Tall Buildings at Different Latitudes

OUR CLIMATE IS OUR FUTURE tall buildings at different latitudes

Workflow’s timeline

Post Carbon team

the SOS team Carlotta Greco engineer, architect

Kalzang Dorjee architect

Luca Sandrini architect, landscape

Tiziano Rumori architect

MC A experts Mario Cucinella MC A, SOS founder

Elena Biason project track leader

Monica Palladino project track assistant

Andrea Rossi

Michele Olivieri

expert

expert

Brief

What are the social, cultural and environmental responsibilities in relation to construct a skyscraper?

As cities continue to grow rapidly, the way we construct and manage buildings has never been more crucial to grant economic growth and social prosperity. Expanding cities horizontally would keep consuming natural resources so the idea of expanding the city vertically becomes a priority. In fact, since 2001 we have built 84% of all world skyscrapers.

But building in height presents lots of challenges, mainly linked to sustainability and social equality. Our challenge is to transform a status-symbol into a dynamic and adaptable vertical community that serves the needs of its inhabitants and acts as a reference the city where it located and the whole planet.

We strongly believe that it’s time to change our design approach to tall buildings, restoring a deep connection with climate, local cultures and natural landscapes. It is time to design buildings conceived as living organisms, capable of breaking the boundary between indoor and outdoor space and in close relationship with people and local communities. A system of relationships that has shaped our cultures during the passage of time, making each place on earth different and unique, a fundamental principle we aim to rediscover to imagine our future.

Photo by Francesco Jodice

THE TALL BUILDING’S IMPACT is there a balance between humans, nature and technology?

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

More and more skyscrapers!

Number of Skycraper +200m : 115

2021 2019

Since 2001 we built up the 84% of the skyscrapers that we can see now 2012 Number of Skycraper +200m : 22

2001 1879

Sources: Eighty four percent of the world’s skyscrapers have been built since 9/11, Tom Ravenscroft, www.dezeen.com

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

The problem

Shangai

San Paolo

Milan

Dubai

London

But the skyscrapers all around the world look like the same ...and every city might seem the same as well.

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our crisis

So, are we sure that we are acting good during the biggest crisis of our times?

Photos by Edward Burtinsky RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our climatic crisis

Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our demografic crisis

Source: World population prospect, ONU, 2020. Gapminder (v6), HYDE (v 3.2) UN (2019); OWID based on UN World Urbanization prospect and historical sources RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our demografic crisis

Source: World population prospect, ONU, 2020. Gapminder (v6), HYDE (v 3.2) UN (2019); OWID based on UN World Urbanization prospect and historical sources RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our technological crisis

Source: UN Environment and International Energy Agency, Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector. Global Status Report 2017 RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our technological crisis

Source: UN Environment and International Energy Agency, Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector. Global Status Report 2017 RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our technological crisis

Source: Global Human man made mass exceeds all living biomass, E. Elhacham et al., 2020 RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

A small relief

Oasi Park Downtown, WOHA, Sydney, 2016

Burij Doha, CCDI Group, Doha, 2012

Shenzhen Energy, BIG, Shenzhen, 2018

Actually, there is a new generation of skyscrapers spread all around the world

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Good practices around the world

