MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN
At the College of Business, our Purpose Statement reflects our reason for coming to work every day. The first sentence states simply: “We Discover New Ways of Knowing How Business Can Positively Impact Society.” As a community of scholars and learners, we believe that business can be a force for tremendous good in our society. One of the ways we discover how is through the research that our faculty publish.
Impactful research is not only part of our Purpose, it's also part of our accreditation through the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). The accreditation standards state in part, “...The production of intellectual contributions in and of itself is not sufficient for demonstrating thought leadership... Business education can help solve the world's problems when discipline silos are broken down and knowledge is combined across disciplines. Through teaching, education, and scholarship, we seek... to promote such impactful work to better society and contribute to solving some of society's grand challenges.”
As you'll see in these pages, in the last year the faculty at the Chico State College of Business have delivered admirably on this vision. The faculty are engaged in thoughtful and impactful research that push new understandings of business organizations and how they have a positive societal impact. In addition to engaging in top scholarly research, the faculty are also impacting the practice of business and finding new ways to innovate in business education.
I know you'll find the research write ups in this publication fascinating and interesting. Thank you for your support of and engagement with the College of Business.
Dean, College of Business California State University, Chico
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4 K. Damon Aiken, PhD …………………………………………...Winning Isn’t Everything: An Investigation Linking Old School Values to Fan Behaviors 5 K. Damon Aiken, PhD and Norkeith Smith, PhD Exploring When and Why Business Students Listen to Music 6 Mitch Casselman, PhD…………………………………………..Rethinking Corporate Governance in the Digital Economy: The Role of Stewardship 7 Emily J. Huang, PhD, Qingzhong Ma, PhD and Athena Zhang, PhD Using Flipped Instruction in a Technology Enhanced Learning Environment: The Case for Scaffolding 8 Hyunjung Kim, PhD………………………………………………Rigorously Interpreted Quotation Analysis for Evaluating Causal Loop Diagrams in Late Stage Conceptualization 9 Sarah Kimakwa, PhD Social Entrepreneur Servant Leadership and Social Venture Performance: How are They Related? 10 Sarah Kimakwa, PhD…………………………………………….Entrepreneurs’ Ethnic and Political Identity Alignment as Determinants of Access to Government Support in Africa: A Conceptual Framework 11 Youngsu Lee, PhD……………………………………………….. Confirmatory Aspect Level Opinion Mining Processes for Tourism and Hospitality Research: a Proposal of DiSSBUS 12 Qingzhong Ma…………………………………………………….The Sound of Silence: What Do We Know When Insiders Do Not Trade? 13 Qingzhong Ma, PhD and Athena Zhang, PhD……………….Limits of Arbitrage and Mispricing: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions 14 Robert Madrigal, PhD Improving Fit Perceptions for an Incongruent Sponsorship: Associating a Sports Property to a Brand via Analogical Articulation 15 Robert Madrigal, PhD……………………………………………Look Puppies! A Visual Content Analysis of Major Statements within Pharmaceutical Advertising 16 Maria J. Mendez, PhD The Attributional Counterfactual Theory of Need: Integrating Theories to Predict Need Norm Use 17 Kathryn Mercurio, PhD………………………………………….Showing Dual Concern: The World Needs to Learn How to Criticize with Care 18 Kathryn Mercurio, PhD Insights into Identity Formation: How Differences in Ethical Orientations Predict Affiliation with Individual and Group Based Identities 19 Matt Meuter, PhD……………………………………………….. Viewpoint: Internet Revolution Lessons Applied to Post Pandemic Service Delivery (A North American Perspective) 20 Richard Ray, PhD…………………………………………………Tax Strategies for Allocating Installment Payments among a Multiple Asset Purchase
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
21 Richard Ray, PhD…………………………………………………Calculating W 2 Wages of Agricultural and Horticultural Cooperatives 22 Richard Ray, PhD Determining Gains and Losses From Selling the Family Farm 23 Richard Ray, PhD…………………………………………………Valuing Certain Fringe Benefits 24 Norkeith Smith, PhD and K. Damon Aiken, PhD Don’t Stop the Music: An Exploration of First Generation College Students’ Use of Music During Pre pandemic and Pandemic Times 25 Xinyu Wei, PhD……………………………………………………Review of supply chain management within project management 26 Xinyu Wei, PhD Supply Chain Management Implementation in the Project Based Environment: A Systematic Review 27 Xinyu Wei, PhD……………………………………………………The Evolution of Supply Chain Management as Measured with the Baldrige Excellence Framework 28 Christine Witt, PhD, Carol Trivedi, PhD, and Fariba Aminalroayae
Using Flipped Instruction in a Technology Enhanced Learning Environment: The Case for Scaffolding 29 Athena Zhang, PhD………………………………………………The Price Discovery Processes in China, India, and Russia's Stock Index Futures Markets 30 Suzanne Zivnuska, PhD………………………………………… Technostress and the Entitled Employee: Impacts on Work and Family
VISION
The Chico State College of Business will be a leader in business education and scholarship that solves the unprecedented challenges of the 21st century.
MISSION
Through innovative curricula that emphasize critical thinking and experiential learning, we prepare graduates to achieve early career success and contribute to the ethical stewardship of environmental, social, and economic resources. The College of Business is an engaged and collegial learning community that values practice relevant, high faculty interaction teaching, and applied scholarship. Our College is student centered, interdisciplinary, committed to continuous improvement, and tightly integrated with our business and community partners. We produce collaborative graduates valued for their practical orientation, critical insight, integrity, and adaptability.
PURPOSE
We discover new ways of knowing about how business can positively impact society. We educate students one individual at a time, and the result is Company Worth Keeping.
K. Damon Aiken, PhD Professor, Marketing
K. Damon Aiken is a professor of marketing at Chico State. He received his PhD from the University of Oregon. His research interests include branding, sport marketing, and fan values. He has published in various journals including the Journal of Product and Brand Management, the Journal of Business Research, and Sport Marketing Quarterly.
WINNING ISN’T EVERYTHING: AN INVESTIGATION LINKING OLD SCHOOL VALUES TO FAN BEHAVIORS
Research Question: This research asks the complex question, what role do ‘old school’ fan values play in relationship to team performance and subsequent fan behaviors?
Background/Relevance: Old school (OS) values are defined as a set of closely held beliefs aligned with three basic topics. First, OS fans view today’s professional athletes as more interested in making money than in sport itself. Second, fans high in OS values believe that there is too much societal emphasis placed on winning. Third, OS fans believe in the notion that athletes have a social obligation to act as role models. In two surveys of NBA fans, the three OS values were measured in light of fans’ four main behaviors, namely: (1) basking in reflected glory (BIRGing The jubilant fan proudly proclaims their association with, “We won!”), (2) basking in spite of reflected failure (BIRFing The loyal fan might say, “We lost, but we will get them next year.”), (3) cutting off from reflected success (CORSing The disenfranchised fan might say, “Sure, they won, but I don’t like who they have become.”), and (4) cutting off reflected failure (CORFing The dissociated fan simply says, “They lost.”).
Results/Analysis: It appears that BIRFing is influenced by two OS dimensions. Fans more OS in their concerns for athletes being good role models are more likely to engage in BIRFing. After a loss, these fans are (in their minds) correct in celebrating because good role models exhibit appropriate behavior. Their team gave it a good effort, the team played with good sportsmanship, and these fans are modeling losing with dignity. On the other hand, fans with more OS values surrounding materialism are less likely to BIRF. Conceivably, these fans are fed up with the exorbitant salaries of modern professional athletes. When their team loses, they don’t want to bask in the notion that “these overpaid prima donnas could not (or would not) pull together and get the job done.” Additionally, fans harboring OS values, in general, are less likely to distance themselves (i.e., less likely to CORS or CORF). In other words, OS fans are more likely to believe that it is not whether you win or lose but how you play the game that matters.
Both studies uncovered the remarkable finding that fans whose teams have higher numbers of wins are less likely to BIRG. Study 1 even noted that fans of the absolute worst team in the league BIRG significantly more than fans of the best team in the league. While this seems counterintuitive, it can largely be explained by the fact that wins are fewer for these fans and so there is more reason to bask. Researchers have argued that the reason for this seeming decrease in returns for winning stems from the fact that when a team wins consistently it eliminates a key reason for watching sports the uncertainty of the outcome.
