Contents 1
Introduction
2
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The Unification of Italy 1796–1848 What was Italy like before 1796? What impact did the French Revolution and Napoleon have on Italy? Why was there unrest in Italy between 1815 and 1848? Why did the 1848 revolutions fail and how important were they?
15 17 21 24 29
3
The Risorgimento and the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy
43 44 52
r How did Cavour move Italy towards unification? r What effect did the Crimean War have on Italian unification? r How did Napoleon III’s involvement help the cause of Italian independence?
5
55
r What was the importance of Garibaldi in moving Italy towards greater unification? 4
Italy 1861–90
r What were the problems facing Italy in the 1860s? r State building in the 1860s – a new Italy or an expanded Piedmont? r How did the Italian state develop in the 1870s and 1880s? 5
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64 75 76 82 91
Germany 1815–62 What was Germany like before 1815? How was Germany affected by the Vienna settlement? What was the importance of the growth of nationalism? What was the significance of the Zollverein? What accounts for the rise of Prussian economic and military power? Why did revolution break out in Germany in 1848?
104 106 113 117 122 123 125
Germany and unification 1862–71 How did Bismarck rise to power? What led to the creation of the North German Confederation? Why was there war between Prussia and France in 1870–71? What was the nature of the German empire of 1871? ‘How did Bismarck do it?’
136 137 146 155 164 166