PLANNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAPID URBANISATION SURVEY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS IN THE COMMONWEALTH KEY FINDINGS
COMMONWEALTH COMMONWEALTH COMMONWEALTH COMMONWEALTH
ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION OF PLANNERS ASSOCIATION OF SURVEYING AND LAND ECONOMY ENGINEERS COUNCIL
Survey conducted jointly by the Commonwealth Association of Architects, the Commonwealth Association of Planners, the Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land Economy and the Commonwealth Engineers Council Principal authors: Peter Oborn, Joseph Walters Design by Allies and Morrison, Architects and Urban Planners, London, UK Survey published: June 2020 With grateful thanks for the financial support received from The Prince of Wales’s Charitable Fund and the Commonwealth Secretariat, and to all contributors and participating organisations.
PLANNING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAPID URBANISATION SURVEY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS IN THE COMMONWEALTH
FOREWORD BY HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES 1 INTRODUCTION 2 KEY FINDINGS
5 8 10
2.1 Critical lack of capacity among built environment professionals
10
2.2 Critical lack of educational capacity
23
2.3 Weakness in built environment policy
28
2.4 Challenges facing the built environment
32
3 IMPACT OF THE FINDINGS ON THE GROUND
36
3.1 Australia
36
3.2 Bangladesh
37
3.3 Botswana
37
3.4 Pakistan
38
3.5 Sierra Leone
39
4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FINDINGS
40
4.1 Economic impact
40
4.2 Environmental impact
41
4.3 Health and well-being
41
4.4 Local government
42
4.5 Access to services
42
5 APPENDIX
45
I. Built environment professions in the Commonwealth
46
II. The Commonwealth in numbers
48
III. Projected urban population growth in the Commonwealth
51
IV. Small island states, land and population below 5m
52
V. Status of building energy codes in the Commonwealth, 2019 53 VI. Sustainable Development Goals Index for the Countries of the Commonwealth
54
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Many of you reading this survey will not be surprised to know that the pace of urbanization in many countries far outstrips the capacity within the built environment professions to plan effectively and sustainably for that growth. Yet the pressing need for well-planned towns and cities could not be greater in the context of the two other most critical and inter-related issues of our time – climate change and accelerating loss of bio-diversity. Rapid urbanization is especially concerning for the Commonwealth, where nearly half of the projected growth in the world’s urban population over the next thirty years is expected to take place. A large proportion of this growth will be concentrated on secondary cities and towns, where the lack of resources to deal with the intense pressures they face is even more acute. In this context, the detail and analysis provided by this survey, the first of its kind in the Commonwealth, could not be more crucial and timely. The seriousness and scale of the issues revealed – a critical shortfall in professional capacity compared to demand, insufficient provision of relevant education and a weakness in built environment policy – will require urgent action. However, the strong collaboration involved in creating this survey – particularly in sharing information, experience and solutions between associations of architects, engineers, planners and surveyors across the diverse regions and contexts of the Commonwealth – lays a platform for positive action. Access to this data and analysis will help to pin-point where, and how, to prioritise responses to these immense challenges, in which built environment professionals across the Commonwealth will collectively play such a vital role. Therefore, I can only congratulate the four Commonwealth associations for the leadership they have shown in collaborating to survey these issues. I am proud and delighted that my own Foundation has been able to support, in some small way, a growing and connected partnership of Commonwealth organisations – which, importantly, also includes the Commonwealth Local Government Forum and the Association of Commonwealth Universities – to focus efforts on ensuring genuinely sustainable urbanization that will directly help communities across the Commonwealth. I need hardly say that I look forward with great anticipation to the ground-breaking actions that will flow from this collaboration.
credit: Johnny Miller, https://unequalscenes.com/
List of Tables
List of Figures
Table 1
List of Commonwealth countries projected to more than double their urban population by 2050
11
Table 2
List of Commonwealth countries projected to add more than 1m urban residents per annum to 2050
11
Table 3
Numbers of Town Planners and Architects required to achieve OECD averages
12
Table 4
Commonwealth countries lacking one or more key built environment institute
14
Table 5
Number of Commonwealth Cities, grouped by population size
15
Table 6
Ratio of Architects per thousand head of population v rates of urban growth
17
Table 7
Ratio of Town Planners per thousand head of population v rates of urban growth
19
Table 8
Ratio of Engineers per thousand population v rates of urban growth
20
Table 9
Ratio of Surveyors per thousand head of population v rate of urban growth
21
Table 10 Ratio of Architecture Schools /1m population
25
Table 11 Ratio of Town Planning Schools/1m population
26
Table 12 Ratio of Engineering Schools/1m population
27
Table 13 Ratio of Surveying Schools/1m population
27
Figure 1 Projected increase in the worlds urban population 2020-2050
8
Figure 2 Emissions and expected warming based on pledges and current policies
9
Figure 3 Projected floor area additions to 2060
13
Figure 4 Location of cities most at risk from climate change impacts
13
Figure 5 Number of Commonwealth cities, grouped by population size
15
Figure 6 Ratio of Architects per thousand population v with rates of urban growth
16
Figure 7 Ratio of Town Planners per thousand population v rate of urban growth
18
Figure 8 Ratio of Engineers per thousand population v rate of urban growth
20
Figure 9 Ratio of Surveyors per thousand population v rate of urban growth
21
Figure 10 Proportion of professional associations requiring mandatory continuing professional development
23
Figure 11 Ratio of Architects/1,000 population v ratio of Schools of Architecture/1m population
24
Figure 12 Ratio of Town Planners/1,000 population v ratio of Planning Schools/1m population
26
Figure 13 Ratio of Engineers/1,000 population v ratio of Engineering Schools/1m population
27
Figure 14 Ratio of Surveyors/1,000 population v ratio of Surveying Schools/1m population
27
Figure 15 Effectiveness of planning legislation and building code
28
Figure 16 National built environment strategies
29
Figure 17 National built environment policies
29
Figure 18 Map of building energy codes by jurisdiction, 2018-19
30
Figure 19 CO2 per capita v rates of urbanisation
30
1 1
INTRODUCTION
An analysis of the most recent projections by UN Habitat1 reveals that the number of urban dwellers in the Commonwealth is predicted to increase by over 1 billion people by 2050; that’s nearly 50% of the total projected increase in the World’s urban population in the next 30 years2, (Figure 1). Managing this growth sustainably is vital not only for the citizens of the Commonwealth but for the entire world. Figure 1 Projected increase in the worlds urban population 2020-2050, (numbers in ‘000) 2,500,000 Total Commonwealth Rest of the world
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0 2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
This year’s ‘Survey of the built environment professions in the Commonwealth’ is therefore significant as many Commonwealth countries are already experiencing the impact of climate change and rapid urbanisation, a situation now compounded by the impact of Covid-19, and 2020 marks the start of a Decade of Action3 to achieve the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In 2017, the Commonwealth Association of Architects (CAA) and the Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP) undertook the first surveys of their respective professions to have been carried out in over 30 years. The findings of those surveys revealed a critical lack of capacity together with weakness in built environment policy in many of the Commonwealth countries that are urbanising most rapidly and are among the most vulnerable.
1
https://population.un.org/wup/
2
See Appendix I for details
3
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/decade-of-action/
8
CAA and CAP are delighted to have been joined this year by colleagues from the Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land Economy (CASLE) together with the Commonwealth Engineers Council (CEC). We are also pleased to have increased the level of participation from member organisations.
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
The findings of this year’s survey reveal that the issues first identified in 2017 have become more challenging and are even more widespread. Moreover, while the capacity gap continues to grow, rates of urbanisation are on the rise and levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide have reached record highs, (Figure 2), requiring increasingly more urgent action in order to avoid catastrophic climate change4. The need to develop an effective response to these inter-related challenges has become even more urgent and the built environment professions have therefore been advocating for a ‘Call to Action’ on sustainable urbanisation in the Commonwealth. In an effort to help tackle the underlying issues, CAA, CAP, CASLE and CEC are also collaborating with the Commonwealth Local Government Forum (CLGF) and the Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) to develop a programme of engagement based on inter-disciplinary, cross sector collaboration, working together with city leaders, built environment professionals and academia Figure 2
200
150
100
Global greenhouse gas emissions GtCO2e / year
Emissions and expected warming based on pledges and current policies5 Dec 2019 update Warming projected by 2100
Baseline 4.1 - 4.8°C
Current policies 2.8 - 3.2°C
50
Optimistic policies 2.8°C Pledges & Targets 2.5 - 2.8°C 0 2°C consistent 1.6 - 1.7°C 1.5°C consistent 1.3 °C -50 1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
The Commonwealth of nations provides the perfect platform from which to engage with these issues, providing advocacy, sharing knowledge and resources, building capacity and capability, and the built environment professions represented here are fully committed to this important work6.
4
https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/emissions-gapreport-2019
5
Source: Climate Action Tracker, https://climateactiontracker.org/
6
https://wuf.unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020-02/WUF10_
Mr Kalim Siddiqui President Commonwealth Association of Architects Ms Dyan Currie AM President Commonwealth Association of Planners Mr Joseph Ajanlekoko President Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land Economy Prof Paul Jowitt CBE President Commonwealth Engineers Council
final_declared_actions.pdf (see page 6)
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
9
2 2
KEY FINDINGS
2.1 CRITICAL LACK OF CAPACITY AMONG BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONALS
There is a continuing critical lack of capacity in many of the Commonwealth countries which are rapidly urbanising and are among the most vulnerable. While it is acknowledged that there is no specific target regarding the number of built environment professionals required in each country and that numbers alone are only one measure of capacity, it will be seen from the results of this survey that there is an acute imbalance between the number of built environment professionals in each country when compared with the rate of urban growth; a situation which is further aggravated when the results are correlated with levels of prosperity and vulnerability7. By way of example, the average ratio of architects per thousand head of population in Commonwealth countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), ie Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, is 0.455 whereas in Uganda it is 0.005. Similarly, in the case of town planners, the average ratio of planners per thousand head of population in OECD countries is 0.215 whereas in Tanzania it is also 0.005. These figures are particularly concerning when one considers that the rate of urban growth in OECD countries is, on average, 1.55% whereas in Tanzania it is currently 5.1% and in Uganda 6.2%. The survey results also need to be considered in relation to the cumulative impact of continuous high rates of urban growth, eg Uganda’s urban population is projected to quadruple by 2050, adding an additional 35million urban dwellers while Tanzania is expect to add a further 54 million urban dwellers in the same period (Table 1 and Table 2)8. 7
See Appendix II for further detail
8
See Appendix III for further detail
10
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Table 1 List of Commonwealth countries projected to more than double their urban population by 2050 Country
Projected urban population (‘000) 2020
2050
Projected urban population growth 2020-2050 ‘000
as %
Uganda
11,775
46,664
34,889
396%
Malawi
3,535
13,360
9,825
378%
Tanzania
22,113
76,542
54,429
346%
Mozambique
11,978
37,473
25,494
313%
Zambia
8,336
25,577
17,240
307%
Kenya
14,975
44,185
29,210
295%
Papua New Guinea
1,168
3,326
2,157
285%
Rwanda
2,281
6,483
4,202
284%
Nigeria
107,113
287,130
180,018
268%
Gambia
1,435
3,523
2,088
245%
14,942
36,415
21,474
244%
160
385
226
241%
Sierra Leone
3,454
7,725
4,271
224%
Namibia
1,403
3,116
1,713
222%
Lesotho
674
1,485
811
220%
Vanuatu
75
163
88
217%
Cameroon Solomon Islands
Ghana
17,626
37,518
19,893
213%
Pakistan
77,438
160,228
82,790
207%
Eswatini
348
703
355
202%
Table 2 List of Commonwealth countries projected to add more than 1m urban residents per annum to 2050 Country
Projected urban population (‘000) 2020
2050
Projected urban population growth 2020-2050 ‘000
as %
India
483,099
876,613
393,514
181%
Nigeria
107,113
287,130
180,018
268%
Pakistan
77,438
160,228
82,790
207%
Tanzania
22,113
76,542
54,429
346%
Bangladesh
64,815
117,837
53,022
182%
Uganda
11,775
46,664
34,889
396%
Kenya
14,975
44,185
29,210
295%
Mozambique
11,978
37,473
25,494
313%
Cameroon
14,942
36,415
21,474
244%
Ghana
17,626
37,518
19,893
213%
South Africa
39,551
58,057
18,506
147%
8,336
25,577
17,240
307%
United Kingdom
56,495
68,008
11,512
120%
Malaysia
25,362
36,440
11,078
144%
Zambia
Similar challenges exist in the three Commonwealth countries which are projected to experience the largest increase in their urban populations by 2050, namely India, Nigeria and Pakistan. Table 3 provides an illustration of the shortfall in architects and planners when compared with OECD averages.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
11
Table 3 Numbers of Town Planners and Architects required to achieve OECD averages Country
Total Population 2018
Profession
India
1,352,617,330
Town Planners
5,0009
0.004
285,813
Architects
87,674
0.065
527,767
Town Planners
1,608
0.008
40,505
Architects
7,468
0.038
81,655
Town Planners
1,388
0.007
44,238
Architects
6,028
0.028
90,530
Nigeria Pakistan
195,874,740 212,215,030
Number of professionals
Ratio of professionals per 1,000 population
Indicative shortfall compared with OECD averages
While it is clearly both impractical and unrealistic to suggest that such ratios should or could be achieved, these figures clearly indicate a critical lack of capacity in many of the Commonwealth countries which are rapidly urbanising. Unless this issue can be effectively addressed then it is likely we will continue to experience an increasing number of unplanned or poorly planned settlements with correspondingly serious consequences in terms of social, economic and environmental well-being. Indeed, this is already being reflected in the results of the annual survey undertaken by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network10, and a comparison between their findings in 2017 and 2019 reveals that progress towards achievement of SDG11 is: · unchanged in 23 countries · improving in only 2 countries · worsening in 10 countries Furthermore, a comparison with the 2017 survey reveals that rates of urban growth are generally increasing while the number of built environment professionals are relatively static; eg the number of architects in Uganda has increased from 178 to 221 whereas the rate of urban growth has leapt from 5.3% to 6.2% per annum. These figures become even more significant when considered in the context of projected floor area additions and climate change vulnerability, as illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. In addition to their exposure to extreme weather events such as hurricanes, many small island states are also particularly vulnerable to sea level rises. In some cases, 100% of the population is located on land below 5m elevation (see Appendix V).
