April 2022 Civil War News by Historical Publications LLC

Vol. 48, No. 4

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Shenandoah University’s McCormick Civil War Institute Celebrates Completion of Two Projects by Jonathan A. Noyalas Shenandoah University’s McCormick Civil War Institute (MCWI) prides itself on creating opportunities for students in Civil War Era Studies to engage in research and the real-world work of historians. Recently, two of those opportunities resulted in completion of projects; the first is the publication of the second volume in MCWI’s primary documents series, “A Good Cause”: Letters from the Ninth New York Heavy Artillery. The book consists of fifty-nine letters penned by eleven soldiers in the regiment, spanning the period from March 1863 to June 1865. The letters were donated to MCWI in the spring of 2020 by Al MacLeod, a longtime supporter and friend of MCWI. MacLeod is a descendant of a member of the 9th New York Heavy Artillery. When MacLeod donated the collection of letters and other documents related to the regiment’s service he did so with the intent that they would become a teaching tool for our students, providing students the opportunity to engage in document transcription. Six students, Caitlyn Graulau, Brianna Jarvis, Matthew Kohler, Kimberley Oliveto, Steven Stabler, and Aidan Steinly, assisted with the transcription. The task of editing, annotating, and contextualizing the letters was completed by me. Historian Brian Matthew Jordan, chair of the department of history at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, and a Pulitzer Prize finalist, praised the book, stating: “Ably edited, annotated, and assembled … these letters yield valuable insights into how men navigated the war’s extremes.” Jordan added that “this gem of a collection illustrates the diversity and

Students (from left to right) Steven Stabler, Jayce Hall, Brianna Jarvis, Caitlyn Graulau, and Aidan Steinly, gather with MCWI’s director, Prof. Jonathan A. Noyalas (at right) for a photograph to celebrate the release of “A Good Cause” and “The Retreat & the Era of Slavery.” demands of soldiering in the Civil War.” Historian Jennifer Murray, Oklahoma State University, stated that those “interested in the defenses of Washington, D.C., the Overland Campaign, or the 1864 Valley Campaign, will find much of value” in the “smartly and thoroughly annotated collection.” In addition to the release of “A Good Cause”: Letters from the Ninth New York Heavy Artillery, MCWI also celebrated the release of an interpretive handout detailing the experiences of enslaved people at Shenandoah University’s River Campus at Cool Spring Battlefield. The 195 acres owned by SU were once part of a 1,120-acre plantation owned by the Parker family. General Thomas Parker, an American Revolutionary War veteran,

14– American Battlefield Trust 40 – Book Reviews 34 – Central Virginia Battlefield Trust

26 – Critic’s Corner 29 – Emerging Civil War 45 – Events

built his home, “The Retreat,” after purchasing the Cool Spring property in 1799. Since my arrival as the director of MCWI in January 2017 my students and I have collaborated on a variety of projects aimed at helping site visitors understand the complexities of the Battle of Cool Spring and the impact the engagement had on Union and Confederate soldiers and their families. While we’ve uncovered much about the battle and have created various interpretive tools, MCWI didn’t yet have an opportunity to engage in telling the story of the enslaved people’s lives who lived and labored on the property. Thanks to financial support from Diane Kearns, a member of the Shenandoah University’s Board

of Trustees, MCWI was able to conduct initial investigations into the lives of enslaved people at The Retreat during the spring of 2021. I was aided in this effort by students, many of whom assisted with “A Good Cause”—Caitlyn Graulau, Jayce Hall, Brianna Jarvis, Kimberley Oliveto, Steven Stabler, Aidan Steinly, and Mel Siebert. This research team investigated a variety of primary source materials, including land records, wills, receipts, census data, and contemporary newspapers, to piece together aspects of the experiences of enslaved people at The Retreat. The research led to a clear understanding of the numbers of enslaved people who lived and labored at The Retreat, the type of work they performed,

32 – The Graphic War 22 – The Source 16 – Through the Lens

and the ways in which enslaved people at The Retreat resisted. For example, the investigation showed that enslaved people at The Retreat committed arson on the property once they learned of John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry. At the time of the raid the property was owned by Judge Richard Parker, the jurist who presided over Brown’s trial in the autumn of 1859. The research also uncovered the tragic end for six enslaved men who in September 1854 fled their enslavers, James LaRue and Alfred Castleman. The runaways appealed to an unidentified enslaved male at The Retreat for chickens, and took a boat, determined to use

H MCWI

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18 – This And That 5 – Trivia 12 – The Unfinished Fight

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H MCWI. . . . . . . . . . from page 1

the Shenandoah River to get to freedom. Unfortunately, the boat capsized in Parker’s Hole, a deep abyss in the Shenandoah River’s usually fordable waters, and the

six men drowned. The investigation also unearthed the story of Presley Dunwood, an enslaved man from Clarke County, Virginia, who served as Judge Parker’s carriage driver during the time of John Brown’s raid. During the Civil

News of the fate of the six enslaved men who drowned in Parker’s Hole appeared in newspapers throughout the nation. The notice above appeared on September 19, 1854, in The New Orleans Crescent.

April 2022

War, Dunwood, after fleeing Confederate forces, more than likely in the aftermath of the First Battle of Kernstown, offered his services as cook to the 46th Pennsylvania Infantry. Plans are currently underway to create an augmented reality experience based on Dunwood’s memoir. The handout, “The Retreat & the Era of Slavery,” is available at the site and online at www. su.edu/mcwi. Jonathan A. Noyalas is director of Shenandoah University’s McCormick Civil War Institute in Winchester, Virginia, a professor in Civil War Era Studies at Shenandoah University, and founding editor of Journal of the Shenandoah Valley During the Civil War Era. He is the author or editor of fourteen books. Noyalas’ latest book, Slavery and Freedom in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War Era, was published by the University Press of Florida.

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Atlanta’s Wartime Newspapers

by Stephen Davis In Gone With the Wind, when fretful Atlantans learned that newspapers in the city were printing names of soldiers killed and wounded at Gettysburg, they flocked to the office of the Atlanta Examiner, a fictional daily. But the sign over the sidewalk could have read Atlanta Intelligencer. Wilbur G. Kurtz, historical advisor to Selznick for the film, insisted that the studio build a façade for the Examiner building that was virtually identical to that of the Daily Intelligencer.1 As famously photographed in the fall of 1864 by George N. Barnard, it was a two-story brick structure at the downtown nexus of Whitehall Street and the railroad. (And, yes, it did have a sidewalk bulletin board.) The structure proclaimed INTELLIGENCER OFFICE, which was on the second floor; to get there one walked up a flight of stairs from the sidewalk. The newspaper shared space with M. Wittgenstein’s saloon and wholesale liquor store on the ground floor.2 Barnard took the view from a second-story window across Whitehall, either at the Atlanta Cigar Manufactory or a building next to it painted with “China, Glass and Queensware” and “Auction & Negro Sales.” The latter was owned by Robert Crawford, 8 Whitehall—a frequent advertiser in the Intelligencer.3 The site today is a few blocks from Atlanta’s Five

Points MARTA station. (By the way, the Examiner scene in the movie was shot in March 1939. It was here that Grandmother Tarleton learned of the twins’ deaths.) The Intelligencer, arguably the city’s leading wartime daily, had been founded in Madison, Georgia, in 1842 as the Southern Miscellany. Five years later it moved to Atlanta with its owner, Cornelius R. Hanleiter.4 In the spring of 1849 Hanleiter sold the paper to four Atlanta businessmen, who renamed it the Weekly Atlanta Intelligencer. The paper began putting out daily issues in 1854, and three years later it bought out the Daily Examiner, its chief rival at the time.5 Atlanta’s 1859 Directory stated that the paper’s offices were located downtown at the southwest corner of Alabama and Whitehall Streets.6 We don’t know when those offices moved to the site photographed by Barnard in 1864. At the time of the war, Atlantans had their choice of three daily newspapers. Cornelius Hanleiter, the ex-Southern Miscellany owner, founded a new daily, the National American in 1857. Three weeks after Georgia’s secession Hanleiter renamed it the GateCity Guardian—because of its extensive rail connections, Atlanta had already acquired a nickname. On March 4, 1861 (the day Abraham Lincoln took his oath in Washington) the Guardian

was issued under a new title, the Southern Confederacy.7 Throughout the war, the Intelligencer and Confederacy sparred editorially and scrapped for subscribers and advertisers. Running a poor third was the Daily Commonwealth, which was issued in the evenings. The paper was sold by its owner, J.S. Peterson, in August 1863 to one M.W. Hutchinson, who intended to rename it the Gazette. It never got off the ground; the Commonwealth became the first of Atlanta’s dailies to fall during the war.8 The Southern Confederacy, owned by George W. Adair and J. Henly Smith, also didn’t make it. In July, 1864, with Yankees approaching Atlanta, the Intelligencer and Confederacy staff packed up their presses, type, paper and ink and moved to Macon, 80 miles to the south. The Intelligencer returned to Atlanta after the Yankees set out on their march to the sea; its first “extra” issue was put out on December 10. The Southern Confederacy, though, never returned. Its last issue, in Macon, came out in early February 1865.9 The Confederacy’s shrinking borders added to Atlantans’ journalistic smorgasbord. After the fall of Memphis in June 1862, the Daily Appeal moved first to Grenada, then to Jackson, then to Meridian, Mississippi. Finally, the “Moving Appeal” arrived in Atlanta, where its first

relocated issue hit the streets on June 6, 1863.10 Confederate forces evacuated Knoxville on Sept. 1, 1863; two weeks later the Register resumed publication in Atlanta.11 Both refugee papers joined in the flight from the city in the summer of 1864. The Knoxville/Atlanta Register set up shop in Augusta, Georgia; its first issue appeared on August 29.12 The Memphis/ Grenada/ Jackson/ Meridian/ Atlanta Appeal moved out July 22 and reemerged in Montgomery.13 But the refugeeing papers left behind at least two staff members. Today, we would be without on-the-scene reporting of Sherman’s bombardment of Atlanta were it not for two brave individuals: Isaac Pilgrim and

John Dumble. Pilgrim, foreman for the Intelligencer, stayed in Atlanta, walked around, talked with people (not everyone had fled when Sherman’s shelling started), and observed the effects of the Federal’s artillery bombardment. Each afternoon, downtown at the Express office, he wrote a long news column and put it on the evening train to Macon. There it was received by the transplanted Intelligencer, and printed a couple of days later. For example, Pilgrim’s column of August 4 gave a virtual streetby-street description of property damage caused the Northern projectiles. John Dumble, editor of the Appeal, also stayed behind when his paper moved to Montgomery.

In the fall of 1864, George Barnard took several photographs looking north at the end of Whitehall Street. The Intelligencer office was located in the building to the right, above Wittgenstein’s saloon and liquor store. In the fires of November 15, this entire area was leveled. (LOC) 6

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8 He and Pilgrim got a small hand-press and each afternoon composed columns, set type, and each day produced frontback, single-sheet copies of the Memphis Appeal “Extra.” Copies of the Extra are rare today, but at the time, again put on the train to Macon and other Southern cities, the Appeal was reprinted widely, even in the New York Times. Thus we can read it today. To round out the story of Atlanta’s Confederate journalism is also to include reporters from other papers who stayed in the city, enduring Sherman’s bombardment and filing reports for printing in their papers. Such a star correspondent was Henry Watterson, who wrote for several Southern papers under such pennames as “Shadow” and “Grape.” Watterson’s Confederate patriotism was on full display when he turned to William

April 2022

T. Sherman in his column for the Augusta Constitutionalist of August 28, 1864. “Of all the Yankee Generals he is the poorest, the vainest, the meanest,” Watterson wrote, “a paltry villain, a currish knave,” in a style that only Confederates could have appreciated. Indeed, to Watterson, Sherman was “an ill-begotten, ill-bred and destined caterpillar, clinging only to sloth and mildew, climbing no higher than the scum of a rank and putrid atmosphere.” Oh! That we could get away with that stuff now! Endnotes: 1.

Herb Bridges, The Filming of Gone with the Wind (Macon: Mercer University Press, 1984), 88-91; Steve Wilson, The Making of Gone With the Wind (Austin: University of Texas Press, n.d.),

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154-57. Michael Rose, Atlanta: A Portrait of the Civil War (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 1999), 111. Keith F. Davis, George N. Barnard: Photographer of Sherman’s Campaign (Kansas City MO: Hallmark Cards, 1990), 86. Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events, 2 vols. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1969 [1954]), vol. 1, 251. “C.R.H.” [Cornelius R. Hanleiter], “A History of Newspaper Enterprises in Atlanta,” Atlanta Southern Confederacy, July 14, 1861; Garrett, A & E, vol. 1, 279; Henry T. Malone, “Atlanta Journalism During the Confederacy,” Georgia Historical Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 3 (September 1953), 211. Williams’ Atlanta Directory, City Guide, and Business Mirror (Atlanta: M. Lynch, 1859), 28.

7. 8.

10.

11.

12. 13.

Malone, “Atlanta Journalism,” 211-12. Garrett, A & E, vol. 1, 573; “City Newspaper Changes,” Atlanta Daily Intelligencer, Aug. 12, 1863. Stephen Davis, What the Yankees Did to Us: Sherman’s Bombardment and Wrecking of Atlanta (Macon: Mercer University Press, 2012), 83; “Colonel Geo. W. Adair Is Paralyzed Today,” Atlanta Journal, Sept. 27, 1899; “J. Henly Smith Taken by Death,” Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 26, 1907. B. Kimball Baker, “The Memphis Appeal,” Civil War Times Illustrated, vol. 18, no. 4 (July 1979), 34-35. “Knoxville Register,” Atlanta Daily Intelligencer, Sept. 15, 1863. “The Atlanta Register,” Augusta Constitutionalist, Aug. 30, 1864. Ron Soodalter, “News on the Run: J. R. McClanahan and ‘The

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Moving Appeal,’” America’s Civil War, vol. 32, no. 1 (March 2019), 17.

Publisher’s Note: All newspapers illustrated in this article are courtesy of the Georgia Historic Newspapers website at https://gahistoricnewspapers-files. galileo.usg.edu. This resource is invaluable to any researcher and is highly recommended. Stephen Davis of Cumming, Georgia, is author of seven books related to the Atlanta Campaign, including the Emerging Civil War

paperbacks A Long and Bloody Task (2016) and All the Fighting They Want (2017). His two recent volumes on John Bell Hood (Mercer University Press, 2019, 2020) have won the Fletcher Pratt Award of the New York CWRT, the Richard Barksdale Harwell Award of the Atlanta CWRT, and the Douglas Southall Freeman Award of the Military Order of the Stars and Bars. His latest book, with Bill Hendrick, The Atlanta Daily Intelligencer Covers the Civil War, will be released this summer by the University of Tennessee Press. STEPHEN DAVIS

The American Civil War was the first war in which both sides widely used entrenchments, repeating rifles, ironclad warships, and telegraphed communications. It was also the first American War to be extensively photographed. Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner and Timothy O’Sullivan are famous for having made iconic photographs in the Civil War’s eastern theater. George N. Barnard deserves to be ranked in this top tier for his photographic work in the war’s western theater. A civilian photographer hired by Gen. William T. Sherman’s chief engineer to take pictures of fortifications around Atlanta, Barnard took several hundred of them in and around the city in the fall of 1864. His most famous is the site of Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson’s death in the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864.

100 Significant Civil War Photographs: Atlanta Campaign presents a riveting collection of George Barnard’s camera work. Most of the photographs are from Barnard’s time in Atlanta, mid-September to mid-November 1864, during the Federal occupation of the city. With this volume, Stephen Davis advances the scholarly literature of Barnardiana. Thus far, no comprehensive, definitive listing has been made of the photographer’s work. The Library of Congress has 130 images; the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, has at least 98 photographs, donated by Captain Poe’s widow. Other repositories, such as the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History in New York City, have smaller collections.

For this book we have chosen a hundred images we deem “significant,” though other students may wonder at some of our selections. ISBN 978-1-61850-151-6

100 SIGNIFICANT CIVIL WAR PHOTOGRAPHS : ATLANTA CAMPAIGN

The Atlanta Campaign

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April 2022

The Civil War, Tariffs, and Baltic Trade

by Yuriy Kyrpychov In Copenhagen, behind the double steel doors of special room No. 11, Danish National Archives, there are 60 meters of shelving containing 700 logs of the Sound Toll Registers. The first records in them date to 1497; Columbus at this time had just returned from his second voyage to the Americas. More than 2 million entries exist for the next 360 years. They are an invaluable source of information about maritime commerce, and thus about the political, economic, and social history of Europe and countries connected to the Old World, including America. Since 2017 I have been involved in the Danish-Dutch project Sound Toll Registers Online (STRO) devoted to digitizing recordings and creating an accessible database of these customs registers. At the beginning of May 2020, recordings of the last of the 377 microfilms appeared on the website. The project team is now working on error correction, structuring, and classification of records.1 In the course of this work I managed to close America! The decipherer of one record for the year 1533, it seems, knew old Danish well, but knew little of economic geography as he had a captain from Danzig with a cargo of apples going to the West Indies

island of Santa Cruz instead of Norway, confusing towns with the same name Fredrikstad. After I reported it, the entry was moved to another section.2 The Sound, in Danish, the Øresund; in Swedish, the Öresund, is the strait between Zealand (Sjælland), Denmark, and Skåne, Sweden, connecting the Kattegat (northwest) with the Baltic Sea (south). A toll for the passage of The Sound was introduced in 1429 by the Danish King Erik VII of Pomerania. The toll was levied at the customs in Helsingør, Shakespeare’s Elsinore, and it was an important source of revenue for the crown. Let us first turn to a transcription of the earliest record of sailing to the English North American colonies. Trade with the Baltic was extremely important to the colonies and, later, to the United States. An entry dated July 2, 1687, reports that shipmaster Robbert Cølsthiel of Barnstable in what is now Massachusetts was returning from Danzig to his hometown carrying a hundred Pipenstafurn, rolls of heavy silk fabric, 120 pieces of Krakaust lerit (correctly spelled Krackouws lerridt), Krakow cloth, a type of fine cloth woven throughout Europe, 30 centners of iron, and 100 dalers [sic thalers] worth of other goods. Barnstable County was formed as part of the Plymouth Colony

on June 2, 1685. It included the towns of Falmouth, Sandwich, and others lying east and north of Cape Cod. The thaler, a silver coin of high quality, was called the daler in Scandinavia and eventually became the American term, dollar. This record demonstrates a characteristic set of goods coming from the Baltic to America, Russian and Swedish iron, quality sailcloth, and hemp, that were required for shipbuilding. Building a brig of 350 tons in 1834 demanded about 15 tons of iron, 14 tons of rope, line, and cable, and 60 rolls of sailcloth, two thirds of which was highquality sailcloth. These were all things Russia was famous for. As a result, depending on ship type, imported materials accounted for 15-40% of construction costs. In the 1840s brigs on transatlantic routes were replaced by larger vessels and, as cotton exports increased, their number increased considerably, thus requiring more and more iron, sailcloth, and hemp. It was all brought in from the Baltic. Trade between the United States and Russia was quite significant, and about 85% of the iron American ships carried from the Baltic to the United States in 1783-1807 was loaded in St. Petersburg. For the second period of the STR (1634–1857), there are 4,887 customs records of

Antique chart of the Baltic Sea. 10

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voyages to North America from the Baltic. Since the project is far from being completed, and transcription errors, abound; in general the total error will not exceed 4-5%. It should be borne in mind that quite often there is a generalized name for the purpose of the voyage: North American, including Canadian, ports are located here. One reason for difficulty in analyzing the records is the existence of ports of the same name in England and in America. In our case, the biggest problem is Charleston. In such cases, it is usually indicated where, or from where, the ship is traveling; Charleston in America. It turned out, however, that it is necessary to check the groups of records without a specific port. For example, the group Charleston (17) in the destination port column (17 entries) begins with this entry: 7-9-1796 shipmaster Jacob Noys from Newperry Port i America (home port) Kiobenhavn – Charleston. Newperry Port is today’s Newburyport in Massachusetts, but Charleston for some reason deciphered as Charlestown (UK) and a reasonable question arises, why would an American captain want to carry hemp, iron, ropes, etc. from Copenhagen to a small Scottish town not far from Edinburgh? More perplexing is the existence of Charleston, Massachusetts, a seaport, and Charleston, South Carolina, another seaport. Another entry from this group is even more revealing: 10-8-1816 John Safford from Charleston i Amc. Stockholm – Charleston. Here it is explicitly stated that the captain’s home port is Charleston, America, but the transcriber still wrote Charlestown (UK) as the port of destination. Of the 17 entries in this group, four mention American captains and we can safely say that they were headed for a South Carolina, or Massachusetts, port. Four more American captains are found in the group Charleston (26) and we will include them in our counts. Thus, Boston accounts for about 1,570; New York for about 1,350; Salem for 320; Philadelphia for 180; Providence and Rhode Island for 130; Baltimore 121; Alexandria for 60; Marblehead about 40; there are fewer records for other northern ports. In all, there are as many as 4,000 records of voyages from the Baltic to ports in the northern states. Southern ports were much less frequently visited: Savannah about 45, New Orleans about 40,