Conclusion/Implications: This paper contributes to the field by making the crucial values to fan behavior connection linking OS values to BIRGing, BIRFing, CORFing, and CORSing. Our results provide strong evidence that team win loss records are not directly tied to BIRGing, BIRFing, CORFing, and CORSing behaviors. Fan values and levels of identification appear to be more meaningfully driving forces. The implications of this research revolve around the notion that better understanding the relationship between fans’ values and their behaviors allows marketing managers to implement more effective marketing strategies and activities.
Aiken, K. D., Sukhdial, A., Campbell, R., Kent, A., Malkewitz, K. (in press). Winning Isn’t Everything: An Investigation Linking Old School Values to Fan Behaviors. International Journal of Sport & Society.
Norkeith Smith, PhD Assistant Professor, Marketing
K. Damon Aiken is a professor of marketing at Chico State. He received his PhD from the University of Oregon. His research interests include branding, sport marketing, and fan values. He has published in various journals including the Journal of Product and Brand Management, the Journal of Business Research, and Sport Marketing Quarterly.
EXPLORING WHEN AND WHY BUSINESS STUDENTS LISTEN TO MUSIC
Research Question: Brand names are associated with numerous characteristics and deeper meanings in the memories and imaginations of consumers. Beyond cues of quality, safety, nutrition, etcetera, consumers in the marketplace are also keenly aware of (if not actively searching for) geographic brand associations. The use of geographic regions in brand names communicates much about brand characteristics by drawing on a region’s geographic equity. For example, Hornell Brewing associates Arizona with iced tea. It seems the Arizona region connotes images of a hot, arid desert and that people there must be knowledgeable about thirst quenching iced tea (similar to Texas BBQ, Seattle coffee, or Maine lobster). Consumers look to brand associations that are fitting, credible, and congruent. Two main research questions arise: Do consumers perceive levels of geographic brand congruence (GBC) in their brand evaluations? And, does GBC effect levels of brand trust, brand parity, perceived value, brand honesty, and purchase intentions?
Norkeith Smith is an assistant professor of finance at California State University, Chico. He received his PhD from the Mike Ilitch School of Business at Wayne State University. His primary research interests include corporate finance, corporate governance, and macroeconomics: in particular, payout policy, mergers and acquisitions (M&A), divestitures, product market relationships, and agency problems.
Background/Relevance: Whether congruent or not, attaching geographic references to products and brand names is a popular marketing strategy, and empirical studies support its effectiveness. Quite often, misleading geographic associations of a product go unnoticed by the public (e.g. Arizona Iced Tea is actually produced in New Jersey). Marketers may even choose a brand that uses a fictional or vaguely defined place (e.g., Hidden Valley Ranch Salad Dressing made in Oakland, California). Consumers are becoming more adept at searching for, recognizing, and understanding regional differences within a country’s borders. This research conceptualizes GBC as the relationship between products and services and geographic regions that are authentic, credible, and fitting. This research uses a 3 x 3 experimental method across two studies to test hypotheses revolving around five dependent variables (i.e., brand trust, brand parity, perceived value, brand honesty, and purchase intentions). There were geographically congruent conditions, incongruent conditions, and control conditions that spanned three grocery products (i.e., orange juice, maple syrup, and potato chips).
Results/Analysis: Generally speaking, results from the two studies support the hypotheses that brands with high regional GBC have higher levels of consumer evaluations compared to brands with geographic incongruence or with no geographic reference at all.
Conclusion/Implications: This research offers insight into the decision to name a brand. If a marketer is going to associate a city or region with a product, consumers will not only judge the association, but they will also evaluate the fit or congruence. Furthermore, these judgements will affect myriad variables ranging from trust to purchase intentions.
Sloan, D., Aiken, K. D., Mikkelson, A. (2018). Places in Names: An Investigation of Regional Geographic Brand Congruency. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 27(7), 781 792.
Mitch Casselman is a professor of management at Chico State. He has a PhD in Management from the University of Melbourne in Australia where he was affiliated with the Intellectual Property Institute of Australia (IPRIA). Prior to his PhD, he spent more than 15 years in various senior management roles in the technology industry in Ottawa, Canada. This included managing Human Resources & Administration functions for the Asia Pacific division of a telecommunications equipment company, managing the financial operations of large research & development operations ($1 billion sales), and as Chief Financial Officer for two different high technology ventures (one in software and one in semiconductors), where he helped raise more than $40 million dollars in venture financing. His research interests are in knowledge and idea management, innovation, resource based theory and the base of the pyramid. Past research has included articles published in the Journal of Knowledge Management, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, Journal of Strategic Marketing and the Journal of Business Ethics.
RETHINKING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY: THE ROLE OF STEWARDSHIP
Research Question: Does the move to a digital economy create stakeholder impacts that require different approaches to corporate governance?
Background/Relevance: “On the one hand, digitalization allows organizations to create substantial economic value in shorter periods of time through improved economies of scale, scope, and learning, resulting is increasing returns on capital and competitive concentration. On the other hand, ensuing societal concerns with inequities, regulatory lapses, and lack of transparency and truthfulness represent significant challenges for effective corporate governance.”
Results/Analysis: Not applicable literature review/essay.
Conclusion/Implications: “This paper addresses the consequences to stakeholders that emerge from the digital economy, discussing how traditional governance mechanisms are ill equipped to subvert negative externalities. We offer a stewardship based model of corporate governance as a solution to the pressing problems plaguing consumers, employees, and other salient stakeholders of digital business excesses, with an emphasis on truthful disclosures, enhanced transparency, improvements in equitable allocation of organizational resources, and heightened trust relationships. The focus is on the positive role that organizational leaders can play as exemplars of virtuous stewardship in a highly networked society. The paper outlines seven traits of a virtuous steward and how managers can enact these traits in practice. It then redefines a modern view of stewardship in a digital economy and applies its principles to the 4Ts of ‘virtuous stewardship,’ a practical corporate governance model that encompasses truthfulness, transparency, trust, and technological equity.”
Sama, L. M., Stefanidis, A., Casselman, M. (in press). Rethinking Corporate Governance in the Digital Economy: The Role of Stewardship. Business Horizons
Emily Jian Huang, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Huang joined the College of Business in 2011 and teaches financial institutions and markets, and the securities industry courses. Her research and publications span topics in institutional investors, behavioral finance, financial education, and financial wellbeing.
Qingzhong Ma, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Ma joined the College of Business in 2015 and teaches investments and corporate finance courses. His main research areas include market anomalies, behavioral finance, mergers and acquisitions, and insider trading, among others.
Athena Wei Zhang, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Zhang joined the College of Business in 2015 and teaches survey of finance and financial planning courses. Her main research areas include mergers and acquisitions, anomalies, and behavioral finance.
Emily J. Huang, PhD Associate Professor, Finance Qingzhong Ma, PhD Associate Professor, Finance
Athena Wei Zhang, PhD Associate Professor, Finance
ANCHORING AND RISK FACTORS
Research Question: Are profitability and investment factors associated with rational risks or behavioral biases?
Background/Relevance: Profitability and investment are becoming the new focus of empirical asset pricing. One important question is left open. Are the profitability and investment factors proxies for rational risks or investors’ irrational beliefs? In this paper we shed light on this question by examining the role of a specific type of irrational beliefs: investors’ tendency to anchor on 52 week high.
Results/Analysis: Based on a return decomposition methodology developed by George et al. (2014), two profitability measures (operating profitability, return on equity) and two investment measures (asset growth and investment to assets) are entirely attributable to anchoring. These results survive a battery of robustness checks and hold largely in various subsamples.
Conclusion/Implications: The findings send a warning that these two potential risk factors could be attributed to the anchoring bias.
Goukasian, L., Huang, J. J., Ma, Q., Zhang, W. A. Anchoring and Risk Factors. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 11(4), 82 96.
Hyunjung Kim, PhD, is a professor of management and a Thomas Family Endowed Fellow in Business at Chico State. She received her PhD in public administration from the Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany, focusing on the development of system dynamics simulation models as a decision support tool. Her teaching areas include management, strategic decision making, and system dynamics modeling. Her recent system dynamics research and consulting areas include data intensive services, public resource management and service delivery, and higher education planning.