9
Based on anecdotal evidence: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ home/education/news/india-needs-3-lakh-town-planners-by-2031know-how-you-can-be-one/articleshow/67431428.cms
10 For further information, see Appendix IV 11 Source: IEZ (2017), Energy Technology Perspectives 2017, IEZ/OECD,
Paris, www.iea.org/etp. 12 Source: Verisk Maplecroft, https://www.maplecroft.com/insights/
analysis/84-of-worlds-fastest-growing-cities-face-extreme-climatechange-risks/
12
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Figure 3 Projected floor area additions to 206011 Africa China India North America Europe ASEAN Latin America Other Asia
Current floor area Floor area additions
Middle East
2017-2030
OECO Pacific
2030-2040
Russia & Caspian region
2040-2050
billion m2
2050-2060
90
60
30
0
30
60
90
Notes: OECD Pacific includes Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Korea; ASEAN= Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Figure 4 Location of cities most at risk from climate change impacts11
2.5
0
Low risk Medium risk
1 million 10 million
High risk
5
Size of population
Extreme risk
7.5
Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2018-Q4
10
Average annual % change in population, 2018-2035 0
-1 Europe
1
2
Americas
3 Asia
4 Africa
5
6 Oceania
Among the Commonwealth cities most at risk of climate change impacts are Kampala in Uganda, Dar-es-Salaam in Tanzania, Abuja and Lagos in Nigeria12.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
13
It should be noted that the survey only accounts for respondent countries in which professional institutes exist and that no architectural institute could be found in 9 Commonwealth countries, no town planning association could be found in 22 Commonwealth countries, no civil engineering association could be found in 7 Commonwealth countries and no quantity surveying association could be found in 25 Commonwealth countries. No built environment associations of any kind could be found in 5 Commonwealth countries; Kiribati, Nauru, Seychelles, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu; all of which are small island states and many of which are among the most vulnerable to climate change impacts.Â
Table 4 Commonwealth countries lacking one or more key built environment institute
Income Country (LMIC) 16 CRI: Climate Resilience Index; a measure of vulnerability to
climate change impacts 17 Anecdotal evidence suggests there is no recognised planning
profession in Sierra Leone, but that there are 19 Development Planning Officers (eg: Haja) in each of the councils. Haja is
Projected urban population growth 20202050
Surveying Institute?
15 ODA Status: Least Developed Country (LDC), Lower Middle-
ODA CRI16 status15
Planning Institute?
14 https://data.worldbank.org/region/small/states
Small states14
Engineering Institute?
13 https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sids/list
SIDS13
Architectural institute?
Country
Seychelles
Y
Y
-
116
12
122%
N
N
N
N
Kiribati
Y
Y
LDC
116
168
132%
N
N
N
N
Nauru
Y
Y
UMIC
-
58
185%
N
N
N
N
Solomon Islands
Y
Y
LDC
75
226
241%
N
N
N
N
Tuvalu
Y
Y
LDC
116
4
154%
N
N
N
N
Gambia, The
-
Y
LDC
101
2,088
245%
Y
N
N
N
Mozambique
-
-
LDC
37
25,494
313%
N
Y
N
N
St Vincent & Gren.
Y
Y
UMIC
116
14
142%
Y
N
N
N
Samoa
Y
Y
UMIC
116
7
146%
N
Y
N
N
Tonga
Y
Y
UMIC
116
16
162%
N
Y
N
N
Vanuatu
Y
Y
LDC
90
88
217%
N
Y
N
N
Cameroon
-
-
LMIC
97
21,474
244%
Y
Y
N
N
Eswatini
-
Y
LMIC
116
355
202%
Y
Y
N
N
Lesotho
-
Y
LDC
116
811
220%
Y
Y
N
N
Antigua & Barbuda
Y
Y
UMIC
20
2,629
167%
Y
Y
N
N
Grenada
Y
Y
IUMIC
116
8
115%
Y
Y
N
N
Guyana
Y
Y
UMIC
116
12
130%
Y
Y
N
N
Saint Kitts & Nevis
Y
Y
-
64
264
116%
Y
Y
N
N
Bahamas
Y
Y
-
-
81
124%
Y
Y
N
Y
Papua New Guinea
Y
-
LMIC
78
2,157
285%
Y
Y
N
Y
Sierra Leone17
-
-
LDC
15
4,271
224%
Y
Y
N17
Y
Bangladesh
-
-
LDC
16
53,022
1825
Y
Y
Y
N
Belize
Y
Y
UMIC
116
155
185%
Y
Y
Y
N
Brunei Darussalam
-
Y
-
116
112
132%
Y
Y
Y
N
Cyprus
-
Y
-
84
223
128%
Y
Y
Y
N
Dominica
Y
Y
UMIC
9
8
115%
Y
Y
Y
N
Mauritius
Y
Y
UMIC
116
85
116%
Y
Y
Y
N
Namibia
-
Y
UMIC
116
1,713
222%
Y
Y
Y
N
'000
as %
not a Town Planner per se and has no planning qualification, but their role does include spatial planning
14
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Another aspect of the findings which needs to be considered in relation to professional capacity, is the fact that most built environment professionals tend to be located in capital cities and in the main metropolitan areas18 whereas urban growth is being experienced by cities of all sizes, including secondary cities, which constitute the majority (Table 5 and Figure 5), and where most of the Commonwealth’s urban population actually live.
Table 5 Number of Commonwealth Cities, grouped by population size Category
No. of cities per Category
Sum of Population 2010
as %
Cumulative %
Over 4m
16
146,027,069
22%
100%
Between 1m and 4m
76
139,692,792
21%
78%
Between 500k to 1m
93
64,658,956
10%
57%
Between 200k and 500k
280
83,865,680
13%
47%
Between 100k and 200k
525
73,393,194
11%
34%
Between 50k and 100k
996
69,045,549
11%
23%
Between 20k and 50k
2,585
80,145,216
12%
12%
Grand Total
4,571
656,828,457
100%
Figure 5 Number of Commonwealth cities, grouped by population size19 Grater than 4 million
16 76
Between 1- 4 million Between 500k-1million
92 281
Between 200k-500k
525
Between 100k-200k
996
Between 50k-100k Between 20k-50k
2,585
The following figures (Figures 6-9) and tables (Tables 6-9) illustrate the capacity gap which exists for each of the principal built environment disciplines.