Charleston at least 42, Norfolk about 6, Mobile 3, Richmond 1, and Carolina 1; that is about 140 in all. The port traffic in the North is very large, but what are the reasons? It is because the South, which had no developed industry and a fairly small population compared to the Northern states, did not need imports as much as the North. The Southern states were very dependent on their cotton exports, and cotton was a major commodity America supplied to the Baltic. That is why the “cotton triangle” was formed; that is why the number of voyages from Southern ports to the Baltic many times exceeds the return flow of ships. From New Orleans, according to the registers, about 160 ships left for the Baltic, four times more than from the Baltic to Louisiana. The difference between imports and exports for Charleston is even greater: about 390 ships left that port for the Baltic. Savannah 54 records, Norfolk 12, and Mobile 15. Such a small number of voyages from the ports through which Southern cotton was exported seems odd. Charleston was the leader among the Southern ports, but many more ships went from it as European ships were going for cotton. As we already pointed out, half the U.S. merchant fleet was involved in exporting cotton. The vast majority of ships belonged to northerners, and the customs agents at The Sound listed the Northern ports as the port of departure. Even those captains who listed Charleston as their port of departure were from Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Newberry, Portland, and other Northern ports, while only a few captains were from the South. Here is an example. Captain L. Bridge, home port Boston U.S., was on his way to St. Petersburg from Boston on November 15, 1856, carrying a lot of cotton, raw sugar, indigo, sarsaparilla, and valuable tropical wood, paying a large sum of duties: 506 dalers 11 skilling. What is the “Cotton Triangle”? The fact is that most American ships were built in Northern shipyards and were owned by Northern shipowners. Before the development of industry and the beginning of machinery exports and other high-tech products, the North had little to offer the Baltic States. Therefore, the Northern ships carried cargoes to ports in the South and to the Caribbean, where they took on colonial goods, valuable timber, coffee, rum, spices, rice, tobacco, chocolate,

April 2022

April 2022 and sugar, and headed for the Baltic, from where they carried goods to ports in the Northern states. This route was first called the “sugar triangle” and later became the “cotton triangle” with the growth of cotton production in the southern states. The cotton trade became so large that half the U.S. commercial fleet was engaged in it. As for customs records, in the case of Charleston we have to check the data of the STRO. Many records do refer to the small Scottish port, but it is unlikely that American captains carried rice, tobacco, rum, and cotton from it to the Baltic. Of course, England was a transshipment base for goods from all over the world, but transshipment to European countries usually occurred at ports like London, Liverpool, Hull, and other major transit ports. I had to carefully check about 1,500 records of the port of departure Charleston, and came to the conclusion that if a ship was carrying Southern goods from it, it was clearly American Charleston, and if coal and iron, it was certainly Scottish Charlestown. In mid-February 2022, I reported this to the STRO website and the records were moved to the U.S. section. The number of voyages to America also changed. There are now 2,737 records of voyages from North America to the Baltic, and 4,902 in the opposite direction. An unexpectedly large number, 8,888 captains, named American home ports. This means that they were actively working in Europe, on local routes, as the registers confirm. But for our topic it is not

CivilWarNews.com so important. But why make this excursion into history and introduce readers to the customs records of The Sound? First, it is an interesting source. Secondly, the fact that one cause of the Civil War was called unfair tariffs on imported goods. Allegedly they favored the North. Duties on imports made goods more expensive, and since, as we can see, much more imports came into Northern ports and were purchased by their people, the burden of the tariffs fell on their shoulders. Since the last entries in The Sound’s registers were made in September 1857, that is, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War, they may serve as a useful tool for studying the causes of that war.

Greg Ton Buying and Selling the Finest Confederate, Obsolete and Southern States Currency Since 1978

Endnotes: 1.

Sound Toll Registers online h t t p : / / w w w. s o u n d t o l l . n l / index.php/en/over-het-project/ str-online Юрий Кирпичев. «Регистры Зунда и продажа Аляски». «Троицкий вариант - Наука», № 346, 2022. https://trv-science. ru/2022/01/registry-zunda-iprodazha-alyaski/

Yuriy Kyrpychov, born in 1952, Ukraine, a radiophysicist, worked as the General Director of the Production Association. He now lives in the U.S. and began publishing in newspapers and magazines in the U.S., Canada, Russia, and Ukraine as a novelist, publicist, and historian. He is a popular author, especially in naval history, and published on the website of the Russian Navy FLOT.com.

GregTonCurrency.com Greg Ton • P.O. Box 9 • Franklin, TN 37065 901-487-5944 • GTon1@aol.com

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The Importance of Reputation To be introduced by someone meant they were vouching for your character, which also put that person’s own reputation at risk. For this reason, the formalities of introduction and acquaintance were taken very seriously. When a woman was being introduced to a new male acquaintance, would she offer her hand to be polite? It depends…on introductions taking place inside a room, a married lady generally offers her hand, but a single girl would not. However, in a ballroom setting, where an introduction is made to ask for a dance, not friendship, a gentleman would not initiate contact or shake hands with a lady, only bow. “It may perhaps be stated that the more public the place of introduction, the less touching takes place.” What were the reasons for this degree of formal etiquette? To a

woman of the 1860s, a spotless reputation was the first priority. Someone of dubious character was shunned completely by the rest of “society.” The double standard was best exemplified by the case of that well-known rake, Congressman Dan Sickles, the self-proclaimed hero of the Peach Orchard at Gettysburg. Dan Sickles’ pre-Civil War career was full of personal scandals. He was censured by the New York State Assembly for escorting a well-known prostitute into its chambers. He also reportedly brought that same prostitute to England with him to meet Queen Victoria, leaving a pregnant wife half his age at home. Speaking of his wife Teresa, Sickles had married her against the wishes of both families, and so on. In an ironic twist with tragic consequences, his lack of fidelity came back in his face when his young wife became involved in an ill-advised affair with Philip Barton Key II, the son

Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. (Library of Congress) 12

of the famous Francis Scott Key, who wrote “The Star Spangled Banner.” Far from forgiving, upon learning of his wife’s indiscretion in 1859, the enraged Sickles summarily shot and killed Philip Key in the streets of Washington, D.C., allegedly right in front of the White House. As for as Philip Key, besides being the son of someone famous and beloved, he was perhaps more importantly the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia. Now here was a scandal, even by Washington standards. Congressman Sickles was charged with murder but subsequently acquitted after a sensational trial involving the first use in U.S. jurisprudence of temporary insanity as a legal defense for murder. His defense attorney was well chosen, none other than Edwin M. Stanton, later to become Lincoln’s Secretary of War. After this incident the notorious Dan Sickles did not even lose his congressional seat. The attitude of the general public was much more hostile toward Sickles’ after his later reconciliation with his wife than it was to the murder of Key or even Sickles’ numerous other scandals including his unorthodox legal “defense.” However, his wife Teresa was never forgiven and formally shunned by Washington society ever afterwards, the love affair apparently being the more serious of the two crimes.4 The only complaint about Sickles’ behavior (generally) was that he took his wife Teresa back. The point is…there was no middle ground for a woman in the 1860s. They were either virtuous, or a trollop. Another example of behavior being modified by threat of a soiled reputation (justified or not) was the famous Orders # 28. One of the major problems confronted by Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Butler on his occupation of New Orleans in April of 1862 was the abuse his soldiers endured from the female civilian residents of the city. It was noted that “Bitterly resentful of the Union occupation, whenever any of Butler’s men were present they

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April 2022

Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. (NARA 528659)

General Orders No. 28.

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April 2022 would contemptuously gather in their skirts, cross streets, flee rooms, cast hateful glances, or make derisive comments. Some sang spirited renditions of “The Bonnie Blue Flag” and other Confederate songs, or spat on soldiers’ uniforms, while teaching their children to do the same. One woman emptied a chamber pot on Capt. David C. Farragut from her window shortly after the Mayor of New Orleans surrendered the city to him. The women hoped their actions would force a retaliatory incident serious enough to incite paroled Confederate men to revolt against the Federal occupation troops in New Orleans.” Butler’s men showed admirable restraint against the insults, but he knew that it was only a matter of time until one of his soldiers, pressed too far, would confront or arrest some female belligerent and incite a riot from a mob made up of irate and impassioned gentlemen of the city. Butler feared his small occupation force would be overcome by the outraged mob and the matter would result in anarchy. He summarily dealt with the problem on May 15, 1862, by issuing General Orders No. 28, carefully worded to stop dead the insults to his men: “General Orders, No. 28 HDQRS. DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF, New Orleans, May 15, 1862. As the officers and soldiers of the United States have been subject to repeated insults from the women (calling themselves ladies) of New Orleans in return for the most scrupulous noninterference and courtesy on our part, it is ordered that hereafter when any female shall by word, gesture, or movement insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States she shall be regarded and held liable to be treated as a woman of the town plying her avocation. By command of Major-General Butler: GEO. C. STRONG, Assistant Adjutant-General and Chief of Staff”

CivilWarNews.com unfortunate women might never marry someone from same social register, or be able to get one of the few decent jobs available such as schoolteacher or nurse; if she were already married her husband was expected to throw her out or at least live apart from her…send her away. Butler made the insulting behavior no longer worth the potential “cost” to the ladies of New Orleans. He achieved a nearly complete surrender based solely on the societal pressure of etiquette without any further action. Well, almost… one Mrs. Eugenia Levy Philips of New Orleans, wife of a former congressman from Alabama and mother of nine, already pardoned once, earned herself a 90 day sentence at Shipp Island with other Confederate prisoners in July 1862 for standing on her balcony and shouting disparagements at a Union funeral procession passing by. When confronted with the facts in court, she stated “Yes, I was in good spirits that day.” Technically, the charges against Mrs. Levy were not pressed as stated in General Orders 28, “being a woman of the town plying her avocations,” but rather the complaint was in the legal realm of disorderly conduct “… acting as a dangerous woman, stirring up strife and inciting a riot.” Few others followed her example, and after her release from prison the notorious Mrs.

Philips with her husband and brood moved to LaGrange, Georgia, for the rest of the war. Her husband, Philip Philips practiced law in Washington, D.C., after the war but never achieved as much in his political career as he might have otherwise because of the “unrestrained activities of his wife.” Even the stalwart Confederate patriot Mary Chesnutt notes in her diary that Mrs. Philips was “a bad, mad woman.” American society in the 1860s was extremely concerned with the maintenance of proper standards for both men and women, but particularly women. We can see that the “rules” of behavior were very different for women of the Civil War era than for men. Men would have been well aware of this double standard unless they were terribly stupid or socially backward. In conclusion the goal is to base any portrayal of 1860s behaviors on the existing documentation of the manners of the time period. The surviving record strongly suggests that tipping your hat to a lady on the street who is a total stranger and saying “Good Morning, Ma’am” or almost anything else would cause her to potentially be seen as less than honorable and set tongues wagging. People would gossip endlessly about the circumstances of your greeting, assume there was a prior acquaintance, and depending on who witnessed

the exchange, it could be very damaging. For example, it raises several questions beginning with, “How does she know this soldier?” which leads to “Has she been out to their camp?” and then logically to speculation on “What was she doing there?” inferring nothing good and so on. Hence, this common greeting would only be initiated by the man if he wanted to cast doubt on the woman’s character for some reason, or to show himself to be uncouth and crude. To demonstrate the proper respect of a Southern gentleman, it was always expected that he would wait for a cue from the woman to whom he wished to speak and never initiate even polite conversation with female strangers in the street.

Craig L. Barry was born in Charlottesville, Va. He holds his BA and Masters degrees from UNC (Charlotte). Craig served The Watchdog Civil War Quarterly as Associate Editor and Editor from 2003–2017. The Watchdog published books and columns on 19th-century material and donated all funds from publications to battlefield preservation. He is the author of several books including The Civil War Musket: A Handbook for Historical Accuracy (2006, 2011), The Unfinished Fight: Essays on Confederate Material Culture Vol. I and II (2012, 2013). He has also published four books in the Suppliers to the Confederacy series on English Arms & Accoutrements, Quartermaster stores and other European imports.

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Except for a few isolated incidents this plan worked very well, and when the ladies of New Orleans learned they would be subject to arrest as vagrants or prostitutes and thus branded as dishonorable just for the act of demeaning a man wearing a U.S. army uniform, the insults stopped abruptly. Psychologically, the reason this worked was due to the potential for absolute destruction of their reputations which could result from even the perception of dishonor. For example, any arrest of this sort could mean those

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April 2022 American Battlefield Protection Program, these classroom tools will continue to highlight battlefield sites from American first 100 years.

Wanted: HistoryLoving Teens for the Trust’s 2022-23 Youth Leadership Team

The Future Looks Bright for the Pending Culpeper Battlefields State Park Long hoped for by residents and preservationists, the creation of a new Culpeper Battlefields State Park is looking increasingly realistic as the Virginia legislative session progresses. The process began in January when Virginia Governor Glenn Youngkin included a request for $4.93 million to acquire land at Brandy Station and Cedar Mountain for the new park as part of the package of legislative initiatives and budget amendments he submitted to the General Assembly. It gained momentum in February, when both the House and Senate Finance Committees included language to facilitate that action in the full budgets sent forward for consideration. “Landscapes protected by the Trust and our partners over several decades represent the makings of a turn-key park, ready to welcome visitors to explore the heart of the Virginia Piedmont,” said American Battlefield Trust president David Duncan. “Members of the House and Senate Finance Committees clearly understood the power of these places, how they will connect Virginians and visitors to both our history and our present. State Park status will supercharge the economic impact that heritage

tourism already brings to the Culpeper region and further enhance the unique character of this community.” The state park initiative would make use of more than 1,700 acres of preserved land on the Brandy Station and Cedar Mountain Battlefields. Nestled in the Virginia Piedmont, Culpeper County is widely recognized for its scenic character, natural beauty, and abundant history. Its location between the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers made it an area of strategic importance during the Civil War, and thousands of enslaved peoples crossed its rivers, heading northward to freedom; some returned as free men to fight for their country on this very soil. The proposal is supported by a long-standing, bipartisan coalition of state legislators, national and local preservation organizations, and Culpeper government officials. In 2016, the Culpeper County Board of Supervisors and the Culpeper Town Council both passed resolutions endorsing a state battlefield park in Culpeper County. To stay tuned in to the latest news on the Culpeper Battlefields State Park, check out www. culpeperbattlefields.org.

Students Are in Store for a Star-Spangled Virtual Field Trip

Between pandemic precautions, limited financial resources, and the constant factor of distance, field trips, although coveted by students, are far and few between. Now, the Trust seeks to create a digital pathway to place-based education through the debut of its first virtual field trip to Baltimore, Md., the third largest city in the United States at the outset of the War of 1812. Over the span of 70 minutes, the Baltimore Virtual Trip takes viewers to Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Hampton National Historic Site, and the Star-Spangled Banner Flag House. Host Douglas Ullman, Jr., walks the grounds of these historic places and speaks with experts at the National Park Service about the wartime events and personalities that cemented these locations into our national narrative. The Trust has packaged the virtual field trip alongside an array of supporting materials for easy implementation in the classroom. With these components working in concert, the subject matter can be explored through a military, civilian, geographic, and cultural lens, and thus provide interest for a wide spectrum of students. The Charm City endeavor, made possible through the Bowe Stewart Foundation, marks the beginning of the organization’s initiative to deliver even more virtual field trips, from locations like New Orleans, Boston, and Washington, D.C. Supported by a battlefield interpretation grant from the National Park Service’s

The American Battlefield Trust Youth Leadership Team (YLT) is a rotating group of young people, aged 15-18, who serve as the youth face and voice of the Trust, introducing a new generation to the importance of historic preservation. In return, these students gain invaluable skills and experiences that will set them apart as they pursue future goals. In this academic-year-long program, members will: ✪ Receive training in leadership, program management, lobbying, media relations, and fundraising. ✪ Travel to Washington D.C., for further training and Youth Lobby Day advocacy, as well as off-site to the Trust’s Annual Conference. All expenses are paid for the participant and relevant travel guidelines respected. ✪ Contribute to content creation on battlefields.org, interact with and create posts for the Trust’s social media channels, and produce photos and video for the organization. ✪ Be responsible for preservation, education, or visitation projects in their hometown. If you know an enthusiastic history student, please encourage them to apply, as applications are currently open for the 2022— 23 school year. For more information, visit www.battlefields. org/youth-leadership-team.

Trust Wins Silver for ‘Road to Freedom’ Program in Inaugural Anthem Awards

The Road to Freedom, a digital tour guide from the Trust showcasing scores of Virginia sites integral to the black experience during the Civil War era, has received a Silver Award in the Education, Art, & Culture division of the inaugural Anthem Awards. This new initiative of the Webby Awards, celebrating purpose and missiondriven work, is presented by the International Academy of Digital Arts & Sciences. “It is our distinct honor to recognize the work that brands, organizations, and individuals are all making to create an impact in their community,” said Jessica Lauretti, Managing Director, The Anthem Awards.

The Trust stood amongst giants like the National Geographic Society but came out strong with silver at the inaugural Anthem Awards. The “Road to Freedom” program, created through a partnership between the American Battlefield Trust and Civil War Trails, Inc., with assistance from the African American Heritage Preservation Foundation, offers free physical and digital products, including a map guide available in visitor centers and distribution sites across the state and a web app with downloadable versions for Android and iOS devices. While the first release focused on Virginia, plans are underway to expand the project into Tennessee and North Carolina.

Efforts Continue to Save Hallowed Ground at Two Virginia Battlefields Culpeper’s Brandy Station (pictured) and Cedar Mountain Battlefields make up the prospective location for a new state park in Virginia. (Photo by Jennifer Michael) 14

2021-22 Youth Leadership Team member Catherine Slavich. (Photo by Loran Cook)

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The Trust has two monumental fundraising campaigns underway, at Williamsburg’s James Custis Farm and Fredericksburg’s

April 2022

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The James Custis Farm at the Williamsburg Battlefield in York County, Va. (Photo by Robert James) Slaughter Pen Farm; both considered the hearts of their respective battlefields. It is only with the perseverance and dedication of Trust donors that these properties, totaling 458 acres, can be deemed “Saved Forever.” The 250-acre James Custis Farm is where Union soldiers and enslaved Virginians turned the tide of the Battle of Williamsburg and helped build public support for emancipation. It is also the site of the well-preserved Redoubt 11, a position that proved pivotal to Brig. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock’s success in the 1862 battle. Thanks to an exceptional confluence of grant funding, including the largest matching grant in the history of the federal American Battlefield Protection Program, the Trust is left to raise only the remaining $57,000. To learn more, visit www.battlefields.org/save245. The Trust’s 2006 acquisition of the Slaughter Pen Farm remains the largest private battlefield purchase in American history. While all available resources were utilized at the time of the transaction, the organization had to take on a loan requiring hefty

annual payments. But now, a special opportunity has arisen to pay this loan off years ahead of schedule by raising $400,000. All donations will be met with $2-to-$1 match. Help the Trust claim a preservation victory on the site at www.battlefields.org/ SaveSlaughterPen.

Embrace Preservation by Volunteering on the Trust’s 26th Annual Park Day This year marks the Trust’s 26th annual Park Day, an opportunity for volunteers of all ages to get outside and help maintain sites sacred to our country’s heritage. Taking place largely on April 9, 2022, the event encourages communities to embrace handson preservation projects ranging from trash collection, cleaning of monuments, trail building, painting and restoration of signage, repair work, and more at battlefields and sites nationwide. To find your nearest volunteer opportunity, along with site contacts and details, please visit www.battlefields.org/parkday.

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Park Day volunteers at Monocacy National Battlefield tend to fence maintenance. (Photo by Matt Brant)

April 2022

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We Are Not Here For Plunder “It looks like fate, twice Texas makes me a rebel.” – C.S. Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston In March 1862, U.S. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant’s “Army of the Tennessee,” was preparing to attack Corinth, Miss., a major railroad hub and considered one of the two most essential places for the survival of the Confederacy. Grant was assembling his attack force at Pittsburgh Landing, Tenn., on the west bank of the Tennessee River. Gen. William T. Sherman assigned camp sites as the units arrived. The greenest soldiers, Sherman’s and Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss’s Divisions were located on either side of a one room church named Shiloh. At Corinth, incoming fresh troops were swiftly being formed into an army by Confederate

generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard. Johnston knew his last opportunity to protect “the vertebrae of the Confederacy,” would be to attack the Federals while both sides had about an equal number of troops; that meant before U.S. Gen. Don Carlos Buell’s “Army of the Ohio” could reach Pittsburgh Landing. Before the War, Johnston was highly regarded by both sides. His friend and West Point classmate, President Jefferson Davis, considered Johnston to be the greatest soldier in the country. Johnston rose from private to general in the Texas Revolution, served as Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas, fought in the Mexican American War, and on April 9, 1861, resigned his post as the U.S. Commander of the Pacific in California. In June, Johnston left his young family in Los Angeles, Calif.,

United States Senator Isham G. Harris, revisited the Shiloh battlefield in April 1896, for the express purpose of locating the spot where Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston had been mortally wounded on April 6, 1862. A sign was put on the tree that read: Gen. A.S. Johnston Mortally Wounded 2:00 p.m. April 6th 1862 Died in Ravine 50 yds South 16

to join the Confederacy. Both sides were fascinated as 59-yearold Johnston “plunged into the desert” on horseback, avoiding the gauntlet of Federals looking for him during the hot summer months. Johnston’s safe arrival in Richmond, Va., was greeted with joy across the South, and he was assigned command of the Western Military Department. It took three days for Johnston to move his 40,000 men the 23 miles from Corinth to Shiloh due to a heavy rainstorm. Keeping noise to a minimum was another issue. The men whooped when they spotted a deer; soldiers fired guns to check if their gunpowder was too wet, bugles sounded, and men yelled. At the evening conference of the generals, Beauregard vigorously recommended calling off the battle. The Confederates had lost the element of surprise and the men had already eaten their rations. Johnston listened to Beauregard’s concerns. He reasoned that if the Federals were aware of the Confederates’ presence they would have already attacked, and the men could eat the Union supplies. He decided to attack at daylight. Johnston told an aide, “I would fight them if they were a million,” adding, “I intend to hammer ‘em!” On his return, Beauregard discovered that the drumming he had ordered silenced came from the Federal camp. The lines between the belligerents were closer than he realized. The Federals, perhaps believing the Confederates would stay in place, waiting to be attacked, had been ignoring reports of Confederate activity. Former Chief Engineer of the Memphis & Ohio railroad, U.S. Col. Everest Peabody, 25th Mo., “thought we were lying in the face of a powerful enemy, in a very careless and unguarded position, liable to be surprised and overwhelmed at any time. … instead of lying idle, as we were at that time, we ought to put ourselves in some condition to resist an attack, in case one should be made by Johnston, and which was liable to happen at any time.”