QAANAAQ

VÄSTERÅS OSLO

STOCKHOLM

LÆSØ COPENHAGEN LONDON

NEW YORK

CALGARY

LES VIGNEAUX

BERLIN

MALMÖ

FRANKFURT MILAN BOLOGNA

BARCELLONA

CHICAGO

BEIJIN

PORTLAND

SEOUL

CYPRUS CAIRO

KUWAIT CITY DOHA

MEXICO CITY

RIYADH JEDDAH

MUDHIF ABU DHABI DUBAI MUMBAI

SHENZEN

BANGKOK

KULA LAMPUR KINSHASA

SINGAPOUR

SAU PAULO

SANTIAGO DE CHILE

CANADA 122 150+ TALL BUILDING

cold

USA 848

150+ TALL BUILDING

temperate

RESEARCH

SOUTH AMERICA 100

SYDNEY

AFRICA 14

150+ TALL BUILDING

150+ TALL BUILDING

EUROPE 87

150+ TALL BUILDING

MIDDLE EAST 506 150+ TALL BUILDING

ASIA 3934

150+ TALL BUILDING

OCEANIA 137 150+ TALL BUILDING

warm

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

More skyscrapers, better skyscrapers 11.7 Gt of CO2 emission

Paris agreement

Number of Skycraper over 200m : 22

New York city zoning

First mass-production of steel inexpensively

Number of Skycraper over 200m : 115

9/11 Platform on LCA was established

Oil discover

3 billion 2 billion 2016

1 billion

2016 Oasi Park Downtown WOHA Sydney - 155 m

2013

500 million

Vertical Garden Le Nouvel Kuala Lumpur - 200 m

Park Royal WOHA Singapore - 78 m

100 million

2012

2016

2018

2022

Shenzhen Tencent Binhai NBBJ, Shenzhen - 220 m

Via 57 West BIG New York - 145m

Shenzhen Energy BIG Shenzhen - 220 m

425 Park Avenue, Foster + Partners New York 260m

2011

2009 2009

Linked Hybrid Steven Holl Arch.s Beijing - 68 m

Lotte Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox Seoul - 555m

The Met WOHA Bankok - 231 m

POPULATION

60 million 50 million

Southern Beach Foster + Partners Singapore - 217 m

2016

2017 Wind Tower AGi Architects Doha - 63 m

2012 2011 2008

30 million

1931

1998

Empire State Building Shreve, Lamb, Harmon New York City- 381 m

1930

25 million

Al Bahr Towers AHR Abu Dhabi - 150 m

2019

(>600 m)

Manhattan Loft SOM London - 143 m

1999

1884 1984

skyscraper National Commercial Bank SOM Jeddah - 126 m

2013

2003

GSW Headquarters Sauerbruch Hutton Berlin - 81.5 m Commerbank Tower Foster + Partners Frankfurt - 259 m

1997

Home Insurance William Le Baron Jenney Chicago - 42 m

15 million

megatall building 1

Chrisler Building William Van Allen New York City- 319 m

1

20 million

1983 Kanchanjunga Apartments Charles Chorreca Mumbai - 85 m

Al Hamra Tower SOM Kuwait - 414 m

Burj Khalifa SOM Dubai - 829 m

Burj Doha CCDI Group; Terrell Group Doha - 238 m

30 St. Mary Axe Foster + Partners London - 180 m

Design Museum MBM Barcelona - 23 m

2013

2014

One Central Park Jean Nouvel Sydney - 130 m

Terry Schrunk Plaza SERA Architects & Cutler Anderson

2022

2023

Rosewood Tower Jean Nouvel San Paulo 90 m

Unipol Tower MC A Milan 100 m

1600

10 million 600 b.c

Vernacular Arch Denmark

Nomadic Yurta Mongolia

5 million

1 1889

3 million

Eiffel Tower S. Sauvestre /G. Eiffel supertall building (>300 m)

1 million 1400 3300 b.c Ma ‘dan - Marsh Iraq

0

Maasai House Tanzania

PRE INDUSTRIAL CITY

1855

1916

1966

INDUSTRIAL CITY

2001

2005

2008

Source: tall-buildings-past-and-present-trends; Urban-hub the evolution of tallbuildings; Council of tall buildings RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

2020

2015

MEGA CITY

1760

2022

2050

Cold Climate

Arid Climate

Technological events

Subtropical Climate

Tropical Climate

Social impact events

Temperate Climate

CO2 emission by building sector

Nature impact events

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Some examples CS

FL

SS

CE LCA

SVB TM wood

LS

Linked Hybrid

Mjosa Tower

NATURE

NATURE

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

City : Brummundal, Norway Year : 2017 - 2019 Architect : Voll Arvkitektor AS Category : Mid Tall Building Height & Floors : 85m (18) Climate Zone : Boreale

City : Beijing, China Year : 2005 - 2009 Architect : Steve Holl Architects Category : Building Height & Floors : 68m (21) Climate Zone : Boreale

