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Preface
Session 1 Tailings Dam Failures—Lessons Learned from Technical and Governance Realities
Integrating Tailings Technical and Governance Realities to Better Appreciate System Failures
Tailings Dam Failures—Acts of Man
Mount Polley Mine Tailings Spill: Five Years Later
Lessons Learned from Tailings Dam Failures: A Social, Regulatory, Technical, and Governance Perspective
Session 2 State of Practice
Cerro Verde Mine and Quebrada Linga Tailings Storage Facility: An Operational Excellence Partnership
Construction and Operation of Tailings Storage Facilities: The Freeport-McMoRan Perspective
Using Leading Practices to Disrupt Traditional Operation of a Tailings Storage Facility
Case Study: Pre-Closure Tailings Management
Session 3 Tailings Governance
Tailings Dam Failures and Regulatory or Social Response: A Reflection of Lack of Trust?
Tailings Governance and Management System: Freeport-McMoRan’s Perspective
Tailings Dam Safety Management and Governance Framework at Anglo American
Tailings Dam Safety and Governance at BHP
Preface
Nearly every recent article on tailings starts by mentioning a large tailings dam failure. Mount Polley (2014), Fundão (2015), Brumadinho (2019), and other prior failures serve to remind readers what is at stake. The con sequences of the recent failures have been so devastating they have pushed conversations about the risks inherent in these structures beyond the mining community into the general population. In fact, society no longer trusts the mining community to deal with this alone and in almost every jurisdiction, is imposing new, more stringent rules regarding governance and in some cases, new technical standards and guidelines. We are left to question how we can best address the risks associated with tailings disposal as we and others now see them, and in so doing, transform the image of the mining industry and perhaps the industry itself.
With this as a backdrop, the Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME) challenged tailings and mining professionals to re imagine the future of tailings. The Mine Tailings: Perspectives for a Changing World sympo sium, held at the SME 2020 annual conference, started that conversation. Over three days, tailings professionals from around the world gathered to discuss tailings storage practices and the changes both the industry and the world want and need. The discussions squarely focused on how we, as an industry, can collectively make changes that will eliminate catastrophic tail ings dam failures and lead to better outcomes for the industry and society.
This book provides summaries of the presentations and discussions at the symposium’s five sessions. The titles of the sessions are as follows:
■ Tailings Dam Failures—Lessons Learned from Technical and Governance Realities,
■ State of Practice,
■ Tailings Governance,
■ Tailings Continuum—Selection of the Right Tailings Technology, and
■ The Importance of Culture in Safe Tailings Management.
There is an interesting juxtaposition in mining: As an industry, mine risk conversations have historically focused on the business side—ore
bodies, production costs, safety—with less focus on risks associated with non revenue producing elements such as mine waste. Yet tailings practi tioners argue that they focus almost exclusively on risk. A case in point is that year after year, tailings conferences are dedicated to understanding and improving the technical practices associated with tailings. Although tailings risk conversations often begin with a concentration on the human element, they quickly pivot to the technical, for this is where tailings practitioners feel comfortable. Tailings professionals are ultimately engineers and scientists, not social scientists. However, conversations that focus exclusively on the techni‑ cal miss the point: Technical excellence alone will not stop tailings dam fail‑ ures. We must focus tailings conversations to include the risks associated with the human element and cultural aspects, which are present in every aspect of tailings management. Recent tailings dam failures are reminders that we have not yet taken these risks seriously enough.
The Mine Tailings: Perspectives for a Changing World symposium was organized to “put the industry’s waste issues on the table.” This is a “people” problem caused by people. Humans and the environment are the victims of tailings failures. The root of tailings risk sits with us, as time has shown tailings dam failures to be a human issue resulting from our inability to self assess. This raises questions such as: Are we over confident in our work? Are we unable to assess risk because of our own personal bias? Through sharing and conversation, the symposium participants recognized risks associated with our approach to tailings management and existing structures and discussed the gaps that need to be addressed, including how the behavior of tailings and mining professionals must change. The human element of risk must be recognized so it can be talked about openly, given the attention it deserves, and adequately addressed. We need to own this problem and the impact of our actions. We have the power to change this; when we own our actions, we can act differently for a different outcome.
The Mine Tailings: Perspectives for a Changing World symposium started the conversation at SME, and those attending and contributing to the event moved the discussion forward in a meaningful way. We have a long way to go, and SME remains committed to zero harm, including zero tailings facility failures.