18 According to the Uganda Society of Architects, nearly all of its 221
members are located in Kampala. 19 Source: Nicolas Galarza, Visiting Scholar, NYU Marron Institute of
Urban Management, with Ana Camelo and Maria Bernal.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
15
Figure 6 Ratio of Architects per thousand population v rates of urban growth Professionals per thousand population 0
0.1
United Kingdom
0.2
0.6
0.7 0.619
0.543 0.500
0.8%
New Zealand
0.392
2.0%
Canada
0.274
1.5% 0.5%
0.228 0.218
0.4%
Mauritius
0.167
Botswana
0.110
3.3%
Dominica
0.7%
Malaysia
0.073
2.1%
South Africa
0.072
2.1%
Trinidad & Tobago
0.5
1.7%
Hong Kong
Antigua & Barbuda
0.4
1.0%
Australia
Singapore
0.3
0.084
0.069
0.4%
Sri Lanka
0.065
India
0.065
2.3%
Nigeria
0.038
Pakistan
0.033
Fiji
0.033
Bangladesh
0.021
Belize
0.016
Zambia
0.015
Rwanda
0.014
Kenya
0.012
Ghana
0.011
Uganda
0.005
Gambia, The
0.005
4.2% 2.7% 1.6% 3.2% 2.2% 4.2% 3.1% 4.1% 3.4% 6.2% 4.0%
Urban growth 0.0%
16
1.0%
2.0%
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3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Table 6 Ratio of Architects per thousand head of population v rates of urban growth Country
Total Population 2018
Africa
Registered Professionals 2018
Architects per thousand population
Urban Growth (%)
412,981,910
13,708
0.033
3.5%
Botswana
2,254,130
249
0.110
3.3%
Gambia, The
2,280,100
11
0.005
4.0%
Ghana
29,767,110
333
0.011
3.4%
Kenya
51,393,010
618
0.012
4.1%
1,256,300
210
0.167
-0.1%
Nigeria
195,874,740
7,468
0.038
4.2%
Rwanda
12,301,940
178
0.014
3.1%
South Africa
57,779,620
4,153
0.072
2.1%
Uganda
42,723,140
221
0.005
6.2%
Zambia
17,351,820
267
0.015
4.2%
1,785,025,660
102,039
0.058
2.1%
161,356,040
3,350
0.021
3.2%
1,352,617,330
87,674
0.065
2.3%
Malaysia
31,528,580
2,291
0.073
2.1%
Pakistan
212,215,030
6,028
0.033
2.7%
Singapore
5,638,680
1,284
0.228
0.5%
Sri Lanka
21,670,000
1,412
0.065
1.5%
38,999,710
10,265
0.263
1.0%
96,290
21
0.218
0.4%
383,070
6
0.016
2.2%
37,058,860
10,136
0.274
1.5%
71,630
6
0.084
0.7%
1,389,860
96
0.069
0.4%
68,161,790
44,585
0.654
1.7%
1,189,270
2,389
2.009
0.8%
483,530
1,026
2.122
3.3%
United Kingdom
66,488,990
41,170
0.619
1.0%
Other
7,451,000
3,723
0.500
0.8%
7,451,000
3,723
0.500
0.8%
30,761,350
15,510
0.504
1.8%
24,992,370
13,567
0.543
1.7%
883,480
29
0.033
1.6%
4,885,500
1,914
0.392
2.0%
Mauritius
Asia Bangladesh India
Caribbean and Americas Antigua and Barbuda Belize Canada Dominica Trinidad & Tobago Europe Cyprus
20
Malta
Hong Kong
21
Pacific Australia22 Fiji New Zealand
20 Cyprus (ratio: 2.01) and Malta (ratio: 2.12) have been omitted
from the chart for clarity as their members are also defined as engineers, which prevents a like-for-like comparison 21 While Hong Kong SAR is no longer a member of the
Commonwealth, the HKIA remains a member of the CAA 22 Australia only provided numbers of registered professional
numbers for 2017
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
17
Figure 7 Ratio of Town Planners per thousand population v rate of urban growth Professionals per thousand population 0
0.1
United Kingdom
0.2
New Zealand
2.0%
Australia
1.7%
Canada
1.5%
Trinidad & Tobago
0.4%
Fiji
0.028
Ghana
0.022
18
0.7
0.183 0.167 3.3%
0.034 0.033 1.6% 3.4%
Mauritius
0.018
Malaysia
0.017
2.1%
South Africa
0.011
2.1%
Nigeria
0.008
Pakistan
0.006
Tanzania
0.006
Barbados
0.000
Sri Lanka
0.000
0.0%
0.6
0.184
0.084 0.5%
0.5
3.3%
0.186
Botswana
0.4 0.330
1.0%
Malta
Singapore
0.3
4.2% 2.7% 5.1%
1.5%
1.0%
Urban growth 2.0%
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Table 7 Ratio of Town Planners per thousand head of population v rates of urban growth Country
Africa23
Total Population 2018
Registered Professionals 2018
Town Planners per thousand population
Urban Growth (%)
343,250,250
3,411
0.010
3.0%
2,254,130
190
0.084
3.3%
29,767,110
644
0.022
3.4%
1,256,300
22
0.018
-0.1%
195,874,740
1,608
0.008
4.2%
South Africa
57,779,620
630
0.011
2.1%
Tanzania
56,318,350
317
0.006
5.1%
Botswana Ghana
24
Mauritius Nigeria
Asia
249,382,290
2,005
0.013
1.4%
Malaysia
31,528,580
549
0.017
2.1%
25
Pakistan
212,215,030
1,266
0.006
2.7%
Singapore
5,638,680
190
0.034
0.5%
Sri Lanka
38,448,720
0
0.000
1.5%
286,640
6,246
0.161
0.7%
37,058,860
6,200
0.167
1.5%
1,389,860
46
0.033
0.4%
Europe
66,972,520
22,009
0.327
2.2%
Malta26
483,530
90
0.186
3.3%
66,488,990
21,919
0.330
1.0%
Pacific
30,761,350
5,501
0.179
1.8%
Australia
24,992,370
4,579
0.183
1.7%
883,480
25
0.028
1.6%
4,885,500
897
0.184
2.0%
Caribbean & Am. Canada Trinidad & Tobago
United Kingdom
Fiji New Zealand
23 Although not a survey respondent, the Uganda
Institute of Physical Planners (UIPP) appeares to comprise 30 corporate, 67 graduate, 1 associate and 1 student member in 2017. Source: https://www. zaddockassociates.com/digitalpublications/UPG/ august-2017/mobile/index.html#p=83 24 Ghana, Mauritius, UK, Australia and Fiji did not provide
the number of registered professionals, so the numbers used here refer to members of the institute. 25 Number of registered professionals provided by the
Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners (PCATP), February 2020. 26 Town Planning is not a legally recognised profession
in Malta, but it is understood that there are 90 Professionally qualified town planners in the country. Malta did not provide the number of registered professionals, so the numbers used here refer to members of the institute.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
Workshop in Bo credit: The Prince’s Foundation
19
Figure 8 Ratio of Engineers per thousand population v rate of urban growth Professionals per thousand population 0 Mauritius
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-0.1% 4.2% 0.8%
United Kingdom
1.0%
0.76 0.73 0.63
Botswana
3.3%
Belize
2.2%
Ghana
0.22
Mozambique
0.08
Malaysia
0.06
Malta
0.06
Uganda
0.05
1.1 1.00
Zambia Grenada
1
0.53
0.27 3.4% 4.4%
2.1% 3.3% 6.2%
0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0%
4.0% 5.0%
6.0% 7.0%
Urban growth 8.0% 9.0% 10.0% 11.0%
Table 8 Ratio of Engineers per thousand population v rates of urban growth Country
Total Population 2018
Africa
Registered Professionals 2018
Engineers per thousand population
Urban Growth (%)
122,849,460
24,480
0.217
3.6%
2,254,130
1,200
0.532
3.3%
29,767,110
6,502
0.218
3.4%
1,256,300
1,258
1.001
-0.1%
Mozambique
29,496,960
2,320
0.079
4.4%
Uganda27
42,723,140
2,176
0.051
6.2%
Zambia
17,351,820
13,200
0.761
4.2%
31,528,580
2,019
0.064
2.1%
Botswana Ghana Mauritius
Asia Malaysia
31,528,580
2,019
0.064
2.1%
Caribbean & Am.
494,520
186
0.376
1.5%
Belize
383,070
105
0.274
2.2%
Grenada
111,450
81
0.727
0.8%
Europe
66,972,520
42,141
0.630
2.2%
483,530
30
0.062
3.3%
66,488,990
42,141
0.634
1.0%
Malta
27
United Kingdom 27 Uganda and Malta did not provide the number of
registered professionals, so the numbers used here refer to members of the institute.
20
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Figure 9 Ratio of Surveyors per thousand population v rate of urban growth Professionals per thousand population 0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Malaysia
0.20
0.25
0.4%
Nigeria
0.02
Rwanda
0.01
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.25
2.1%
Trinidad and Tobago
0.30
0.07 4.2% 3.1%
Urban growth 0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
Table 9 Ratio of Surveyors per thousand head of population v rate of urban growth Country
Total Population 2018
Registered Professionals 2018
Engineers per thousand population
Africa
208,176,680
4,268
Nigeria
195,874,740
Rwanda
12,301,940
Urban Growth (%)
0.016
4.1%
4,126
0.021
4.2%
142
0.012
3.1%
31,528,580
8,000
0.254
2.1%
Malaysia
31,528,580
8,000
0.254
2.1%
Caribbean and Americas
1,389,860
101
0.073
0.4%
1,389,860
101
0.073
0.4%
Asia
Trinidad and Tobago
Site visit for workshop in Bo credit: The Prince’s Foundation
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
21
credit: Johnny Miller, https://unequalscenes.com/
2.2 CRITICAL LACK OF EDUCATIONAL CAPACITY
There is a lack of educational and institutional capacity to grow the professions fast enough in many Commonwealth countries. The findings of the 2017 survey revealed that, while lack of capacity among built environment professionals is a serious issue in a number of Commonwealth countries, the rate at which the profession is growing in these countries is also insufficient to achieve the sort of ratios found in OECD countries owing to the relatively small number of undergraduate places available for built environment professionals. The findings of the 2019 survey reveal that lack of educational capacity remains a concern and that this is affecting each of the principal built environment professions to a greater or lesser extent. By way of example, the ratio of schools of architecture per million head of population in Commonwealth countries which are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), ie Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, is 0.587, whereas in Nigeria it is 0.362. Lack of planning schools is an even greater concern. In OECD countries, the ratio of planning schools per million head of population is 0.729 whereas in Nigeria it is only 0.179, a fourfold difference. These figures are particularly concerning when one considers that Nigeria is forecast to add a further 180million urban dwellers in the next 30 years. Figure 10 Proportion of professional associations requiring mandatory continuing professional development Architects, Mandatory CPD?
37%
While the training of undergraduates is a concern, so too is the need to ensure existing members of the profession are equipped with appropriate up-to-date knowledge to deal with the range of challenges being faced in a rapidly changing world. Figure 10 illustrates the fact that the provision of mandatory continuing professional development remains a challenge for many respondents owing to lack of resources and/or institutional capacity.
63%
The following figures (Figures 11-14) and tables (Tables 10-13) illustrate the capacity gap which exists for each of the principle built environment disciplines.
Planners, Mandatory CPD?
44%
Respondents were also invited to comment on some of the key challenges facing the education of built environment professions. These are covered in Chapter 2.4 and include poorly skilled and unqualified teaching staff together with outdated curriculum, ie it is not simply the number of graduates which is an issue but also the quality of the education they are receiving. Indeed, the need for curriculum review to better reflect the challenges of climate change and sustainable urbanisation is widely recognised in many parts of the Commonwealth28.
28 See p13, Chapter 5.0 Knowledge and competence’, ‘RIBA Ethics and
56%
Sustainable Development Commission’: https://www.architecture.