HOTEL

National Commercial Bank

OFFICE

OFFICE GARDEN PUBLIC

RESEARCH

The Met

NATURE

NATURE

IMPACT

IMPACT

CLIMATE

CLIMATE

PEOPLE

PEOPLE

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNOLOGY

City : Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Year : 1978 - 1983 Architect : SOM Category : Building Height & Floors : 126m (27) Climate Zone : Arid

City : Bangkok, Thailand Year : 2005 - 2009 Architect : WOHA Category : Building Height & Floors : 230.6m (69) Climate Zone : Tropical

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

PUBLIC

COMPARISON

PRIVATE

PUBLIC

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

OFFICE

PUBLIC

CLIMATE

PRIVATE PUBLIC PRIVATE

PRIVATE

CLIMATE

PRIVATE

PUBLIC

PRIVATE PUBLIC PRIVATE

IMPACT

IMPACT

Our challenge

How we should behave constructing these buildings?

Photo: historic collection of the Empire State Building’s construction site.

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

A complex system SYSTEM

renwables integrated system

M.E.P.

AI & control

life safe system

IWS

(integrated water system)

collect vertical farming

storage

clean

distribute

water feature nebulizer

vertical forest

GREEN

green walls

vertical phytodepuration

walkable no walkable (intensive) (extensive)

sky garden

vases

ENVELOPE

passive strategies inverted

bio-pool

thermal mass

artificial hills (armed ground)

shading systems

auotmatic

external

vertical lamellas

over hanged

manual

internal

horizontal lamellas

double skin

mashrabiya

COURTAIN walls (glazed facade)

ventilated wind facade permeability

U g

CORE

shape & materials

side core

central core

CS

FL

SS load-bearing

TM wood

FL

CS

CE LCA

SVB

extra features

LCA

SVB

LS

SS

TM steel

certified material

foundations

local

ENVIRONMENT sun radiation

wind

CS

CE

FL

CE

LS

SS

TM concrete

RESEARCH

humidity

human permeability

hybrid

re-used

re-cycled

prefabbricated

PEOPLE

extreme events

shape & colors

cost/sqm expertises

empty (atriums)

COST

clients € $

BUILT UP context rainfalls

mixed use pattern

LS

!!!

NATURAL context

natural

LCA

SVB

public semipublic private

atrium

bridge

PROGRAM

STRUCTURE flexibility

green

soil

SOCIAL context

density

FL CE LCA LS

ANALYSIS

flexibility carbon emission life cycle assesment life span

TM SS SVB CS

thermal mass structural strenght save building cost costruction spee

users

DESIGN I

neighbourhood

50

DESIGN II

80

stories

COMPARISON

A system in balanced

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Energy consumption in the building sector 22% Residential

on 8

ng 1 oli Co

Ref

r ig e

2%

rati

5% Coo king

Other 4%

%

Other 6%

ctr

Ele

%

19

y icit

ter Wa

g tin ea

%

17

H

75% g din uil 2) lb ta (m to k of stoc

Transport 26%

1%

ing 3

Heat

7% eating % Other 15

H Water

4% Refrigeration Ventilation 6%

25%

36%

8% Not-Residential

Cooling 13% Heating

14%

Electr

Other 26% Industry

icity 3

5%

6% Building Construction Industry 6% Other Construction Industry

Source: IEA 2021. Building and construction’s share of global final energy and energy-related CO2 emission, 2020 RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Energy consumption at different height

Source:The Environmental Impact of Tall vs Small : A comparative Study, CTBUH, 2015.

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Skyscraper’s construction costs Economic Height = Market Price Per Floor / Construction Costs Index Value

Optimal height

Pro fit sts o c n o i t c Constr u

s ost c l Tota

cost/sqm

Land cos ts

meters

50

100

150 200

250 300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650 700

750

Source: A Skyscraper Construction Cost Index. Index details are in Barr and Luo (2017).