—Resa Furey and John F. Lupo, Editors
SESSIO n 1
Tailings Dam Failures—
Lessons Learned from Technical and Governance Realities
CHAIRS
Kimberly (Finke) Morrison, Newmont
Dirk van Zyl, University of British Columbia
PRESENTERS AND PANELISTS
C.D. (Lyn) Anglin, Anglin & Associates
Allen H. Gipson Jr., Consultant
Kalidas Madhavpeddi, Azteca Consulting
Harvey McLeod, Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd.
Dirk van Zyl, University of British Columbia
NOTETAKERS
Katie Kruger, Freeport-McMoRan Inc.
Dennis Rugg, Golder Associates
INTRODUCTION
This session kicked off the Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME) Mine Tailings Symposium at the SME 2020 Annual Conference and Expo and focused on tailings dam failures and lessons learned from technical and governance realities. The session covered topics including a broad look at managing reputational risk; a discussion of systems-related failures with a comparison to other industries; a review of tailings failure case history examples, including the role of human error; a look at the Mount Polley breach five years later with a focus on reputational management; and finally, an overview of key tailings facility failures and lessons learned from a social, regulatory, technical, and governance perspective. Following the presentations, the panel and the audience participated in a guided question-and-answer session.
PANEL DISCUSSION: LESSONS LEARNED FROM TECHNICAL AND GOVERNANCE REALITIES
The panel provided an open dialogue on the lessons learned from tailings dam failures. Panelists delved deeper into the issues the industry faces with respect to root causes of failures and repercussions of failures, including reputational risks. The panel discussion indicated general agreement that there are many ways to apply lessons learned in the past to make for a safer tomorrow, including industry actions, the development of standards and guidelines, and improved implementation of governance.
Within the industry, companies need to manage their own reputation in parallel with the reputation of the industry itself. To do this, a company must be proactive and build relationships before there is an incident, not just when something has gone wrong. This can be achieved by engaging crossfunctional teams and sharing our successes along with our failures. An example of this is the Mount Polley failure; the company worked hard to build a reputation prior to the failure, so when the failure occurred, it was easier for the company to secure resources for the cleanup.
As an industry, we need to be open and viewed as a trusted source of information. To build trust, we must practice transparency by sharing information about our successes and failures. We must also be competent in the subject matter by understanding failure modes and how uncertainty may or may not be captured by a factor of safety. One needs to understand the details of a structure to come to a reasonable conclusion on risk. We should think through the process of communicating risk to the public. In the case of Mount Polley, no one was pleased with the failure, but the panel hoped that all were pleased with the subsequent response.
A successful team relies on engagement from the engineer of record (EoR). The EoR has a professional responsibility for human safety and to protect society. Therefore, when laying out the terms of reference for an EoR, expectations should be clear but not overly prescriptive. It is beneficial to engage the EoR starting in the design phase and maintain the relationship through operations. The relationship between the EoR and owner/operator should be based around a culture of protecting human life and environment. The ultimate responsibility for tailings storage facility safety goes beyond the EoR, should be shared across a multi-tiered system made up of individuals with different backgrounds and perspectives, but rests in the hands of the owner/operator.
The governing board and the management team play different roles in tailings management, but most boards are conscious of the risks associated with tailings storage facilities. The board can ask the management team to perform an audit and present the audit to the board. Although this is
frequently done, it is not often reported publicly. Boards enhance their own understanding of tailings management by bringing in technical experts. Boards also routinely tour facilities to increase understanding and send a message to management and operations teams that tailings are an important aspect of the overall business.
Guidelines and standards provide a basis for mutual understanding and expectations for tailings management. Guidelines and standards should reflect learnings from failures. They should be well thought out, vetted, and anchored in the true causes of failure, rather than knee-jerk reactions. The goal is to get to the root cause of the failure to prevent future failures. The industry can use the Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) to help guide future decisions. The original terms of reference for the GISTM were broad, and the group had to pull together to develop a standard drawing from the varied expertise of the panel.
The GISTM is about flexibility and acceptance rather than enforcement. Trying to implement and enforce the standard worldwide may be too far-reaching and unlikely to be successful. The larger companies are more likely to adopt the standard. If the standard is shown to have value, then implementation will be more successful and smaller institutions may begin to adopt them. Regardless, the standard can be a helpful reference even if governmental agencies or regulations do not directly adopt it.