RIGOROUSLY INTERPRETED QUOTATION ANALYSIS FOR EVALUATING CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAMS IN LATE-STAGE CONCEPTUALIZATION
Research Question: This paper proposes a method that can be used in the late stage model conceptualization to systematically evaluates a system dynamics model using qualitative data collected from stakeholders.
Background/Relevance: This study attempts to strengthen the use of qualitative data in the system dynamics modeling process by introducing a formal method for evaluating a causal loop diagram (CLD) in late stage conceptualization referred to as Rigorously Interpreted Quotation (RIQ) analysis and illustrates its application in a case study. The method uses a systematic and explicit interpretive process to confirm or disconfirm all diagram elements in a CLD by comparing it to stakeholders’ verbatim descriptions of their experiences in a complex dynamic situation. In so doing, this method enables the resolution of discrepancies between a CLD and qualitative data, building confidence in the structural aspects of a dynamic hypothesis.
Results/Analysis: RIQ analysis generated insights that were not available in the earlier conceptualization phase. Unlike the inductive process of analyzing data in the initial CLD generation, RIQ analysis is a deductive process: whereas the initial CLD generation involved a discovery of emerging constructs from raw data and capturing patterns in the form of CLD, the process of RIQ analysis required one to look for elements in the data that could verify or modify the existing CLD. This shift generated valuable new information. It permitted revisiting each element in the CLD, triangulating evidence regarding the element and engaging in deep reflection about its role in the CLD. While RIQ analysis required additional time in the conceptualization phase, it saved more than enough time in development of a simulation model.
Conclusion/Implications: Using RIQ analysis to evaluate a CLD during the conceptualization process has many benefits including: (1) enabling a systematic and transparent approach to dissecting reliable qualitative data which communicates experience in natural language, (2) documenting that process, and (3) documenting evidence that confirms prior conceptualization and evidence that disconfirms and suggests revisions to prior conceptualization (thus, backward looking, allowing for the tracing CLD elements to evidence). Presenting RIQ results alongside a CLD allows researchers to share supporting data in the natural language of the data source along with documentation for how that data was interpreted to arrive at the results. We believe RIQ analysis offer an important avenue for building confidence in the usefulness of the findings and recommendations.
Tomoasia
Interpreted Quotation Analysis
Review, 38(1): 41 80
Cotisel, Andrada, Samuel Allen, Hyunjung Kim, David Andersen, and Zaid Chalabi. (2022) Rigorously for Evaluating Causal Loop Diagrams in Late Stage Conceptualization. System Dynamics
Sarah Kimakwa, PhD, is an assistant professor of management at Chico State. She received her PhD in Business Administration from the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Her research interests are in social entrepreneurship, social issues in management and emerging markets sub Saharan Africa. She has presented her research at top domestic and international conferences including the Academy of Management, Babson College Entrepreneurship Research, Southern Management Association, Annual Social Entrepreneurship and Africa Academy of Management conferences. She is a Fellow of the California State University Chancellors Doctoral Incentive Program and member of The PhD Project.
SOCIAL ENTRPRENEUR SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND SOCIAL VENTURE PERFORMANCE: HOW ARE THEY RELATED?
Research Question: How is the servant leadership of social entrepreneurs related to social venture performance?
Background/Relevance: Social entrepreneurship is a rapidly growing field both in scholarship and practice. Social entrepreneurship aims to address the ever increasing social issues that the world faces and has high potential to contribute to economic growth and social innovation. However, social ventures also face severe challenges of failure due to the inherent nature of dual mission of social and economic value creation, legitimacy issues and environmental risks. Thus, their potential may not be fully realized. Strangely the role of leadership in social entrepreneurship has received limited attention. Leadership theory could help social entrepreneurship scholars and practitioners understand how to manage the dual mission and mitigate the risks of venture failure.
In this conceptual paper we describe how social entrepreneurs can align employees with social and economic mission to enhance social venture performance. We use servant leadership theory.
Using theoretical foundations and single cases we develop a research framework and propositions that describe how servant leadership influences social venture performance through employee behaviors of meaningful work, well being and job engagement.
Conclusion/Implications: By applying servant leadership theory to social ventures we extent entrepreneurial leadership and leadership to social entrepreneurship. Secondly, we propose processes through which servant leadership affects social venture outcomes. Third social entrepreneurs could understand the importance of modeling appropriate behavior and influence employee behavior and ultimate venture performance.
Kimakwa, S., Gonzalez, J. A., & Kaynak, H. (2021). Social entrepreneur servant leadership and social venture performance: How are they related? Journal of Business Ethics, 1 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551 021 04986 y
Sarah Kimakwa, PhD, is an assistant professor of management at Chico State. She received her PhD in Business Administration from the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Her research interests are in social entrepreneurship, social issues in management and emerging markets sub Saharan Africa. She has presented her research at top domestic and international conferences including the Academy of Management, Babson College Entrepreneurship Research, Southern Management Association, Annual Social Entrepreneurship and Africa Academy of Management conferences. She is a Fellow of the California State University Chancellors Doctoral Incentive Program and member of The PhD Project.
ENTREPRENEURS’ ETHNIC AND POLITICAL IDENTITY ALIGNMENT AS DETERMINANTS OF ACCESS TO GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IN AFRICA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Research Question: Examines the role of entrepreneur identity ethnic and political identity as important determinants of access to governmental resource support in Africa.
Background/Relevance: The role of identity especially ethnic/racial and gender as a driving force in institutional and social change is gaining momentum both in practice and scholarship partly due to the populist movements around the world. This is an opportunity for entrepreneurship scholars to examine the role of individual and group identity in entrepreneurial process particularly resource acquisition. Group identity is an important source of instrumental and emotional support that entrepreneurs need. Despite its promise, the possibility that identity (particularly ethnic and political identity) can play a crucial role in access to government support remains underexplored in the context of Africa.
In this paper, we take the first step in examining this possibility and develop a theory of identity based government support in Africa. Specifically, we consider two major forms of entrepreneur identity ethnic and political identity as important determinants of access to governmental support in Africa. Drawing on the core tenets of ethnocentrism and neopatrimonialism we argue that, for African entrepreneurs, the level of their identity alignment with regime leaders (i.e., policymakers such as president or prime minister) serves as a critical determinant of access to governmental support. Furthermore, we propose that, given the variations in the levels of ethnocentrism and political constraints on regime leaders among African nations ethnic and political identity alignment is likely to be a more potent predictor of governmental support particularly among nations that have a higher prevalence of ethnocentrism and limited political constraints. We propose two types of government support programmatic government and episodic government support. Episodic support is as a form of assistance that is aimed at addressing the immediate financial and non financial needs of entrepreneurial ventures. In contrast, programmatic government support is focused on developing a strategic, mutually beneficial economic partnership between regime officials and entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs who have dual alignment ethnic and political are more likely to gain programmatic support and entrepreneurs who are aligned either ethnically or politically only could access only episodic support. Programmatic government support has detrimental long term outcomes on entrepreneurial orientation. However, in the short term episodic support is likely to lead to positive venture outcomes.
Conclusion/Implications: This paper contributes to research on the role of government in entrepreneurship by extending the current focus from government policies to policymakers. We contribute to research on the dynamics of resource acquisition among entrepreneurial ventures particularly in emerging markets. By discussing the sociopolitical processes underlying access to government support, we shed light on the complex and dynamic process of entrepreneurial emergence in Africa.
Abebe, M. A., Getachew, Y. S., & Kimakwa, S. (2022). Entrepreneurs’ ethnic and political identity alignment as determinants of access to government support in Africa: A conceptual framework. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 46(2), 449 476. https://doi.org/10.1177/10422587211042481
Youngsu Lee, PhD, is an assistant professor of marketing and a faculty member of the Seufferlein Sales Program at Chico State. He received his PhD from the Ivy College of Business, Iowa State University. After earning his PhD, he worked at Whitworth University in Spokane, Washington. Prior to coming to academia, he worked with LG Electronics (LGE) and LG Economic Research Institute (LGERI) for nine years as an analyst and consultant specializing in telecom and electronics industries. He has been teaching several marketing and sales courses, including Sales Practicum, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Marketing Research, Marketing Principles, and Marketing Management. His research areas include CRM/sales management using big data, social media marketing, marketing channels, B2B marketing, and marketing strategy. He has published several articles in Industrial Marketing Management, Journal of Services Marketing, Current Issues in Tourism, Journal of Marketing Education, Journal of Selling, and Journal of Managerial Psychology.