Yes No
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
com/‐/media/GatherContent/Work‐with‐Us/Additional‐Documents/ Ethics‐and‐Sustainable‐ Development‐Commission‐‐Full‐ findingspdf.pdf
23
Figure 11 Ratio of Architects/1,000 population v ratio of Schools of Architecture/1m population United Kingdom Australia
0.543
Hong Kong
0.72
0.500
New Zealand
0.81
0.392
Canada
0.274
Singapore
0.61
0.32
0.228
Antigua & Barbuda
0.35
0.218
Mauritius
0.167
Botswana
0.80
0.110
Malaysia
0.44
0.106
South Africa
0.072
Trinidad & Tobago
0.069
0.76 0.17
0.065
Sri Lanka
0.09
0.065
India Nigeria
0.038
Pakistan
0.033
0.33 0.36 0.16
0.033
Fiji
0.021
Bangladesh
0.15
0.015
Zambia Rwanda
0.014
Kenya
0.012
Ghana
0.011
Uganda
0.005
0
24
0.69
0.619
0.08 0.14 0.37
Schools per million population Professionals per thousand population
0.09
0.1
0.2
0.3
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Table 10 Ratio of Architecture Schools /1m population Country
Total Population 2018
Africa
Total schools of Architecture
Schools per million population
413,150,070
108
0.26
2,254,130
1
0.44
Ghana
29,767,110
11
0.37
Kenya
51,393,010
7
0.14
Mauritius
1,256,300
1
0.80
Namibia
2,448,260
1
0.41
Nigeria
195,874,740
71
0.36
Rwanda
12,301,940
1
0.08
South Africa
57,779,620
10
0.17
Uganda
42,723,140
4
0.09
Zambia
17,351,820
1
0.06
1,785,025,660
510
0.29
161,356,040
25
0.15
1,352,617,330
448
0.33
Malaysia
31,528,580
24
0.76
Pakistan
212,215,030
33
0.16
Singapore
5,638,680
2
0.35
Sri Lanka
21,670,000
2
0.09
38,616,640
13
0.33
96,290
0
0.00
37,058,860
12
0.32
71,630
1
13.96
1,389,860
0
0.00
68,161,790
51
0.75
1,189,270
4
3.36
483,530
1
2.07
United Kingdom
66,488,990
46
0.69
Other
7,451,000
6
0.81
7,451,000
6
0.81
Pacific
30,761,350
21
0.68
Australia
24,992,370
18
0.72
883,480
0
0.00
4,885,500
3
0.61
Botswana
Asia Bangladesh India
Caribbean and Americas Antigua and Barbuda Canada Dominica
29
Trinidad and Tobago Europe Cyprus Malta
Hong Kong SAR
Fiji New Zealand
29 Dominica, Cyprus and Malta have a relatively high number of
schools/1m population and have not been shown
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
25
Figure 12 Ratio of Town Planners/1,000 population v ratio of Planning Schools/1m population United Kingdom
0.330
New Zealand
0.184
Australia
0.183
Canada Botswana
0.42 1.02 0.96 0.51
0.167 0.44
0.084
Trinidad and Tobago
0.033
Ghana
0.022
Mauritius
0.018
Malaysia
0.017
South Africa
0.011
Nigeria
0.008
0.72 0.10 0.80 0.16 0.19 0.18
Pakistan
0.006
0.02
Tanzania
0.006
0.02
Barbados
0.000
Sri Lanka
0.000
Schools per million population 0.05
0
Professionals per thousand population
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Table 11 Ratio of Town Planning Schools/1m population Country
Total Population 2018
Africa Botswana Ghana Mauritius
0.15
2,254,130
1
0.44
29,767,110
3
0.10
1
0.80
35
0.18
South Africa
57,779,620
11
0.19
Tanzania
56,318,350
1
0.02
265,413,610
11
0.04
Malaysia
31,528,580
5
0.16
Pakistan
212,215,030
5
0.02
Sri Lanka
21,670,000
1
0.05
38,735,360
20
0.52
Caribbean & Am. Barbados
286,640
0
0.00
37,058,860
19
0.51
1,389,860
1
0.72
68,161,790
29
0.43
483,530
1
2.07
66,488,990
28
0.42
Pacific
29,877,870
29
0.94
Australia
24,992,370
24
0.96
4,885,500
5
1.02
Canada Trinidad and Tobago Europe Malta
30
United Kingdom
New Zealand
26
52
1,256,300
Asia
omitted from the chart for clarity
343,250,250
195,874,740
Nigeria
30 Malta has a high number of schools/ 1m population and has been
Total schools of Planning Schools per million population
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Figure 13 Ratio of Engineers/1,000 population v ratio of Engineering Schools/1m population Grenada
0.73
0.00
United Kingdom Belize
0.63 0.00
0.27 0.22
Ghana Mozambique Uganda
0.90
0.67 0.64
0.08 0.05
Schools per million population
0.23
Professionals per thousand population
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Table 12 Ratio of Engineering Schools/1m population Country
Total Population 2018
Total schools of Engineering
Schools per million population
Africa
119,339,030
79
0.64
Ghana
29,767,110
20
0.67
Mozambique
29,496,960
19
0.64
Uganda
42,723,140
10
0.23
Zambia
17,351,820
30
1.73
Caribbean and Americas
494,520
0
0.00
Belize
383,070
0
0.00
Grenada
111,450
0
0.00
Europe
66,488,990
60
0.90
66,488,990
60
0.90
United Kingdom
Figure 14 Ratio of Surveyors/1,000 population v ratio of Surveying Schools/1m population Malaysia
0.25
Trinidad & Tobago
0.35
0.25
0.07
Nigeria
0.72
0.02
Rwanda
0.33
0.01
0
Schools per million population
0.08
0.1
Professionals per thousand population
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Table 13 Ratio of Surveying Schools/1m population Country
Total Population 2018
Total schools of Surveying
Schools per million population
Africa
208, 176,680
65
0.25
Nigeria
195,874,740
64
0.33
Rwanda
12,301,940
1
0.08
Asia
31,528,580
11
0.35
Malaysia
31,528,580
11
0.35
C. & Americas
1,389,860
1
0.72
1,389,860
1
0.72
Trinidad & Tobago
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
27
2.3 WEAKNESS IN BUILT ENVIRONMENT POLICY
There is an increasing recognition of weakness in built environment policy in many Commonwealth countries in terms of standards, implementation and enforcement. Survey respondents were invited to confirm the existence of national strategies and policies in a wide range of areas. Figures 16 and 17 illustrate the range of responses received from which it will be seen that there is considerable scope for strengthening built environment policy in a number of Commonwealth countries. Survey respondents were also invited to comment on whether their national planning legislation and building code was fit-for-purpose and whether it was being implemented effectively. While responses varied considerably from one profession to another, the combined responses (Figure 15) reveal that circa 30% of respondents consider their national planning policy is not fit for purpose while nearly 60% do not believe it is being implemented effectively. Survey respondents were even more critical of building code, with nearly 50% expressing the view that it is not fit for purpose (25% in 2017) and almost 75% that it is not being implemented effectively (60% in 2017). A comparison with the 2017 results suggests that this policy weakness is being experienced and recognised more widely. Figure 15 Effectiveness of planning legislation and building code Planning Legislation
Implemented effectively
42%
Fit for purpose
71%
28
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Building Codes
Implemented effectively
27%
Fit for purpose
54%
Yes No
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Figure 16 National built environment strategies Has your government developed effective...? Renewable energy policy
NO
YES
Disaster management plans City resilience strategies Smart Cities strategy National BIM strategy National housing strategy National construction strategy Sustainable design & construction standards Anti-bribery and corruption legislation Inclusive design standards 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure 17 National built environment policies Has your government developed effective...? Effective NUA implementation plan
NO
YES
N/A
NUA embraced by government Effective COP21 implementation plan COP21 targets Effective SDG implementation plan SDG targets developed Health & safety standards adequately regulated Effective health and safety standards 0%
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
29
The weakness of planning legislation and building code is particularly concerning in the context of climate change and resilience especially when considered in terms of risk and vulnerability (Figure 4), and the lack of mandatory energy codes in many parts of the Commonwealth (Figure 18). Data from the International Energy Agency reveals the fact that 69% of Commonwealth countries have no mandatory energy codes for non-residential buildings while 81% have no such codes for residential buildings (see Appendix VI). Figure 18 Map of building energy codes by jurisdiction, 2018-1931
Mandatory for entire sector Mandatory for part of sector Mandatory for part of sector in major city Voluntary for part of sector Code in development No known code
The latter is particularly concerning when one considers the urgent need for industrialised countries to dramatically reduce their carbon emissions and for those countries which are rapidly urbanising to do so in a sustainable manner. Figure 19 illustrates the scale of the challenge being faced, with countries such as Australia (86% urbanised) currently producing 15.4 tonnes of CO2 per capita per annum and urbanising at 1.7% per annum compared with Uganda (24% urbanised) currently producing 0.1 tonnes of CO2 per capita per annum and urbanising at 6.2% per annum. The scale of the challenge becomes even more apparent when one considers that the 20 countries responsible for producing circa half of the Commonwealths total CO2 emissions comprise approximately 250 million people while the remaining 50% of the Commonwealth, which is rapidly urbanising, comprises 2.3 billion people. It is for this reason that the Commonwealth Association of Architects has recently become a member of the Global Alliance for Building and Construction32, to help advocate for more appropriate regulation combined with effective implementation and enforcement.
31 Image taken from IEA (2019c), Energy efficiency policies: Buildings,
Figure 19
www.iea.org/topics/energyefficiency/policies/buildings. 32 https://globalabc.org/
30
CO2 per capita v rates of urbanisation
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
Australia Canada Singapore South Africa Malaysia New Zealand Bahamas United Kingdom Hong Kong Antigua & Barbados Malta
250m people 2.3bn tonnes CO2
Seychelles Cyprus St Kitts and Nevis Barbados Botswana Jamaica Guyana St Lucia Grenada St Vincent Dominica Namibia India Belize Fiji Lesotho Tonga Eswatini Tuvalu Pakistan Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Kiribati
2.27bn people 2.7bn tonnes CO2
Nigeria Ghana Bangladesh Solomon Island Mozambique Zambia Kenya Gambia Cameroon Tanzania Sierra Leone Uganda Malawi
Co2 per capita (metric tonnes)
Rwanda
Urban growth (%)
0.0%
1.0%
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
31
2.4 CHALLENGES FACING THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Respondents from all four disciplines were invited to offer their opinion on the biggest challenges facing the Built Environment, the Profession and Education. The following comprises a summary of the main issues of common concern. The overall findings of this year’s survey confirm that the issues previously identified in 2017 are even more pervasive than first imagined, affect more countries and are being experienced to a greater or lesser extent by each of the principle built-environment professions; architecture, town planning, engineering and surveying.
Biggest challenges facing the Built Environment: • • • • • • • • • • • • •
32
Climate change Resilience to disaster and the need for adaptation Rapid urbanisation Urban sprawl Affordable housing Traffic congestion Lack of public transport Outdated planning policy and building code Lack of enforcement of existing regulations Lack of local building materials Skills shortage Economic uncertainty Corruption and uncontrolled development
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Biggest challenges facing the Profession: • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Failure to develop and implement local plans Failure to enforce regulations Procurement methods and forms of contract Increasing use of Design & Build, loss of control Impact of foreign consultants and contractors Competition from unqualified persons Digitisation and advances in technology Declining fees v increasing risk and liability Need for continuing professional development Lack of resources to develop knowledge and skills Lack of government support and patronage Economic uncertainty Lack of respect for the professions
Biggest challenges facing the Education of Built Environment Professionals: • • • • • • • • • • •
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
Insufficient universities, places of learning Poorly skilled and unqualified teaching staff Outdated curriculum Need to align education with the Sustainable Development Goals and industry needs Inadequate teaching material and lack of facilities, especially digital tools Low standards compared with best practice Lack of practical training opportunities for students Low levels of funding combined with high fees/low pay Failure to attract the best students Lack of access to research facilities Lack of diversity in terms of gender and ethnicity
33
CLIMATE CHANGE, RAPID URBANISATION AND THE COMMONWEALTH Half of the top 20 global emerging cities are in the Commonwealth: New Delhi, Mumbai, Nairobi, Kuala Lumpur, Bangalore, Johannesburg, Kolkata, Cape Town, Chennai and Dhaka. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit33, the Commonwealth includes 6 of the 10 Most Liveable Cities in the World and 5 of the 10 Least Liveable Cities in the World.
83% URBAN The United Kingdom has a population of 66 million is 83% urbanised with a population density of 36 people/sqkm
81% URBAN Canada is 81% urbanised with a population density of 4 people/sqkm
4.2%
URBAN GROWTH RATE
15.2
TONNES
Bahamas
Canada produces 15.2 tonnes CO2/ capita/annum
Belize
Antigua & Barbuda Dominica St Kitts & Nevis St Vincent St Lucia Barbados Grenada Trinidad & Tobago
Jamaica
Nigeria has a population of 195,874,740 which is growing at a rate of 2.6% with an urban growth rate of 4.2%. Its urban population is projected to increase by 180,018,000 by 2050.
Guyana Samoa
Rwanda’s population density is one of the highest in Africa, at 499 people/sqkm
32
SMALL STATES 32 Commonwealth countries are Small States, 25 of which are Small Island Developing States (SIDS). In the Caribbean, over 50% of the population lives within 1.5km of the sea, rendering them particularly vulnerable to storm surges and rising sea levels.
33
34
6.2%
URBAN GROWTH RATE Uganda has a population of 42,723,140 which is growing at a rate of 3.7%, with an urban growth rate of 6.2%. Its urban population is projected to increase by 396% by 2050.
https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report aspx?campaignid=Liveability2018
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Nearly 50% of the projected urban growth to 2050 will be in the Commonwealth; that’s an additional 1 billion urban dwellers in the next 30 years.
6.5
TONNES The United Kingdom produces 6.5 tonnes CO2/capita/annum
2.3%
URBAN GROWTH RATE India has a population of 1.35 billion which is growing at a rate of 1.0% with an urban growth rate of 2.3%. Its urban population is projected to increase by 393,514,000 by 2050.
37% URBAN Pakistan’s urban population is forecast to double within the next 30 years, adding a further 60m urban dwellers.
