Contents Introduction
3
Biology
Chemistry
Unit 1 Plants and humans as organisms 1.1 Plant organs 1.2 Human organ systems 1.3 The human skeleton 1.4 Joints 1.5 Muscles 1.6 Studying the human body End of unit questions
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Unit 5 States of matter 5.1 States of matter 5.2 Particle theory 5.3 Changing state 5.4 Explaining changes of state End of unit questions
Unit 2 Cells and organisms 2.1 Characteristics of living organisms 2.2 Micro-organisms 2.3 Micro-organisms and decay 2.4 Micro-organisms and food 2.5 Micro-organisms and disease 2.6 Plant cells 2.7 Animal cells 2.8 Cells, tissues and organs End of unit questions
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
Unit 3 Living things in their environment 3.1 Adaptations 3.2 Food chains 3.3 Humans and food chains 3.4 Pollution 3.5 Ozone depletion 3.6 Conservation 3.7 Energy resources End of unit questions
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52
Unit 4 Variation and classification 4.1 What is a species? 4.2 Variation in a species 4.3 Investigating variation 4.4 Classifying plants 4.5 Classifying vertebrates 4.6 Classifying invertebrates End of unit questions
54 56 58 60 62 64 66
4
Unit 6 Material properties 6.1 Metals 6.2 Non-metals 6.3 Comparing metals and non-metals 6.4 Everyday materials and their properties End of unit questions
68 70 72 75 78 80 82 84 86 88
Unit 7 Material changes 7.1 Acids and alkalis 7.2 Is it an acid or an alkali? 7.3 The pH scale 7.4 Neutralisation 7.5 Neutralisation in action 7.6 Investigating acids and alkalis End of unit questions
90 92 94 96 98 100 102
Unit 8 The Earth 8.1 Rocks, minerals and soils 8.2 Soil 8.3 Igneous rocks 8.4 Sedimentary rocks 8.5 Metamorphic rocks 8.6 Weathering 8.7 Moving rocks 8.8 Fossils 8.9 The fossil record 8.10 The structure and age of the Earth 8.11 The geological timescale End of unit questions
104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126