CONFIRMATORY ASPECT LEVEL OPINION MNING PROCESSES FOR TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY RESEARCH: A PROPROSAL OF DISSBUS
Research Question: 1) How can one correctly identify aspect terms despite their high frequency and then relate an aspect to the correctly identified terms relevant to the aspect? 2) How can the validity of sentiment analysis be achieved when there are two or more aspects with multiple sentiments in an aggregated text unit? 3) How can sparse aspect terms be extracted despite infrequent occurrences?
Background/Relevance: Although text reviews include customer evaluations of various product attributes along with their specific information, the unstructured nature of text reviews makes it difficult to utilize the data in business research. To fully utilize unstructured text reviews in hospitality and business research, they must first be transformed into structured forms. This data preprocessing requires advanced computational text analysis techniques to capture aspects (topics) discussed in text reviews (e.g. product attributes) and/or classify sentiments of the captured aspects. This research aims to overcome several challenges that many text analysis methods face in analyzing text data at the sentence or document level.
Results/Analysis: This research proposes a new rule based joint aspect detection and sentiment analysis (JADSA) method to achieve accurate text summarization while addressing these challenges. The proposed method consists of six algorithmic processes: Disintegrating, Summarizing, Straining, Bagging, Upcycling, and Scoring (DiSSBUS). First, the proposed method features a fine grained analysis using clauses with a single aspect and sentiment as a text unit. Second, the method allows for multiple aspects and multiple aspect specific sentiments within a sentence or a document. Third, this method enables targeted text summarization based on domain knowledge.
The algorithm’s distinctive advantage is to decompose a single review into a set of bi terms related to the aspects that are pre specified based on domain knowledge. Therefore, this algorithm can identify customer opinions on specific aspects, which allows extracting variables of interest from online reviews. To evaluate the performance of the confirmatory aspect level opinion mining algorithm, this study applied it to customer reviews on restaurants in Hawaii. The findings from the empirical test validated its effectiveness.
Conclusion/Implications: For accurate aspect detection and sentiment analysis, one needs to develop context specific text analysis methods that can consider domain knowledge. Thus, the proposed new method that allows analyzing text reviews at a granular level from tourism and hospitality perspectives, more broadly a business perspective, would be of merit for academia and practitioners.
Im, J., Song, T., Lee, Y., & Kim, J. (2022). Confirmatory aspect level opinion mining processes for tourism and hospitality research: a proposal of DiSSBUS. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(12), 1876 1894.
Qingzhong Ma, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Ma joined the College of Business in 2015 and teaches investments and corporate finance courses. His main research areas include market anomalies, behavioral finance, mergers and acquisitions, and insider trading, among others.
THE SOUND OF SILENCE: WHAT DO WE KNOW WHEN INSIDERS DO NOT TRADE?
Research Question: When corporate insiders do not trade for a period of time, what does it mean?
Background/Relevance: It is quite frequent that corporate insiders do not trade their own stocks’ shares for a period of time, yet it is not clear what it means. We hypothesize that, to avoid litigation risk, rational insiders do not sell own company shares when they anticipate bad news; neither would they buy, given unfavorable prospects. Thus, they keep silent. By contrast, insiders sell shares when they do not anticipate significant bad news.
Results/Analysis: Future stock returns are significantly lower following insider silence than following insider net selling, especially among firms with higher litigation risk. We examine two quasinatural experiments where new laws result in changes in shareholder litigation risks for insiders. In both cases, with higher shareholder litigation risks, stocks where insiders stay silent earn significantly lower returns than other stocks.
Conclusion/Implications: It is usually bad news when insiders keep silent for a period of time.
Ma, Q., Gao, G., Ng, D. (in press). The sound of silence: What do we know when insiders do not trade? Management Science.
Qingzhong Ma, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Ma joined the College of Business in 2015 and teaches investments and corporate finance courses. His main research areas include market anomalies, behavioral finance, mergers and acquisitions, and insider trading, among others.
Qingzhong Ma, PhD Associate Professor, Finance
Athena Wei Zhang, PhD Associate Professor, Finance
Athena Wei Zhang, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Zhang joined the College of Business in 2015 and teaches survey of finance and financial planning courses. Her main research areas include mergers and acquisitions, anomalies, and behavioral finance.
ACQUIRER REFERENCE PRICES AND ACQUISITION PERFORMANCE
Research Question: Limits of arbitrage theory have been tested mostly in information free circumstances. This paper examines the extent to which noise demand and limits of arbitrage affect the pricing of acquirer stocks both at the announcement period and over the longer horizon.
Background/Relevance: An event study approach was adopted to measure announcement period cumulative abnormal returns. Long horizon returns are measured using buy and hold abnormal returns (BHARs), calendar time portfolios (CTPRs), and subsequent earnings announcement period abnormal returns. Main methodologies include ordinary least squared (OLS) regressions, Logit regressions, and portfolio analysis.
Results/Analysis: (1) Acquirer stocks with high idiosyncratic volatility (the proxy for the security level characteristic most directly associated with limits to arbitrage) earn higher announcement period abnormal returns. (2) The return pattern reverses over the subsequent longer horizon, resembling news driven transitory mispricing. (3) The mispricing is greater when deal and firm characteristics exacerbate the limits of arbitrage, and it weakens over time. (4) Transactions by higher idiosyncratic volatility acquirers are more likely to fail.
Conclusion/Implications: The findings in this paper extend the supporting evidence for limits of arbitrage explaining mispricing beyond the boundaries of information free circumstances.
Ma, Q., Zhang, W. A., Whidbee, D. (in press). Limits of Arbitrage and Mispricing: Evidence from Mergers and Acquisitions. Review of Behavioral Finance
Robert Madrigal , PhD, is an associate professor of marketing at Chico State. He has been with the College of Business for five years teaching classes in consumer behavior and sports marketing. Prior to Chico State, Dr. Madrigal spent 21 years at the University of Oregon where he taught classes in consumer behavior and sports marketing. He was also a PhD advisor and taught in both the MBA and undergraduate programs.
IMPROVING FIT PERCEPTIONS FOR AN INCONGRUENT SPONSORSHIP: ASSOCIATING A SPORTS PROPERTY TO A BRAND VIA ANALOGICAL ARTICULATION
Research Question: How can a brand create associations with sports properties (e.g., leagues, teams, athletes) that are better understood and remembered by consumers?
Background/Relevance: Brands frequently sponsor events that they do not naturally align with. In such instances, the brand must articulate to consumers how it is related to the property.
We studied how brands can articulate (e.g., explain) the incongruency through the use of analogy. Analogies cause the consumer to think more about the sponsor brand association and to retrieve information from memory relevant to both the event and the brand.
In contrast to Nike’s sponsorship of the NFL (i.e., a congruent sponsorship), Visa’s sponsorship of the NFL is incongruent because a credit card company has little in common with a football league. As such, it’s difficult for consumers to understand how the two entities are related to one another. Visa use an analogy to improve consumers’ perceptions and understanding of the sponsorship. Specifically, Visa created the Air and Ground Awards given to the NFL’s top quarterback and running back. These awards capitalize on what the brand does (e.g., air and ground delivery) and what football players do. In this way, the brand is able to articulate how the sponsoring brand and property are similar to one another.
Results/Analysis: The use of analogies improved consumers’ perceptions of brand event fit in the case of incongruent sponsorships.
Conclusion/Implications: Consumers’ perceptions of how an incongruent aligns with an event and their memory of that association are improved as a result of analogical articulation.
Madrigal, R., King, J. (2021). Improving Fit Perceptions for an Incongruent Sponsorship: Associating a Sports Property to a Brand via Analogical Articulation. Journal of Business Research, 124, 731 738 madrigal king_improving fit perceptions for an incongruent spon_jbr_2021 1.pdf
Robert Madrigal is an associate professor of marketing at Chico State. He has been with the College of Business for five years teaching classes in consumer behavior and sports marketing. Prior to Chico State, Dr. Madrigal spent 21 years at the University of Oregon where he taught classes in consumer behavior and sports marketing. He was also a PhD advisor and taught in both the MBA and undergraduate programs.
LOOK PUPPIES! A VISUAL CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MAJOR STATEMENTS WITHIN PHARMACEUTICAL ADVERTISING
Research Question: How are consumers’ perceptions of an advertised drug’s risks affected by pharmaceutical advertising?