100% URBAN Singapore is 100% urbanised with a population density of 7,953 people/sqkm. The citystate also has the highest GNI per capita at $94,500 Singapore
Maldives
Nauru
Kiribati
Papua New Guinea Seychelles
Mauritius
Tuvalu
94% of the population of the Commonwealth live in Africa and Asia
Solomon Islands Vanuatu Fiji
0.1
TONNES
Malawi, Rwanda, and Uganda each produce 0.1 tonnes CO2/capita/annum
15.4
TONNES
Rate of urbanisation ≥ 5.00+%
4.00 - 4.99%
3.00 - 3.99%
2.00 - 2.99%
1.00 - 1.99%
0.00 - 0.99%
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
Australia is 86% urbanised with a population density of 3 people/sqkm
< 0.00%
Australia produces 15.4 tonnes CO2/ capita/annum
86% URBAN
35
3 3
IMPACT OF THE FINDINGS ON THE GROUND
While the findings of the survey have evidenced the range of challenges being faced, the consequences are being experienced in different ways in different Commonwealth countries as illustrated below:
3.1 AUSTRALIA
Professor Barbara Norman, University of Canberra, Australia
Australia is one of the most urbanised nations in the world. Over 85% of the population live in the coastal zone and most live in the urban areas of the coastal zone. Australia is therefore predominantly a coastal urban nation. Urban growth continues particularly in the capital cities and regional coastal towns. As a nation, our urban population is expected to grow from 20 to 40 million by 2050. Australia is also identified as a country that will experience significant impacts from climate change; fire, flood drought and storms. The Australian fires of 2020 are a prime example of stretched resources with small urban coastal communities being in some cases nearly wiped out. Australia is also a very large and diverse country with tropical environments in the north, arid environments in the centre to cold climates in the south. The challenges for built environment professionals are indeed large. Given the above context and the survey findings, the built environment professionals face the following three challenges in Australia: · Supporting the training and development of professionals in coastal regional Australia that are experiencing both the pressures of urban growth and climate risks. · Ongoing professional development for built environment professional across a large and very diverse nation. · Upskilling of the current and future professional on planning for climate change i.e. actions we can take in the built environment that will both reduce emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The built environment professions in Australia have played a critical role in recent years in the process of recovery and rebuilding from disasters. In particular, the professionals have argued strongly to ‘build back better’ to be more resilient in the future. To do this better in the future, we need strong investment in strategic and scenario planning as highlighted by the Planning Institute of Australia’s recent national statement: ‘Through the lens: the tipping point’34, calling for a national planning framework.
34 https://www.planning.org.au/policy/national-settlement-strategy
36
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
3.2 BANGLADESH
Mr Jalal Ahmed, President, Institute of Architects Bangladesh & Dr Farida Nilufar, Secretary, Environment and Urbanisation, Institute of Architects Bangladesh In the absence of critical lack of capacity of professionals, the cities and towns of Bangladesh are becoming unliveable mainly due to lack of proper development controls, poor management of waste, unbridled expansion of industries emitting toxic gases and effluents. Myopic and blinkered policies of the past have created this frightening condition. Situations are further aggravated due to poor enforcement of policy. The towns and cities are rapidly losing their natural resources like water bodies, greeneries and open spaces. The rivers, lakes and wetlands in and around the cities are being encroached upon and filled up for expansion of habitats, due to lack of strict enforcements. Factories are throwing toxic waste in open rivers and surface water has become extremely polluted. Consequently, 85% of the water demand in the capital city is met through extracting water from the underground water table and the underground water level is depleting at a rapid rate of 3 to 4 meters every year. Brick kilns, mostly coal fired, around the urban areas are also major causes of air pollution. There are only around 4,000 registered architects in the country for a population of about 165 million. But there are more than 800 local government bodies in the country and only a handful of them have urban planners and few have architects for development controls and enforcement of building regulations. The negative impact of this absence of built environment professionals in the local government and planning authorities are visible in the unplanned development of most to the cities and towns. Currently, around 30 universities in the country are producing architects, of which only 11 are accredited by the Institute of Architects Bangladesh (IAB). Most of the non-accredited academic programs lack adequate number of qualified teaching professionals.
3.3 BOTSWANA
Ms Sithabile Mathe, Chairperson, Architects Registration Council of Botswana The Architectural Association of Botswana participated in the first survey of the architectural profession undertaken by the CAA in 2017 and was shocked to discover the issues that were revealed. While the lack of capacity and policy weakness exposed by the survey was deeply concerning, having access to real data has enabled us to establish a more meaningful dialogue with policy makers and was empowering. At the time of writing, a new government has just been elected in Botswana and policy makers have started talking about â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Eco and Smart Citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; but there is little evidence to demonstrate any real understanding of sustainable urbanisation or the multi-disciplinary, multi-sector approach required to achieve this and tackle the challenges we face. While our government believes its policies reflect a vision underpinned by sustainability, the findings of the survey have highlighted that our progress towards the achievement of SDG 11 is slipping. As built environment professionals, it is important for us to work together with policymakers to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
37
In and amongst the talk about ‘Eco and Smart Cities’, we need to develop meaningful targets that are relevant for us here in Botswana and use these to help inform everything we do. While technology is no substitute for good urban planning and design, we also need to consider the use of technology and the way in which it can help deliver innovative solutions which deliver real value for our communities. The results of the current survey will help us in our work with policymakers, to focus on the areas where we need to strengthen and build capacity.
3.4 PAKISTAN
Mr Kalim Siddiqui, Chairman, Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners Pakistan has seen an increase in the number of Architectural schools (from 10 to 35) during the last 10 years both in public as well as private sector. This growth of Architectural programs in the country has caused a serious dearth of quality teachers. To fulfil the accreditation criteria fresh architectural graduates or architects with a few years professional experience are being hired by the universities on low salaries and contract terms without any benefits. Most of the Architectural schools lack qualified teaching professionals. The country lacks quality architectural education and training opportunities for professional development in academia as well as in professional practice. The institutions are not producing competent built environment professionals with desired technical skills for addressing the country’s growing urban/rural problems. The country has not yet developed strong professional institutions. There is an Institute of Architects and Institute of Planners, but both are under-resourced and run by professional Architects and Planners on a voluntary basis. Architects are concentrated in four provincial capitals of Pakistan hence leaving rural areas unattended and at mercy of the nonprofessionals. Mostly architects are working for the elite class in Pakistan. The middle and lower middle class are unable to afford the services of an architect and most of the time contractors/builders are filling this gap. The survey findings clearly show a need for Pakistan to be supported in strengthening its built environment institutions and for professionals to play their role in the country’s urban/rural development and being able to increase their outreach to the entire country as well as to compete internationally. Pakistan Council of Architects and Town Planners (PCATP) has initiated its own survey of the profession in the country, the findings of which will be published in due course. We are confident that these initiatives, that are being taken for the first time, will help ensure the regulation of academia and the profession, as we work towards strategic planning to deal with all aspects of the built environment.
38
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
3.5 SIERRA LEONE
Mr Sulaiman F Kamara, Research and Community Officer at the Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre & Mr Charles Wright, Associate, Architecture Sans Frontieres-UK Sierra Leone’s cities are growing at an inexorable rate each year. Freetown, the capital city, has grown in population by roughly 2.87% annually since 201535. This rapid urbanisation is now presenting Freetown and other cities with severe growing problems, including increased exposure to extreme environmental events, increased poverty, and decreasing public health. Like many Commonwealth countries, Sierra Leone has not developed strong professional institutions or a pool of qualified built environment professionals with the technical skills to address the country’s growing urban problems. There is an institute of architects and institute of engineers, but both are under resourced36. There is also a lack of well-paid job opportunities for Sierra Leoneans in the built environment sector to attract prospective students. Currently there is an over-reliance on short-term built environment professionals from more developed countries. Sierra Leone has not embraced the potential for built environment professions to unlock national improvement in the long-term. There are questions regarding accountability and transparency in government institutions, furthermore, Sierra Leone has not had the capacity to effectively legislate, regulate and thereby enforce procedures to ensure safe and equitable urban development. Lack of capacity in local authorities has meant that devolving planning powers from the central government has also not been prioritised resulting in development which is reactive over pragmatic. There is also a lack of educational options, further training and continued professional development. There have been attempts to establish a School of Architecture in the past and recently, there have been some strong initiatives including the establishment of the Sierra Leone Urban Research Centre, new built environment courses in higher education institutions, technical support for councils, and the Transform Freetown Agenda. These initiatives have brought renewed energy to the built environment professions, but more is needed. The findings in this survey highlight a need for Sierra Leone to be supported in strengthening its built environment institutions and professionals to avoid unmitigated and uncontrolled, therefore potentially damaging urban development.
35 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics
The observations contained in this chapter illustrate that while the challenges being experienced in different countries always need to be understood in their local context, they share a number of similarities thereby offering the potential for cross-learning and mutual support.
(2018) ‘World Urbanization Prospects 2018’, [03/01/2020], https:// population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/ 36 Anecdotal evidence suggests that there is no planning institute Sierra
Leone (pop >7.5m, >3% urban growth), and only 16 architects.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
39
4 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FINDINGS
It is widely acknowledged that well designed cities contribute to social, economic and environmental well-being and that SDG 11 is central to delivery of all the other Sustainable Development Goals. Indeed, UN Habitat have established that 65% of the 169 targets underlying the Goals are linked to territorial and urban development37. So, what might the consequences be if we fail to address the findings of this survey? We invited contributors from a variety of backgrounds to share their thoughts with us:
4.1 ECONOMIC IMPACT
Ms Astrid Haas, Senior Country Economist (Cities) International Growth Centre Urbanisation and economic development are uniquely tied38. Urban areas can be the engine of economic growth39 with well-managed cities bringing firms closer to their labour40, their inputs, their markets41 as well as fostering innovation within and between them. Efficient and effective firms, in turn, are the foundation for economic growth overall. Underpinning cities’ connectivity is the built environment. This can encourage denser land use, which in turn can promote more efficient delivery of shared infrastructure and services. Beyond the economic benefits, denser land use can also lead to lower energy use and emissions per resident.42 Thus well-managed proximity can lead to productivity and prosperity.43 However, in many developing countries in the Commonwealth, cities are failing to unlock this urban miracle. As the 2019 survey findings highlight, the considerable gaps in capacity, have resulted in poorly planned and built cities. Rather than fostering prosperity, they exacerbate the downsides of density, including contagion, crime and congestion44. Furthermore, inadequate forward-looking planning has led many of these cities to sprawl. Without the commensurate investments in housing and transportation, sprawl reduces connectivity and thus the potential prosperity.
37 https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/02/financing_
sustainable_urbanization_-_counting_the_costs_and_closing_the_ gap_february_2020.pdf 38 Collier, P., Glaeser, E., and Venables, T. (Forthcoming). Policies for
prosperity in middle income countries. IGC Policy Paper 39 Glaeser, E. (2012). Triumph of the City. Penguin Press
Investments in built environment capacity will not only have positive outcomes on the Commonwealth’s current cities, but perhaps more importantly it can change the urban landscape overall, as the majority of urbanisation in many Commonwealth countries is still to come. Now is the opportunity to make these investments in capacity to unlock the miracle of urbanisation that will underpin economic growth for the whole Commonwealth.
40 Combes, P,. and Gobillon, L. (2015) The empirics of agglomeration
economies. In Handbook of regional and urban economics. Elsevier 41 Storper, M., and Venables, A. (2004). Buzz: face-to-face contact and
the urban economy, Journal of Economic Geography. 42 Glaeser, E., (2012). The Benefits of Density. The Urban Age – LSE
Cities 43 Combes, P.-P., Duranton, G., Gobillon, L., Puga, D. and Roux, S.
(2012), The Productivity Advantages of Large Cities: Distinguishing Agglomeration From Firm Selection. Econometrica, 44 Glaeser, E., and Sims, H. (2015). Contagion, crime, and congestion:
overcoming the downsides of density. IGC Growth Brief
40
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Professor Tadj Oreszczyn and Mike Davies, University College London, Energy Institute,
While the impacts of climate change are increasing, carbon emissions continue to rise and the UN Emissions Gap Report45 has highlighted that time is running out to achieve a below 2°C world, and so individuals, countries and regions are declaring a climate emergency. In an emergency, we need to radically change our behaviour, this requires bold leadership to clearly articulate what must be delivered in a limited timescale and with limited resources. It probably requires increased dependency on regulations which have been shown to deliver urban change quicker than other policy and market instruments. Yet this survey highlights that in many parts of the Commonwealth which are rapidly urbanising, eg Africa, there are no regulations to develop the near to zero carbon emitting buildings required. Nor, are many of the developed countries, such as the UK, that have the capacity and resources leading the way by developing regulations that clearly show new buildings can be very low energy consuming despite demonstration buildings having been developed over the last 50 years. This report very clearly demonstrates the important role that buildings and urbanisation in Commonwealth countries need to play both in terms of mitigating and adapting to climate change, plus the massive gap in capacity which exists to tackle the climate emergency that we are facing.