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Skyscraper’s people perceptions

Good perception

Bad perception risk of gentrification

symbol of innovation

controlling people (segregation)

an icon in the urban spaces that can attract tourist & investors

symbol of power

point of reference (landmark)

not safe

less land consumption, more public space

not accessible lack of community

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Hybrid buildings

300m

250m

200m

150m

100m

50m

De Rotterdam, OMA, Rotterdam

Museum Plaza, REX, Louisville

Tour Signal, Jean Nouvel, Puteaux

How is it possible to transfer the city pattern under one roof?

Source: This is Hybrid, an analysis of mixed-use buildings. A+T research group RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Our mission 100% renewable energy

Limited height

DFMA Enhance the public space

Give something back to people

Embodied farming systems

Hybrid Tall Building Climate adaptation Biodiversity nest

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

TALL BUILDINGS AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES where the design can have more impact?

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Where the design can have more impact?

Biodiversity loss

areas with major biodiversity loss in the last 30 years

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Where the design can have more impact?

Biodiversity loss

areas with major biodiversity loss in the last 30 years

RESEARCH

Fastest growing

ANALYSIS

Most populated cities among the 20th

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Where the design can have more impact?

>50 8 >50

>50 >50

21

0

9 >50 7 >50

3

17

0 5

13 >50

0 3 5

Biodiversity loss

areas with major biodiversity loss in the last 30 years

RESEARCH

22

>50

32 >50

Fastest growing

Most populated cities among the 20th

9

Few tall buildings

number of +100m tall buildings

5

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

A final selection: 4 different cities where the design can have more impact N

N

N

N

Ulan B r ato

Tehr a

2m

47° 54’ 27’’ N

n

Yurta

10m 20m

35° 41’ 29’’ N

Yakhchal

Lago s 6° 31’ 27’’ N

Makoko Houses

ba

Curi ti 4m

25° 26’ 09’’ S

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

0°C

0°C

0°C

0°C

Oca

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

4 different cities

Population : 15.38 million (2022) Height from sea level : 41m Surface : 1847 sq.km

ANALYSIS

Population : 9.38 million (2022) Height from sea level : 900-1830m Surface : 1100 sq.km

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

r ato

RESEARCH

n

Population : 3.77 million (2022) Height from sea level : 935m Surface : 6242 sq.km

Ulan B

Tehr a

Lago s

ba

Curi ti

Population : 1.64 million (2022) Height from sea level : 1359m Surface : 1816 sq.km

COMPARISON

4 different issues

Slums and floods

Traffic jam

r ato

n

Housing

Ulan B

Tehr a

Lago s

ba

Curi ti

Pollution

It is estimated that 10 to 15% of the city of Curitiba’s population lives in substandard housing that does not meet an acceptable level of health and safety standards

Over 60% of the residents of Lagos are poor and live in the over 100 slums and informal settlements scattered across the city.

Over nine million residents in the capital city of Tehran squander an average of 31 minutes per day in traffic.

In winter, coal stoves and power plants choke Mongolia’s capital, Ulan Bator, with smoke—and lung disease.

https://curitibacityplanning.weebly.com/housing.html

https://theconversation.com/lagos-size-and-slums-will-make-stopping-thespread-of-covid-19-a-tough-task-134723

https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/110239/tehran-residents-spend15b-hours-annually-in-traffic