Background/Relevance: Direct to consumer advertising (DTCA) on television is a prominent source of information about medical conditions and potential treatments. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires pharmaceutical advertisers to include a major statement in each ad that presents important risk information in a fair and balanced manner, the FDA exercises little regulatory authority over the content included in the major statement. Instead, the FDA relies on advertisers to abide by the rules.
Unfortunately, most major statements present distracting visuals (e.g., happy people walking in the park, sunny days out on the lake, etc.) that are positively valanced while critical risk information is being presented auditorily.
Results/Analysis: We found that major risk statements feature more imagery that is positive, more visually complex imagery, and more motion than other portions of the DTCA.
Conclusion/Implications: The FDA should exercise more aggressive oversight and regulatory enforcement of DTCA. The FDA should mandate that all DTCA be reviewed before they are aired to ensure that pharmaceutical advertisers are adhering to the “fair and balanced” doctrine.
The use of the metrics included in our study would be one way that the FDA could assess DTCA.
King, J., Koppenhafer, L., Yenecha, C., Madrigal, R. (2021). Look Puppies! A Visual Content Analysis of Major Statements within Pharmaceutical Advertising. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 40(1), 45 61. king et al_look puppies_jppm 1.pdf
Maria J. Mendez is an assistant professor of management at Chico State. Her research interests centers on shared leadership, although she has also published in the areas of followership, global leadership, and management education. Her work has been published in Business Ethics Quarterly, Journal of World Business, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, and the book The Art of Followership, among others. She received a Ph.D. in business administration from New Mexico State University and an industrial engineering degree from the Universidade de Vigo, Spain.
THE ATTRIBUTIONAL COUNTERFACTUAL THEORY OF NEED: INTEGRATING THEORIES TO PREDICT NEED NORM USE
Research Question: Whereas concerns about resource allocation fairness dominate today’s social and organizational landscape, research on distributive justice has been dominated by an equity norm (based on individuals’ dissimilar contributions) at the expense of a need norm (based on individuals’ dissimilar needs). Very few studies have evaluated need characteristics that may elicit the use of a need norm for resource allocation. Our paper contributes to this literature by proposing the attributional counterfactual theory of need (ACT), a theoretical framework that organizes and helps understand interrelations among need characteristics and their impact on considerations of fairness.
Background/Relevance: Our article contributes to the literature on justice by explaining how need allocation norms are used based on the characteristics of the need. It does so by integrating past theories about need characteristics into a theoretically driven network that highlights the content, nature, interrelatedness, and consequences of need characteristics. It also diverts the focus of analysis from the recipient after the allocation to the actor, the individual that will be making allocation attributions. This focus may provide an actionable guidance to needy recipients (e.g., woman who is pregnant, person with a disability) by helping them frame their needs and manage actors’ perceptions.
Results/Analysis: ACT integrates and draws from fairness theory (Folger & Cropanzano, 2001) and attribution theory (Winer 1985a). Our theory examines need characteristics through the lens of three counterfactual cognitions or hypothetical comparisons (would, could, should) proposed in fairness theory. These three counterfactuals take into consideration: (1) the state of wellbeing of potential recipient in need; (2) the conduct of the recipient and alternative courses of action pertaining to his or her need; and (3) the ethical principles that surround the use a need norm allocation to the recipient. ACT arranges these counterfactuals in temporal sequence informed by attribution theory (Weiner, 2006).
Conclusion/Implications: This article is the first attempt to propose an integrative framework that addresses need based resource allocation within the distributive justice paradigm. ACT outlines various characteristics of a need that might elicit the use of a need norm, noting that not all needs are equal and transforming a unidimensional black box of need into a multidimensional conceptualization. Our need framework opens a new avenue of inquiry to explore whether certain needs are more likely to be denied.
Liu, L. T., Mendez, M. J. (2021). The Attributional Counterfactual Theory of Need: Integrating Theories to Predict Need Norm Use Business Ethics Quarterly, 1 33.
Kathryn Mercurio, PhD, is an assistant professor of marketing at Chico State. She began her career in the marketing department at Nestle USA in Southern California. After receiving her doctorate at University of Washington, she worked as a post doctoral researcher at University of California, Los Angeles and taught in the evening MBA program at California State University, Northridge. She joined the faculty at University of Oregon and worked there for six years. In 2018, Katie joined Chico State as an assistant professor of marketing. She teaches Principles of Marketing, Marketing Research, Sustainability and Marketing, International Marketing, and Consumer Psychology and Brand Strategy at both the undergraduate and MBA level. Katie is an active researcher, and has published in Journal of Consumer Research, Advances in Consumer Research, Brand Touch points, and Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing.
SHOWING DUAL CONCERN: THE WORLD NEEDS TO LEARN HOW TO CRITICIZE WITH CARE
Research Question: Companies and their leaders are increasingly engaging in ideologically driven activism that involves taking explicit stances on sociopolitical issues (e.g., Bhagwat et al. 2020; Eilert and Cherup 2020; Hambrick and Wowak 2021). Understanding the consequences of corporate sociopolitical activism (CSA) is critical for organizations, their consumers, and the targets of CSA.
Background/Relevance: We propose a novel persuasion strategy: dual concern. While singular concern messages solely criticize a target group for harming a victim group, a dual concern message retains the full criticism of the target group but pairs this criticism with an expression of concern for the criticized target group. Dual concern messages criticize a target group for the harm they cause, but importantly, also express concern for the welfare of the criticized group. Critically, dual concern does not seek to minimize the original accusation of the target group (e.g., Reich et al. 2020). Instead, dual concern messages seek to include an expression of moral concern for a target group alongside a firm criticism of the target group. Dual concern allows a messenger to criticize a group and highlight the need to change while showing that the messenger still cares about the criticized group’s welfare.
Results/Analysis: We uncover a new form of critical messaging that increases the persuasiveness of the message among the group being criticized. Studies 1a and 1b reveal that people generally believe their critics are not concerned with their welfare. Studies 2 4 demonstrate that dual concern messages are more persuasive than singular concern messages, including singular concern messages that include affirmations. Our findings suggest that activist firms and organizations can increase the impact of their messaging, particularly amongst the people whom they are criticizing, by adopting dual concern messaging strategies.
Conclusion/Implications: Our research contributes to consumer theories of ideological activism in several ways. First, we add to the burgeoning literature on corporate activism (e.g., Bhagwat et al. 2020; Chatterji and Toffel 2019) by unpacking strategies for communicating ideological message content (e.g., singular vs. dual concern) that shape whether an ideological statement is alienating. We add to the literatures on political ideology and persuasion (e.g., Kidwell et al., 2013) as well as motivated cognition (e.g., Kunda 1990) by revealing dual concern as a strategy that reduces defensiveness and encourages people to accept potentially threatening criticism of their own ideological group. Thus, we demonstrate that dual concern is a promising strategy for communicating in tense, partisan contexts.
Mercurio, K. R., Warren, N. B., Campbell, T. H., Howe, L. C., Shepherd, S. (2022), “Showing Dual
Needs to Learn How to Criticize with Care,” Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 49, eds.
Bradford, Anat Keinan,
Matt
Concern: The World Tonya Williams and Thomson, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research.
Kathryn Mercurio, PhD, is an assistant professor of marketing at Chico State. She began her career in the marketing department at Nestle USA in Southern California. After receiving her doctorate at University of Washington, she worked as a post doctoral researcher at University of California, Los Angeles and taught in the evening MBA program at California State University, Northridge. She joined the faculty at University of Oregon and worked there for six years. In 2018, Katie joined Chico State as an assistant professor of marketing. She teaches Principles of Marketing, Marketing Research, Sustainability and Marketing, International Marketing, and Consumer Psychology and Brand Strategy at both the undergraduate and MBA level. Katie is an active researcher, and has published in Journal of Consumer Research, Advances in Consumer Research, Brand Touch points, and Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing.
INSIGHTS INTO IDENTITY FORMATION: HOW DIFFERENCES IN ETHICAL ORIENTATIONS PREDICT AFFILIATION WITH INDIVIDUAL AND GROUPBASED IDENTITIES
Research Question: The current research explores a novel predictor for the importance placed by people on group based versus individualized identities. Specifically, we assert that whether people care more about group or individual identities is related to the differences in their ethical orientations (cf. Brady and Wheeler 1996; Chowdhury 2019; Karimova et al. 2020; Love, Salinas, and Rotman 2020).