4.3 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
Dr David Howard, Associate Professor in Sustainable Urban Development, University of Oxford. Co-Director, Global Centre on Healthcare and Urbanisation, Kellogg College, Oxford Developing and building better cities is essential to achieve sustainable levels of health and well- being at local and global levels. The physical built environment is critical to urban living conditions, where access to safe drinking water, sanitation and drainage are vital for the health of concentrated human populations: one third of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population does not have access to improved sanitation, and 775,000 or 1.4% of global deaths were due to unsafe urban sanitation in 2017. There is a continuing lack of professional capacity to maintain and generate appropriate built environments and urban infrastructure in many of the Commonwealth countries, which are rapidly urbanising. With significant urban floorspace and demographic growth expected over the next sixty years, Commonwealth countries remain highly vulnerable not only to the challenges of urbanisation, but to the extreme risks of climate change impact on health issues. Four main chronic, non-communicable diseases account for 60% of global morbidity and mortality: diabetes, respiratory disease, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. These diseases are a global crisis and still require a global response, despite affordable and cost-effective preventive measures being readily available. These measures can most effectively and most rapidly be applied in urban areas, a core component being to create a healthy built environment.
45 https://www.unep-wcmc.org/news/2019-emissions-gap-report
Effective urban planning and design improves living conditions together with access to health and welfare services while moderating exposure to unhealthy environments. The density of the urban environment, in terms of buildings and people, continues to raise both positive and negative consequences for everyday city living. High densities have historically been seen as the cause of poor health, whereas increased density, when combined with mixed land use urban neighbourhoods, are regarded as a core component of sustainable urbanism, countering decades of urban sprawl. Urban density matters and will play an increasingly central role in the future economic, social, political and biophysical state of Commonwealth cities and their populations. Enhancing the capacity and capability of built environment professionals is key to addressing the relationships between health, well-being and the urban environment.
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
41
4.4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Ms Lucy Slack, Deputy Secretary General, Commonwealth Local Government Forum This report provides sober reading for the public sector. Rapid urbanization coupled with the impacts of climate change and economic uncertainty means that many cities in the Commonwealth are not benefitting from the urbanization dividend which we have seen in the past. This is particularly marked in secondary cities (over 75% of the cities in the Commonwealth), where growth is happening faster, the infrastructure challenge is often greater, and the potential resource base is more limited. We know that built environment professionals are important partners in ensuring sustainable urbanization, and this survey highlights the worrying trend that there is often a corresponding lack of built environment professionals in countries where urbanization is happening fastest. Training professionals and encouraging more people into the sector is of course essential, but more strategically we must make sure that the policy, financing, and regulatory frameworks are in place too. We must work to make cities places where built environment professionals, and others, want to work and can see a career path. Professionalizing local government will be an important step in ensuring that we can continue to build inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements – where the 2.4million citizens of the Commonwealth live, work and innovate. The challenge is now; and the Commonwealth is well placed to respond quickly by mobilizing its unique network of governments, local governments, professionals, civil society and experts to help deliver a more sustainable urban future.
4.5 ACCESS TO SERVICES
Mr Erik Harvey, Programme Support Unit Director, and Hannah Crichton-Smith, Sustainable WASH Advisor Critical to human health, well-being and socio-economic development, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services are central features of any built environment around the world. WASH is the foundation of health services and central to the reduction of child and maternal mortality, as well as ensuring people are resilient to climate-induced hazards. Water and waste management are also critical for economic activities. However, weak sector capacity, coupled with poor sector governance, threatens the achievement of inclusive and sustainable WASH access for all (SDG 6) and will have knockon effects for the achievement of all other related SDGs. This is despite capacity being well-recognised as a need in the WASH sector globally46, and prioritised under target 6.a of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)47.
46 https://iwa-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1422745887-
an-avoidable-crisis-wash-gaps.pdf 47 “By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building
support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse
The preliminary findings of the 2019 Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth Survey reflect WaterAid’s own understanding and experience of supporting improvements in the delivery of inclusive and sustainable WASH in developing countries. The findings also reflect those of the 2014 International Water Association’s assessment of capacity gaps in the WASH sector in 15 developing countries48. For example, weak capacity to implement WASH policies at local levels; limited ability to enforce WASH regulation and standards to ensure quality; insufficient resources and skills to monitor, budget and plan for inclusive and sustainable WASH service provision; limited skills to design financially viable and sustainable management models; and limited opportunities and resources to maintain knowledge and continue professional development.
technologies.” 48 https://iwa-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1422745887-
an-avoidable-crisis-wash-gaps.pdf
42
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Achieving sustainable and thriving built environments is critically dependent on welldesigned and managed WASH services that reach everyone. This in turn requires strong governance and capacity across a wide range of disciplines including engineering, urban/ town planning, economics, architecture, social science, water resource management, behavioural science, data analysis, to name but a few.
It is clear from these contributions that there is a pressing need to address the findings of this survey if the consequences of poorly planned cities are to be avoided and to ensure we are able to capitalise on the opportunities presented by continuing urbanisation to create prosperous and healthy cities, and communities which are â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;49.
49 https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-
development-goals/goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities.html
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
43
credit: Johnny Miller, https://unequalscenes.com/
55
APPENDIX
appendix i. BUILT ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS IN THE COMMONWEALTH50 Country Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Darussalam Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Eswatini Fiji Gambia, The Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Maldives Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka St Vincent and The Grenadines Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia
Architectural Institutes
Engineering Institutes
The Antigua & Barbuda Institute of Architects
Association of Professional Engineers Antigua and Barbuda
Australian Institute of Architects
Engineers Australia
Institute of Bahamian Architects
Professional Engineers Board
Institute of Architects Bangladesh
The Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh
Barbados Institute of Architects
Barbados Association of Professional Engineers
Association of Professional Architects of Belize
Association of Professional Engineers of Belize
Architects Association of Botswana
Botswana Institution of EngineersÂ
Pertubuhan Ukur Jurutera Dan Arkitek
Pertubuhan Ukur
Ordre National Des Architectes du Cameroun
Cameroon Society of Engineers
Royal Architectural Institute of Canada
The Engineering Insitute of Canada
Cyprus Civil Engineers and Architects Association
Cyprus Engineering Society
Dominica Society of Architects
Dominica Association of Professional Engineers
Swaziland Association of Architects, Engineers and Surveyors
Swaziland Association of Engineers, Architects & surveyors
Fiji Association of Architects
The Fiji Institution of Engineers
53 Commonwealth countries51
46
Association of Gambian Architects
Unable to locate an institute
Ghana Institute of Architects
Ghana Institution of Engineers
Grenada Society of Architects
Grenada Institute of Professional Engineers
Guyana Institute of Architects
Guyana Association of Professional Engineers
Indian Institute of Architects
Institution of Engineers India
Jamaican Institute of Architects
Jamaica Insitution of Engineers
Architectural Association of Kenya
The Institution of Engineers of Kenya
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Lesotho Association of Construction Industry Consultants
Lesotho Association of Engineers
Malawi Institute of Architects
Malawi Institution of Engineers
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
The Institution of Engineers Malaysia
Architects Association Maldives
Association of Civil Engineers
Kamra Tal-Periti, Malta
Malta Group of Professional Engineering Institutions
Mauritius Association of Architects
Institution of Engineers Mauritius
Unable to locate an institute
Ordem dos Engenhereiros de Mocambique
Namibia Institute of Architects
Engineering Professions Association of Namibia
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
New Zealand Institute of Architects
Engineering New Zealand
Nigerian Institute of Architects
Nigerian Institution of Engineers
Institute of Architects Pakistan
The Institution of Engineers, Pakistan
Papua New Guinea Institute of Architects
Institution of Engineers, Papua New Guinea
Rwanda Institute of Architects
Institution of Engineers Rwanda
St.Kitts-Nevis Institute of Architects
St. Kitts/Nevis Association of Professional Engineers
St Lucia Institute of Architects
Association of Professional Engineers of St. Lucia
Unable to locate an institute
Institution of Professional Engineers Samoa
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Sierra Leone Institute of Architects
Sierra Leone Institution of Engineers
Singapore Institute of Architects
Institution of Engineers Singapore
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
South African Institute of Architects
The South African Institution Of Civil Engineering
Sri Lanka Institute of Architects
The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka
St Vincent & the Grenadines Institute of Architects
Unable to locate an institute
Architects Association of Tanzania
Institution of Engineers Tanzania
Unable to locate an institute
South Pacific Engineers Association
Trinidad and Tobago Institute of Architects
The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Uganda Society of Architects
Uganda Institution of Professional Engineers
Royal Institute of British Architects
Institution of Civil Engineers
Unable to locate an institute
South Pacific Engineers Association
Zambia Institute of Architects
The Engineering Institution of Zambia
45 Architectural Institutes
47 Engineering Institutes52
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Town Planning Institutes
Surveying Institutes
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Planning Institute of Australia
Australian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Unable to locate an institute
Bahamas Association of Land Surveyors
Bangladesh Institute of Planners
Unable to locate an institute
Barbados Town Planning Society
Barbados Association of Quantity Surveyors
Belize Association of Planners
Unable to locate an institute
Pula Institute of Town Planners
Botswana Institute of Development Professions
Town and Country Planning Dept, Ministry of Development
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Canadian Institute of Planners
Canadian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Cyprus Association of Town Planners
Unable to locate an institute
Planners Association of Dominica
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Fiji Planners Association
Fiji Institute of Surveors
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Ghana Institute of Planners
Ghana Institution of Surveyors
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Institute of Town Planners India
Indian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Jamaican Institute of Planners
Jamaican Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Kenya Institute of Planners
Institution of Quantity Surveyors of Kenya
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Malawi Institute of Physical Planners
Surveyors Institute of Malawi
Malaysian Institute of Planners
Royal Institution of Surveyors Malaysia
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Malta Chamber of Planners
Land Surveyors of Malta
Town Planning Association of Mauritius
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Namibia Council of Town and Regional Planners
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
New Zealand Planning Institute
New Zealand Institute of Surveyors
Nigerian Institute of Town Planners
Nigerian Institute of Quantity Surveyors
Institute of Planners Pakistan
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Association of Surveyors of Papua New Guinea
Rwanda Urban Planning Institute
Rwanda Institute of Real Property Valuers
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Saint Lucia Institute of Land Use Planners
Institute of Surveyors of Saint Lucia
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Singapore Institute of Planners
Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
South African Planning Institute
Association of South African Quantity Surveyors
Institute of Town Planners Sri Lanka
Institution of Quantity Surveyors Sri Lanka
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Tanzania Association of Planners
Institution of Surveyors Tanzania
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Trinidad and Tobago Society of Planners
Institution of Surveyors of Trinidad and Tobago
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Uganda Institute of Physical Planners
Institution of Surveyors of Uganda
Royal Town Planning Institute
Royal Institution of Quantity Surveyors
Unable to locate an institute
Unable to locate an institute
Zambia Institute of Planners
Institution of Surveyors Zambia
32 Town Planning Institutes
24 Surveying Institutes53
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
50 Information compiled with the assistance of CAA, CAP, CASLE and
CEC. 51 The Maldives rejoined the Commonwealth in February 2020, but too
late to be included in this years survey. 52 The engineering institutes included here mainly represent civil
engineering. 53 The surveying institutes included here mainly represent quantity
surveying, unless otherwise noted.
