amake Explain why Napoleon was ablefirm to seize power centres on th improvement in the living and working conditions community, the aristocracy and the clergy, were largely actingave 1799.central government, however, was the right to germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org but it puts a ofexempt the British working class this period. from taxation. The in heaviest taxed sections of KEY CONCEPT After working through this chapter, make sure you impose local health boards on areas where the death rate b ‘The Directory did a good job in difficult theExam-Style population were the middle class and the working admits that Questions understand the following key points: rosecircumstances.’ above the national Otherwise, there was no How faraverage. do you agree? Cause and consequence class. Many middle-class men disliked paying taxes reporting a m national pressure to improve the quality of housing – that provide an opportunity • how the geography, natural resources and social, political back at the information this1chapter living when they hadLook no involvement in how theinmoney was a onRead Sources C and D. Compare and contrast French amb was left to the local authorities, and few exercised the spent, and they and economic conditions in Britain in the middle of conditions in towns during this period. Were poor living also disliked the fact that many men Explain why there was so much unrest in Britain to relate yourpopular learning and D asprovided evidence of basis Prussia’s 18th century the vital for future powers they had to do so. countries. H conditions consequence large andSources rapid the C paid nosolely taxesthe simply becauseofthey 92 after 1815. richer than them industrialisation To what extent was the French crisis of 1789 caused by population growth in towns, or did other causes contribute? tonoblemen. formal assessment responsibility for the outbreak of war with France were The working class resented the taxes C, in stating Make a listsuch of asasmany such asfact you that can in that1870. economic factors? There werethat three interconnected, reasons for the fell main, on essentials, salt, and causes also the •explain identification of the principal factors that enabled rapid and practise writing states to app why urban living conditions for the working class were poor. unrest inunpaid Britainwork afteron 1815. and large-scale industrialisation to take place and how they often had to do the One lands of the Economic factors played a very large role in both the growth of unpopular In what ways can you link these reasons together? 46 b Read all of the sources. ‘Bismarck planned in longer answers. change stimulated even more change was the growth in the numbers of middle-class men, aristocracy. These economic factors meant that when the longer-term causes of the French Revolution as well as the increasingly educated andmet wealthy, who didwere not ahave Estates General in 1789, there lot of grievances advance to complete the processof of German shorter-term causes. Although there were other factors, • the social and economic implications rapid to money. vote and lived in towns which did not have such as the summoning of the Estates General itself inthe right toconnected industrialisation, particularly on the growth of urban areas, unification by means of a war with France.’ How

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1788, which led to the actual crisis of 1789, underlying representation in parliament. They disliked the control impact it had directly on the lives of so many citizens far doand thethesources support this view? everything was the fact that the French government had that the aristocracy had over the government and • how industrialisation also led to political and Again, this has a sound focus and good supporting detail, run out of money and an important section of the French parliament. Another wasobviously hunger.related The wars but needsreason to be more to thewith ‘extent’ part constitutional change. population was very hungry as a result of bad harvests. France endedofinthe1815 and thousands of soldiers and Essay based questions question. There was also a real lack of will on the part of the kingsailors and were now unemployed. There was no welfare Answer both parts of the questions below. his court to make the necessary changes that might have system to Bad support them. a growing population harvests ledWith to their being real hunger inand many parts led to a solution of the many problems which France faced. fewer workers needed the countryside, thousands also of France, withinprices rising and a shortage of the 2 main a Explain why the rulers of the German states Daunton, M.J. (1995). Progress and Poverty: An headed fordiet theoftowns in search of–work. many of the the working class bread.InNo action was taken survived the revolutions of 1848–49. Economic and Social History of Britain 1700–1850. there were harsh working andeven by the government or the king toconditions deal with this, This has a good focus and gives an answer to the ‘extent’ new factories part of the question by suggesting that it played a ‘very the factorythough Oxford: Press. (This covers in depth all oft could see the luxurious of the kingbandTo workers en had to live in badlifestyle housing. There what Oxford extentUniversity was Prussia’s military strength large’ part. It also shows balance by considering other was a great hisdeal court his great of Versailles. Every attempt the every aspect of societyreason and the for economy in the period of at poverty in palace rural areas as agricultural most important the unification causes. Some reflection on what might be ‘economic’ at reforming the government’s byand a series studied.) changes meant that fewer workers werefinances needed, oftenof causes would help. of Germany? ministers likeaNecker, Calonne and were Brienne after 1781 had only for a few months year. Trade unions banned failed.so The king workers was reluctant actable andto the aristocracy Evans, E. (2001). The Forging of the Modern State: Early until the 1820s, many wereto not have The government’s shortage of money went back to the who surrounded court did not their wealth to Industrial Britain 1783–1870. London: Routledge. (This their grievances seen to. Ithim wasatthe mixture of want the middle 1770s, when the king and his foreign minister, Vergennes, be taxed. Necker had attempted to give a true picture of is particularly good on the politics of the period, especially The Sample answer to one of the classes exam-style wanting political change, and the working classes, decided to help the American colonies in their bid to France’s finances in 1781, but failed to do so, and painted on the 1832 Reform Act. Part Three covers topics including in both towns and in rural areas, wanting an end to their become independent France’sstudent old enemy, response, Britain. questions is a from realistic an over-optimistic picture of the country’s finances, hidingthe Poor Law, factory reform and Chartism well.) hunger and improved living and working conditions that Although warned that the French economy was in no the true crisis. It was the knowledge that France was annotated with explanations about what Morgan, K. (2004). The Birth of Industrial Britain: explains why therefor was so much unrest. The government, position to fight an expensive war, this advice was ignored. heading bankruptcy, unable to pay its debts and raise Social Change, 1750–1850. Harlow: additional Longman. (This is largely controlled by the aristocracy, did little to help and Most of the costs of the war were financed by borrowing Further Reading section suggests makes it successful and commentary on how any more money to run the country, The that led to the calling money at very high rates of interest. When the war finally of the Estates General. This was to trigger the revolution. resources where you can explore the topic in more detail. it could beFrance improved. ended in 1783, gained little except a very large