Background/Relevance: It is well established that a person’s identity is tied to their moral framework (Aquino and Reed 2002; Leavitt, Zhu, and Aquino 2016). However, our goal in the current research is to explain people’s choice to identify themselves based on their group memberships versus based on their individual attributes which remains an understudied area in the identity literature (Reed et al. 2012).
Results/Analysis: This research thus makes three main contributions. First, we extend prior research on individual versus group identities (Tajfel 1979) by showing that the importance placed by people on these two types of identities has a significant impact on various marketing outcomes. Second, we demonstrate that these identity distinctions are informed by differences in the ethical standards of consequentialism and formalism (cf. Love et al. 2020). Finally, we show that these ethical standards of judgment are important in that they inform not only the relative success of consequential versus formalistic framed charity appeals but also the relative success of individual versus group focused appeals, respectively. It should be noted that we are not making a causal argument in the relationship of consequentialism and formalism with the importance placed on group versus individual identities. Rather, we suggest and provide a theoretical account as to why these constructs are inter related and provide evidence as to how they can be used to predict interesting consumer outcomes.
Conclusion/Implications: This research provides evidence that identity is linked to specific ethical predispositions. Formalists tend to care strongly about their group’s moral rules and thus place greater importance on their group identity. Consequentialists focus more on individual needs and thus choose to affiliate more with their individual identities.
Mercurio, K.R., Nasa, J., Rotman, J., Staton, M., and Love, E. (2022), “Insights into Identity Formation: How Differences in Ethical Orientations Predict Affiliation with Individual and Group Based Identities,” Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 49, eds. Tonya Williams Bradford, Anat Keinan, and Matt Thomson, Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research.
Matthew L. Meuter, PhD, is a professor of marketing at Chico State. He received his PhD in Marketing from Arizona State University. He is also a member of the Research Faculty though the Arizona State University Center for Service Leadership.
Dr. Meuter’s research focuses on the intersection of marketing and technology. His research has specifically focused on customer use and adoption of Self Service Technologies, satisfaction with technology use, and the strategic implications of integrating technology within a firm. His research interests also include the role of social media in the marketplace and its impact on firms and customers. He has published in the Journal of Marketing, Journal of Service Research, the Journal of Business Research, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Psychology & Marketing, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Services Marketing, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science and many others.
Dr. Meuter teaches courses in marketing strategy, service marketing, marketing research, consumer behavior and others. He has also does workshops on service design and blueprinting for corporate clients. In addition, Dr. Meuter has led executive education online courses focusing on service recovery and service design for more than ten years.
VIEWPOINT: INTERNET REVOLUTION LESSONS APPLIED TO POST PANDEMIC SERVICE DELIVERY
I reviewed the experience of the service industry navigating the Internet Revolution (early 2000’s) and how the impact of these new technologies changed (forever) service industries which were (at that point) largely interpersonal in nature. The most successful firms were the ones that were able to retain their unique strengths and traits, but at the same time exhibit flexibility, foresight, and adaptability to be able to respond to a very dynamic environment (new technologies). Those that tried desperately to hold on to “the way things were” found it very difficult to survive or thrive. Successful firms embraced the new dynamic and created a new path forward blending the best of “the old way” with the best of “the new way.” What was unique about this market turbulence in 2000 was that it was something that hit all service providers regardless of specific area/type of business.
Now fast forward to 2020 and the Covid Pandemic created an eerily similar situation where there was a market disruption that hit every service provider. The piece was written “early pandemic” (spring 2021) with reflections about how to take the learnings from the Internet Revolution to help service providers in this situation survive (and thrive) in the post pandemic marketplace. Just as with the Internet Revolution, those that desperately try to “return to the old ways” are going to find survival difficult. Employees, customers, and markets have all been altered forever (as they were in 2000). So the best path forward is (again) to blend the best traits of the ‘pre pandemic’ service delivery with the best traits of the pandemic service delivery situation for a path forward.
Meuter, M. L. (in press). Viewpoint: Internet Revolution Lessons Applied to Post Pandemic Service Delivery (A North American Perspective). Journal of Services Marketing. JSM Final edits Version October 19 1.pdf
Richard Ray, PhD, CPA is an associate professor of accounting at Chico State where he has taught both Individual and Business Entity Taxation. His research typically focuses on issues in federal corporate taxation and other federal tax issues.
TAX STRATEGIES FOR ALLOCATING INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS AMONG A MULTIPLE ASSET PURCHASE
Research Question: What is the optimum allocation method for reducing tax liability in an installment agreement?
Background/Relevance: Provides clarification on the allocation of installment payments across the assets under an installment contract.
Results/Analysis: Defer the allocation of the installment payment to gain assets in order to defer the paying of tax.
Conclusion/Implications: Strategies exist that allow the recognition of gain to be deferred close to the end of the installment period.
Ray, R. W. (2021). Tax Strategies for Allocating Installment Payments among a Multiple Asset Purchase. Journal of Taxation, September.
Richard Ray, PhD, CPA is an associate professor of accounting at Chico State where he has taught both Individual and Business Entity Taxation. His research typically focuses on issues in federal corporate taxation and other federal tax issues.
CALCULATING W 2 WAGES OF AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL COOPERATIVES
Research Question: What is the IRS guidance to calculating W 2 wages for Agricultural and Horticultural Cooperatives as it relates to the Section 199A deduction?
Background/Relevance: Provides clarification on the calculation of W 2 wages from both agriculture and horticultural cooperatives.
Results/Analysis: The W 2 wages determine the Section 199A limitation. To properly determine this limitation, guidance is needed. This published manuscript provides this guidance.
Conclusion/Implications: The modified box and the tracking wages methods are more accurate but each requires more work. On the other hand, the unmodified box method is more simplistic and does not require as much work. However, this unmodified box method may understate W 2 wages and therefore may understate the QBI deduction.
Ray, R. W. (2021). Calculating W 2 Wages of Agricultural and Horticultural Cooperatives. Tax Notes Federal, 172, 1409 1415
Richard Ray, PhD, CPA is an associate professor of accounting at Chico State where he has taught both Individual and Business Entity Taxation. His research typically focuses on issues in federal corporate taxation and other federal tax issues.
DETERMINING GAINS AND LOSSES FROM SELLING THE FAMILY FARM
Research Question: What are the federal tax issues associated with selling the family farm?
Background/Relevance: This manuscript will provide a guide for those tax professionals who are assisting their farming clients with the tax reporting on the sale of a farm. This paper will provide the methods and calculations, using examples, for the different types of the sale of a farm. After an extensive search, this manuscript may be the only article that addresses these issues.
Results/Analysis: Several disposal methods can exist for selling a family farm. This manuscript provides several different examples (disposal methods) and provides the federal tax implications of each method.
Conclusion/Implications: The IRS has prescribed using the residual method for the allocation of the purchase price among a farm’s assets to determine gains and losses. However, little guidance has been offered as to how installment payments should be allocated to the installment sale of farm assets. The only guidance that has been offered is decades old and the tax rules involving installment sales have changed since this guidance has been offered. Since it is likely that the sale of farm is going to occur through an installment arrangement, current guidance is needed.
Ray, R. W. (2021). Determining Gains and Losses From Selling the Family Farm. Tax Notes Federal, 101(6), 623 634.
Richard Ray, PhD, CPA is an associate professor of accounting at Chico State where he has taught both Individual and Business Entity Taxation. His research typically focuses on issues in federal corporate taxation and other federal tax issues.
VALUING CERTAIN FRINGE BENEFITS
Research Question: How should certain fringe benefits be valued for federal income tax purposes?
Background/Relevance: Essentially, there are two types of fringe benefits from a taxation perspective: (1) those that are subject to tax and (2) those that are not subject to tax (or, at least a portion of the fringe benefit is not taxable). Those fringe benefits that are taxable are not only subject to income taxes but also subject to employment and unemployment taxes as well. The value associated with some taxable fringe benefits require guidance to determine an accurate amount that should be included in gross income
Results/Analysis: Manuscript discusses the various methods in determining the valuation methods
Conclusion/Implications: Employers should be made aware of issues arising from the employee’s self reporting of taxable fringe benefits. If employees are aware that the value of their personal miles will be included into their taxable wages, they may underreport the taxable fringe benefits.