47
appendix ii. THE COMMONWEALTH IN NUMBERS Region
Africa
Asia
Caribbean and Americas
Europe
Pacific
48
Country
SIDS
Small states
ODA status
Land area (sqkm)
Population
Botswana
-
Y
UMIC
556,730
2,254,130
Cameroon
-
-
LMIC
472,710
Eswatini
-
Y
LMIC
17,200
Gambia, The
-
Y
LDC
Ghana
-
-
Kenya
-
-
Lesotho
-
Malawi
Population growth (annual %)
Population density (Sqkm)
2.2%
4
25,216,240
2.6%
53
1,136,190
1.0%
66
10,120
2,280,100
2.9%
225
LMIC
227,540
29,767,110
2.2%
131
LMIC
596,140
51,393,010
2.3%
90
Y
LDC
30,360
2,108,130
0.8%
69
-
-
LDC
94,280
18,143,310
2.6%
192
Mauritius
Y
Y
UMIC
2,030
1,256,300
0.1%
623
Mozambique
-
-
LDC
786,380
29,496,960
2.9%
38
Namibia
-
Y
UMIC
823,290
2,448,260
1.9%
3
Nigeria
-
-
LMIC
910,770
195,874,740
2.6%
215
Rwanda
-
-
LDC
24,670
12,301,940
2.6%
499
Seychelles
Y
Y
460
96,760
1.0%
210
Sierra Leone
-
-
LDC
72,180
7,650,150
2.1%
106
South Africa
-
-
UMIC
1,213,090
57,779,620
1.4%
48
Tanzania
-
-
LDC
885,800
56,318,350
3.0%
64
Uganda
-
-
LDC
200,520
42,723,140
3.7%
213
Zambia
-
-
LDC
743,390
17,351,820
2.9%
23
Bangladesh
-
-
LDC
130,170
161,356,040
1.1%
1,240
Brunei Darussalam
-
Y
5,270
428,960
1.1%
81
India
-
-
LMIC
2,973,190
1,352,617,330
1.0%
455
Malaysia
-
-
UMIC
328,550
31,528,580
1.4%
96
Pakistan
-
-
LMIC
770,880
212,215,030
2.1%
275
Singapore
Y
-
709
5,638,680
0.5%
7,953
Sri Lanka
-
-
LMIC
62,710
21,670,000
1.0%
346
Antigua and Barbuda
Y
Y
UMIC
440
96,290
0.9%
219
Bahamas
Y
Y
10,010
385,640
1.0%
39
Barbados
Y
Y
430
286,640
0.1%
667
Belize
Y
Y
102
Canada
-
-
Dominica
Y
Y
UMIC
Grenada
Y
Y
Guyana
Y
Y
Jamaica
Y
Y
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Y
Y
Saint Lucia
Y
Y
UMIC
St Vincent & the Grenadines
Y
Y
UMIC
Trinidad and Tobago
Y
Y
Cyprus
-
Y
Malta
-
Y
United Kingdom
-
Australia
-
Fiji
Y
Y
Kiribati
Y
Y
Nauru
Y
Y
UMIC
New Zealand
-
-
Papua New Guinea
Y
-
LMIC
Samoa
Y
Y
Solomon Islands
Y
Y
Tonga
Y
Y
UMIC
Tuvalu
Y
Y
LDC
Vanuatu
Y
Y
LDC
22,810
383,070
1.9%
9,093,510
37,058,860
1.4%
4
750
71,630
0.2%
96
IUMIC
340
111,450
0.5%
328
UMIC
196,850
779,000
0.5%
4
UMIC
10,830
2,934,860
0.5%
271
260
52,440
0.8%
202
610
181,890
0.5%
298
390
110,210
0.3%
283
5,130
1,389,860
0.4%
271
9,240
1,189,270
0.8%
129
320
483,530
3.3%
1,511
-
241,930
66,488,990
0.6%
36
-
7,692,020
24,992,370
1.6%
3
IMIC
18,270
883,480
0.7%
48
LDC
810
115,850
1.5%
143 635
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
UMIC
20
12,700
-1.3%
263,310
4,885,500
1.9%
19
452,860
8,606,320
2.0%
19
UMIC
2,830
196,130
0.4%
69
LDC
27,990
652,860
2.6%
23
720
103,200
1.2%
143
30
11,510
1.2%
384
12,190
292,680
2.5%
24
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
Urban population (% of total population
Urban growth (%)
Total CO2 (kt)
CO2 per capita (metric tonnes)
GDP ($M)
69%
3.3%
7,033
3.40
$ 18,616
56%
3.7%
7,004
0.30
56%
1.7%
1,203
1.10
61%
4.0%
513
56%
3.4%
14,466
27%
4.1%
28%
2.3%
17%
HDI GNI per capita, PPP ($)
CRI
$ 17,970
0.717
$ 8,502
$ 3,700
$ 4,703
$ 10,680
0.30
$ 1,624
0.50
$ 65,556
14,287
0.30
2,468
1.20
4.0%
1,276
41%
-0.1%
36% 50%
Fragile States Index
Climate Losses (PPP) ($M) 72.17
$ 123.43
0.556
97.00
$ 5.12
97.0
25
0.588
116.00
-
85.3
38
$ 1,680
0.460
101.50
83.9
37
$ 4,650
0.592
82.17
$ 0.31
65.9
ND
$ 87,908
$ 3,430
0.590
53.50
$ 89.92
93.5
27
$ 2,791
$ 3,610
0.520
116.00
-
79.7
41
0.10
$ 7,064
$ 1,310
0.477
60.50
$ 15.81
83.3
32
4,228
3.40
$ 14,220
$ 26,030
0.790
116.00
-
38.9
51
4.4%
8,427
0.30
$ 14,457
$ 1,300
0.437
37.67
$ 162.39
88.7
23
4.0%
3,755
1.70
$ 14,521
$ 10,920
0.647
116.00
-
66.4
53
50%
4.2%
96,281
0.50
$ 397,269
$ 5,700
0.532
75.00
$ 63.44
98.5
27
17%
3.1%
840
0.10
$ 9,509
$ 2,210
0.524
79.33
$ 8.10
87.5
56
57%
1.7%
495
5.40
$ 1,590
$ 29,070
0.797
116.00
-
55.2
66
42%
3.1%
1,309
0.20
$ 3,999
$ 1,520
0.419
15.67
$ 99.10
86.8
30
66%
2.1%
489,772
9.00
$ 366,298
$ 13,230
0.699
35.67
$ 2,234.52
71.1
43
34%
5.1%
11,562
0.20
$ 57,437
$ 3,160
0.538
81.67
$ 7.91
80.1
36
24%
6.2%
5,229
0.10
$ 27,476
$ 1,970
0.516
78.83
$ 4.02
95.3
26
44%
4.2%
4,503
0.30
$ 26,720
$ 4,100
0.588
116.00
-
85.7
35
37%
3.2%
73,190
0.50
$ 274,024
$ 4,560
0.800
16.00
$ 2,826.68
87.7
26
78%
1.5%
9,109
22.20
$ 13,567
$ 85,790
0.853
116.00
57.5
63
34%
2.3%
2,238,377
1.70
$ 2,726,322
$ 7,680
0.640
22.67
$ 13,879.86
74.4
41
76%
2.1%
242,821
8.10
$ 354,348
$ 30,600
0.802
53.33
$ 272.20
60.5
47
37%
2.7%
166,298
0.90
$ 312,570
$ 5,840
0.562
43.17
$ 384.52
94.2
33
100%
0.5%
56,373
10.30
$ 364,156
$ 94,500
0.932
116.00
-
28.1
85
18%
1.5%
18,394
0.90
$ 88,900
$ 13,090
0.770
9.00
$ 3,129.35
84.0
38
25%
0.4%
532
5.70
$ 1,623
$ 25,160
0.780
20.67
$ 1,101.44
54.4
ND
83%
1.1%
2,417
6.50
$ 12,162
$ 30,920
0.608
ND
ND
48.8
65
31%
0.1%
1,272
4.50
$ 4,673
$ 17,640
0.800
116.00
-
48.0
68
46%
2.2%
495
1.40
$ 1,925
$ 8,200
0.708
116.00
-
62.5
ND
81%
1.5%
537,193
15.20
$ 1,709,327
$ 47,280
0.926
52.67
$ 1,773.78
20.0
81
70%
0.7%
136
1.90
$ 503
$ 10,680
0.715
9.33
$ 1,686.00
ND
ND
36%
0.8%
242
2.20
$ 1,207
$ 14,270
0.772
116.00
-
57.6
52
27%
0.7%
2,010
2.60
$ 3,610
$ 8,570
0.564
116.00
-
68.2
37
56%
1.0%
7,422
2.60
$ 15,717
$ 8,930
0.732
81.33
$ 26.46
61.2
44
31%
0.8%
231
4.50
$ 1,039
$ 30,120
0.778
64.00
$ 184.91
ND
ND
19%
0.9%
407
2.30
$ 1,876
$ 12,970
0.747
116.00
-
ND
55
52%
1.1%
209
1.90
$ 813
$ 13,210
0.723
116.00
-
ND
58
53%
0.4%
46,274
34.00
$ 23,410
$ 32,060
0.784
84.50
$ 26.33
53.0
41
67%
0.8%
6,062
5.30
$ 24,469
$ 35,170
0.869
83.67
$ 0.01
57.8
59
95%
3.3%
2,347
5.40
$ 14,542
$ 37,700
0.878
116.00
-
34.5
54
83%
1.0%
419,820
6.50
$ 2,835,207
$ 45,660
0.922
87.17
$ 248.95
36.7
80
86%
1.7%
361,262
15.40
$ 1,432,195
$ 49,930
0.939
30.33
$ 3,418.74
19.7
77
56%
1.6%
1,170
1.40
$ 5,479
$ 10,250
0.741
82.83
$ 0.02
71.7
ND
54%
2.9%
62
0.60
$ 188
$ 4,410
0.612
116.00
-
ND
ND
100%
-1.3%
48
4.00
$ 114
$ 19,480
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
87%
2.0%
34,664
7.70
$ 205,024
$ 40,250
0.917
68.67
$ 216.77
20.1
87
13%
2.5%
6,318
0.80
$ 23,431
$ 4,150
0.544
78.17
$ 0.08
83.1
28
18%
-0.7%
198
1.00
$ 861
$ 6,620
0.713
116.00
-
64.2
ND
24%
4.6%
202
0.30
$ 1,411
$ 2,280
0.546
75.33
$ 0.02
81.9
44
23%
1.0%
121
1.20
$ 450
$ 6,510
0.726
116.00
-
ND
ND
62%
2.6%
11
1.00
$ 42
$ 6,090
ND
116.00
-
ND
ND
25%
2.9%
154
0.60
$ 887
$ 3,160
0.603
90.00
$ 0.44
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
59.5
Corruption Perceptions Index 61
46
49
Key to Appendix II: Description
Units
Source
Commonwealth Region
Text
https://thecommonwealth.org/member-countries
Commonwealth Country
Text
https://thecommonwealth.org/member-countries
Small Island Developing State
Text
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/sids/list
Small State
Text
https://data.worldbank.org/region/small-states
ODA Status
Text
http://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance- standards/DAC_List_ODA_ Recipients2018to2020_flows_En.pdf
Land Area
SqKm
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2
Population
Number
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
Population Growth
Percentage
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW
Population Density
Persons/SqKm
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST
Urban Population
Percentage
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS
Urban Population Growth
Percentage
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.GROW
Total CO2
Kilotons
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.KT?view=chart
CO2 per Capita
Metric Tons (Tonnes)/capita
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/en.atm.co2e.pc
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
$Million
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
Gross National Income (GNI)
$
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.PP.CD
Human Development Index (HDI)
Score
http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/data
Climate Risk Index (CRI)
Score
https://germanwatch.org/sites/germanwatch.org/files/Global%20Climate%20Risk%20Index%202019_2.pdf
Climate Losses
$Million
http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
Fragile States Index
Score
http://fundforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/9511904-fragilestatesindex.pdf
Corruptions Perceptions Index
Score
https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018
54 Figures taken from the UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2018,
https://population.un.org/wup/Download/ and extracted from https://population.un.org/wup/Download/Files/WUP2018-F03Urban_Population.xls
50
BACK TO TABLE OF CONTENTS
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
appendix iii. PROJECTED URBAN POPULATION GROWTH IN THE COMMONWEALTH54 Country Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados
Projected Urban Population (in thousands)
Growth 2020-2050
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
26
27
28
30
33
36
2050 In thousands 39
13
as % 151%
21,904
23,335
24,740
26,110
27,469
28,833
30,186
8,282
138%
339
356
373
387
400
411
420
81
124%
64,815
74,838
84,689
93,958
102,422
110,433
117,837
53,022
182%
90
92
95
100
105
110
114
25
128%
183
205
230
256
283
311
338
155
185%
1,712
1,937
2,151
2,353
2,541
2,713
2,871
1,159
168%
348
374
397
417
435
449
460
112
132%
Cameroon
14,942
17,740
20,857
24,291
28,049
32,106
36,415
21,474
244%
Canada
30,670
32,164
33,663
35,120
36,540
37,922
39,234
8,564
128%
807
838
873
912
954
994
1,030
223
128%
Belize Botswana Brunei Darussalam
Cyprus Dominica
53
56
58
59
60
61
61
8
115%
Eswatini
348
393
442
498
561
631
703
355
202%
529
567
601
632
658
680
698
168
132%
Gambia
Fiji
1,435
1,731
2,055
2,403
2,766
3,141
3,523
2,088
245%
Ghana
17,626
20,539
23,641
26,912
30,319
33,878
37,518
19,893
213%
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
12
130%
Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya
212
223
236
250
266
282
295
84
140%
483,099
542,743
607,342
675,456
744,380
811,749
876,613
393,514
181%
1,640
1,707
1,770
1,827
1,871
1,896
1,904
264
116%
14,975
18,372
22,383
27,026
32,242
37,975
44,185
29,210
295%
Kiribati
68
78
88
97
107
116
126
58
185%
Lesotho
674
774
887
1,014
1,158
1,316
1,485
811
220%
Malawi
3,535
4,407
5,551
7,022
8,809
10,917
13,360
9,825
378%
Malaysia
25,362
27,845
30,109
32,067
33,717
35,138
36,440
11,078
144%
Malta
412
417
420
418
414
409
405
(7)
98%
Mauritius
519
527
539
554
572
590
604
85
116%
11,978
14,811
18,195
22,168
26,726
31,832
37,473
25,494
313%
1,403
1,684
1,972
2,261
2,546
2,829
3,116
1,713
222%
Mozambique Namibia Nauru
11
11
11
12
12
11
11
0
101%
4,191
4,388
4,579
4,756
4,919
5,068
5,200
1,009
124%
Nigeria
107,113
130,312
156,300
184,888
216,084
250,285
287,130
180,018
268%
Pakistan
77,438
87,777
99,360
112,484
127,362
143,649
160,228
82,790
207%
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
1,168
1,351
1,592
1,909
2,316
2,790
3,326
2,157
285%
Rwanda
2,281
2,660
3,144
3,769
4,563
5,477
6,483
4,202
284%
Saint Kitts and Nevis
18
18
20
21
23
24
26
8
146%
Saint Lucia
34
36
38
40
43
46
49
14
142%
Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
59
62
64
67
69
71
72
13
122%
Samoa
36
36
37
39
43
47
52
17
146%
Seychelles
55
58
61
63
65
66
67
12
122%
Sierra Leone
3,454
4,017
4,651
5,351
6,111
6,909
7,725
4,271
224%
Singapore
5,935
6,157
6,342
6,480
6,563
6,592
6,575
640
111%
Solomon Islands South Africa
160
191
225
261
300
342
385
226
241%
39,551
43,113
46,457
49,631
52,625
55,447
58,057
18,506
147%
Sri Lanka
3,945
4,193
4,528
4,967
5,503
6,049
6,575
2,629
167%
Tanzania
22,113
28,245
35,529
44,001
53,579
64,407
76,542
54,429
346%
Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu
26
27
29
31
34
38
42
16
162%
733
742
753
768
787
802
812
79
111%
7
8
9
10
10
11
11
4
154%
Uganda
11,775
15,431
19,914
25,273
31,490
38,580
46,664
34,889
396%
United Kingdom
56,495
58,799
60,899
62,822
64,639
66,381
68,008
11,512
120%
75
85
97
111
126
144
163
88
217%
Vanuatu
8,336
10,257
12,549
15,220
18,272
21,722
25,577
17,240
307%
Total Commonwealth
Zambia
1,044,754
1,186,793
1,341,614
1,507,620
1,681,989
1,862,767
2,047,285
1,002,531
196%
Total World
4,378,994
4,774,646
5,167,258
5,555,833
5,938,249
6,312,545
6,679,756
2,300,762
153%
Projected increase in the urban population of the Commonwealth as a proportion of the increase in the Worlds urban population Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
44% 51
appendix iv. SMALL ISLAND STATES, LAND AND POPULATION BELOW 5M55 Region
Africa Asia
Country
Population in the Largest city (% of urban population)
Population living in areas where elevation is below 5m (% of total population 7.1% 5.6%
28.0%
Port Louis
Seychelles
56.3%
Victoria
43.9%
41.3%
Maldives
97.1%
Male
100.0%
100.0%
Singapore
95.0%
Singapore
8.1%
12.1%
100.0%
St John's
32.4%
32.3%
Bahamas
83.3%
Nassau
72.0%
46.5%
Barbados
92.7%
Bridgetown
15.7%
15.7%
-
Belize City
9.5%
15.8%
Dominica
30.0%
Roseau
9.4%
10.4%
Grenada
100.0%
St Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
21.7%
21.7%
Guyana
59.5%
Port-au-Prince
3.9%
5.4%
Jamaica
41.4%
Kingston
7.1%
5.8%
Saint Kitts and Nevis
77.7%
Basseterre
19.0%
22.1%
Saint Lucia
45.6%
Castries
8.0%
8.0%
St Vincent & the Grenadines
53.2%
Kingstown
22.0%
22.0%
Trinidad and Tobago
32.9%
Chaguanas
8.0%
7.5%
Fiji
39.7%
Nasinu
11.4%
11.0%
100.0%
Bairiki
96.7%
95.2%
Belize
Kiribati Nauru Pacific
Land area where elevation is below 5m (% of total land area)
Mauritius
Antigua and Barbuda
Caribbean and Americas
Largest City (by inhabitants)
-
Baren
-
-
Papua New Guinea
37.5%
Port Moresby
1.8%
2.0%
Samoa
97.1%
Apia
7.3%
15.6%
Solomon Islands
71.4%
Honiara
11.5%
13.4%
Tonga
100.0%
Nuku'alofa
40.5%
31.3%
Tuvalu
100.0%
Funafuti
100.0%
100.0%
77.8%
Port Vila
11.7%
10.8%
Vanuatu
55 Source: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.
php?page=view&type=400&nr=2169&menu=1515
52
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Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
appendix v. STATUS OF BUILDING ENERGY CODES IN THE COMMONWEALTH, 201956 Status of Building Energy Codes in the Commonwealth in 2019 Region Country Residential Botswana
Africa
No Code
No Code
Burundi
In Development
In Development
Cameroon
In Development
In Development
Gambia
No Code
No Code
Ghana
No Code
No Code
Kenya
In Development
In Development
Lesotho
No Code
No Code
Malawi
No Code
No Code
Mauritius
No Code
No Code
Mozambique
No Code
No Code
Namibia
No Code
No Code
Nigeria
No Code
Mandatory
Rwanda
No Code
Mandatory
Seychelles
No Code
No Code
Sierra Leone
No Code
No Code
South Africa
No Code
Voluntary
Eswatini
No Code
No Code
Uganda
In Development
In Development
Zambia
No Code
No Code
Bangladesh
No Code
No Code
Brunei Darussalam
No Code
No Code
Varies by State
Varies by State
Malaysia
No Code
Voluntary
Maldives
No Code
No Code
Pakistan
No Code
Voluntary
Singapore
No Code
Mandatory
Sri Lanka
No Code
Voluntary
Antigua and Barbuda
No Code
No Code
Bahamas
No Code
No Code
Barbados
No Code
No Code
Belize
No Code
No Code
India
Asia
Canada
Caribbean and Americas
Europe
Varies by State
Varies by State
Dominica
No Code
No Code
Grenada
No Code
No Code
Guyana
No Code
No Code
Jamaica
Mandatory
Mandatory
Saint Kitts and Nevis
No Code
No Code
Saint Lucia
No Code
No Code
Saint Vincent & Grenadines
No Code
No Code
Trinidad and Tobago
No Code
No Code
Cyprus
No Code
No Code
Malta
No Code
No Code
United Kingdom
Mandatory
Mandatory
Australia
Mandatory
Mandatory
Fiji
No Code
No Code
Kiribati
No Code
No Code
Nauru
No Code
No Code
Mandatory
Mandatory
Papua New Guinea
No Code
No Code
Samoa
No Code
No Code
Solomon Islands
No Code
No Code
Tonga
No Code
No Code
Tuvalu
No Code
No Code
https://www.iea.org/reports/global-status-report-for-buildings-and-
Vanuatu
No Code
No Code
construction-2019.
New Zealand
Pacific
Non-Residential
Countries with no mandatory energy code % of countries with no mandatory energy code Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
44
37
81%
69%
56 IEA(2019). Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction.
53
appendix vi. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDEX FOR THE COUNTRIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH PUBLISHED BY THE UN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS NETWORK (UNSDSN)
A study of the results of the 2019 Sustainable Development Report57 produced by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (UNSDSN) concerning delivery of SDG 11 in the Commonwealth reveals that: · · · · ·
An assessment has only been made in 36 countries The targets associated with SDG 11 have only been achieved in 1 country Challenges remain in 10 countries Significant challenges remain in 13 countries Major challenges remain in 12 countries
The countries in which major challenges remain include Cameroon, Ghana, India, Kenya, Nigeria, Pakistan, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. All of these countries are experiencing high rates of urbanisation. The only country in which the targets set by SDG 11 have been achieved is Brunei Darussalam. A comparison between the results of 2017 and 2019 report reveals that progress towards delivery of SDG 11 is: · unchanged in 23 countries · improving in only 2 countries · worsening in 10 countries The countries in which progress towards achievement of SDG11 has deteriorated over the past two years includes Botswana, Cyprus, Ghana, India, Kenya, New Zealand, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago and Zambia. The two countries in which progress is being achieved are Eswatini and Sri Lanka.
Key SDG achievement Challenges remain Significant challenges remain Major challenges remain 57 https://sdgindex.org/reports/sustainable-development-report-2019/
54
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Data not available
Planning for climate change and rapid urbanisation
53.0
Namibia
119
59.9
Nigeria
159
46.4
Rwanda
126
56.0
Sierra Leone
155
49.2
South Africa
113
61.5
Eswatini
142
51.7
Tanzania
128
55.8
Uganda
140
52.6
Zambia
139
52.6
Zimbabwe
121
59.7
Bangladesh
116
60.9
India
115
61.1
Malaysia
68
69.6
Pakistan
130
55.6
Singapore
66
69.6
Sri Lanka
93
65.8
Belize
109
62.5
Canada
20
77.9
Guyana
114
61.4
Jamaica
74
68.8
Trinidad and Tobago
85
67.6
Cyprus
61
70.1
Malta
28
76.1
United Kingdom
13
79.4
Australia
38
73.9
Fiji
62
70.1
New Zealand
20
77.9
Papua New Guinea
143
52
118
60
Goal 17, Partnership for the Goals
136
Goal 16, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
63.6
Mozambique
Goal 15, Life on Land
105
Goal 14, Life Below Water
51.4
Mauritius
Goal 13, Climate Action
146
Goal 12, Responsible Consumption and Production
50.9
Malawi
Goal 11, Sustainable cities and Communities - 2019
150
Goal 11, Sustainable cities and Communities - 2017
57.0
Lesotho
Goal 10, Reduced Inequalities
125
Goal 9, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
63.8
Kenya
Goal 8, Decent Work and Economic Growth
104
Goal 7, Affordable and Clean Energy
55.0
Ghana
Goal 6, Clean water and sanitation
131
Goal 5, Gender Equality
56.0
Gambia
Goal 4, Quality Education
59.8
127
Goal 3, Good Health and Well-being
120
Cameroon
Goal 2, No Hunger
Botswana
Country
Goal 1, No Poverty
2019 SDG Index, Score
Africa
2019 SDG Index, Rank
Region
Seychelles
Brunei Darussalam
Asia
Antigua ^ Barbuda Bahamas Barbados
Caribbean and Americas
Dominica Grenada
Saint Lucia St Kitts ^ Nevis St Vincent & the Grenadines
Europe
Kiribati Nauru
Pacific
Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Hong Kong
Survey of the Built Environment Professions in the Commonwealth
55