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April 2022

Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston. Colorization © 2022 civilwarincolor.com. Courtesy civilwarincolor.com/cwn. (Public Domain) The Battle of Shiloh, Tenn., April 6-7, 1862, began before dawn. Peabody, unwilling “to be taken by surprise,” sent out a reconnaissance force of 300 men. Maj. James Powell was ordered that, if he encountered the enemy, he was to “drive in the guard and open up on the reserve, develop the force, hold the ground as long as possible, then fall back.” Powell encountered C.S. Maj. Aaron B. Hardcastle’s 3rd Miss. Infantry Battalion. The sound of firing alerted the Federals. Prentiss angrily rode up to Peabody telling him, “Colonel Peabody, I will hold you personally responsible for bringing on this engagement.” Peabody responded that he was always responsible for his actions and galloped off to lead his brigade, interrupting the Confederate timetable. Earlier, Johnston had telegraphed his attack plan to Davis: [Leonidas] Polk the left, [Braxton] Bragg the center, [William J.] Hardee the right, [John C.] Breckinridge in reserve. Beauregard was promoting a complicated plan to send the troops in three waves. A clear agreement of the battle plan wasn’t made. Before sunup, Beauregard was continuing to advocate canceling the assault

until musketry was heard. “The battle has opened, gentlemen,” said Johnston. “It is too late to change our dispositions.” Johnston, aware that he had brought the smaller army into the area previously agreed as Beauregard’s, was “unwilling that a subordinate should suffer by his arrival.” He graciously assigned the commanding position, directing the troops forward from the army’s rear to Beauregard. Beauregard misinterpreted the gesture as giving him carte blanche. Johnston believed his plan would be followed, he would be supported and decided to ride at the front with the men, more like a brigade or division commander. As he rode off towards the fighting, Johnston turned in the saddle and spoke to his staff, “Tonight we will water our horses in the Tennessee River.” The Confederate advance wavered as men entered the Federal camp and ate the prepared breakfast. Curious men explored the tents, read letters “to find out what northern girls were like,” and collected souvenirs. Johnston rode in to redirect the men. Having hurt the feelings of a souvenir hunter by admonishing, “We are not here for plunder.” Johnston took a tin cup off a table

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✸

States: D. Appleton, 1879. Neal, W.A. Dr. Illustrated history of the Missouri Engineer and the 25th Infantry Regiments: Donohue and Henneberry, 1889.

Stephanie Hagiwara is the editor for Civil War in Color.com and Civil War in 3D.com. She also writes a weekly column for History in Full Color.com that covers stories of photographs of historical interest from the 1850’s to the present. Her articles can be found on Facebook, Tumblr and Pinterest.

General Albert Sidney Johnston monument on the Shiloh Battlefield. The plaque reads: C. S. General Albert Sidney Johnston Commanding the Confederate Army, Was mortally wounded at 2.30 P.M.,April 6, 1862, Died in ravine, 50 yards south-east, at 2:45 P.M. The monument features an upright U.S. 30-pdr. Parrott rifle. Visible on the right rimbase is the foundry number 666, matching to registry number 183. The rifle was produced in 1863, by West Point Foundry, and weighs 4,240 pounds. (Jack W. Melton Jr.)

The tree stump in 2001. (Jack W. Melton Jr.) stating, “Let this be my share of the spoils today,” and used it instead of a sword to direct the battle. Breckinridge’s men were reeling from the Federal guns planted in the ten-acre peach orchard in full bloom. “We must use the bayonet,” Johnston said as he rode by, touching the tips of the bayonets with the tin cup. Still the men were hesitant. Johnston went out front in the center ahead of the men, stood in his stirrups, and called, “I will lead you!” On his thoroughbred, “Fire-eater,” Johnston led a charge into the sheet of flame and raining pink blossoms, driving the Federals. Afterward, Johnston was grinning, proclaiming “they came very near to putting me hors de combat in that charge.” He showed off his boot sole dangling from the toe; his uniform was nicked as well. Alas, soon Johnston was wobbling in the saddle, his femoral artery had been cut. The tourniquet in his pocket could have saved him but Johnston’s personal physician was caring for wounded elsewhere and no one knew how to use it. Johnston was the highest ranking general on both sides to die in the war. According to Davis, “When Sidney Johnston fell, it was the turning point of our fate; for we had no other hand to take up his work in the West.”

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Sources:

Gravesite of Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin, Texas. (Library of Congress, Highsmith, Carol M., photographer.)

Nevin, David, and the Editors of Time-Life Books. The Road to Shiloh: Early Battles in the West: Alexandria, VA, 1983. Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville: Vintage Books Edition, 1986. Johnston, William Preston. The life of Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston, embracing his services in the armies of the United States, the republic of Texas, and the Confederate

April 2022

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✸

Tim Prince College Hill Arsenal PO Box 178204 Nashville, TN 37217 615-972-2418

www.CollegeHillArsenal.com

www.CollegeHillArsenal.com 17

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Tracing Sherman’s March to the Sea: “Forage of every kind in superabundance” Part Two of a FourPart Series Readers of last month’s column marched with the Army of the Tennessee from Atlanta to the Oconee River, about halfway on its journey to Savannah. Maj. Gen. O.O. Howard’s two corps, the XV and the XVII, are now across that stream. We resume our trek across Georgia, following the route marked by Georgia Civil War Heritage Trails. The first GCWHT interpretive marker we see is at the New

Hope Methodist Church, on an unpaved section of the Old Savannah Road. Here the routes of Sherman’s two wings nearly converged. On November 28, Sherman, who had been traveling with the Left Wing, crossed over to the Right Wing to visit to Maj. Gen. Francis Blair, commander of the XVII Corps. That night the corps, with Sherman still present, camped near the church. According to the marker, Blair and other officers “reportedly camped in the church, even taking their horses inside and tethering them to columns. To stay warm they burned hymn books, church records, and some of the building’s wood sidings in a stove in the middle of the

church.”Citing the diary of Maj. Henry Hitchcock, a member of Sherman’s staff, the marker states that Sherman spent the night outside. How he stayed warm is not explained. On the November 29 the corps continued toward the coast, moving along the Savannah Road and stopping at Tarver’s Mill and the nearby Tarver Place Plantation. Major Hitchcock recorded that the mill was soon emptied of its plentiful supply of cornmeal while a correspondent from Harper’s Weekly sketched the scene. The marker displays the rendering. Sherman met with Howard at the nearby plantation, where the two generals and their staffs ate their midday meal. The plantation’s numerous outbuildings were soon stripped of forage, corn,

April 2022 and fodder. “Judge Tarver was not present,” the marker states, “so Sherman advised the Tarver women to quickly gather as much food as they could…and take it into their home.” Sherman posted a guard at the house and after a two-hour rest continued on. East of the plantation was a station on the Central of Georgia Railroad, Speir’s Turnout, named for James Speir, who granted land for the railroad right-of-way. The town was renamed Bartow after the death of Col. Francis S. Bartow at the First Battle of Manassas. The marker in Bartow tells the visitor about three graves in the cemetery. One grave is that of a Federal soldier who died as he and other prisoners were being transported to a prison camp. The body of the unidentified soldier was taken from the train in Bartow. “The townspeople gave him a Christian burial in the cemetery on Church Street about 300 yards to the north of the depot.” The other two graves entomb the bodies of James Speir’s two sons. “They were killed a year apart in Virginia and brought home in a mule-drawn wagon by a family servant.” Forces from the Left Wing wrecked the rail from Davisborough to Bartow and camped in Bartow on November 28 while the XVII Corps in the Right Wing marched eastward on the Savannah Road.

New Hope Methodist Church.

GEORGIA’S CONFEDERATE MONUMENTS In Honor of a Fallen Nation Gould B. Hagler, Jr.

This unique work contains a complete photographic record of Georgia’s memorials to the Confederacy, a full transcription of the words engraved upon them, and carefully-researched information about the monuments and the organizations which built them. These works of art and their eloquent inscriptions express a nation’s profound grief, praise the soldiers’ bravery and patriotism, and pay homage to the cause for which they fought.

www.mupress.org 866-895-1472 toll-free

Dirt country road to Tarver’s Mill.

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In his diary Maj. Hitchcock described the XVII Corps’ march along the road, writing that there were “good (sandy) roads, fine pure air, no difficult hills.” The 11,000 men made a pleasant camp among the pines and found “forage of every kind in super abundance.” The XVII Corps turned left to cross the Ogeechee River and approached Millen on the river’s left bank, along the Central of Georgia, while the XV Corps continued along the right bank. At Millen the Central of Georgia met the line running north to Augusta. Blair’s infantry entered the town on December 2 and commenced to wreck the important rail junction. The GCWHT marker displays a sketch by the Harper’s correspondent showing the depot in flames as the soldiers looked on. Major Hitchcock wrote of the “late town of Millen” and stated that the destruction of the junction was “a terrible blow to J.D. & Co.” We have moved along with the Federals for 50 miles or so since New Hope Church and have not seen any reference to any Confederate forces. That will change at Little Ogeechee Creek, where both the railroad and the Louisville* Road crossed the creek near its confluence with the Ogeechee River. There a Confederate force under Maj. Gen. LaFayette McLaws hoped to block Sherman. The Confederates destroyed the railroad bridge and built a defensive line on the south side of the creek. The XVII Corps, moving along the left bank of the river, neared the Confederate works on December 4. A small probing force drew fire. There were a few casualties, and 70 Federals were temporarily surrounded. The Confederates, numbering only 4,000 men, were facing an entire Union corps. McLaws knew that the XV Corps, on the other side of the Ogeechee, was approaching from his left. The XX Corps, part of the Federal Left Wing, was not far away on McLaws’s right. McLaws recognized that retreat was his only option. He withdrew the night of December 4. The GCWHT marker states that the Federals advanced across the creek. “For two days Federal soldiers camped all around present day Oliver. On December 7th General Sherman and the 17th Corps continued south…on the Louisville Road.” As they moved unimpeded along the road toward Savannah, the Federals came to the small town of Guyton. The marker here presents the story of the Guyton Confederate Hospital, founded in

April 2022

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19 May 1862. By the middle of the following year, the facility had 270 beds and a staff of 67. The Methodist church was used for additional space when necessary. It is interesting to note that the U.S. Sanitary Commission issued a post-war report giving high marks to the Guyton facility, which was “well-constructed and salubriously located.” Guyton’s low mortality rate relative to general hospitals in Macon and Atlanta was attributed to “hygienic conditions and the relative locations of the various hospitals.” A nearby cemetery contains the remains of 26 unknown Confederate soldiers, “some of whom were too ill to identify themselves.” The hospital was evacuated soon before the XVII Corps entered the town on December 8. Nearer Savannah, a marker in a community park in Pooler tells of an incident that occurred near Pooler Station on December 9, when Sherman learned that an officer had been seriously wounded by a torpedo buried in the road. Sherman wrote of the matter in his memoirs, “There had been no resistance at that point, nothing to give warning of danger…. This was not war but murder, and it made me very angry.” Sherman ordered that Confederate prisoners be

The town of Bartow, Ga.

forced to “march in close order along the road, so as to explode their own torpedoes, or to discover and dig them up.” The scene amused Sherman, who “could hardly help laughing at their stepping so gingerly along the road, where it was supposed sunken torpedoes might explode at each step, but they found no more torpedoes till near Fort McAllister.” All the markers we have seen on this leg of the trail have related to the XVII Corps. As we approach Savannah we can join the other corps of Howard’s army, the XV, commanded by Maj. Gen. Oosterhaus. After the XVII crossed the Ogeechee upstream west of Millen, the XV remained on the right bank and proceeded toward Savannah below the route taken by Blair’s Corps. A marker tells the story of the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, built in the late 1820s, that connected the two rivers and provided power to a variety of industries. Oosterhaus’s force came to the Ogeechee near the western terminus of the canal. One division crossed the river on December 7 and 8, using a pontoon bridge upstream from the canal. Moving downstream, the division cleared the east side, driving away the few Confederates in the vicinity. The Federals threw another pontoon

Millen Depot.

In some areas the modern paved highway follows the historic route of the Old Savannah Road. In other places the historic route remains much as it was in 1864. (All photos by Gould Hagler)

April 2022

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Little Ogeechee Baptist Church in Oliver. Congregration dates to 1790s. Current structure built in 1912. 19

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20 bridge across the river and repaired a burned bridge. Soon the entire XV was across. The XVII Corps was in Pooler, a few hundred yards from the outlying Confederate works protecting Savannah. The Left Wing, after its long march, was nearing that place. The marker sums up the situation:

“By December 12th the entire Federal army was in position near Confederate-held Savannah. General Sherman’s next move was to make contact with the Federal navy waiting off-shore with needed supplies.” Sherman’s two armies are now before Savannah, having marched across the state in less

Slaughter on the Mountain 160th Anniversary Reenactment of the Battle of Cedar Mountain

August 5-7, 2022 Culpeper, Virginia US and CS troops are wanted for a reenactment of the first battle of the Second Manassas campaign on the actual battlefield! Recreations of battle actions on Saturday, Aug. 6 and Sunday Aug. 7. Event limited to 1,500 troops (artillery, cavalry, and civilians by invitation only) Public talks & demonstrations both days Sutlers and food vendors

For information, visit friendsofcedarmountain.org (registration opens November 1, 2021)

than a month, and are about to establish communication with a base of supply. The Confederates behind the works in Savannah are all but isolated. The end is near. Next month we will go back in space and time to trace the progress of Sherman’s Left Wing, and see what Georgia Civil War Heritage Trails has to tell us of this army’s march, of the scant Confederate troops facing it, and of the civilians in its path, and in its wake. *The road ran between Savannah and Louisville, the Georgia state capital between 1796 and 1807. We will visit Louisville in a future column on Sherman’s Left Wing. Meanwhile, readers should remember to pronounce the S in Louisville. “Louieville” is in Kentucky.

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City in New York The reaction Democratic to to be ready instantaneous. ns who The was entire division and politicia supan hour’s notice.” newspapers march “on Lincoln now adminisBuchanan Politician a had opposed lame duck the war policy. eager to provoke city of tration wasn’t this time, so the portedSickles wrote: “The at Dan the governconfrontation declined. 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Gould Hagler is a retired lobbyist living in Dunwoody, Ga. He is a past president of the Atlanta Civil War Round Table and the author of Georgia’s Confederate Monuments: In Honor of a Fallen Nation, published by Mercer University Press in 2014. Hagler speaks frequently on this topic and others related to different aspects of the Civil War and has been a regular contributor to CWN since 2016. Email address is gould.hagler@gmail.com.

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Shiloh Battle Field. / Gen'l Prentiss is standing on the spot where he was captured at 5.30 P.M., April 6, 1862. Union veterans identified as Col. J.S. Cavender, Capt. A.T. Andreas, Col. T. Lyle Dickey, Gen'l J.M. Tuttle, Maj. Geo. Mason, Gen'l B.M. Prentiss, Capt. Doolittle, and Col. Cuthbert Laing. Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs (Library of Congress).

General Benjamin Prentiss’ Capture at the Battle of Shiloh Early in the morning, an officer under his command, Colonel Everett Peabody, sent out a 250man patrol which made contact with the advancing Confederate army, providing the Union army with critical early warning of the impending attack. Prentiss was initially outraged with Peabody for sending out a patrol

April 2022

without his authorization, but soon realized he was facing an on oncoming attack by an entire Confederate army and rushed to prepare his men for defense. His division was the first one attacked at the Battle of Shiloh and suffered greatly during the opening hours of that battle. Brigadier General Prentiss reformed his command with reinforcements under the command General W.H.L. Wallace and put up a spirited fight in the “Hornet’s Nest.” Prentiss took full command of

the position after Wallace was fatally wounded and eventually surrendered the Hornet’s Nest along with 2,200 other Union soldiers. He surrendered his sword to Lt. Colonel Francis Marion Walker of the 19th Tennessee Infantry. After the battle he was considered a hero, having held off the Confederate States Army long enough to allow General Grant to organize a counterattack and win the battle. Grant later played down Prentiss’s role in the victory, possibly because of

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mutual dislike between the two generals. However, Grant said in his memoirs “Prentiss’ command was gone as a division, many of its members having been killed, wounded or captured; but it had rendered valiant services before its final dispersal, and had contributed a good share to the defense of Shiloh.” Prentiss’s own after-action report did not mention the aid of Wallace’s troops, and barely made any mention of Peabody, who was also killed in action during the battle.

Sources: ✤

✤ ✤

Daniel, Larry J. Shiloh: The Battle That Changed the Civil War. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997. Grant, Ulysses (1885). Personal Memoirs. “Battle of Shiloh: Shattering Myths.” https://www. battlefields.org/learn/articles/ battle-shiloh-shattering-myths

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Brothers in Arms: The Gladstone AfroAmerican Military Collection In February 2022, the Library of Congress released the Gladstone Afro-American Collection; https://crowd.loc. gov/campaigns/gladstone/. This source contains “… correspondence, pay vouchers, orders, muster rolls, enlistment and discharge papers, receipts, contracts, affidavits, tax records, miscellaneous military documents, and printed matter.”

One note to researchers: while one must not set up a free LOC account, doing so will enable the user to save specific material. Through their crowdsourcing effort, the LOC currently has over 1,600 transcribed documents in this collection, covering the period of 1773–1987. The American Civil War section will serve as the focus for this column. Upon navigating to the homepage, select the ‘Civil War and Reconstruction Era’ section as shown, and read the description of holdings. Now, go back to the homepage and click ‘About the Collection,’ then select ‘Collection Items,’ where

you can filter with various search criteria. On the left side of the screen, select ‘Civil War.’ Filter dates to ‘1860-1869’ to create tighter search parameters of the 269 documents completed thus far (February 2022). One search revealed “General Orders, No. 125, War Department, furloughs for noncommissioned officers and privates of the army desiring to enter the Free Military School in order to earn commissions, Feb. 1864.” See image. A supplemental site resides in the Gladstone Collection of African American Photographs. This source “…provides almost 350 images showing African

April 2022 Americans and related military and social history. The Civil War era is the primary time period covered, with scattered examples through 1945. Most of the images are photographs, including 270 cartes de visite.” As described for the Gladstone Afro-American Collection, search tools exist for these photographs. Selecting ‘Civil War’ netted 94 images, such as the sailor shown. Utilize both sources in researching the contributions of African American soldiers and sailors to the Federal war effort. Continued good luck in researching the American Civil War!

Michael K. Shaffer is a Civil War historian, author, lecturer, and instructor, who remains a member of the Society of Civil War Historians, Historians of the Civil War Western Theater, and the Georgia Association of Historians. Readers may contact him at mkscdr11@ gmail.com or request speaking engagements via his website w w w. c i v i l w a r h i s t o r i a n . n e t . Follow Michael on Facebook, www.facebook.com/ michael.k.shaffer, and Twitter @ michaelkshaffer.

Click the Gladstone Afro-American Collection link.

General Orders, No. 125, War Department, furloughs for noncommissioned officers and privates of the army After navigating to the homepage, select the ‘Civil War and Reconstruction Era’ desiring to enter the Free Military School in order to section. earn commissions, Feb. 1864. 22

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Day by Day through the Civil War in Georgia

Until now, a daily account

(1,630 days) of Georgia’s social, political, economic, and military events during the Civil War did not exist. In Day by Day through the Civil War in Georgia, Michael K. Shaffer strikes a balance between the combatants while remembering the struggles of enslaved persons, folks on the home front, and merchants and clergy attempting to maintain some sense of normalcy. Maps, footnotes, a detailed index, and bibliographical references will aid those wanting more. February 2022 • $37.00, hardback

Michael K. Shaffer is a Civil War historian, instructor, lecturer, newspaper columnist, and author. He is a member of the Society of Civil War Historians, Historians of the Civil War Western Theater, and the Georgia Association of Historians. Contact the author: mkscdr11@gmail.com

www.mupress.org • 866-895-1472 toll-free

Titled “Two brothers in arms” is located in this collection.