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/mongolia-airpollution

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

4 different urban planning Curi ti

1 : 350 000

N

railway RESEARCH

industries streets

green areas skyscrapers ANALYSIS

r ato

airports

slums

n

ba

urban area

Ulan B

Tehr a

Lago s

new development areas centers

project area DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

4 different urban planning Curi ti

airports 1 : 350 000

N

In between infrastructural nodes

slums railway

RESEARCH

industries streets

green areas skyscrapers ANALYSIS

r ato

n

ba

City centers

urban area

Ulan B

Tehr a

Lago s

In between blue and green lines

High desnity

new development areas centers

project area DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

4 different sites on the edges Curi ti

1 : 20 000

N

RESEARCH

H

r ato

n

ba

streets electricity line

Ulan B

Tehr a

Lago s

public spaces

informal settlements

green spaces

selected area

hospitals

commercial

canals or streams

free areas

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

4 different climates

>50 kwh/m2

Sun path

47 44 41 38 35 32 29 26 23 <20

Temperature

temperature ranges

average temperature

comfort band

Radiation and rainings

cloud sky

clear sky

direct radiation

diffuse radiation

mean average rainfall 17.0 m/s

Wind rose

15.45 13.60 12.35 10.80 9.30 7.70 6.15 4.60 3.05 <1.50

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

4 different climates

>50 kwh/m2

Sun path

47 44 41 38 35 32

high radiation

sun on the zenit

29 26 23 <20

Temperature constant

yearly high

temperature

temperature swing average temperature

temperature ranges

comfort band

constant

temperature

Radiation and rainings 800mm average rain

cloud sky

clear sky

direct radiation

diffuse radiation

mean average rainfall 17.0 m/s

Wind rose

15.45 13.60 12.35 10.80

strong wind

9.30 7.70 6.15 4.60 3.05 <1.50

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

A tall building for Curitiba 2050 Period

21/06

Multiply green and sport area

21/12

overhang

Shifting the volumes for water harvesting

cross ventilation

water permeability new centrality as a public green space

Climbing different planes

Open green terraces

21/06

1 : 2 000

N

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

overhang

COMPARISON

A tall building for Lagos 2050

21/06

Lifting the public space

overhang water harvesting 21/12

Overhang provides shade

floods protection stack effect

21

through the atrium

Vertical conncection

public functions open to people

covered square

Stack effect and lighting by cut

1 : 2 000

N

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

A tall building for Tehran 2050 Period

21/12 21/06

Volume division as the old city

g

cimney effect

Shifting for shadow and open space

cross ventilation

mashrabiya 21/12

cross ventilation thermal mass

w centrality a public green space

Connecting open spaces

seasonal squares

connection with the city

Open green terraces

1 : 2 000

N

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS 21/06

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

seasonal squares

A tall building for Ulan Bator 2050

connection with the city

Period

ng

Period

21/06

North core placed as wind barrier

point of view

floods protection

water harvesting

Embracing the ground floor, making it public

wind protection 21/12

Sky view and public sqaures at different heights.

energy production for the city

direct connection with the park

Skin facade to retain the heat

1 : 2 000

N

RESEARCH

gateway to the city

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Tall buildings at different latitudes 21/06 21/06

21/12 21/12

Tehr a

21/06 21/06

ba

n

Curi ti

overhang overhang

cimney cimney effect effect

mashrabiya mashrabiya

cross cross ventilation ventilation 21/12 21/12

water water permeability permeability

cross cross ventilation ventilation thermal thermal mass mass

new centrality new centrality as a public green space as a public green space

seasonal squares seasonal squares

connection with the city connection with the city

Lago s

21/06 21/06

Ulan B r ato

overhang overhang

21/06 21/06

water water harvesting harvesting point of view point of view

21/12 21/12

water water harvesting harvesting floods floods protection protection

wind wind protection protection

stack effect stack through theeffect atrium

21/12 21/12

through the atrium

public functions public functions open to people open to people

energy production energy production for the city for the city direct connection direct connection with the park with the park

covered square covered square

gateway to the city gateway to the city

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

TERRA - F(A)RMING Ulan Bator, Mongolia

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Concept

Gathering

RESEARCH

Exposure

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

Protection

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Massing and formation diagram North core placed as wind barrier

Embracing the ground floor, making it public

sun win

d

Sky view and public sqaures at different heights.

energy output for the city

Skin facade to retain the heat

park gateway to the city

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Shadow Hours 10.00 < h

<0.00

Massing radiation analysis

Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h

0

Annual Solar Radiation

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation baseline

0

average 730 kWh/m2

1000 kWh/m2

Baseline

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing average 730 kWh/m 2

average 808 kWh/m2

+11% facade fuly irradiated

Annual solar radiation 0

N

1000 kWh/m2

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Shadow Hours 10.00 < h

<0.00

Massing radiation analysis

Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h

0

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation baseline

facade massing fully irradiated Ulan Bator annual +11.6% solar radiation

Annual Solar Radiation

average 808 kWh/m2

0

average 730 kWh/m2

1000 kWh/m2

+11% facade fuly irradiated

Baseline

Massing

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing average 730 kWh/m

average 808 kWh/m2

2

average 808 kWh/m2

+11% facade fuly irradiated

Annual solar radiation 0

N

1000 kWh/m2

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Shadow Hours 10.00 < h

<0.00

Massing radiation analysis

Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h

0

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation baseline average 730 kWh/m

facade massing fully irradiated Ulan Bator annual +11.6% solar radiation average 808 kWh/m