Ray, R. W. (2021). Valuing Certain Fringe Benefits. Practical Tax Strategies.
Norkeith Smith is an assistant professor of finance at California State University, Chico. He received his PhD from the Mike Ilitch School of Business at Wayne State University. His primary research interests include corporate finance, corporate governance, and macroeconomics: in particular, payout policy, mergers and acquisitions (M&A), divestitures, product market relationships, and agency problems.
K. Damon Aiken is a professor of marketing at Chico State. He received his PhD from the University of Oregon. His research interests include branding, sport marketing, and fan values. He has published in various journals including the Journal of Product and Brand Management, the Journal of Business Research, and Sport Marketing Quarterly.
Norkeith Smith, PhD Assistant Professor, Marketing
K. Damon Aiken, PhD Professor, Marketing
DON’T STOP THE MUSIC: AN EXPLORATION OF FIRST GENERATION COLLEGE STUDENTS’ USE OF MUSIC DURING PRE-PANDEMIC AND PANDEMIC TIMES
Research Question: How and why do first generation students use music during their college experiences? To date, all of the studiesinvestigating college students’ music consumption are focused on the general population of students and are not specific to first generation students. The purpose of the current work is to examine first generation college students’ usage of music and the related connections to their study habits, motivations, and academic performance.
Background/Relevance: Two studiescompared usage patterns in pre and pandemic settings. Study One (N=583) was a paper and pencil survey conducted in classrooms across Chico State. Study Two (N=441) was an Internet survey (conducted during the pandemic) that supported and augmented many of Study One’s findings.
Results/Analysis: Our studies revealed that music is certainly in extensive use amongst college students. Across the combined samples, a full 83.7% of students reported that they listen to music while studying. Further, the combined groups reported listening to a mean of 3.8 hours daily with a relatively low, negative correlation to self reported GPA. Study Two showed a pandemic era effect on usage increasing the mean to 4.1 hours per day. Gender identity had no relationship to music usage in terms of hours, tendency to consume while studying, nor related effects on GPA (i.e., using music while studying did not help women/men differentially). The widespread use of music may be attributed to advanced technology, increased accessibility, and the relatively low cost of music consumption for today’s college students. First generation students reported listening to significantly more music daily; however, they are not more likely to listen while studying in comparison to their non first generation counterparts. This may be partly due to a ceiling effect wherein the vast majority of students in this age cohort listen while studying. Interestingly, first generation students appearto be listening to music fordifferent reasons. That is, while first generation students listen to relieve stresses, reduce loneliness, and express their feelings, non first generation students are comparatively more likely to listen in orderto be popular, be part of a group, and to increase social interactions. Thus, it appears that first generation college students use music as a personal, inward focused, coping mechanism that helps them deal with a different set of collegiate and life circumstances.
Conclusion/Implications: This research contributes to the study of music in education in three ways. First, it is the foundational investigation of music consumption amongst first generation college students. We believe that better understanding the important role music plays in the lives of first generation students (and college students collectively speaking) furthers student growth in and out of the classroom. Second, the findings here would seem to indicate that music is frequently used as a coping mechanism amongst first generation college students. It seems that while usage rates across groups are often quite similar, the reasons for using music during college are quite different. First generation students appear to use music to deal with issues of loneliness, isolation, and the stresses that accompany university education. Third, for first generation students, music is a crucial “instrument” which they quite frequently employ to facilitate, structure, and shape their personal and academic experiences.
Whittinghill, J., Smith, N., Aiken, K. D. (2021). Don’t Stop the Music: An Exploration of First Generation College Students’ Use of Music During Pre pandemic and Pandemic Times. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 21(15), 122 136. JHETP_Music_2021 1.pdf
Xinyu Wei, PhD, is an assistant professor of business information systems at Chico State. He received his PhD in Management Science at the University of North Texas. His research interests are emerging technology adoption and sustainable supply chain. He is an active member of the Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), and Production and Operations Management Society (POMS).
REVIEW OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITHIN PROJECT MANAGEMENT
Research Question: This research addresses two questions: First, what are the key antecedents of successful SCM implementation in a project based environment? Second, what are the inter relationships among these factors?
Background/Relevance: The increasing focus of all industries on the supply chain suggests that the consideration of supply chain management (SCM) as applied within projects is of strategic importance to an organization's success (Aloini et al., 2015; Giunipero et al., 2006). For a project that involves different suppliers and collaboration among multiple parties, implementing SCM related strategies creates values and improves project performance. However, it is often difficult for project managers to realize those potential benefits in the beginning stage of a project, build a holistic understanding of the integration at the conceptual level, and employ suitable SCM related techniques and strategies. To assist in dealing with the increasing complexity within and across organizations, this study looks into both project management and SCM and how they are potentially integrated to improve business outcomes.
Results/Analysis: This research qualitatively synthesizes the relevant literature and proposes a conceptual framework of integrating SCM to project management when it is applicable. In this study, the systematic literature review and results visualization using systemigram conclude the critical antecedents for successfully implementing SCM in the project based environment and the inter relationships among each element. The mainstay depicts the complete process of initiating SCM implementation and how this practice contributes to project management knowledge areas. Besides the mainstay, this research categorizes these critical elements into four main areas: IT integration, organizational coordination, risk management, and supply chain resilience and complexity.
Conclusion/Implications: This research reveals how SCM is relevant to many applications in project management by distilling lengthy documentation down to “concentrated text” through the systemigram design. To make this case, the systemigram is defined, and a literature review about the role of SCM to project management is conducted. The development of this research presents a novel method of designing a systemigram for the system of interest, making a complex system understandable, and retaining critical information and key perspectives.
From the explanation of each scene, the illustration of their inter relationships, and the presentation of the holistic systemigram, project managers can better understand the role of SCM and the initiating process of integrating SCM into projects.
Wei, X., Prybutok, V., & Sauser, B. (2021). Review of supply chain management within project management. Project Leadership and Society, 2, 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2021.100013
Xinyu Wei, PhD, is an assistant professor of business information systems at Chico State. He received his PhD in Management Science at the University of North Texas. His research interests are emerging technology adoption and sustainable supply chain. He is an active member of the Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), and Production and Operations Management Society (POMS).
CONSUMER BEHAVIORAL INTENTION OF ADOPTING EMERGING HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGY
Research Question: This research addresses two questions: First, what factors affect consumer behavioral intention to adopt gene repair technology? Second, what are the relationships among these factors and consumer behavioral intention?
Background/Relevance: Gene repair is an emerging healthcare technology garnering increasing attention. Despite the large potential future market for gene repair, little research examines the likely acceptance of such technology from a consumer perspective. But such acceptance is critical to the likelihood that resources are devoted to the science, medical and engineering disciplines required to advance this emerging technology. There is a strong need to address this deficiency so that scholars and healthcare professionals comprehend the antecedents of end user perception and behavioral intention related to the use of emerging healthcare technology. This study develops a theoretical model by contextualizing the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) into gene repair application. That model is extended to this specific context by integrating the relevant constructs of perceived risks and trust.
Results/Analysis: The statistical results show that the performance expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions and perceived minimum risks are positively correlated with the consumer’s adoption intention. Moreover, the findings show that the effect of the consumer’s trusting beliefs toward technology on behavioral intention is fully mediated by performance expectancy and perceived minimum risks.
Conclusion/Implications: This study provides managerial insights for healthcare professionals and policy makers relevant to emerging technology development and its market promotion. Within the research context of gene repair, the findings provide empirical evidence supporting the importance of initial technology introduction, which consists of a more generally understandable explanation of the scientific procedures, elaboration of the technology efficacy, and how standards are established to minimize potential risks. These findings suggest that building a reliable counseling system is necessary to communicate with consumers because doing so will enhance their comprehension and behavioral adoption intention. This study also emphasizes the inclusive involvement of stakeholders and consumers in the related policy and regulation design during the technology development stage. This will prevent potential adoption incidence, which could result in a trust crisis with the emerging technology and impact its commercialization process. In a timelier context it is relevant that while Covid 19 vaccines were not the context of this research, the findings of this study logically apply to the vaccines because they also represent new technology.