Union sailor holding a cased set of two photographs.

April 2022

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April 2022

Historic Burger & Brother D-guard Bowie Knife

by Shannon Pritchard This knife is extraordinary for several reasons. First, it has the “BURGER & BROTHERS RICHMOND VA.” maker’s mark stamped into the blade. Second, it is a pattern heretofore unrecognized as a Burger product, though the guard is very similar to their more commonly encountered D-guard, previously known as a Kenansville Cutlass. Third, it has its history pasted to the blade! The paper tag tied to it with a string is torn in two, but what is there reads: “Old Museum/Civil War/ fighting/illegible/Chicago/John Steward.” When complete, this was an explanation and transcription of the typed paper

label pasted to the knife’s blade. The label begs the question: why was a Confederate knife hidden in a Chicago outhouse? Had it been taken home by a Yankee as a souvenir, there would have been no need to hide it. So, I must assume that it was hidden by a Southerner, not a Copperhead. There, of course, were Copperheads in Chicago, but they would not have had access to a Richmond, Virginia, made knife. What Southerners came to Chicago during the War and may have needed to hide a weapon? I can come to only one reasonable possibility, that it was hidden by one of the Camp Douglas Conspirators. In 1864 two plans for the relief of prisoners confined in Camp

Above: Left side of knife, showing Burger & Brothers Richmond, VA. arched stamp. Above: Notice the rectangular peen, as opposed the common round peen.

Obverse of knife showing pasted label and hand written tag. This knife was originally 14 inches long, but 1/2 inch of the tip is missing. (All photos courtesy OldSouthAntiques.com)

Enhanced photograph of the label.

Though very hard to read with the naked eye, I could read the label pasted to the blade clearly under a microscope. I record it exactly as it is written, any letters that I could not clearly read I have entered [ ]. The top label has been digitally enhanced for easier reading. “Civil War Richmond VA Fighting Knife found in [a] house Outhouse in Chicago on loan by John Steward of Evanston Il[l]inois” 24

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Douglas were formed. Three peace commissioners, Jacob Thompson, C.C. Clay, and J.P. Holcomb had been sent from Richmond to Canada. These men frequently met with leaders of the Copperhead organizations in the North including U.S. Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham and Brigadier General Charles Walsh, head of the movement in Chicago who had a large number of allies in the city. In May 1864, Jacob Thompson of Mississippi, Secretary of the Interior during President Buchanan’s administration, went to Windsor, Canada, under the assumed name of Captain Carson. He carried large sums of operational funds supplied by the Confederate government. He organized an expedition to release the Confederate prisoners suffering at Camp Douglas. He also arranged to aid the “Knights of Liberty,” an organization of Northern secessionists, with arms and money so that they might raise an insurrection in Chicago. On August, 24, 1864, many previously escaped prisoners and Copperheads, after having been furnished with Confederate supplied arms in Canada, gathered in Chicago, making the Richmond Hotel their general headquarters. The management of the affair was entrusted to special agent Captain Thomas H. Hines, who had previously been second in command to Gen. John Morgan. Colonel Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri and the famed St. Leger

Grenfell, an Englishman serving with Morgan, were to carry out the military program. The date set for the attempt to liberate the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when the National Democratic Convention was to assemble in Chicago. It was thought that large bodies of secretly armed men might be brought into the city at that time without exciting suspicion, as it was expected the city would be so crowded that the presence of the promised Knights of Liberty force would not excite comment. The program also included an attack on the city by water for which purpose reliance was placed upon a horde of Canadian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in Illinois at the time, of whom about 8,000 were at Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Springfield, and 5,000 at Alton. It is estimated that there were 4,000 Knights of Liberty in Chicago who would be largely re-enforced. With these and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp Douglas were to be liberated. The army thus formed was to march upon the Rock Island, Springfield, and Alton prison camps, but there were traitors within the Copperheads, and the plan was postponed when the Camp was re-enforced by a regiment of infantry and an artillery battery. November 8, 1864, election day, was then selected for the attack. The same preliminaries were arranged, except that no water attack would be made. Chicago was to be burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. Detachments were designated to apply the torch, open fire plugs, levy arms, and attack banks.

April 2022

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Fort Fisher items wanted t!

s u M ea c n a en v o r P

Close up of Burger & Brothers Richmond, VA. arched stamp. Due to traitors in their ranks, the sentenced to the penitentiary. plans of Captain Hines and his Daniel managed to escape and associates were well known to the was never recaptured. Walsh and authorities. Detectives were put Semmes, after undergoing brief upon their track by U.S. Colonel terms of imprisonment, were B.J. Sweet, the commandant at pardoned by President Johnson. Camp Douglas. Some of the most Colonel Grenfell was sentenced valuable service in capturing to be hung. Afterwards his the Confederates was rendered sentence was commuted to life by traitorous Confederates, imprisonment at Fort Jefferson a Colonel Langhorne and in the Dry Tortugas, a fate worse Colonel J.T. Shanks, a traitorous than death. He disappeared after a Confederate prisoner who was few years, but whether he escaped known as “The Texan.” He was or was drowned in the attempt is not in fact a Colonel; he was still debated. He had powerful lying to both sides. and wealthy friends. His brother Shanks was permitted to escape was a British Army General, from Camp Douglas, thereby and the British government had getting in communication with tried unsuccessfully to have him the plot leaders who assisted released. Thus, it is possible that in concealing him; all while he escaped, but since he never he faithfully apprised General resurfaced under his own name Sweet of their plans. Shortly after the War, it is likely he died after midnight on the morning of in the attempt. November 7, the day before the The traitor Shanks had a action was to take place, Colonel $1,000 bounty placed upon his Sweet conducted simultaneous worthless head, so he and his arrests of the leaders at their new Yankee wife had to flee. hiding-places. This raid caused a Whether he was ever brought to wholesale hiding of weapons and justice is unknown. He was only flight by many conspirators. a private, not really a colonel, Captain Cantrill, Captain and had a grievance because he Traverse, and Charles Walsh was arrested for embezzlement the Brigadier General of the in the Confederate commissary Knights of Liberty who was department. sheltering them were captured. Curses upon his ashes. A large quantity of arms and military stores were found in his barn. The famed Morgan Man, Shannon Pritchard has authored Colonel St. Leger Grenfell, was numerous articles relating to seized along with Colonel W.R. the authentication, care and Anderson, R.T. Semmes, Vincent conservation of Confederate Marmaduke, Charles T. Daniel, antiques, including several and Buckner S. Morris. cover articles and is the author These men were tried in of the definitive work on Cincinnati by a military Confederate collectibles, the commission. Both Marmaduke widely acclaimed Collecting and Morris were acquitted; the Confederacy, Artifacts and Colonel Anderson committed Antiques from the War Between suicide during the trial. Walsh, the States, and is co-author of Semmes, and Daniels were Confederate Faces in Color.

April 2022

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Lincoln Scholar Harold Holzer’s

Away Dancing the Night Hotel at the Gettysburg

Anniversary Oration at the 154th Address of the Gettysburg

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² 7KH 8QÀQLVKHG )LJKW 18 – This And That Lens 8 – Through The News 2 – Roundtable 33 – Small Talk-Trivia

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William Tecumseh Sherman. (Library of Congress)

After spending more than a month in Savannah, on Feb. 1, 1865, Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman led his army of 60,000 veterans into South Carolina, with the intent of making for Goldsboro, North Carolina, 300 miles to the northeast. The Federals were opposed by fewer than 20,000

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Wade Hampton III. (Library of Congress)

Sherman, Wade Hampton and the Hanged Man

Confederates under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee, commander of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. Remnants of the wrecked Army of Tennessee were expected from Mississippi, but how many troops, their condition and expected date of arrival were unknown. South Carolina suffered more at the hands of Sherman’s soldiers than had Georgia. At Barnwell, a town seventy-five miles north of Savannah, Federals killed animals and looted civilians’ houses, then set them on fire. Union cavalry commander Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick sent a message to Sherman: “we have changed the name of Barnwell to Burnwell.”1 It was even worse in Columbia, the state capital, which Northern troops entered on February 17. Two days before, General Beauregard had ordered all cotton in the city to be burned before the Yankees arrived. But on the morning of the 17th,

newly-promoted Confederate Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton worried that the strong winds prevailing would spread the flames to buildings. They did. Fires were fanning when Northern troops began marching in around 10:30 a.m. Some Federals chanced upon a cache of whiskey, and drunkenness led to deteriorating discipline and still more fires. Fine houses fell victim to deliberate arson, even as some Federals tried to snuff out the flames. Before the conflagration subsided about 8 p.m., 265 residences and 193 business and public structures, virtually Columbia’s entire business district, had been wiped out.2 Before Sherman and Hampton began arguing over which side was responsible for Columbia’s burning—the kerfuffle would last years after the war—the two officers began a heated correspondence over another issue. The Union general started it. On February 24, Sherman composed a letter to Hampton, who was commanding Confederate cavalry in the Carolinas. Sherman came right to the point: soldiers in his army out on foraging expeditions—in his orders for the march he had encouraged his troops to live off the land—had been found dead with signs on their bodies reading “death to foragers.” He gave two such instances: a lieutenant and seven men found thus near Chesterville, and twenty more found near a place called Feasterville. Sherman informed Hampton that foraging was a long-accepted practice in war and that soldiers so engaged should not be murdered as criminals. He then pointedly stated, “I have ordered a similar number of prisoners in our hands to be disposed of in like manner”—in other words, he would retaliate for his soldiers’ deaths.3 Hampton got Sherman’s letter on the 27th and immediately composed a long reply. First, the retaliation threat: for every Confederate soldier murdered at Sherman’s order, Hampton would have two killed, “giving in all cases preference to any officers who may be in my hands.” Then, the foragers: he had given no orders for the killing of prisoners, and he knew nothing of the two alleged incidents. But that did not really matter, as Hampton blamed Sherman’s foragers for setting fire to civilians’ homes. “It is a part of the system of the thieves whom you designate as your foragers to fire the dwellings of those citizens whom they have robbed,” he charged. Hampton declared that he had instructed his troops to shoot on sight any houseburning Yankees they encountered. Not content with that, Hampton went on to accuse Sherman for having fired artillery into the city of Columbia without giving warning to its residents, and for having “laid the whole city in ashes, leaving amidst its ruins thousands of old men and helpless women and children, who are likely to perish of starvation and exposure.” Then came the accusation of rape: “in more than one household there is now an agony far more bitter than that of death,” he explained, using the customary Victorian euphemism.4 Sherman liked to verbally spar with Rebel generals, and he had a knack for it—recall his exchange of

April 2022

molten missives with Hood in September 1864. But this time Cump dropped the matter and didn’t reply to Hampton’s letter of February 27. Maybe he felt bested, for because of the letter-exchange, as Hampton’s biographer writes, Sherman “hated Hampton more hotly thereafter.”5 Even Sherman’s biographers notice it. During the course of his Carolinas campaign, “Sherman developed a deep hatred” of the South Carolinian, writes Stanley Hirshson in The White Tecumseh.6 Nevertheless, historians have concluded that neither side carried out retaliation against prisoners. Edward G. Longacre makes the statement in his biography of Hampton that “neither Sherman nor Hampton resorted to executing prisoners in retaliation for the offenses of the other.”7 “Historians have concluded”…until Bud Robertson came along. In Dr. Robertson’s famous “The War in Words” column that ran in Civil War Times Illustrated from April 1972 (the Official Records) to December 1987 (Kate Cummings’ Journal of Hospital Life), there appeared one in CWTI for October 1979. Here’s the story. In the late 1970s Robertson was completing his massive Index for the Southern Historical Society Papers (two volumes, 1980), during which he came upon something that intrigued him. In a roster of Confederate naval officers (SHSP, vol. 35 [1907]), he found this statement, under the name of George E. Hazlehurst: “captured by Sherman, and drew lots for life and death act of retaliation; Miller drew and was shot.” AWP! Bud was frankly stumped—how often did this happen?—as he confessed in “The War in Words” for August 1978. He asked readers with knowledge of Miller and that “life or death act of retaliation” to write him c/o CWTI in Harrisburg.8 Well, several did, and from their statements, Robertson put together this narrative, which he laid out in the October 1979 issue:

April 2022

April 2022 •

•

On Feb. 28, 1865, at Pageland, South Carolina (near the North Carolina line) a Union soldier, Pvt. Robert Woodruff, 30th Illinois, was found dead, his skull brutally bashed in; Federals assumed that Woodruff had been foraging and was killed by Rebels; Union officers gathered a group of Confederate prisoners and had them draw lots;

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•

James M. Miller, 3rd Battalion, South Carolina Reserves, drew the death warrant; Miller was given an hour to make his peace.; perhaps he penned a letter to his family (at age 48, he was married and father of nine); his only request was that he not be shot in the face; and before the fatal volley, as observed by one Federal, Miller, “stood like a man, a soldier, and a Christian.”

On February 22, shortly before reaching Chesterfield County, 18 Union soldiers were found dead with a sign stating “Death to all foragers” left on their bodies. This action prompted General William T. Sherman to send letters to Union Major-General Howard and Confederate General Wade Hampton.

Gen. Sherman letter to Major General Howard. OR, Vol. 47, Part II, p. 537.

Endnotes:

1. Stanley P. Hirshson, The White Tecumseh: A Biography of William T. Sherman (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 277; Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes, Jr., General William J. Hardee: Old Reliable (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 273; Marion Brunson Lucas, Sherman and the Burning of Columbia (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1976), 42; Burke Davis, Sherman’s March (New York: Random House, 1980), 149. 2. Lucas, Sherman and the Burning of Columbia, 64, 67, 76, 128. 3. Sherman to Hampton, Feb. 24, 1865, OR, vol. 47, pt. 2, 546. 4. Hampton to Sherman, February 27, OR, vol. 47, pt. 2, 596-97. 5. Manley Wade Wellman, Giant in Gray: A Biography of Wade Hampton of South Carolina (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949), 170. 6. Hirshson, White Tecumseh, 276. 7. Edward G. Longacre, Gentleman and Soldier: A Biography of Wade Hampton III (Nashville: Rutledge Hill Press, 2003), 230. 8. James I. Robertson, Jr., “The War in Words,” Civil War Times Illustrated, vol. 17, no. 5 (August 1978), 16; and in vol. 18, no. 6 (October 1979), 14. Stephen Davis of Cumming, Georgia, is author of seven books related to the Atlanta Campaign, including the Emerging Civil War paperbacks A Long and Bloody Task (2016) and All the Fighting They Want (2017). His two recent volumes on John Bell Hood (Mercer University Press, 2019, 2020) have won the Fletcher Pratt Award of the New York CWRT, the Richard Barksdale Harwell Award of the Atlanta CWRT, and the Douglas Southall Freeman Award of the Military Order of the Stars and Bars. His latest book, with Bill Hendrick, The Atlanta Daily Intelligencer Covers the Civil War, will be released this summer by the University of Tennessee Press.

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“...General good order and quiet attended the entry, but, as the troops were halted for several hours in Main-street, stores and dwellings soon became objects of much attention, and the work of plunder commenced. From this time until the last Yankee left town, person nor property were safe from the impolite intrusions upon their welfare. Stragglers, “bummers,” pontoon men, and the riffraff of the army, were to be met in every street and almost every house. If they wanted a pair of boots they took, them from your fee. Watches were in constant demand -- in several instances being snatched from the persons of the best ladies in the city. Gentlemen on the street quickly learned to appreciate the old phrase “tempus fugit.” Our cashier, the well-known Notary Public, P.S. JACOBS, Esq., was one of the pupils. He is said to have received two lessons; price -- a watch each. Ear and finger rings were taken by force, and, in isolated cases, the dresses of ladies were torn from their bodies by villians [sic], who expected to find jewels or plate concealed. Search for silver and provisions was made in every conceivable place. Ramrods were used as probes to indicate where boxes were buried, and gardens, outhouses, cellars, garrets, chimneys and nooks never thought of by anybody but a thief in search of plunder, were turned, so to speak, inside out. In one instance it is reported that a box of valuables worth a large amount was found under a door step. We learn that the estimate of this character of property stolen is about two millions of dollars. Many of the robbers who perpetrated personal violence were intoxicated by liquor found in the city. Rev. Mr. SHAND, the Episcopalian clergyman, while conveying a trunk containing the communion service of silver from the church to the South Carolina College, was accosted by a Yankee and a negro, who compelled him, under a threat of death, to give it up, which was done. While one of the cups was afterward being used for drinking whisky, a Federal soldier (an Irishman) recognized the sign of the cross upon it, took it from the fellow and carried it to Rev. Dr. O’CONNELL, the Catholic clergyman, by whom it was restored to the owner. This description of pillage continued until the troops left. In the afternoon, the column which had occupied Main-street, moved into quarters in the various public grounds and vacant lots. No fires occured [sic] on Thursday, save such as were ignited by our own officials. The first alarm on Friday was given soon after the entry or the enemy, and proceeded from the burning of a row of cotton on Main street, between Washington and Lady streets. In fifteen or twenty minutes afterward, the jail, which had be [???] d as a Confederate prison, was set on fire. The bells rang, the engines promptly rallied, and proceeded as usual to their work, which was uninterrupted, except by drunken soldiers, who here and there cut the hose with their pocket knives; but all efforts to stay the flames were unavailing. Among the prisoners released were MORRIS, who murdered HICKS, several men confined on the charge of counterfeiting, and, it is said, a Federal prisoner. Why he was not removed with his comrades does not appear. It is reported that he subsequently married a lady in Columbia.” – Daily South Carolinian March 19, 1865.

The Atlanta Campaign

For this book we have chosen a hundred images we deem “significant,” though other students may wonder at some of our selections. ISBN 978-1-61850-151-6

100 SIGNIFICANT CIVIL WAR PHOTOGRAPHS : ATLANTA CAMPAIGN

April 2022

In Memory of James M. Miller Born April 7, 1816 Killed in Retaliation March 2, 1865

Sherman’s Troops Sack Columbia

STEPHEN DAVIS

Gen. Sherman letter to Gen. Wade Hampton. OR, Vol. 47, Part II, pp. 596-597.

Dr. Robertson took his tale all the way to Five Forks Cemetery near Kershaw, South Carolina, where a grave marker reads:

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Women’s History Month at Weston Manor Civil War Trails, Inc. has teamed up with the Historic Hopewell Foundation, Inc., and the City of Hopewell, Va., to launch a new Civil War Trails sign at Weston Manor. The new story recounts the heart-wrenching experiences of twelve-year-old Emma Wood and her family. The

sign was installed last month in advance of Women’s History Month beginning March 1, 2022. Hopewell offers five Civil War Trails sites, including Weston Manor. These sites are networked with over 500 others in Virginia and over 1,400 across six states. The Civil War Trails program encourages visitors to stand in the footsteps of history, exploring each unique landscape and story through the eyes of those who were there; Weston’s new sign is a great example of this approach to storytelling. The new sign was researched and originally written by Historic Hopewell Foundation (HHF) board members Robin Somers-Strom and Daniel Jones. “Through our research and interpretive narratives, we at HHF strive to personalize the diverse lives and rich experiences of Emma, and all who lived and worked to sustain life at Weston Manor, including the enslaved,” said Robin. The proposed new sign then went through a rigorous review process to ensure it resonated with a variety of audiences. The sign is the first of several updates being planned for the Civil War Trails sites in the

Hopewell-Prince George region. The work is made possible by the participation of the City of Hopewell that sponsors each site, allows for product updates, maintenance, and the collaborative marketing efforts. “Our program is unique in that the signs are always being updated, offering something new for travelers.” said Drew Gruber, Executive Director of Civil War Trails, Inc. “Stories like Emma’s are relatable to many, especially families who have been forced to move and adjust to difficult circumstances.” Each Civil War Trails site is marketed internationally by state tourism offices, regional destination marketing organizations, and municipal partners. This means the educational product is part of a much larger economic development mission. “We see self-guided outdoor tours like Civil War Trails as very important to tourism in our region…” said, Becky McDonough, CEO of the Hopewell-Prince George Chamber. “Civil War Trails has helped us update the stories which are now found in places of historic context and economic return.”

Visit our new website at: HistoricalPublicationsLLC.com

April 2022 Civil War Trails® has been working with communities since 1994 to share their stories and connect visitors with small towns and big stories across a network that now spans six

states. Travelers look to Trails to put them in the footsteps of the generals, soldiers, citizens, and the enslaved who found themselves in the midst of this Civil War.

The new Civil War Trails sign at Weston Manor tells the story of a family caught between the lines, as told through their twelve-year-old daughter. Courtesy, Civil War Trails, Inc.