The panel discussed a potential tailings facility safety certification process in conjunction with the GISTM, and opinions on the topic varied. On one hand, a stepped process to certifying a tailings facility might be easier to incorporate and adopt over time. On the other hand, a tailings facility could be rated as simply “pass” or “fail” from a governance perspective. Additionally, the industry needs to respect and understand that societies have different expectations and regulations. If standards become too prescriptive, support might wane. Certification of tailings facilities also has investment and insurance implications; a certified site that has strongly implemented the GISTM might be more appealing to investors and insurance firms. Financial influences may be the key to getting things done quickly.
A robust auditing system may help to restore public, insurance, and investor confidence in the mining industry. When developing an internal auditing program, consider complacency; fresh eyes may be needed for a new perspective. The industry should continue to foster relationships with regulators. Currently, the panel feels that there is not enough open dialogue. Mining companies should be responsive to discussions regarding their own protection as much as the public’s. From a regulatory perspective, we need to entice experienced engineers with a solid understanding of tailings to join the regulatory bodies. Mining companies cannot do it all but can help lead
the right people to the right positions, especially when open dialogue exists between mining companies and regulatory bodies.
CLOSING AND VALUE OF LESSONS LEARNED
This session provided varied perspectives on lessons learned from historical failures and recommendations for moving past these failures. Several common themes and topics occurred throughout the presentations and the panel discussion. Open lines of communication and the sharing of information and best practices were highlighted as requirements for success moving forward. The industry and individual companies can improve our collective reputation by being more open and forthcoming with the public. Governance and regulatory oversight can be improved by eliminating information silos and maintaining dialogue between operators and governing bodies (e.g., Mount Polley). The elimination of silos within individual companies or operating mines can improve our technical understanding of the overall tailings systems, thereby minimizing errors and miscommunications that can lead to adverse results. Improved governance and technical guidance, along with updated organizational structures and improved internal auditing systems, can lead to incremental cultural changes throughout our industry that can help improve dam safety. An engaged EoR, the GISTM, transparency, and a potential new and/or improved auditing and certification process can all help to restore public, insurance, and investor confidence in the mining industry.
Integrating Tailings Technical and Governance Realities to Better Appreciate System Failures
Dirk van Zyl
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
INTRODUCTION
Although there are immediate technical reasons that tailings dams fail, the overall technical and governance system of tailings management is, in most cases, the root cause. This paper explores this matter to evaluate the importance of understanding and managing this system appropriately.
The terms of reference of recent failure investigation panels are narrowly focused on the immediate technical reasons. A broader system review requires that the company’s management approaches, design, construction, oversight activities, and decision-making be scrutinized and evaluated. Such an evaluation is time consuming, depending on full transparency of documentation as well as a broad survey of all parties involved. It is doubtful that any corporate lawyer would allow this to happen from a legal perspective within a company. Even a confidential internal investigation can result in legal challenges as the outcomes may be discoverable.
Despite these challenges to identify the system components and their interactions that contributed (or may contribute in the future) to a failure, it is incumbent on the corporate managers of corporate tailings functions to develop a better understanding of the system as well as the potential pitfalls along the way.
UNDERLYING FACTORS OF SYSTEMS FAILURES
In his book Drift into Failure, Sidney Dekker (2011) describes five concepts that together may characterize drift to failure:
■ Scarcity and competition. Organizations operate and make decisions in an environment with real constraints. There can also be strong
competitive forces in play. This all leads to decision-making within these constraints.
■ Decrementalism, or small steps. Small incremental changes may occur. A series of decisions are made that may not seem related, but in the long term, they impact the outcomes. Some of these decisions also rely on incomplete emerging information.
■ Sensitive dependence on initial conditions. A comprehensive understanding of initial conditions can be critical to the outcome of a series of complex decisions. Regulators are aware of only some of the interdependencies.
■ Unruly technology. Uncertainty is included in the evaluations; analyses are performed, and decisions are made. However, there are always unknowns that play a role in the “unruly technology.”
■ Contribution of protective structure. Risky technology is surrounded by structures (regulations, permits, etc.) that are meant to keep it safe. Personnel changes can occur, and the knowledge is not transferred along the line of the protective structure.