Wei, X., Peng, X., & Prybutok, V. (2022). Consumer Behavioral Intention of Adopting Emerging Healthcare Technology. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2022.3140952
Xinyu Wei, PhD, is an assistant professor of business information systems at Chico State. He received his PhD in Management Science at the University of North Texas. His research interests are emerging technology adoption and sustainable supply chain. He is an active member of the Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), and Production and Operations Management Society (POMS).
THE EVOLUTION OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AS MEASURED WITH THE BALDRIGE EXCELLENCE FRAMEWORK
Research Question: This research addresses three questions: First, what are the main components of supply chain management (SCM) in quality management (QM)? Second, what is the role of SCM within a quality oriented organizational framework? Third, how does the role of SCM evolve within the quality oriented organizational framework?
Background/Relevance: Customer satisfaction is related to the quality of an organization's goods or services. To maximize customer value, SCM should coordinate the flow of materials, services, and information among the supply chain elements (Collier & Evans, 2021). While managing the quality of the supply chain requires collaboration among the organization, its suppliers, and the customers, recent research shows that integrating SCM and QM is becoming integral to the strategic management process across industries (Geng et al., 2017; Munir et al., 2020).
This research focuses on extracting and highlighting the role of SCM within a quality oriented organizational framework. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (Baldrige) framework is the highest national quality management award a U.S. based organization can obtain. Based on it, this research explicitly integrates the SCM constructs into the Baldrige framework.
Results/Analysis: Survey data collected at different times over three decades, the middle 1990s, early 2000s, and middle 2010s, is used to validate and test the research models in distinct periods within that time frame. The results show that measurement, analysis, and knowledge management (MAKM) have a constant positive correlation with the SCM Triad, which consists of supplier focus, operations focus, and customer focus. Leadership has a significant positive influence on the SCM Triad, the MAKM construct, and organizational performance. Also, the SCM Triad positively correlates with organizational performance and partially mediates the correlation between leadership and organizational performance.
Conclusion/Implications: The findings contribute to the QM and SCM literature by strengthening their empirical dimensions and emphasizing relevant empirical works in theory building and testing. The results demonstrate the roles of leadership, SCM, and information system oriented constructs in quality management. It also helps researchers and practitioners better understand their interconnections and interwoven effects on business results.
Xie, H., Wei, X., Peng, X., & Prybutok, V. (2022, Accepted). The Evolution of Supply Chain Management as Measured with the Baldrige Excellence Framework. Quality Management Journal
Christine Witt is an assistant professor of business information systems at Chico State. Her primary areas of teaching are business process integration, project management, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Operations and Supply Chain Management. Her research interests are in the areas of big data sentiment analysis, student learning of Enterprise Resource Planning concepts, and simulation and serious games learning theory.
Carol Trivedi is the director of the campus MBA program at Chico State. She teaches courses in Human Resource Management, Operations Management, Data Communications, and Networking. Her research interests are in Agile project management, corporate governance, enterprise resource planning integration in SAP 4/ HANA, and experiential learning with ERPsim simulations in Manufacturing.
Fariba Aminalroayae has earned undergraduate degrees from the University of Tehran and Chico State, and an MBA from the University of Nevada Reno. Aminalroayae is vice operation manager and inventory manager at Chico Top Imports. Her primary teaching areas are operations, supply chain management, and business analysis.
Christine Witt, PhD Assistant Professor, Business Information Systems
Carol Trivedi, PMP, PhD Lecturer, Business Information Systems and Management
Fariba Aminalroayae Lecturer, Business Information Systems
EPISTEMOLOGY IN THE ERA OF FAKE NEWS: AN EXPLORATION OF INFORMATION VERIFICATION BEHAVIORS AMONG SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE USERS
Research Question: What is the effect of designed conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive scaffolding on team performance during a technology enhanced Enterprise Resource Planning (ERPsim) simulation in a flipped classroom?
Background/Relevance: Despite the many learning opportunities provided by flipped instruction, the reality remains that pedagogical methods for teaching within technology enhanced and flipped instruction environments still need to be researched and refined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of scaffolding in a flipped classroom environment. Through this study, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive scaffolding and quantitative methods were used to determine the effects of interventions on team performance.
Results/Analysis: The results revealed that the designed scaffolds had a statistically significant positive effect on the team results during each quarter of the simulation. These results indicate that scaffolding substantially increased the performance of teams. Although flipped instruction is an engaging teaching methodology, offering students additional scaffolding with flipped teaching can lead to a better understanding of course concepts,
Conclusion/Implications: Many institutions of Higher Education utilize simulation games in their curriculum (Cronan & Douglas, 2012). Future research on improving student performance and understanding of the concepts of the ERP simulation games will benefit both the students and the businesses that will ultimately employ these business graduates. This study has implications for the design and implementation of the scaffolding of an ERP simulation for the post secondary classroom. Instructors that utilize simulations, specifically, the ERP Simulation Games, should examine methods of designing scaffolding within these complex learning situations.
Witt, C. M., Trivedi, C., Aminalroayae, F. (2021). Using Flipped Instruction in a Technology Enhanced Learning Environment The Case for Scaffolding Published 1.pdf Issues in Information Systems, 22(2), 52 62.
Athena Wei Zhang, PhD, is an associate professor of finance at Chico State. Dr. Zhang joined the College of Business in 2015 and teaches survey of finance and financial planning courses. Her main research areas include mergers and acquisitions, anomalies, and behavioral finance.
THE PRICE DISCOVERY PROCESSES IN CHINA, INDIA, AND RUSSIA'S STOCK INDEX FUTURES MARKETS
Research Question: Our study examines the price discovery functions of three newer stock index futures markets in BRICS countries China, India, and Russia, which were all launched after 2000, with inception dates of April 16, 2010, June 9, 2000 and August 3, 2005, respectively.
Background/Relevance: To our knowledge, this is the first study to compare the price discovery patterns of stock index futures markets in developing countries.
Results/Analysis: Futures dominate the price discovery process in China and India, but less so in Russia, which might be attributed to factors such as market frictions and political and economic uncertainties in Russia. We document the dynamic nature of the price discovery process
Conclusion/Implications: We find the futures market dominates the price discovery process in China and India, but less so in Russia.
Liu, W., Sono, H., Zhang, W. A. (2021). The Price Discovery Processes in China, India, and Russia's Stock Index Futures Markets. Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies, 24(3).
Suzanne Zivnuska, PhD, is Associate Dean for the College of Business and professor of management at Chico State. Her PhD training in Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management from Florida State University (2002) prepared her to publish more than 30 academic articles in her career in areas impacting the work life interface such as organizational politics and impression management, work family balance, social media use at work, and mindfulness at work. She is a recipient of the University’s Presidential Honor for Professional Achievement (2020), and has been identified by Research Gate, a social media platform for researchers, as the most cited author at Chico State. Her teaching encompasses a broad array of topics in Human Resource Management, Organizational Behavior, Conflict and Negotiation, and Consulting.
TECHNOSTRESS AND THE ENTITLED EMPLOYEE: IMPACTS ON WORK AND FAMILY
Research Question: How does employee entitlement impact the process by which technological overload occurs and how it invades employees’ work and home lives, particularly in relation to work family conflict and burnout?
Background/Relevance: Due to the ubiquitous nature of information communication technology (ICT) in organizations today, individuals often experience technostress overload and technostress invasion. This research integrated conservation of resources theory and person situation theory to examine these relationships. This study established the relationships of both technostress overload and technostress invasion with key organizational and family outcomes and points to the critical role of the personality variable, entitlement, in this process. The results provide theoretical and practical advancement in the role of technology with people in organizations today.
Results/Analysis: The results revealed that both technostress overload and technology invasion were significantly related to greater turnover intentions, higher work family conflict, and greater family burnout. In addition, entitlement played a moderating role such that those who were higher in entitlement had stronger technostress overload outcome and technostress invasion outcome relationships.
Conclusion/Implications: These findings may provide managers key insights to help manage employees, especially those with an inflated sense of entitlement, to mitigate the serious negative outcomes associated with technostress overload and technostress invasion. In particular, both technostress overload and technostress invasion had minimal impact on negative outcomes when employee entitlement was lower. However, when employee entitlement was higher, technostress overload and technostress invasion had considerable negative effects.
Harris, K. J., Harris, R., Valle, M., Carlson, J., Carlson, D., Zivnuska, S. (2021). Technostress and the entitled employee: Impacts on work and family. Information Technology and People