Middle Tenn Civil War Show December 3 & 4, 2022

MK Shows presents the 35th annual Middle Tennessee Civil War Show and Sale at the Williamson County Ag Expo Park, 4215 Long Lane in Franklin. The nation’s largest Civil War show, featuring 750 tables of antique weapons, artifacts and memorabilia from top dealers and collectors around the country and encompassing all eras of military history from the Revolutionary War through World War II. Appraisers are always on hand to help you identify and value your military collectibles at no cost. Hours are 9-5 on Sat., 9-3 on Sun. Free Parking. Admission is only $10/ adults and children under 12 are free. For information visit www.MKShows.com (Scan Me) or Mike@MKShows.com.

The Largest Civil War Show Under One Roof! Mike Kent and Associates, LLC • PO Box 685 • Monroe, GA 30655

(770) 630-7296 • Mike@MKShows.com • www.MKShows.com 28

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Chris Brown (left), Assistant Director, and Jason Shaffer (right), Operations Manager of Civil War Trails work to clean up and repair the sign pedestal before installing the new panel. Courtesy, Civil War Trails, Inc.

April 2022

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www.emergingcivilwar.com

Chris Mackowski

From the Editor I was pleased to open the March 2022 issue of Civil War News to see a review by Joe Truglio of our ECW 10th Anniversary book The Summer of ’63: Vicksburg and Tullahoma. “I found this book full of valuable information on the battle and also valued the opinions of authors I admire and respect,” Joe said. We admire and respect Joe. As a member of the Robert E. Lee Civil War Roundtable and former president of the Phil Kearney Civil War Roundtable, both in New Jersey, Joe has been a stalwart friend to ECW since our very earliest days. When I

did a talk for the Colonel Henry Ryerson Civil War Round Table in northern New Jersey, Joe made the trek up to see me. He had commented so frequently on our blog posts that, when he introduced himself, I recognized his name immediately. That encounter made Joe the first ECW reader I ever met in person, a distinction I still look back on with great fondness and nostalgia and I’m pleased to call him my friend to this day. In fact, the symposium wouldn’t be the symposium without Joe, and his pals Hank and Chris, bunking up in the Civil War House and

spending the weekend with us. A few days before I saw Joe’s kind review in the paper, I got word from the Civil War Roundtable Congress about another friend, Wally Rueckel. The Congress established a pair of awards, one of which honors a CWRT that exhibits innovation: The Wally Rueckel Innovation Award. Wally is a founding member of the Congress and a founder of the Brunswick CWRT in Southport, North Carolina, the largest CWRT in the world with more than 1,300 members. “Talk about innovation, and Wally and his namesake award should quickly come to mind,” said Congress President Mike Movius, himself a good friend of ECW’s. Wally’s another guy I’ve known a long time. He has worked hard to network the CWRTs of North Carolina, and his energy has been matched only by his friendliness. The Congress also established the Dr. John Bamberl Phoenix

Chris Mackowski and Wally Rueckel. Award for re-invigorating a “dark” CWRT. John’s another absolutely swell guy. When Joe referenced “authors I admire and respect,” we would be remiss if we didn’t say the feeling was mutual. ECW enjoys the success it enjoys today because of the many warm and wonderful personal relationships so many of us have developed over the years with folks like Joe and Wally, and John and Mike, Hank and Chris, and YOU. We are deeply grateful for your support and friendship. Please know that we admire and respect you. In gratitude, — Chris Mackowski, Ph.D. Editor-in-Chief

Chris Mackowski and Joe Truglio (a Civil War News book reviewer) after one of Chris’s visits to the Phil Kearny CWRT.

April 2022

29 “What Ifs” of the American Civil War? And what if that symposium included keynote speaker Garry Adelman talking about the great “what ifs” of Gettysburg? What if other Civil War rock stars like Gordon Rhea and Brian Matthew Jordan were on the docket, not to mention ten other ECW all-stars? Find out the answers to these and other compelling Civil War What-Ifs August 5-7, 2022, at the Eighth Annual Emerging Civil War Symposium at Stevenson Ridge, held in Spotsylvania, Va. Tickets are $225 each, available here: https://emergingcivilwar. com/2022-symposium/.

News and Notes Sarah Kay Bierle recently made a short trip to the Carolinas! She enjoyed hiking at Bentonville Battlefield. Stephen Davis, ECW’s book review editor, has returned to Jack Melton’s Civil War News as a contributing columnist. His monthly “Critic’s Corner” in the CWN March issue spotlighted Thomas Cooper DeLeon’s Four Years in Rebel Capitals (1890). Bert Dunkerly spent a few days touring sites in Charleston, Savannah, and the low country. He did not see alligators but did find beer. Dwight Hughes received another great review for his new ECW Series book Unlike Anything That Ever Floated: The Monitor and Virginia and the Battle of Hampton Roads, March 8-9, 1862, in the Winter issue of Civil War Navy magazine: “Unlike Anything That Ever Floated is an excellent read. There is something for everyone here and even if well acquainted with the battle you will find something new. It is highly recommended.” Chris Kolakowski has joined the Consortium of Indo-Pacific Researchers as a lead for their military history efforts. The Consortium is a volunteer

think-tank affiliated with the Air Force Journal of IndoPacific Affairs. For more information, visit https://indopacificresearchers.org/. Chris Mackowski spoke on “Abraham Lincoln as a Writer” to the Fredericksburg, Va., chapter of the Sons of Union Veterans on Lincoln’s birthday, February 12. On Saturday, February 20, three folks with ECW ties spoke at the Chambersburg Civil War Seminar’s one-day online “Leaders and Leadership” conference, organized by ECW alum Eric Wittenberg: • • •

Chris Mackowski on “Stonewall Jackson’s Arresting Leadership Style” Dave Powell on “William S. Rosecrans and the Spirit of Innovation in 1863” Dr. Zachery Fry: “Martinets and McClellanites: Regulars, Volunteers, and Leadership Challenges in the Union Army”

(Here’s a shout-out to our friend Gordon Rhea, who spoke about Jeb Stuart.)

The 2022 ECW Retreat Emerging Civil War had our annual retreat over Presidents Day weekend. This year, we converged on Gettysburg for a couple days of workshops, battlefielding, beers, and camaraderie. Fourteen of us gathered in person for the full weekend, with several others Zooming in for the day on Saturday. We thought we’d share pictures of some of the fun on pp. 30-31.

Emerging Civil War Multimedia From the ECW YouTube page: In February, for Black History

Eighth Annual Emerging Civil War Symposium at Stevenson Ridge What if ECW had a symposium inspired by its latest book, Great

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Sarha Kay Bierle stretches her legs on the trail at Bentonville. 29

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April 2022

Month, Chris Mackowski has been exploring the road from Civil War to Civil Rights, tied in with a project for a new class he’s teaching this semester at St. Bonaventure University: “The Civil Rights Movement and the Media.” See interviews with • • • •

Pat Young of the Reconstruction Era Blog Dr. Breea Willingham Historian Rebecca Hoffman of Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site Historian Joe Owen of Lyndon B. Johnston National Historic Site

For the anniversary of Fort Donelson in early February, see videos with Chris Mackowski and Kris White. In January, Kris did a series of videos from Stones River National Battlefield with cameos by park historian Jim Lewis!

February saw the birth of the man whose name is most connected with the American Revolution and the quest for American independence: George Washington. Born along the Potomac River in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 11, 1732 (os); the “os” is for “old style,” which relates to the calendar then currently used in the English world in the mid-18th century. Today, we know the date as February 22. To celebrate the birth of Washington, the Emerging Revolutionary War’s popular Sunday night “Rev War Reverly” was dedicated to all things Washington on February 20. To check it out, head over to Emerging Revolutionary War’s Facebook or YouTube pages. A full schedule is on the Facebook page under the “events” tab, as well. Start planning for two ERW events this coming autumn. The first is in Historic Alexandria on September 24 as ERW partners again with Historic Alexandria to bring a full-day symposium dedicated to the international ramifications of the American Revolution. Then, on November 11-13, 2022, the second annual ERW bus tour heads to Monmouth and Valley Forge to follow the “Rise of the American Army.” Check out our website www. emergingrevolutionarywar.org to secure your tickets for both of these events. 30

We started off the weekend on Friday afternoon with a trip to the Rock Top Bok Shop in Cashtown. Chris Mackowski (in background) was hoping to surreptitiously sneak his book purchases into his house when he got home until Terry Rensel busted him on camera for Chris’s wife to see.

As folks came into town, we did some battlefielding on our own or in small groups. We had originally intended to shoot some videos for the ECW YouTube page, but the wind was too strong (and thus noisy). Several of us took some time to tour around Culp’s Hill (seen here in the distance) before we all checked into the hotel and then met up for dinner at the Garyowen Irish Pub.

On Saturday morning, the American Battlefield Trust was kind enough to open Lee’s Headquarters for us. Kris White, Jon-Erik Gilot, Terry Rensel, Chris Heisey, and Sarah Kay Bierle all tried talking Gen. Lee into going around the Federal left, to no avail.

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From Lee’s Headquarters, the group went over to the Seminary Ridge Museum, where historian Codie Easch was kind enough to open the cupola for us. Codie in the cupola beats John Buford, any day.

It was time to get down to work, just in time for lunch. We had a top-floor room in the hotel for a work space, with a pleasant view up toward the National Cemetery, across the field where the old visitor center once stood. It’s hard to see in this photo, but a picture of George Pickett hung in the room, overlooking our countertop of food, which essentially gave us our own General Pickett’s buffet with no baked shad on the menu, but lots of Tommy’s pizza.)

Caroline Davis and guest author Carson Ford talk with Kris White in the shadow of the First Minnesotans.

April 2022

We had a Tim Smith sighting at the Farnsworth House. In the background, a random woman photobombed us. “Isn’t that Garry Adelman?” she wondered, looking at Tim. Or Kris. Or any of us.

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Channel your inner John Buford and take a look from the cupola toward Herbst Woods in the distance.

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Among our workshops, Chris Heisey gave us photography tips. “Does anyone have lens envy?” he asked.

On Sunday morning, after a hearty breakfast at the world-famous Lincoln Diner, Kris decided to test our hardiness and dedication to the cause. He led the group to the remains of the Bliss farm and made us stand on a windswept plain while he shared not only Civil War history but WWI history, too. Jon Tracey chimed in with some additional info about the impact of the Spanish Influenza pandemic on Gettysburg and some WWII history.

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100

“The STORIES BEHIND THE PICTURES”

100 Significant Civil War Photographs: Charleston in the War features newly restored images of scenes in the famed city, taken 1860–1865. The cameramen include the better-known, such as George N. Barnard and George S. Cook, as well as some lesser-known ones: Samuel Cooley, Charles Quinby, the partners Haas & Peale, Osborn & Durbec. Text by Stephen Davis and Jack Melton accompanies each featured photograph, describing the pictured scenes and the history surrounding them. The selected images depict a variety of settings: that portion of Charleston known as The Battery, the “Burnt District” (the area of the city destroyed by the Great Fire of December 1861), the Charleston Arsenal, and the many churches that allow Charlestonians to call theirs “the Holy City.” Special sections of this book are devoted to the huge Blakely guns imported from England by the Confederates and close-ups of Barnard’s views. The history of Civil War Charleston goes back to The Defense of Charleston Harbor (1890) by John Johnson, Confederate major of engineers, and to Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-’61 (1876) by Capt. Abner Doubleday, Federal second-in-command. Since then Charlestonians have contributed to the history of their city, notably Robert N. Rosen and Richard W. Hatcher III. The historical text surrounding 100 Significant Photographs draws on these and other works. A unique feature is its reliance upon the writings of actual participants, such as Augustine T. Smythe (1842–1914) and Emma Edwards Holmes (1838–1910). As a contribution to this literature, 100 Significant Civil War Photographs: Charleston in the War offers rewards for all readers, from the casual novice to the serious student.

DAVIS & MELTON 100 SIGNIFICANT CIVIL WAR PHOTOGRAPHS : CHARLESTON IN THE WAR

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Trekking across the field from Cemetery Ridge to the Codori Thicket, we wrapped up the day with a visit to the Willard Monument. Willard, while leading the 125th New York, was decapitated on the spot by a Confederate artillery shell.

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Wilmer McLean’s Civil War The Graphic War highlights prints and printmakers from the Civil War discussing their meaning and the print maker or artist’s goals. The McLean family’s home in Virginia was commodious and comfortable. Wilmer McLean had married well; Virginia Hooe Mason was the widow of a physician. Their sprawling plantation in Manassas, Yorkshire Plantation, covering more than 1,200 acres, was a legacy from Virginia’s family. The parents and five children settled into the

county in 1854 where Wilmer continued his trade as a wholesale grocer. Seven years later, their world changed forever. On July 18, 1861, the Civil War came to their doorstep. The preliminary movements to what eventually became the First Battle of Bull Run, or Manassas, occurred at Blackburn’s Ford, a minor skirmish. Union commander General Erwin McDowell sent out probes to determine the Confederate strength facing him. The brief engagement with casualties convinced him to use an alternate course. During the skirmish, a cannonball hit McLean’s home which was then being used by General P.G.T. Beauregard as his

headquarters. After the battle it was used as a hospital and prison for Union prisoners of war. At an undetermined time, McLean decided to move his family away from what appeared to be the center of action. McLean’s relative, Edward Porter Alexander, Beauregard’s chief signal officer, explained the move. McLean wanted “a secluded spot where he could hope never to see a soldier…It was certainly a very remarkable coincidence. The first hostile shot I ever saw strike, went through his kitchen. The last gun was fired on his land and the surrender took place in his parlor; nearly four years of time & 200 miles of space intervening.”1

April 2022

Wilmer McLean, ca. 1860. Lee’s aide-de-camp, Charles Marshall picked McLean’s Appomattox house as the location

The room in the McLean House, at Appomattox C.H., in which Gen. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant. (Library of Congress) 32

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for the surrender negotiations. At 1 o’clock, Lee arrived outfitted in a “fine, new, splendid uniform.” Half an hour later, Grant appeared in muddy boots, wearing a nondescript blouse with two stars attached to the collar. According to historian Elizabeth Varon, Grant’s entourage who stayed for the entire meeting were his aide-de-camp Brevet Brigadier General Orville Babcock, Assistant Adjutant General Colonel Theodore S. Bowers, and military secretary Captain Ely S. Parker. Others who came in and out during the meeting, among others, were Lieutenant Colonel Adam Badeau, and aidede-camp Lieutenant Colonel Horace Porter. Later, many others entered the room once the terms of surrender were agreed upon. They included Sheridan, Robert Lincoln, and Sylvanus Cadwallader of the New York Herald.2 The momentous occasion was anything but joyous for Wilmer McLean. Within days, treasure seekers stripped McLean’s house of mementos of the historic event. Union officers seized furniture, candlesticks, children’s toys, and pieces of upholstery. No relic was too small. It’s unclear if some items were paid for or merely confiscated. Supposedly Phil Sheridan seized the surrender desk and then offered it to Libbie Custer in recognition of her

April 2022

April 2022 husband’s “gallantry.”3 According to the National Park Service, Wilmer McLean moved back to his estate in northern Virginia in the fall of 1867,4 but not before he tried to save his Appomattox home. That year, New York lithographers Henry B. Major and Joseph F. Knapp published a view of the surrender room. This was a different situation because Wilmer McLean had commissioned the print as a fund raiser to stave off the financial distress he was experiencing. The war, a falloff in his wholesale business, and the ransacking of his home by Union soldiers, eventually led him to default on his mortgage by 1869. In the print, Major and Knapp emulated the so-called “rubber room” depictions of Lincoln’s death scene in the Peterson House. Anyone who had been in the room was depicted. General Meade, shown to Grant’s right, was late to the meeting and never entered the house. The lithographers used existing photographs of some participants, most notably

CivilWarNews.com Mathew Brady’s photo of Lee and his two aides at Lee’s Richmond home immediately after the surrender. The two aides have been identified as Colonel Walter Taylor on the right and either Custis or Rooney Lee on the left. The lithographers, however, have reversed Lee’s position in order to face Grant. On the far left is General George Armstrong “Custar” [sic]. Sheridan stands between Lee and Grant. On the right is General Wesley Merritt, sitting in the place of Colonel Eli S. Parker who is shown “leaning on the arm of the chair in which he should have been sitting.”5 Today the print is rare. It is unknown how many were produced. It is equally unknown how many were sold. Obviously, the print failed in its inherent purpose to provide financial relief to the McLean family. The McLean house was sold and dismantled. Today an accurate reproduction that opened in 1950 is part of Appomattox National Park. Wilmer died in 1882, in Alexandria, his birth place.

Endnotes: 1.

3. 4.

William Bake, “Wilmer McLean House,” https:// encyclopediavirginia.org/94hpr72261d400cf110b/. Originally Appomattox, Court House National Historical Park. For a thorough recounting of the meeting in McLean’s parlor see Elizabeth Varon, Appomattox: Victory, Defeat, and Freedom at the End of the Civil War, Oxford, 2014, Chapter 3, “The Surrender Conference,” 48-78. Grant’s description of Lee’s uniform, 54. Varon, 89. “McLean House,” NPS, https:// w w w. n p s . g o v / a p c o / l e a r n / education/mclean-house.htm. Mark E. Neely, Jr., Harold Holzer, and Gabor Borritt, The Confederate Image: Prints of the Lost Cause, Chapel Hill, UNC Press, 1987, 72-73.

After 43 years in the museum field, Cilella devotes his time collecting American prints and maps and writing. His last professional position was President and CEO of the Atlanta

33 History Center. His most recent books are Upton’s Regulars: A History of the 121st New York Volunteers in the Civil War (U. Press Kansas, 2009). His twovolume Correspondence of Major General Emory Upton, (U. of Tennessee Press, 2017), received the 2017–2018 American Civil War Museum’s Founders Award for outstanding editing of primary source materials. His latest book “Till Death Do Us Part,” an edit of Upton’s letters to his wife 1868– 70, was published in 2020 by the Oklahoma University Press.

Deadlines for Advertising or Editorial Submissions is the 20th of each month. ads@civilwarnews.com

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May 12-14, 2022

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McCormick Civil War Institute 2022 Spring Conference

“Beyond the Mere Routine of Everyday Life” Encounters & Experiences during the Civil War Saturday April 2, 2022 9 a.m. – 4 p.m.

Featuring Presentations by: Jonathan A. Noyalas (Shenandoah University) Lauren K. Thompson (McKendree University) Kathryn J. Shively (Virginia Commonwealth University) Jonathan W. White (Christopher Newport University)

Registration fee: $30 includes all sessions & lunch

“Gen’l. Robt. E. Lee and staff / M.B. Brady & Co., Washington, D.C.” On verso: “General Robert E. Lee seated between his son, G. W. C. (Custis) Lee on his right and Lt. Colonel Walter H. Taylor on his staff. This picture taken by Brady in 1865 in the basement below the back porch of Lee’s Franklin Street home in Richmond, Virginia.” (Library of Congress)

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April 2022

158th Anniversary – Battle of the Wilderness by Tom Van Winkle President CVBT Most who study the American Civil War must admit to having a particular battle that interests them most. Whether it be due to an ancestor who fought in it, or that it was fought in our home state, or just the nuances of the engagement that gravitate us towards the details. For me, the Battle of the Wilderness, fought May 1864, in Virginia is my choice. Why? Well, I live on the battlefield with my backyard literally bordering the original Wilderness Run. Oh, and another factor, I consider this battle to arguably be the turning point of the war itself. Next month we will be remembering the 158th anniversary of this battle that took place May 5th – 6th, 1864.

Scene at Germanna Ford, Union crossing, Mine Run. (Harper’s Weekly) I thought we would visit some interesting details prior to the unfolding of the battle itself as well as battlefield land saved by the Central Virginia Battlefields Trust through the years. One of the commonly overlooked pieces of the puzzle leading up to the battle of the Wilderness played out November 27 through December 2, 1863, the Mine Run Campaign in Orange County, Virginia. The first national day of Thanksgiving was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln earlier that year and celebrated November 26, 1863. The next day Union commander Major Gen. George G. Meade, under continuing pressure from the U.S.

General Grant in the Wilderness.