Because of all these matters Dekker (2011) strongly suggests that we move away from the Isaac Newton and René Descartes ideas of cause and effect. Although it is a challenge to find the “immediate technical cause of a failure” following the Newton–Descartes approach, it is much more difficult to find an answer if one sees it as a complex system. Safety-critical organizations are complex adaptive systems. These organizations must pay attention to diversity. “With diversity, a system has a larger number of perspectives to view a problem with a larger repertoire of possible outcomes” (Dekker 2011).
There clearly are differences in how one investigates complex systems failures versus investigating the immediate technical cause of a failure. The sidebar provides a quote from Dekker (2011) on tackling investigations in such an intricate problem. This is clearly not straightforward, and indeed, engineers by themselves may not be the best suited to evaluate such a system.
Another important insight of Dekker (2011) is the inclusion of diversity to reduce the overall chances for drifting into failure. Diversity impacts the five factors just identified and results in a much more resilient outcome. Tailings facilities are complex systems. The design, construction, operations, and closure of these facilities pose complicated issues. Over the last two decades, with the Mining Association of Canada (MAC) taking the lead, the industry has adopted tailings governance approaches that are making important contributions to complex system safety management. MAC has developed a Table of Conformance to identify elements of both the Guide
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kyenneet estämään hevosten juoksua. Päät pystössä, kaulat sankarillisesti kaarella, jouhet upeasti tuulessa heiluen, — sillä lailla kulkevat nämät uljaat eläimet. Hevosen vauhti lisääntyy vuosi vuodelta ja maine kasvaa. Sitä vastoin aasin maine keskittyy yhä enempi — pitkin korviin.
Jesus ja sunnuntaimetsästäjä.
Eräänä sunnuntaipäivänä käveli Jesus vaatimattomaksi suomalaiseksi talonpojaksi pukeutuneena muutamata Suomen maantietä. Aurinko heloitti kuultavalta taivaslaelta ja paahtoi maantien hiekan niin kuumaksi, että matkamiehen jalkoja poltti ja kuumuus alkoi painostaa ruumista. Hän istahti maantien viereen ruohikolle levähtämään. Hiljakkoin oli satanut, maantien vieressä oleva metsä tuoksui hurmaten, laulurastaat, tiaiset, pajupiiparit, närhit ja sirkut lauloivat metsässä tuhatsävelistä, loppumatonta virttänsä. Maantien toisella puolella levisi avara timotee-niitty, jota hauskasti ja elähyttävästi kirjavoi puna-apilan muhkeat, pehmoiset kukkaset. Lukematon määrä hyttysiä ja metsäkärpäsiä hyräili ja surisi matkamiehen pään ympärillä ja ruohikossa hänen vierellänsä samoilivat ahkerat muurahaiset ristinrastin, osuivatpa joskus kaahimaan paljaille jaloille, housuille ja takinhelmoillekin. Muuan sirkka sirkutti etäämmällä, mutta aivan tuossa vieressä oli pari toukkaa kiertynyt puolukkavarvun ympäri. Jesus katseli ja kuunteli. Kaikkialla niin ihana, suloinen rauha. Hänen suunsa vetäysi nauttivaan hymyyn, sitten pani hän kätensä ristiin, otti pois lakin päästänsä ja — kiitti Isäänsä ihmisten puolesta. Hän oli juuri lopettanut, kun metsästä alkoi kuulua jänistä ajavan metsäkoiran
ulina ja haukahteleminen. Kohtapa syöksikin jänes ohitse ja koira perässä. Samassa kuului pamaus, — Jesus tunsi jalkansa puutuvan samassa kuin jänes kiljahtaen otti pitkän loikkauksen ja tupertui henkitoreissa mättäitten väliin. Hämmästyneenä tästä äkkinäisestä tapauksesta, ei Jesus aluksi pannut mitään huomiota jalkaansa, vaan tuijotti säälien jänestä, jota nyt takaa ajava koira raateli. Kohta ilmestyi metsästä aukealle myöskin nuori metsästäjä sesettäen ja miellytellen koiraansa. Mutta kun koira näytti jänestä repivän, huusi metsästäjä täyttä kurkkua: "Anna perhanan elukka sen olla!" Jesus säpsähti sitä ääntä. Nousi ja kävi ampujan luokse. Jalasta, johon pyssystä oli useita hauleja lentänyt, vuosi verta.
"Hyvää päivää", tervehti Jesus ystävällisesti.
Sunnuntaimetsästäjä, joka paraillaan purkasi jäneksen sisälmyksiä koiralleen, kääntyi, myöskin säpsähtäen, ja näki nyt edessään köyhän puoleisesti puetun miehen, joka säälien katseli ei ainoastaan jänestä vaan häntäkin. Tervehdykseen ei hän vastannut mitään.
Jesus aikoi istahtaa muutamalle kivelle siihen lähelle, mutta metsästäjä, joka katsoi itsensä arvokkaammaksi tässä joukossa, virkkoi käskijän äänellä: "Enhän minä ole pyytänyt sinua seuraani?" Jesus punastui korvia myöten. Mitään vastaamatta lähti hän ontuen, omaa tuskaansa valittamatta kävelemään pitkin tietä, johon jokaiseen jälkeen jäi verinen pilkku…
Ylistysvirsi valon vastustajain kunniaksi.
Teidän ylistykseksenne, te valon vakaiset vastustajat, ei ole luullakseni vielä koskaan kiitosvirsiä kirjoitettu, sillä kirjoitustaitoinen maailma ei voi teitä ylistää syystä, että te vihaatte sitä. Mutta te olette kuitenkin maailman pylväitä tänään ja vielä huomennakin, sillä teidän käytettävinänne ovat kaikki väkivallan periaatteet ja sotaaseet. Teidän mielestänne on yksilön persoona asetettava kaiken yhteishyvän yläpuolelle, oma etu elämän korkeimmaksi tarkoitusperäksi, käsivarren voima ja väkivallan kauhu kaiken inhimillisen edistyksen johtavaksi periaatteeksi. Te siunaatte sitä aikaa, jolloin kenenkään katse ei ulottunut oman kaalimaan laitoja ulommaksi, jolloin orjat raatoivat palkatta teidän työnne ja te saitte vaan laiskoina partojanne hoitaa ja "voida hyvin". Te nykyiset valon vastustajat ette kyllä ole itse noita riemuaikoja nähneet, mutta te uskotte niiden olleen onnellisia. Sillä kun kirjain oli ihme itse isännillekin, kun kirjoittaa ei osanneet muut kun pappi ja ruununvouti, — ei kukaan kirjoittanut sanomalehtiin eikä kukaan niitä lukenut. Rauhassa saitte te silloin toteuttaa periaatteitanne elämän korkeimmasta hyvästä. Te kokositte, niinkuin muinoin Joosef, aittoihinne viljaa, riistaa ja rahaa pahaa päivän varalle. Mutta muiden pahat päivät eivät teidän sydämiänne koske, sillä teillä ovat vaan omat päivänne. Ja vaikka teidän ympärillänne sadottain pitäjäläisiänne nääntyy nälkään ja viluun, vaikka kipu ja kärsimykset kaataisivat kokonaisia kyliä, ja vaikka niiden sielut valon ja opastuksen puutteessa kuihtuisivat ja näivettyisivät niiden irvikuvien kaltaisiksi [tarkoitetaan noita inhoittavia kuvia, joita kaikkialla tapaa piirreltyinä huoneitten seiniin], joita he piirtelevät seinillensä, — se ei koske teidän sydämihinne. "Sillä kussa on teidän tavaranne, siellä on myös teidän sydämenne." Mutta kun jossain joku nääntyvän näyttää, te niitä perimään riennätte jo ennen kuin riutuva henki vielä on ehtinyt kituvan kuoren heittää. Sillä teillä on melkein jokaisessa
kuolinpesässä saatavia ja velkakirjoja, joiden alkuperä on usein hämärä, mutta lainvoima aina pätevä. Siten te lisäilette aarteitanne, tulojanne ja talojanne, liittämällä omiin sarkoihinne kuolevain maita, hävittäen kiinnekirjat ja perintöoikeudet laillisilta perillisiltä, joista teette mieronkiertäjäjoukon, joilla ei ole kontua eikä "kotia mihin päänsä kallistaisivat."