War Department to energetically engage and destroy Lee’s Confederates, planned one last offensive prior to winter weather setting in. Meade tried to steal a march southeast from Culpeper Courthouse, turn south through the thick forest of the Wilderness, and attack the right flank of the Confederate army south of the Rapidan River. Lee withdrew to existing field fortifications along Mine Run. Payne’s Farm and New Hope Church saw the most serious fighting of the Mine Run Campaign. When the Union army closed on the Confederate works skirmishing was heavy, but a major attack never occurred. General Meade determined that the Confederate line was too strong to attack and retired the night of December 1 and 2, closing the winter campaign without accomplishing his goal. Lincoln was not amused. When this last eastern military operation of a bloodstained year ended, both armies moved into winter quarters. The Army of Northern Virginia camped in Orange County while the Union Army of the Potomac encamped at Brandy Station. So, why was this failed Union maneuver important to the Wilderness campaign? Much of this campaign’s planning would again play out in May 1864.

roughly 65,000 men. If we look a little closer at the Union numbers, we find some interesting details. Many of the men had enlisted in 1861 for three-year terms and those terms were ending. A Massachusetts veteran would write, “I have no desire to monopolize all the patriotism there is, but I am willing to give others a chance.” Replacements for those who were mustering out consisted largely of conscripts having far less experience than the veterans and certainly a lesser desire to fight. Overall, the Union may have had around 70,000 reliable men. On a positive note, the Union army was well supplied. The army had amassed over 4,300 wagons, 835 ambulances and a herd of cattle. For Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia, the situation was quite different. Shortages of food, troops, and forage for the horses greatly affected morale. Their side of the river had seen two continuous years of battle that had laid the area to waste. One Confederate soldier would write, “seemed almost uninhabitable

Wounded soldiers from the battles in the “Wilderness” at Fredericksburg, Va., May 20, 1864. (Library of Congress)

Union wagons at Brandy Station. (Library of Congress) 34

During the Mine Run campaign Major General Gouverneur K. Warren, commanding the Union II Corps, was to traverse the river at Germanna Ford. Meade’s plan relied on a smooth crossing and timely advance to the predetermined positions. Once across the river the Union advance used many of the same roads that would be used in the upcoming Wilderness campaign, roads such as Germanna Plank Road, Orange Turnpike, Orange Plank Road, and Parkers Store Road. Both armies learned from this. The Confederates, using Clark’s Mountain as a signal station, witnessed these Union maneuvers. The Union commanders learned not to engage Lee when the Confederates could take advantage of their Mine Run works as well as understanding how quickly the Rebels could react. As both forces withdrew to their winter camps other issues became evident. For the Federal army, the sheer number of 120,000 available soldiers seemed overwhelming compared to the Confederates

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April 2022

April 2022 and not even the bark of a dog or sound of a bird broke the dreary silence.” Soldiers grumbled that rations consisted of wheat bran and beef so poor that when cooked smelled like glue. Lee had little hope of gaining fresh troops as the Confederacy no longer had any such resources. In March 1864, President Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to Lieutenant General and named him general-in-chief of the Armies of the United States. Making his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, Grant and Meade began an uneasy relationship and set out to begin what would become known as the Overland Campaign.

CivilWarNews.com Through the years CVBT has saved several Wilderness battlefield properties from being lost to history. In 2006, CVBT obtained six acres of land, denoted as Grant’s Headquarters, southwest of the modern-day intersection of Routes 3 & 20. In 2007 CVBT acquired an additional twelve acres. The majority of these acres were transferred to the National Park Service (NPS) following a boundary adjustment in November of 2019. In December 2009, 93 acres of the battlefield, just east of the Route 3 & 20 intersection and south of the Orange Turnpike, was preserved. This parcel is known

as the Wilderness Crossroads/ Atkins Tract. In September 2011, the CVBT transferred 31 acres to the NPS and retained the remaining 62 acres. Wilderness Crossroads II was obtained in December 2012. This 81-acre tract is located just east of the modern-day intersection of Routes 3 & 20 but north of the Orange Turnpike. In April 2016 CVBT purchased a small lot adding to a buffer abutting the thin strip of NPS land north of Hill-Ewell Drive, near the Widow Tapp field. Most recently, during October 2021, the CVBT acquired 30 acres of

35 the Wilderness battlefield. This parcel was donated to the CVBT by Fawn Lake Holdings LLC. This is a slice of land where Longstreet’s counterattack up Orange Plank Road occurred. To date CVBT has preserved 233 acres in the Wilderness. By leveraging grants, donations, and partnering with other preservation organizations, we were able

to save nearly $3,000,000.00 worth of endangered Wilderness battlefield land. As we reflect upon the 158th anniversary of the battle, the ability to stand on the very ground where it all happened adds to our understanding of the events and sacrifices that occurred here. For more information visit our website at www.cvbt.org.

Visit our new website at: HistoricalPublicationsLLC.com

Wilderness Turnpike Road preserved by CVBT.

April 2022

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April 2022

Ulysses S. Grant’s Birth Weight

by Phyllis Adams, BSN, RN Ulysses S. Grant’s early life is not well known. The accepted narrative regarding his birth weight was penned by Albert Deane Richardson as a gigantic ten- and three-quarter pounds. Can we accept Richardson’s account? Where is the evidence? How does one navigate the medical issues? Is it more likely Grant was a small, low birth weight baby?

Large Birth Weight Issues What is involved with a large birth weight baby? Infants with a birth weight greater than 4,000 grams are considered large babies. Three subdivisions of large birth weight babies are as follows: “Class I birth weight (4,000-4,499 grams), Class II birth weight (4,500-4,999 grams), and Class III birth weight (greater than 5,000 grams)” (Gaudet, et

al, p.1; Najahian, p.1). Grant’s alleged birth weight of ten and three-quarter pounds, (ten pounds twelve ounces), amounts to 4,876 grams! This weight in grams fits the Class II category noted above. Morbidity and mortality identified with large birth weight can be divided into categories of maternal, fetal, and newborn. Obesity prior to pregnancy can seriously affect the weight of an unborn infant. Mortality rates are greater in 9.4-pound babies in nondiabetic mothers and 8.8-pound babies in diabetic mothers. Diabetes pre-pregnancy and gestational diabetes are huge factors for women giving birth to large birth weight babies. Maternal complications in giving birth to a large baby include loss of uterine muscle tone, lacerations, uterine rupture, hemorrhage, and Caesarean section (Gaudet, et al, p.11-12; Najahian, p.2). Factors associated with excess fetal growth include duration of

gestation, gestational diabetes (also diabetes Type I or Type II), genetics, environment, increased fetal glucose, increased insulin, and an excess of fatty acids (Gaudet, et al, p.12). Large newborns may suffer from shoulder injuries during the birthing process, collar bone fractures, skeletal issues, oxygen deprivation, low blood sugar, and fatalities. Long-term adverse outcomes such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiac issues may result (Gaudet, et, al, p.11). Race and ethnicity are linked to large birth weight babies. Newborns of Hispanic origin have a greater incidence of large birth weight as Hispanic women have a higher incidence of diabetes during their pregnancies. Maternal diabetes is one of the greatest risk factors in giving birth to a large baby, whether diabetes is present prior to pregnancy or presents itself during pregnancy (Najahian, p.2). Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnant women who did not experience diabetes before becoming pregnant. It typically shows up half way through one’s pregnancy. This type of diabetes can cause several problems for mother and baby. Uncontrolled diabetes causes high blood sugar levels in baby; therefore, baby becomes overfed and grows too large. A Caesarian section may be needed for the safety of baby and mother especially if the baby is extremely large such as “ten

Birthplace of Ulysses Grant, Point Pleasant, Ohio, May 19, 2007. (Photo by Greg Hume) 36

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Ulysses Grant’s parents, Hannah Simpson Grant and her husband Jesse Root Grant. and three quarter pounds.” Low blood sugar with gestational diabetes is very serious and even fatal in some cases. Sugar levels uncontrolled during pregnancy can cause a baby to develop low blood sugar following birth and must be monitored closely (cdc. gov/pregnancy/diabetes, p.1).

Baby Grant’s Birth Hannah Simpson Grant labored for her first born, late Friday evening, April 26, 1822. Jesse Root Grant, her husband, left shortly before midnight and traveled from Point Pleasant to New Richmond, Ohio, along a well-worn wagon trail approximately six miles. He arrived at the home of Dr. John George Rogers, physician, fellow abolitionist, and friend. Jesse advised, “I think we’re going to need you up at the Point.’’ Dr. Rogers grabbed his medical bag, swiftly saddled his horse, and the two men promptly journeyed to Point Pleasant. Saturday, April 27, 1822, at 5 o’clock in the morning, “a small baby boy” made his debut into the Grant household (Greene, p.36). As Dr. Rogers prepared to depart, he advised the new father, “Jesse, you’d best be especially careful of that little fellow. He’s not so strong but what you may not bring him up if you’re not careful.” An adult grandchild of Dr. Rogers relayed the story to Dr. Greene,

the biographer of the delivering physician. Additionally, the grandchild remembered begging the grandfather, “tell me about the time you delivered General Grant” (Ibid, p.36). Richardson’s biography, with the large birth weight of ten- and three-quarter pounds for baby Grant, was published in 1868. That statement has been believed by many authors and historians over the years including recent biographers; however, it is without documentation as to its origin (Richardson, p.49; Chernow, p.3). The small baby delivered by Dr. Rogers is the only known documentation of Grant’s birth. Baby Grant was declared small and weak by Dr. Rogers (Ibid., p.36).

Low Birth Weight Babies What constitutes small and low birth weight babies? Today’s information gives the criterion as “preterm weight of 2,500 grams or less, or five and one-half pounds” (Child Health USA 2014, p.25). Low birth weight babies include those born preterm and small for gestational age. Complications for the baby resulting from low birth weight can include jaundice, respiratory issues, anemia, and infection (ibid., p.25). Preterm birth occurs when a baby arrives too early, before completing 37 weeks of pregnancy. The year 2019 saw

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April 2022 1 in 10 infants in the United States born preterm. The baby’s brain, lungs, and liver are still developing during those final weeks (CDC, preterm birth, p.1).

Infections Maternal issues related to low birth weight or small babies include urinary tract infections, which are common during pregnancy as changes in hormone levels increase the risk for urinary tract infections. It is likely for the infection to spread to the kidneys during pregnancy: therefore, the mother must drink more liquids, especially water. When left unattended, an infection can lead to preterm birth (womenshealth. gov p.1). “Infections that induce premature labor occur very early in pregnancy and are undetected until childbirth” (Giraldo, et al, p.1).

Anemia Anemia during pregnancy is considered a universal issue, and the most common nutritional disorder affecting “40% of pregnancies” (Madendag, et al, p.1). Studies indicate 10% of babies born in the United States are low birth weight, with anemia

CivilWarNews.com a major cause of this issue (Rahmati, et al, p.2). The National Institute of Health defines anemia as “a condition in which your blood has a lower-than-normal amount of red blood cells or hemoglobin.” Hemoglobin is “an iron-rich protein that helps red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body” (nhlbi.nih.gov p.1). What are signs and symptoms of anemia? One may have mild or severe anemia. Those with mild anemia may not show any signs or experience any symptoms. Patients with severe cases may experience weakness, tiredness, dizziness, faintness, thirst, and show signs of pale or yellowish skin (nhlbi.nih.gov “Anemia” p.8) During pregnancy a woman needs more iron to take care of her own and the baby’s needs. Many changes transpire in a woman’s body and the blood responds to these changes. The fluid portion (plasma) of one’s blood expands by 50 per cent and red blood cells increase 25 per cent (nhibi.nih. gov “Anemia” p.21). Due to these changes, additional iron is necessary for the baby’s growth, development, and placental support; therefore, additional B vitamins and nutrients are needed for both the mother and developing infant. Iron-deficiency anemia increases the risk for preterm, low birth

General Ulysses S. Grant. (Library of Congress)

April 2022

weight, and fatality for a baby prior to birth or shortly after the birthing process (Ibid., p.21). Iron is found in both animal and plant foods. Animal sources include clams, oysters, sardines, beef liver, lean red meat, and poultry. Plant sources include cooked white beans, chick peas, lentils, kidney beans, and lima beans. Dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach and turnip greens also contain iron. Additional good sources of iron are canned tomatoes, baked potatoes, and dark chocolate (nhlbi.nih.gov/anemia p.23; womenshealth.gov. vitamins and minerals, p.4).

Vitamin D Known as the “sunshine vitamin,” sunlight is a primary source of this vitamin. It is extremely important during pregnancy for both the mother and the baby she is carrying. Significant for fetal growth, vitamin D works in concert with calcium and parathyroid hormone for strong bones. Studies “found a significant correlation between low birth weight and maternal vitamin D deficiency” (Khalessi, et al, p.4). Additional pregnancy compllications due to deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D have been studied. Low levels of this special vitamin can lead to gestational diabetes, preterm labor, and preterm birth subsequently resulting in low birth weight (Dovnik, et al, p.1; Khalessi, et al, p.2). Eighteen studies investigated the relationship of nutritional status of vitamin D during pregnancy and subsequent birth outcomes. Evidence from the studies connected vitamin D insufficiency with preterm birth (Amegah, et al, p.16). First time pregnancy studies revealed risks for complications of high blood pressure and preterm delivery compared to those having more than one pregnancy. Other risk factors showed a high incidence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in young women of reproductive age (Flood-Nichols, et al, p.11). What sources provide vitamin D in addition to sunlight? Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and trout, also beef liver, and egg yolks, as well as foods fortified with this vitamin including milk and some brands of orange juice, yogurts, margarines, and other foods are good sources (ods. od.nih.gov/factsheets). Interestingly, vitamin D was not discovered until the 1920s by scientists at John Hopkins University (McCollum, et al,

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37 XXI, 1922). What was available for Hannah Grant regarding this vitamin? She certainly would not have absorbed sunlight for any length of time as women were virtually covered with their clothing from head to toe circa 1820. Likely, Hannah ate eggs which would have given her some of the precious vitamin and perhaps she partook of oily fish from time to time. She may have had an insufficiency of vitamin D, which could be a cause of a small baby.

Magnesium “Magnesium is the fourth most common mineral in the human body after calcium, sodium, and potassium. It is involved with over 300 enzyme systems and is a requirement for energy production” (Schwalfenberg and Genuis, p.1). During pregnancy, a deficiency of magnesium is common and is a determinant in outcomes of pregnancy and long-term health of the offspring. Magnesium deficiency leads to preterm birth, low birth weight, and small size for gestational age newborns (Schwalfenberg and Genuis p.5). Regarding “long-term health of the offspring,” it is interesting that “A Cochrane review grades magnesium as one of the strongly recommended treatments for migraine headaches” (Ibid., p.5), something Ulysses S. Grant suffered with his entire life. Did Hannah experience migraines and pass the tendency for migraines on to her first-born? Levels of magnesium in the umbilical cord are lowest in preterm and low birth weight babies. Low magnesium levels are an ongoing irregularity in low-birth-weight infants and are a “determinant of insulin resistance in later life” (Takaya and Kaneko, p.1-3). The mineral magnesium is critically important, especially during pregnancy. Today, physicians make sure pregnant

women have the proper level, 350-360 milligrams, of the mineral in their blood stream (ods.od.nih.gov/magnesium). Hannah would not have known about the necessity of this precious mineral. What foods may she have consumed that contained magnesium? She may have partaken of boiled spinach, cooked black beans, baked potato with the skin, brown rice, nuts, and perhaps bananas. She would have to eat these types of foods and more each day to reach the safe zone of 350 milligrams during her pregnancy (ods.od.nih.gov/ factsheets/magnesium, p.3-4).

Hannah’s Work Load Hannah Grant, with the quiet, undemonstrative personality she possessed, most likely carried on her household responsibilities without a second thought. In 1820-22, those activities in in the small 16 ½ foot by 19-foot, one room cottage in Point Pleasant, Ohio, included standing, bending, lifting at the fireplace, the only means at the small cottage for cooking and baking. Laundry required a great amount of work. First, she had to carry water from the backyard well, heat it at the fireplace, stand or bend over a washtub, and scrub Jesse’s extremely soiled work clothes from his tannery work. She would then haul the heavy wet work clothes outside, hopefully in a basket, and hang them on a line. Washing Jesse’s work clothes no doubt would take place more than once a week as the small cottage would not have accommodated his odoriferous piles of work clothes. Hauling water from the well would also be necessary for washing dishes, cooking, baking, and scrubbing the wood floor. Perhaps she carried in the wood for the fireplace and carried out the ashes as well. All these tasks entailed a great amount of time along with the bending, lifting, and standing. Physical demands

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38 can take their toll during pregnancy with an increased risk of adverse outcomes as in preterm delivery (CDC, Reproductive Health and the Workplace, p.1-2).

Maternal Stress “During pregnancy, moderate to severe life stress and maternal anxiety increase the risk of prematurity and low birth weight” (Lima, Dib, Rodriques, Ferraz, et al, p.2). Accomplishing her daily responsibilities during her pregnancy could have caused her stress and anxiety. Studies have revealed there were more children with low birth weight born from stressed women compared to non-stressed women” (Lima, et al, p.8). As Hannah was an undemonstrative person, she likely internalized her stress.

Wood Smoke Exposure Studies in the United States and other nations have shown exposure to wood smoke during pregnancy contributes to lowbirth-weight. Issues with wood smoke include toxic chemicals, especially carbon monoxide. If an expectant mother inhales some toxic smoke that may also

include fine particles along with the carbon dioxide, it contributes to adverse reproductive health outcomes including low birth weight (Siddiqui, et al. p.1-2; cdc. gov, reproductive health, p.1). Hannah worked daily at the fireplace cooking and baking. The fireplace was the heat source for the small (16 ½ by 19 feet), one room cottage during cold and damp weather. Any smoke Hannah inhaled would be passed on to her baby, but in smaller amounts. Smoke exposure was almost certainly an issue that occurred in the small cottage.

Conclusion Infections, anemia, low vitamin D and magnesium levels, long work days for Hannah due to standing, bending, and lifting at the fireplace, stress, and being exposed to wood smoke all can lead to low birth weight, small babies. Specifically, the exposure to wood smoke absolutely contributed to baby Grant’s smallness, noted as “small and not so strong” by the delivering physician, Dr. John George Rogers. All the information presented indicates Ulysses S. Grant was a small, low birth weight baby. The uncited large

birth weight of ten and threequarter pounds (Richardson, 49), believed for over 154 years as “hefty, lusty” (White, p.9) and “plump, hefty” (Chernow, p.3) is thus invalidated by the evidence shown.

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References ◆

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Amegah, A.K., Klevor, M.K., Wagner, C.L. 2017. “Maternal Vitamin D Insufficiency and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy and birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies.” PLoS One 12, no. 3, pages 1- 22 https://doi.org/10.1371/ journalpone.0173605. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/ diabetes https://www.cdc.gov/pretermbirth. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ repro/smoke.html. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ repro/workers/html. h t t p s : / / w w w. w o m e n s h e a l t h . gov/pregnancy/yourepregnant-now-what/ pregnancy-complications. Chernow, Ron. 2017. Grant. New York: Penguin Press. Dovnik, Andraz, Faris Mujezinovic. 2018. “The Association of Vitamin D levels with Common Pregnancy Complications.” Nutrients 10, no. 7 (July): 1-17. https://doi.

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org/10.3390/nu10070867. Figueiredo, Ana C.M.G., Isaac S. Gomes-Filho, Roberta B. Silva, Priscilla P. S. Pereira, Fabiana A.F. Da Mata, Amanda O. Lyrio, Elivan S. Souza, et al. 2018. “Maternal Anemia and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Nutrients 10, no. 5 (May): 1-22. .https://doi. org/10.3390/nu10050601. Flood-Nichols, Shannon K. Deborah Tinnemore, Raywin R. Huang, Peter G. Napolitano, and Danielle L. Ippolito. 2015. “Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Pregnancy.” PLoS One 10, no.4 e0123763. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0123763. Giraldo Paulo Cesar, Edilson D. Araujo, Jose Eleuterio Junior, Rose Luce Gomes do Amaral, Mauro R. L. Passos, and Ana Katherine Goncalves 2012. “The Prevalence of Urogenital Infections in Pregnant Women Experiencing Preterm and FullTerm Labor.” Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. (January 31): 1-7. https://doi. org/10.1155/2012/87841. Greene, P.F. 1963. “John George Rogers, MD: A Biography of the Man Who Delivered President Grant.” The Ohio State Medical Journal 59 (January-February): 36, 38, 142, 144. Khalessi, Nasrin, Majid Kalani, Mehdi Araghi, and Zahra Farahani. 2015. “The Relationship between Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency and Low Birth Weight Neonates.” Journal of Family and Reproductive Health 9, no. 3 (September): 113-117. Lima, Silvana Andrea Molina, Regina Paolucci El Dib, Meline Rosetto Kron Rodrigues, Guilherme Augusto Rago Ferraz, Ana Claudia Molina, Carlos Alberto Pilan Neto, Marcelo Aparecido Ferraz de Lima, Marilza Vleira Cunha Rudge. 2018. “Is the risk of low birth weight or preterm labor greater when maternal stress is experienced during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.” PLos One 13, no. 7: e0200594. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0200594. Madendag, Ilnur Col, Metkure Erasia Sahin, Yusuf Madendag, Erdem Sahin, Mustafa Bertan Demir, Banu Acmaz, Gokhan Acmaz, et al. 2019. “The Effect of Iron deficiency Anemia Early in the Third Trimester on Small for Gestational Age and Birth Weight:

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A Retrospective Cohort Study on Iron Deficiency Anemia and fetal Weight.” BioMed Research International 2019: Article ID 7613868, 4 pages. https://doi. org/10.1155/2019/13868. Panda, M., J. McIntosh, T. Chaudhari, and A. L. Kent. 2019. “Do Maternal Vitamin D Levels Influence Vitamin D Levels in Preterm Neonates?” International Journal of Pediatrics, Article ID 8613414, 7 pages. https://doi. org/10.1155/2019/8613414. Rahmati, Shoboo, Ali Delpishe, Milad Azami, Mohammed Reza Ahmadi, and Kurosh Sayehmiri. 2017. “Maternal Anemia during pregnancy and infant low birth weight: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.” International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine 15, no. 3 (March): 125-134. Schwalfenberg, Gerry K. and Stephen J. Genuis. 2017. “The Importance of Magnesium in Clinical Healthcare.” Scientifica, Article ID 4179326, 14 pages. https://doi. org/10.1155/2017/4179326. Siddiqui, Amna R. Ellen B. Gold, Xiaowei Yang, Kiyoung Lee, Kenneth H. Brown, and Zulfigar A. Bhutta. 2008. “Prenatal Exposure to Wood Fuel Smoke and Low Birth Weight.” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 4 (April): 543-549. https://doi.org/10.1289/ ehp.10782. Takaya, Junji and Kazunari Kaneko. 2011. “Small for Gestational Age and Magnesium in Cord Blood Platelets: Intrauterine Magnesium Deficiency May Induce Metabolic Syndrome Later in Life.” Journal of Pregnancy 2011, Article ID 270474, 5 pages. https://doi. org/10.1155/2011/270474. White, Ronald C. American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Random House, 2016.

Phyllis Adams obtained her Bachelor’s of Science in Nursing degree at Saint Joseph’s College of Maine and her Master’s in History degree (with a concentration in America’s Civil War) at American Public University. During her course of studies, she “met” Ulysses S. Grant and Clara Barton. Phyllis has been working on a book about Grant, is a living historian portraying Clara Barton, and is a member of the Ulysses S. Grant Association.

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FOR SERIOUS MILITARY ANTIQUE COLLECTORS

Vol 1, No. 1

Introducing the Spring 2022 debut of Military Antique Collector, a brand new 80-page, bimonthly magazine printed on top quality paper with high-resolution color photographs of some of the world's most beautiful and unusual military collectibles. Dedicated to both the expert collector and novice alike, each issue will be teeming with informative articles written by leading authorities in their fields of expertise, including distinguished well-known authors, along with prominent museum and auction professionals. Each will spotlight rare and unusual military objects, craftsmanship works, and their relationship to historical figures dating from early American and European history to limited coverage of the post-1898 artifact.

The Gatling Model 1866, caliber .50-70. Although the Gatling gun was never purchased by the Federal Government for use during the Civil War, some individual officers purchased them for their own use, and they saw action at Petersburg near the close of the war.

Obverse overall view of 2nd Model Spiller & Burr revolver #517. All photos by Tim Prince.

By Joel R. Kolander

This post war Model 1866 was similar to its predecessor in the fact that it fired black powder cartridges in sleeved sabots with percussion caps externally mounted to the sleeve. Later models benefited tremendously from the use of self-contained metallic cartridges.

As an unfortunate side effect of time, the War of 1812 is a conflict known to many in name alone. Its dates, battles, ships, and the brave men who fought on both sides have long begun their slow fade into the pages of history books. A surprising feat considering the magnitude of the events that transpired in those two and a half years. The White House and Capitol building were burned to the ground, our National Anthem was penned, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry defended our country from enemy vessels in the Great Lakes, and the phrase “Don’t give up the ship,” was first uttered. It was a war filled with acts of incredible valor, fierce battles, future presidents and generals on the battlefield, and epic naval slugfests as the young United States yet again confronted one of the most powerful nations on earth. One such battle in that conflict was the Battle of Fort Stephenson. Far from the largest battle of the war, there were only approximately 1,500 total combatants, but it did mark a substantial change in momentum and perfectly symbolized a proud and plucky American force against the overwhelming odds of the British and their mighty Navy. Fort Stephenson was barely more than a trading post fortified by log palisades and a large ditch, and unfortunately surrounded by high ground. It was located where modern-day Fremont, Ohio, currently rests, now a small town about 20 miles down the Sandusky River from the southwest corner of Lake Erie. This small fort was all that stood between an American supply depot further inland and a British floatilla accompanied by a band of Native American warriors led by Shawnee warrior chief Tecumseh. The sides were far from evenly matched. 700 British Regulars and 700-800 Native Americans were led by General Henry Proctor and came backed by several gunboats of the British fleet as well as a howitzer. The Americans were commanded by 21-year old Major George Croghan. His forces were a 160-man garrison and a weathered 6-pounder cannon named “Old Betsy.”

Reverse overall of #517.

This Union infantryman is wearing a regulation single breasted greatcoat and forage cap with a hand-tinted American flag in background.

Ferry, Burton accepted a new job in 1854 with the Ames Manufacturing Company, which not only produced small arms, but also the machines to manufacture them.

Croghan was ordered to evacuate and set the fort ablaze, but the young Major and his men remained behind prepared to defend it to the last. Croghan wrote a letter in the days preceding the battle: “The enemy are not far distant. I expect an attack. I will defend this post till the last extremity. I have just sent away the women the children and the sick of garrison, that I may be able to act without encumbrance. Be satisfied. I shall, I hope do my duty. The example set me by my Revolutionary kindred is before me. Let me die rather than prove unworthy of their name.”

UNION ISSUE GREATCOAT

This Union issue greatcoat or overcoat belonged to Private D. J. Leech, Co. F, 124th Illinois Infantry; “DJ Leech Oct 6th 1862” is written inside the coat sleeve.

To be offered Dec. 6-8, 2019 at RIAC. To see the results visit: www.rockislandauction.com. Historic National Treasure Solid Gold Fitted Ames Congressional Presentation Sword Presented by President Andrew Jackson to Lieutenant Benjamin Johnson’s Family for Gallantry and Good Conduct in the Defense of Fort Stephenson During the War of 1812 Military Antique Collector Magazine

Leech enlisted in the 124th Illinois Infantry on August 11, 1862; in July 1863 he was detailed as a nurse in the regimental hospital. Private Leech and his regiment were involved in numerous battles, including the May-July 1863 Siege of Vicksburg. He was mustered out on August 15, 1865. Image Courtesy Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield; WICR 30193 Military Antique Collector Magazine

The following year, Burton took on the daunting task of becoming the Chief Engineer of the newly established British Royal Small Arms Manufactory at Enfield Lock, known as RSAF Enfield. His initial project involved installation of the new manufacturing machinery and establishing the assembly line at Enfield. Burton remained in this position through 1860, when he was hired by the firm of J.R. Anderson & Company to oversee installation of equipment to produce small arms in the old Virginia Manufactory facility in Richmond. The following year Burton was made the armory’s superintendent. In that role he subsequently supervised the installation of machinery the state of Virginia had captured when it took over the Harpers Ferry Armory in April 1861. In an ironic turn of events, Burton set up the very equipment that he had formerly overseen as Master Armorer at Harpers Ferry in a facility dedicated to arming the forces opposing the will of the United States of America to preserve the Union. With Burton’s wealth of experience, and with his direct line of communication to the Confederate Ordnance Department, Spiller & Burr were undoubtedly confident that they would be able to establish their factory and secure a large contract to produce handguns Military Antique Collector Magazine

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CivilWarNews.com

April 2022

A War Necessity

Confederate Conscription and the Struggle For Southern Soldiers. By John M. Sacher. Notes, bibliography, index, Louisiana State University Press, https://lsupress.org, 2022, 268 pp., hardcover. $45.

Civil War News book reviews provide our readers with timely analysis of the latest and most significant Civil War research and Reviewed by Wayne L. Wolf scholarship. Contact email: BookReviews@CivilWarNews.com.

Francis Marion– The Swamp Fox

Francis Marion and the Snow’s Island CommunityMyth, History, andArchaeology. By Steven D. Smith. Maps, Photos, Illustrations, Endnotes, Bibliography, Index. 320 pages. United Writers Press, www. unitedwritespress.com. $40.00 Reviewed by Tom Elmore

Not unlike Robin Hood’s Sherwood Forest, Snow’s Island, located in the Pee Dee River in Florence County, South Carolina, has attained an almost mythic status as the place from where Brig. Gen. Francis Marion, the most successful partisan leader of the American Revolution, and his men seemingly came out of nowhere to harass the British and then disappear back. This, despite the fact, that it was only used for a few months in the winter of 1780–1781. Author Dr. Steven D. Smith, a Research Professor at the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, has spent years in the field examining sites on the island and throughout the region where Marion operated. This book is a not straight narrative of Marion, per se, but an archaeological and historical examination of the area and its people. The author concludes that 40

the region was the perfect place for Marion’s base of operations. It was almost inaccessible, did not have a large population, and those who lived there, mostly farmers and planters, supported the Patriot cause. He also examines the various myths and legends about Marion and how accurate the first three, and arguably the most influential, biographies of Marion are. Many legends about Marion come from these books and some, such as the famed sweet potato dinner with a British officer, probably never happened. The author also suggests that Marion was never called the “Swamp Fox” in his life time and that the nickname was a romantic invention of his early biographers. As for Marion actually using Snow’s Island as a base, sadly there is no hard evidence despite years of excavations. However, archaeologists have found numerous sites in the region where Marion and his men may have camped. This leads Smith to believe that Snow’s Island was used in the same manner that someone from Burbank, California might say that they live in Los Angeles or Hollywood. The one drawback to the book is that parts of it makes for dry reading, as it is filled with terms, descriptions, graphs, statistics, and other jargon that a historian or an archaeologist would understand, but not necessarily the casual reader, even though that documentation is rock solid. This is by far one of the best books ever written about Marion. Anyone with an interest in the American Revolution should check this book out. Tom Elmore is a descendant of two American Revolution Whig militiamen and is married to a descendent of Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. He has written extensively on South Carolina’s history.

Since 1780 conscription has been controversial. Patriotic Southerners debated whether or not the goal of mobilizing the most men to achieve Southern independence was served by forcing soldiers into the ranks. John Sacher does an excellent job of presenting a balanced view of conscription clearly demonstrating that conscription was not the “most hated” measure that many historians have labeled it. Southerners generally supported the Conscription Act of 1862, yet argued over whether it violated their States’ Rights ideology and whether it included exemptions unfairly favoring the rich and powerful. For the individual soldier, it was not a question of loyalty to the Confederate cause but a decision on what came first, family or country. Exemptions were sought, or bought, if it meant one’s family would otherwise starve or one’s occupation was necessary to produce necessities to clothe and feed the army. To achieve a balance between the need for manpower and maintaining home front productive capacity, the Conscription Act was modified several times, most notably in

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1864 and early 1865. Exemptions were changed, details eliminated, and slaves added to those eligible for conscription. All this was an effort to balance the unceasing demand for more soldiers and the need to be fair in the eyes of the home front. The perfect balance was never achieved. While statistics are fragmentary or missing to determine the actual number of men conscripted, exempted, or detailed to the critical occupations on the home front, three factors played into one’s views on conscription. Where one lived, how the war affected their family, and how the government listened to their concerns largely determined one’s willingness to obey the call for conscription. Adherence to the principles of the Confederacy was seldom in question. Loyalty to the cause remained unshaken throughout the war. John Sacher has done a commendable job of refuting the notion that conscription was the most hated measure passed by the Confederate Congress. It provided essential manpower that enabled the South to sustain itself for four long years, yet it had flaws. The rich and powerful could avoid

conscription with substitutes or direct payments, families were negatively impacted by the forced conscription of husbands, fathers, and agricultural producers; occupations deemed critical for supplying the troops became the instant avocation of shirkers. The author’s research represents the first comprehensive study of conscription in over a hundred years. His research is exhaustive, balanced, and convincing. The book is easily readable, filled with primary sources, and is highly recommended for any serious student of the South’s struggle to supply its armies with manpower to counter the North’s numerical superiority. Wayne L. Wolf is Professor Emeritus at South Suburban College, past president of the Lincoln-Davis Civil War Roundtable, and the author of numerous Civil War books and articles including Two Years Before the Paddlewheel and The Last Confederate Scout.

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FOUR INCREDIBLE ISSUES A YEAR

The Artilleryman is a quarterly magazine founded in 1979 for enthusiasts who collect and shoot cannons and mortars primarily from the Revolutionary War, Civil War to World War II. Now expanded and fully illustrated in rich color throughout the entire magazine.

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April 2022

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The Siege of Vicksburg: New Insights

The Siege of Vicksburg: Climax to the Campaign to Open the Mississippi River, May 23-July 4, 1863, by Timothy B. Smith. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, https://kansaspress.ku.edu, 2021. 724 pp. $45.00 Reviewed by John D. Fowler

In 1863, the Confederacy suffered three military disasters that sapped Rebel strength and drastically altered the course of the American Civil War. While Lee’s defeat at Gettysburg and the near annihilation of the Rebel Army of Tennessee at Chattanooga delivered hammer blows to the Confederacy, the third disaster, the fall of Vicksburg, has been viewed by some historians as perhaps the most critical. The fall of the Rebel river fortress has been chronicled several times but perhaps never with such painstaking detail as

found in Tim Smith’s The Siege of Vicksburg. Smith, a professor at the University of Tennessee (Martin), is a prolific scholar noted for exhaustive research and detailed writing. With more than 500 pages of text covering the events from May 23-July 4, 1863, this volume is no exception. In fact, hardly any aspect of the siege escapes Smith’s notice. This comprehensive account lies in stark contrast to general works on Grant’s campaign against Vicksburg. In general, most authors merely mention the Union advance on the Rebel citadel and the failure of the Union attempts to storm the city’s defenses, and then briefly discuss the siege and the eventual Confederate surrender. Smith clearly considers the Western Theater the most important of the war and the struggle for Vicksburg the most important military event in the West. Vicksburg, Smith contends, turned out to be the largest and most complex campaign of the war in terms of time, geographic impact, resources, and combat operations (with cavalry raids, pitched battles, naval actions, siege warfare, and skirmishing all part of the long struggle). Smith launches into the story of the siege following the failure of Grant’s assaults on the Vicksburg works. At this point, Grant realized the topography and Rebel defenses were simply too strong to storm, at least from hundreds of yards away. He would need the skill of his engineers and his

“The best little book on Barnard” The American Civil War was the first war in which both sides widely used entrenchments, repeating rifles, ironclad warships, and telegraphed communications. It was also the first American War to be extensively photographed. Mathew Brady, Alexander Gardner and Timothy O’Sullivan are famous for having made iconic photographs in the Civil War’s eastern theater. George N. Barnard deserves to be ranked in this top tier for his photographic work in the war’s western theater. A civilian photographer hired by Gen. William T. Sherman’s chief engineer to take pictures of fortifications around Atlanta, Barnard took several hundred of them in and around the city in the fall of 1864. His most famous is the site of Union Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson’s death in the battle of Atlanta, July 22, 1864. Thus far, no comprehensive, definitive listing has been made of the photographer’s work. For this book we have chosen a hundred images we deem “significant.”

128 page Paperback: $19.95 (+$3.50 S & H) Barnard Under the Microscope

Confederate Fortifications

Wrecking Atlanta

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Peachtree Battery–Another View Northern Engineers Prying Up Track

Library of Congress.

Shadow dating is the practice of timing a photograph by studying its shadows.

Congress images bear no captions (as do Poe’s pictures), so students of Barnardiana have to scrutinize the pictures and compare them to others.

the right—leading one to deduce that this picture was taken on the afternoon of November

Battles and Leaders series of the 1880s. When the men of the 1st Missouri Engineers (one of Poe’s two engineer regiments at Atlanta) saw the Taber illustration, they apparently recognized themselves, to the point of reprinting the drawing in their regimental history of 1889 with the caption, “the First Missouri Engineers destroying a railroad showing the use of hooks made by them for the purpose.”

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April 2022

In identifying these kinds of scenes, viewers look for telltale clues. One of the most important in the set of pictures taken at Battery K is the tree in the center, which Confederates had left standing just beyond their parapet. Confederate Lt. Col. Bushrod W. Frobel, assistant chief engineer in Hood’s army, called this “the Peachtree street battery.” In his diary entry for August 14, 1864, he remarked on the sharp skirmishing in front of it. Federal troops, however, never assaulted the Confederate works surrounding Atlanta.

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army’s raw muscle to inch his entrenchments closer and closer to the Confederate works, where another assault could be launched or mining operations under the Rebel works conducted. In the meantime, the Rebels would be cut off from supplies of food and ammunition. Smith ably details Grant’s struggles during the siege, from overcoming a shortage of engineers to the even more important struggle to supply his army. Smith also details Grant’s paranoia concerning a possible attempt by Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston to relieve the besieged city, either by crossing the Big Black River to the east or advancing from the area Smith called “the slot” between the Big Black and Yazoo Rivers in the north. The author also covers the Confederate decisions in equal detail. While Confederate General Pemberton emerges as a competent commander who had few options at his disposal by May 1863, Smith portrays Johnston as a poor commander who refused to make any real movements toward relieving the city. Smith views Johnston as doing just enough to make it look as if he were trying. For example, Johnston finally informed Pemberton that he would attack around July 7th when he knew full well that the latter did not have rations enough for his men at that point. For Smith, Johnston is more concerned with his reputation and not being blamed for what he views as the inevitable fall of Vicksburg, especially since he had ordered Pemberton to evacuate the city prior to the siege. In addition to the experiences of the general officers, Smith covers the average soldier’s experience in the trenches as well as the Rebel civilian population both inside and outside the river fortress. He even discusses in some detail the Northern visitors and the political machinations Grant faced from the Northern press. He examines the military aspects, the skirmishes, sharpshooting, small engagements around the city, and mining attempts by Federal sappers. Smith notes that the surrender was not completely the result of the food shortage. Although food stocks were nearly exhausted, the Rebels did have emergency rations when they finally surrendered on July 4. Pemberton’s decision came not from hunger but from the

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realizations that Johnston would not provide help and the Federals had dug themselves to within easy range for a quick assault. By early July, the Federal lines were close enough for an assault, which Smith believes would have overwhelmed the devastated Rebel works and led to the city’s capture. Simply put, the Rebels were dug out, not starved out. This book is part of what will ultimately become a five-volume set exploring the Union attempt to capture the Rebel bastion on the Mississippi. The details presented in The Siege of Vicksburg are remarkable given the short span of time covered. As with Smith’s previous trilogy on the Tennessee River (Corinth 1862: Siege, Battle, Occupation (University Press of Kansas, 2012); Shiloh: Conquer or Perish (University Press of Kansas, 2016); and Grant Invades Tennessee: The 1862 Battles for Forts Henry and Donelson (University Press of Kansas, 2021)), he has decided to write the books out of chronological order. In the Vicksburg series, The Siege of Vicksburg is volume five. The Union Assaults at Vicksburg: Grant Attacks Pemberton, May 17-22, 1863 (University Press of Kansas, 2020) is volume four. What will be volume one is forthcoming and will cover the Union attempts to advance on Vicksburg via the Mississippi Central Railroad and Chickasaw Bayou as well as the Confederate cavalry actions of Nathan Bedford Forrest and Earl Van Dorn. Volume two will cover the campaign from January to April 1863; volume three will examine events from May 1 through May 16, 1863. This series will augment by three previous works by Smith

that cover various aspects of the Vicksburg Campaign: Champion Hill: Decisive Battle for Vicksburg (Savas Beatie, 2004); The Real Horse Soldiers: Benjamin Grierson’s Epic 1863 Civil War Raid Through Mississippi (Savas Beatie, 2018); and The Decision Was Always My Own: Ulysses S. Grant and the Vicksburg Campaign (‎Southern Illinois University Press, 2018). Tim Smith has emerged over the past decade as one of the premier historians of the Civil War’s Western Theater and of Ulysses S. Grant. Now, following in the footsteps of Michael B. Ballard’s Vicksburg: The Campaign that Opened the Mississippi (University of North Carolina Press, 2010) and Ed Bearss’s three-volume study of the campaign, Vicksburg is the Key; Grant Strikes a Fatal Blow; and Unvexed to the Sea (Morningside House, 1985– 1986), Smith promises to bring new insights into the struggle for control of the Mississippi. This volume and the entire series deserve a wide audience as do any works by Smith mentioned here. The author’s attention to detail, keen insights, deep understanding, writing style, and exhaustive research combine to produce remarkable works of scholarship. With dedicated authors such as Smith, the longdeclared exhaustion and decline of Civil War military history is happily far from correct. John D. Fowler, Ph.D., is the author of several books and articles on the Civil War Era. He is the author of Breaking the Heartland: The Civil War in Georgia. He is currently a Professor of History at Dalton State College.

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April 2022

Did Lincoln Break the Constitution to End Slavery? No.

The Broken Constitution: Lincoln, Slavery, and the Refounding of America. By Noah Feldman. Photos, notes, index. 384 pp. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2021. Macmillan Publishers, http://us.macmillan. com. Hardcover. $30.