Jos sitten joku uskaltaa teidän toimianne moittia ja edes ihmetellä teidän suuntanne armotonta tylyyttä, jos torpparien akat ja velallisten lesket asiasta itkussa-silmin toistensa korviin kuiskuttelevat, te hymyillen mainitte siinä kärsimyksestä, jota tekonne synnyttävät, sillä teidän ilonne on ostettu köyhäin kärsimyksillä. Mutta kun parku liian suureksi paisuu, kun sen soraäänet alkavat teidän korviinne tunkea ja häiritä teidän nautintoanne, silloin te julmassa vihassanne "panette kätenne akkain suun päälle". Silloin näiden huulet ajettuvat ja kangistuvat, puhe ei enää suju suulla. Mutta he viittailevat ja puhuvat käsillänsä. Ne viittaukset kyllä usein ovat ilkeämmät kuin se sana jonka he sanoisivat, jos puhua saisivat, mutta te ette usko viittausten levenevän eikä niitä kaikkein ymmärtävän.
Ja niin olette te valtanne kukkuloilla te valon väkevät vastustajat, te luulette että maailmassa on rauha, että köyhälistön ja velallistenne ja lampuotienne mökeissä kaikuvat ylistysvirret teidän viisaista toimenpiteistänne ja kohoilevat ihastuneet ihmetyshuudahdukset teidän rikkauksianne katsellessa.
Jos minulla olisi runoilijan taito ja osaisin vertauksilla puhua, niin minä sanoisin, että teidän rikkautenne ja teidän valtanne muodostavat suuren, pääsemättömän vuoren. Mutta jos minä olisin korppi ja osaisin ennustaa, niin sanoisin, että sillä aikaa kuin
aarrevarastonne kasvaa, sen ilmattomassa sisustassa levenee mätä. Te kapuatte yhä korkeammalle vuorenne huippua kohti sen loistavaa pintaa, sen leveyttä ja korkeutta ihaellen, koskaan tutkimatta sen sisuksia ja yrittämättäkään poistaa siellä levenevää mätää. Ken lähelle uskaltaa tulla ja heikkoja puolianne paljastaa, sen palkatut kätyrinne ryöstävät ja vievät vuoristonne sokkeloihin, johon on monta menneitä, vaan harvoja takaisin palanneita. Ja siellä, siellä vallitsee uni, nälkä ja ilman puute luonnonlain rajattomalla voimalla.
Mutta eräänä päivänä mätä puhkaisee reijän valtanne loistavaan vuoreen, vapaa ilma tunkeutuu sinne sisään, uneksivat eläjät aukovat silmiänsä, oikovat jäseniänsä ja kiinnittävät katseensa sinne missä on reikä, josta ilmaa ja elämätä virtaa ja josta Jumalan vapaa aurinko loistaa. Vuosituhansia vangittuina olleet voimat murtavat itsensä vapaiksi ja te kukistutte kuin juurettomat puut. Te tulette näkemään sen ikuisen keväimen, jolloin valon voimat murtavat kaikki luonnottomat esteet, jolloin naisten kielet tulevat laulamaan sorrettujen vapautuksen ihanoita ylistysvirsiä ja anteeksi-annon ja veljeyden sointuvat sävel-luomat sulattavat teidänkin sydämenne ja osoittavat teillekin oikean tien elämän ikuiseen onneen. Silloin on se suuri huomen, jolloin väkivallan voima on vaan kauhea muisto ja ihmiskunta on ottanut omiintuntoihinsa kirjoitetun Jumalan lain ainoaksi ohjaajakseen, jolloin joukkojen murha on yhtä suuri synti kun miestappokin, ja jolloin henkinen murha on suurempi rikos kuin ruumiillinen. Silloin tekevät ihmiset maailman rauhan sen periaatteen vuoksi, että murha on raaka synti ja että ketään ei haluta murhata. Kukaan ei anasta keltään mitään, ei oikeuden varjolla enempää kuin suoranaisella vääryydelläkään. Silloin on valo valtias maan. Silloin hallitsevat ne voimat, jotka nyt ovat lapsina, joiden kasvamista kaikin voimin koetetaan ehkäistä, että pysyisivät pieninä, eivätkä koskaan kasvaisi suuriksi. Mutta samaten kuin Galilein maapallo "pyörii
kuitenkin", samaten kasvavat nämät vesat, sillä niitä kasvattavat luonnonvoimat ja luomisen lait, ja niiden käyttäjänä on Jumala.
Sen pituinen on ylistysvirsi teidän kunniaksenne te valon nykyiset ja vastaiset vastustajat, joiden joukko on niin suuri ja valta niin mahtava ja vastustamaton.
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