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DUTY AS WE UNDERSTAND IT.” Feldman finds Lincoln’s stirring conclusion “logically incoherent.” According to Feldman, “the Constitution of the union, to which Lincoln was expressing loyalty, was not ‘right.’ It was a compromise designed to achieve ‘might,’ based fundamentally on embracing what Lincoln was now openly calling a terrible moral wrong.” But Feldman misses what Lincoln was doing in this speech. Lincoln wanted Republicans to believe that their arguments were morally, and constitutionally, right and that they were winnable in the public sphere. The point of Lincoln’s “bland” history lesson was to give Republicans a basis for making sound arguments. If only white Southerners would listen; they wouldn’t. His faith in the “right” in his peroration was his belief that antislavery constitutional thinking could form a political majority, the “might.” Unlike slavery, which existed because some people had the raw power to impose their will on others, or “might makes right,” Lincoln was contending that strong moral arguments could be more powerful than bad ideas. In essence, he was calling for a robust understanding of “free speech” while simultaneously making an historically grounded constitutional argument about slavery. People at the time understood the speech’s greatness. On February 28, 1860, a schoolgirl in upstate New York wrote in her diary: “Grandfather asked me to read Abraham Lincoln’s speech aloud which he delivered in Cooper Institute, New York, last evening. . . . It was a thrilling talk and must have stirred men’s souls.” In like manner, in Lincoln at Cooper Union (2004), Harold Holzer argues that this “tightly argued,” “ingeniously calculated,” and “spellbinding oration” helped Lincoln attain the presidency. Curiously, Feldman never engages with one of Lincoln’s deepest meditations on the Constitution, a circa 1860–61 fragment in which he argued that “The Union, and the Constitution, are the picture of silver” framed around the Declaration of Independence’s principle of

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Reviewed by Jonathan W. White

In The Broken Constitution, Harvard law professor Noah Feldman argues that Abraham Lincoln “broke” the U.S. Constitution to “cleanse” it of the moral evil of slavery. “Today we conceive of the Constitution as a moral compact—a higher law that embodies an ideal form of government,” writes Feldman. “Yet the original Constitution was not a moral ideal. It was a compromise that preserved slavery.” According to Feldman, Lincoln initially sought to preserve the proslavery “compromise Constitution,” but over time changed his view. Once Lincoln “deemed that the compromise Constitution had been broken by the South,” he “ensured that it would remain broken” and “broke the Constitution as he had previously understood it” to transform the Civil War into a moral war, and the Constitution into a moral document. Feldman’s thesis is not entirely original. In 1987, for example, Supreme Court justice Thurgood

Marshall argued, “While the Union survived the civil war, the Constitution did not. In its place arose a new, more promising basis for justice and equality.” Feldman makes some questionable claims throughout the book, such as Lincoln won the presidential election of 1864 in part “because the Democrat George McClellan was too extreme in his Southern sympathies.” In his letter accepting the Democratic nomination in 1864, McClellan wrote: “But the Union must be preserved at all hazards,” among other statements calling for northern victory. More significantly, Lincoln would not recognize his depiction in this book. To explore one example in depth: In Feldman’s hands, Lincoln’s brilliant Cooper Union Address becomes “strange,” “fairly bland,” ambivalent, “mildly tendentious,” and an “odd performance.” Feldman comes to these conclusions because he appears to miss the overarching structure and purpose of Lincoln’s speech. In the first section of the speech, the “fairly bland” part, Lincoln used historical evidence to argue the Founding Fathers believed that Congress could regulate slavery in the territories. In the second section, Lincoln urged white Southerners to engage Republicans in civil debate over the slavery issue. Feldman completely ignores this aspect of the second section of the speech. In the third and final section, Lincoln exhorted Republicans to make their case in the public sphere, to compromise with white Southerners where they could, but not to sacrifice their moral principles on the issue of slavery. His ringing conclusion brought the audience to a roar: “Neither let us be slandered from our duty by false accusations against us, nor frightened from it by menaces of destruction to the Government nor of dungeons to ourselves. LET US HAVE FAITH THAT RIGHT MAKES MIGHT, AND IN THAT FAITH, LET US, TO THE END, DARE TO DO OUR

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“Liberty to all,” this, he called an “apple of gold.” Lincoln concluded, “The picture was made, not to conceal, or destroy the apple; but to adorn, and preserve it. The picture was made for the apple—not the apple for the picture.” In other words, Lincoln believed that the Constitution embodied and preserved morally right principles and was worth preserving. The Constitution was not something to be broken. It already was a moral document. Feldman’s analysis leaves other major questions about the Civil War era unanswered. If one accepts his view that “the compromise Constitution” was essentially proslavery, why did so many young men rush to arms to defend it? An immoral Constitution would not have been sufficient motivation. Readers interested in understanding how preserving the Union had a “moral” dimension could profit from reading Gary Gallagher’s The Union War (2011), Elizabeth Varon’s Armies of Deliverance (2019), or Andrew Lang’s A Contest of Civilizations (2021). On the question of emancipation, James Oakes offers a far more persuasive explanation in The Crooked Path to Abolition (2021). Oakes traces an antislavery constitutional tradition that developed in the decades between the Revolution and the Civil War. Feldman

occasionally recognizes that “the framers’ Constitution embodied both slavery and nonslavery at the same time,” but his emphasis is overwhelmingly on the proslavery interpretation of the Constitution. For Oakes, Lincoln’s wartime policies were the fulfillment of antislavery constitutionalism, not a breaking of the Constitution. As Oakes writes, “In 1861, as slaves began running for freedom to Union lines, President Lincoln and congressional Republicans reacted in ways consistent with their long-standing commitment to the antislavery Constitution.” Jonathan W. White is associate professor of American Studies at Christopher Newport University and author or editor of 13 books, including A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House (2022) and To Address You As My Friend: African Americans’ Letters to Abraham Lincoln (2021).

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Away Dancing the Night Hotel at the Gettysburg

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April 2022

CivilWarNews.com

What do they say?

By Jack W. Melton Jr.

Hidden Evidence A Look Inside Civil War Artillery Projectiles

"Through Jack’s superb photography; the collector and professional can now view an extensive exposure to sectioned projectiles. This is new for the average person in that for the first time since radiography; one can examine the internal makeup of a shell." CWO4 John D. Bartleson Jr., U.S. Navy EOD Author of Civil War Explosive Ordnance 1861–1865

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– The Half Shell

Book

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bulcaliber e g .69 es of th sid did ts, 3-rin bulle k on boths method re. James liber un ra .58 ca unters percussion fuse ts. Thi ot are 3-ring that is co the bulle case sh e located g in ed as clud ound Ring base plug) mp sit erial inug (under in loose ar bullets us il War du iv ith pl ot mat The James percu se sh support as poured es filled w e post-C ca e th n w th til diameter than the ssion fuse consists of a bronze rman charge , from zed as Projec anvil cap with a James e utili s a brass Bobursting ses out. projectiles zinc plunger fitted the visible ring extend percussion fuse on the previo ts wer ha e fu Union with a nipple. Both der e bulle llets. It the projectile’s ribbed ing below the base of the projecus page. This sub-pattern is comm ing th d are smaller in k pow only called tile body. The visible body, were develo ple, riflSharps bu The blac d in blowfederate an d ped in an small notches, locate a tie-ring James due to il l: Woo projectile body during firing. on eede nel. is exam d in the raised portio This pattern James attempt to improve the chances In th S. ring-ta ion chan only succ other C eorgia. ateria ss: .31 inch M of the lead sabot t U. projec G n of at d ic tile is less common with ten ta, remaining attach Sabo Thickne l: None than the flat based lets, an commun ell and of red, along in Augus s ed to the ia er ad l er al James projectile. n at W calib l: Le flame’sork very w as recove der Works rman loy rix M Materia : Varied Bo at w w 74 w al e, M en ot m Po eter tin not ase Sh ot Diam Diam specim federate em: TiLead and inches s C st hi Sy on T eter: 3.72 inches Sh l: 1.65 the C Case Fusing Materia iameter: ch Bore Diameter: near Construction: Shell 3.80 inches FusingThread D gth: .75 in Gun: 14-pounder Fusing System: Sabot: Ring or band, James Rifle Percussion, James Fuse Hole Len Length: 6.75 inches Fusing Material: inches Sabot Height-Wi lead (missing) Brass 3.58 3.67 inchesre Fuse Cup dth: 2.62 inches Weight: 10.0 pound Fuse Thread Diam t: eter: : Wall Thickness: s Sabo Diam Diameter r Smoothbo .62 inch Fuse Hole Leng eter: .90 inch Matrix Material: th: 1.56 inches Bore 6-pounde ds 259 N/A un Case Shot Mate Gun: t: 5.2 po Case shot rial: N/A Weigh ruction: st on C

ring Sharpsbullet tail

• • • •

392 pages of full color photographs with descriptions Covers projectiles, fuses, canister, grapeshot and more 850 photos, drawings, radiographs, patents and maps A must for every serious artillery enthusiast

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April 2022

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Jack Melton’s latest endeavor, Civil War Artillery Projectiles – The Half Shell Book, is a remarkable addition to Civil War artillery ammunition literature. For archaeologists and collectors the clearly written text and the excellent photographs provide a wealth of information to properly identify recovered shells and burst fragments. For bomb squad and EOD specialists this book should be on every units’ shelf. The material found in these pages will help EOD personnel identify what has been found, whether or not it is dangerous, and how to inert the round without the necessity of destroying an important historic object. This book takes Civil War artillery ammunition studies to a new level. Douglas Scott Adjunct Research Faculty, Colorado Mesa University. Author of Uncovering History: Archaeological Investigations of the Little Bighorn. Wow. I have been reading a lot of different books on ordnance from this era, but this one takes the cake. Most of the other books drift off in directions that are not helpful with the ordnance specific information I am usually looking for. But this book stays on task and topic from start to finish. Tom Gersbeck MFS, Graduate Faculty, Arson-Explosives Investigation (AEI), School of Forensic Sciences, Oklahoma State University Jack Melton’s new book Civil War Artillery Projectiles – The Half Shell Book, promises to be one of the most important volumes on Civil War artillery in recent times. Anyone who has studied the wide variety of Civil War projectiles knows that what is inside is just as important, and maybe more so, than what is outside the shell. In this book, cutaway shells are graphically explained with superb color photographs and detailed notes. They reveal important details and differences in a variety of similar projectiles that tell us U.S. from C.S. and between type variations, in a way that no other approach has ever done. It is supremely helpful in explaining to others just how a shell works, whether it is still dangerous or not, and why. Les Jensen Former Curator of the Museum of the Confederacy

CivilWarNews.com

April 2022

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fought and bivouacked. There are three nights of activities and two days of tours. Friday we will be visiting by charter bus Elm Springs, St. John’s Church and positions around Columbia, with lunch at Puckett’s Grocery. Afternoon tour of the Battle of Franklin. Saturday we will visit Mount Olivet Cemetery and Fort Negley, lunch at Historic Travellers Rest, with an afternoon tour of Battle of Nashville sites. Saturday night banquet speaker is John Banks of the History Channel. Member Cost: $200, non-member $215. Pay before Feb. 1st to avoid late registration fees. May 12th: 7 to 9 p.m. May 13th: 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., May 14th: 8:30 a.m. to 9 p.m. For information; Cliff Roberts, cliff874@gmail.com, 770-656-5585, www.generalbartonandstovall.com.

May 14-15, New York. Annual Artillery School

Visit our new website at CivilWarNews.com and it will take you to HistoricalPublicationsLLC.com. The calendar is online and an updated before the print issue. To submit an event send it to: ads@civilwarnews.com

Sponsored by the National Civil War Artillery Association and Reynolds’ Battery L., the 34th Annual Artillery School at Old Fort Niagara State Park in Youngstown will again take place in 2022. Fort Niagara is the oldest continuously occupied military site in North America. Open to all branches of service, both Federal and Confederate. Registration fee is $7. Registration Forms and additional info can be found at: www.reynoldsbattery.org. For information, 585208-1839 or contact Rick Lake at rlake413@aol.com.

May 14-15 Washington Township, Pennsylvania

Before making plans to attend any event contact the event host. April 23, Illinois. Civil War & Military Extravaganza.

Zurko Promotions presents The National Civil War Collectors Fall Show and Sale which will be held at the DuPage County Fairgrounds, 2015 W. Manchester, Wheaton, Ill. Hours: 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Admission is $10, Early Admission $25. Free parking. For more information visit www. chicagocivilwarshow.com or call Zurko Promotions at 715-526-9769.

April 30 – May 1, Ohio. Civil War Show and Sale

The 44th Annual Ohio Civil War & WWI/II Show will be held in Mansfield, OH, at the Richland County Fairgrounds. All federal, state and local firearm ordinances and laws must be obeyed. Civil War and WWI & II Memorabilia for buy, well & trade. Featuring a unique artillery show with 15 cannon on display with firing demonstrations. Added Special Features: Civil War & WWII encampments, Sutlers Row, field hospital scenario, period music, Gettysburg Address by President Lincoln, Marlboro Volunteers Traveling Museum and Military Vehicle. Hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sat., 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. on Sun. Parking is free. For information; contact Wayne Williams: 419-884-2194 or t.drushel@zoominternet.net. Visit our website at www. ohiocivilwarshow.com.

Living History weekend at Monterey Pass Battlefield. Hosted by the 2nd Maryland Artillery. Monterey Pass was fought on July 4-5, 1863 when Union cavalry attacked retreating Confederate wagon trains after the loss at Gettysburg. The battle was fought at midnight in a driving rain storm. Approximately 1,500 Confederate prisoners were taken. Most of the prisoners were Confederate wounded. Artillery and infantry demonstrations daily. Medical demonstrations by CWHI. Guided walking tours of the battlefield daily. For more information visit https://montereypassbattlefield.org or contact John johnwelker117@gmail.com.

May 18-22, Virginia. Period Firearms Competition

The North-South Skirmish Association 145th National Competition near Winchester. Over 3,000 uniformed competitors in 200 member units compete in live-fire matches with muskets, carbines, revolvers, mortars and cannon plus costume competitions and historical lectures. The largest Civil War live-fire event in the country. Free admission, large sutler area, and food service. For more information visit the N-SSA web site: www.n-ssa.org.

May 12–14, Tennessee. 21st Congress of the General Barton & Stovall Association

Drury Plaza Hotel, 1874 W. McEwen Drive, Franklin, TN 37067 Since 2001, our association has held yearly Congresses across the Southeast. Each Congress is held in a different location near where our soldiers once

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May 20-22, Georgia. Reenactment and Living History

The Battle of Resaca Reenactment will be held on over 600 acres of the original battlefield in Resaca, Georgia. This reenactor-friendly event will have main camps located near the original US and CS lines. Campaigners are welcome to camp in or near the breastworks. Amenities include straw, hay and firewood. Modern food and ice vendors on site. Weekend activities will include aggressive battles both days at 2 p.m. – rain or shine, combined US & CS morning colors, period demonstrations, cavalry competition, a civilian refugee camp, reenactor yard sale, sutlers, period music and dance, period church services, and a memorial service at the Confederate Cemetery. Many Civil War historical sites are located on the reenactment site and two major Civil War parks are within minutes of the site. Handicapped parking available with free transport from parking areas to battlefield, vendor and sutler areas. Reenactor pre-registration is $10 if received by April 15th. Artillery bounties of $150 for the first 18 cannons with crew pre-registered by April 15, 2022. A portion of the proceeds to be donated to preservation efforts of the Friends of Resaca Battlefield. For more information; www.georgiadivision.org.

May 29, Pennsylvania. Memorial Day Observed at Laurel Hill Cemetery

Original G.A.R. Decoration Day Service of 1868. 3822 Ridge Ave. Philadelphia 12 noon. All are welcome. Laurel Hill is the site of the first Memorial Day in Philadelphia in 1868. Special veterans’ markers will be dedicated at the graves of previously unmarked veterans. Speakers, ceremonies, and pageant will highlight the ceremony. Wreathlaying, speeches, music, and honor guards. Historical groups, veterans, and citizens are urged to participate. Wreaths, military contingents, color guards, music and period civilians are encouraged to participate. Refreshments served after the ceremony. For information; 215-228-2800.

June 4-5, Virginia. Reenactment: The Action at Wilson’s Wharf

Located between Richmond and Williamsburg on the James River, scenic Fort Pocahontas is the site of the May 24, 1864, action in which United States Colored Troops defended the fort they built against an assault by Fitzhugh Lee’s Confederate Cavalry. Open to the public 10-4 Sat. and 10-3 Sunday: $10/adults, $8/students; battle reenactments both days. See Civil War camps and enjoy history brought to life through family-friendly activities. For reenactors: preregistration required starting Jan. 10 at www.fortpocahontas.org; shaded campsites; Friday officers’ social; Saturday dinner and dance.

June 11-12, Mississippi. Civil War Show

April 2022 Nov. 12, Virginia. Civil War Show

Bullet and Shell is proud to present the 41st Central Virginia Military Antique Show (formally Mike Kent’s Capital of the Confederacy Civil War Show). In conjunction with the Central Virginia Civil War Collectors Association, we plan to continue to do everything to make this one of the best shows in the country. The show will host vendors and displays of American military history from the Revolutionary War through WWII. Bring your relics for appraisal or to sell. Over 300 tables! There will be many historical items to add to your collection. Show hours are 9-5 on Saturday, vendor setup on Friday. Parking is free and admission is only $10/adults with children under 12 free. For more information or registration go to www.MilitaryAntiqueShow.com.

Nov. 19, Pennsylvania. Remembrance Day in Gettysburg

General Meade & his Generals and the veterans of the Battle of Gettysburg Honor/Dedication ceremonies during the Remembrance Day Observance. Honoring all commanders and veterans of the Battle. Meet at the General Meade Equestrian Monument at 10 a.m. For information; Jerry McCormick at 215-848-7753 or gedwinmc@msn.com.

Dec. 3-4, Tennessee. Civil War Show and Sale

MK Shows presents the 35th annual Middle Tennessee Civil War Show and Sale at the Williamson County Ag Expo Park, 4215 Long Lane in Franklin. The nation’s largest Civil War show, featuring 750 tables of antique weapons, artifacts and memorabilia from top dealers and collectors around the country and encompassing all eras of military history from the Revolutionary War through World War II. Appraisers are always on hand to help you identify and value your military collectibles at no cost. Hours are 9-5 on Sat., 9-3 on Sun. Free Parking. Admission is only $10/adults and children under 12 are free. For information; www.MKShows.com or Mike@MKShows.com.

Civil War Relic Show will be held at Brandon City Hall, located at 1000 Municipal Drive, Brandon, Mississippi. 300 tables of relics, weapons, prints, documents, artillery, WWI & WWII, bottles, books, currency, living history displays, and more. Admission $7, 12 and under are free. Saturday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Sunday, 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Contact Tim Cupit at TimCupit@comcast.net or call 769-234-2966. Website is www.scv365.com.

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June 25-26, Pennsylvania. Annual Gettysburg Civil War Artifact Show

Aug. 5-7, Virginia. Reenactment

160th anniversary reenactment of the Battle of Cedar Mountain in Culpeper, “Slaughter on the Mountain,” reenactors welcome! Join a reenactment of the first battle of the Second Manassas campaign on the actual battlefield. Recreations of battle actions on Saturday and Sunday Aug. 6-7. Event limited to 1,500 troops (artillery, cavalry, and civilians by invitation only). Public talks & demonstrations both days. Sutlers and food vendors will participate. For information; friendsofcedarmountain.org.

Aug. 13-14, Georgia. Civil War Show and Sale

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The nation’s premier Civil War relic and collectors show at the Eisenhower All Star Complex at 2634 Emmitsburg Rd., Gettysburg. Brendan Synnamon, GBPA Vice President of Administration and the event’s coordinator, is working closely with the Eisenhower Complex to ensure the event follows PA Guidelines for COVID 19 control. Our 300+ tables are a great way to view and even purchase authentic Civil War artifacts. Browse the tables and speak with the vendors who are all well versed in history and artifact identification. Better than a museum! Every item has someone willing to give you its history lesson and answer all your questions. $100 VIP Charitable donation includes Friday and early admission for the serious collector. Hours: Sat. 10-5, Sun. 9-2. Admission $10, children under 12 free. For more information visit https://www.gbpa.org/event/annual-civil-warrelic-show.

To Any MKShows Event

Mike@MKShows.com • www.MKShows.com

44th Annual Southeastern Civil War & Antique Gun Show in Marietta at the Cobb County Civic Center hosted by the North Georgia Relic Hunters Association. Cobb County Civic Center, 548 South Marietta Pkwy SE, Marietta, GA 30060. Hours Sat. 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., Sun. 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Admission $6, veterans and children under 10 are free. Show chairman: Ray McMahan at terryraymac@hotmail.com. For more info visit www.ngrha.com.

Sept. 24, Illinois. Civil War & Military Extravaganza

Zurko Promotions presents The National Civil War Collectors Fall Show and Sale which will be held at the DuPage County Fairgrounds, 2015 W. Manchester, Wheaton, Ill. Hours: 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Admission is $10, Early Admission $25. Free parking. For more information visit www.chicagocivilwarshow.com or call Zurko Promotions at 715-5269769.

Oct. 1, Pennsylvania. Honor Ceremony

Major Octavius V. Catto Honor ceremony; wreath laying; military salute at the Catto Monument at city hall in Philadelphia at 11 a.m. honoring the great black equal rights and military leader. Wreath-Laying ceremony. All military units, period civilians, veterans and heritage groups are welcome. Colors, wreaths and music encouraged. Following the city hall ceremony, PA National Guard Medal Ceremony at 12:30 p.m. in the Union League for the ‘Major Catto Medal.’ For info: Dr. Andy Waskie awaski01@gmail.com.

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Oct. 7-9, Virginia. Period Firearms Competition

The North-South Skirmish Association 146th National Competition near Winchester. Over 3,000 uniformed competitors in 200 member units compete in live-fire matches with muskets, carbines, revolvers, mortars and cannon plus costume competitions and historical lectures. The largest Civil War live-fire event in the country. Free admission, large sutler area, and food service. For more information visit the N-SSA web site: www.n-ssa.org.

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April 2022 Civil War News

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The Unfinished Fight

Through the Lens