-20% irradiated facade* Annual Solar Radiation

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing with skin

2

average 404 kWh/m2

2

0

1000 kWh/m2

+11% facade fuly irradiated

Baseline

Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing average 730 kWh/m 2

average 808 kWh/m2

-50% facade fuly irradiated

Massing

Skin

average 808 kWh/m2

average 646 kWh/m2 * compared to the massing

+11% facade fuly irradiated

Annual solar radiation 0

N

1000 kWh/m2

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Functional program

LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.8%

3.8%

HOUSING 6.3% AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% HOTEL

HOTEL

6.3%

6.3%

OFFICES

OFFICES

8.3%

8.3%

PUBLIC REALM 28.2% PUBLIC REALM

28.2%

SPORT

SPORT

CULTURAL CULTURAL

3.6%

3.6%

24%

24%

SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% PARKING 5.3% PARKING TECHNICAL TECHNICAL SPACE 9.1% SPACE

5.3% 9.1%

ENERGETIC WASTE PLANT 2.3% PLANT 2.3% ENERGETIC WASTE TOTAL GROSS AREAGROSS 195 870sqm TOTAL AREA 195 870sqm

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Ground floor

1 : 500

N

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

UTCI analysis Assumption: For the concept phase the internal temperature of the skin is equal to the external one. Further thermal analysis will be evaluated in the next phase

Base point T perceived:18.5 °C

Hotel terrace T perceived: 20 °C

Strategy: No strategies were applied

Strategies: Solar gains Wind protection Evapotransipiration of plants

21 June DBT: 18.6°C WS: 2.4m/s RH: 71% 3_ strong thermal stress 2_ moderate thermal stress 1_ slight thermal stress 0_ no thermal stress -1_ slight cold stress -2_ moderate cold stress -3_ strong cold stress

Shadow masks

Winter square 26% covered

Office square T perceived:17 °C Strategies: Solar gains Evapotransipiration of plants Water square T perceived:18 °C

Office square 42% covered

Strategies: Solar gains Wind protection Evapotransipiration of plants Evaporative cooling

Water square 30% covered

Park access T perceived:16 °C

Auditorium square T perceived: 20 °C

Strategy: Evapotransipiration of plants

RESEARCH

Strategies: Solar gains Evapotransipiration of plants Creation of Environmental Pocket

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

Auditorium square 34% covered

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Terra-F(a)rming Volume

Top view

RESEARCH

Frontal view

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

View from below

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Relevant floors hotel floor plan

office floor plan

1 : 300

N

Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)

Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)

GLA - 1894 sq.m GBA - 2249 sq.m

GLA - 1420 sq.m GBA - 1245 sq.m

RESEARCH

GLA/GBA - 80%

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

GLA/GBA - 87%

COMPARISON

Daylight analysis Office floor plan

Daylight factor

Useful daylight illuminance

DF (%) >2 2 to 1 .5 1.5 to 0.7 <0.7

Average: 4.5%

Hotel floor plan

Average: 75%

Daylight factor

Useful daylight illuminance

DF (%) >2 2 to 1 .5 1.5 to 0.7 <0.7

Average: 1.8%

1 : 300

N

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

Average: 76%

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Environmental section

Rainwater collection

Diffuse light from north

Solar access Wind Protection Greenhouse natural ventilation

1 : 2000

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

MEP system Water tanks Rain gardens Phytodepuration Wc equipment Pump

Renewable energy from PV

Grey water Black water PV Battery

Rainwater collection

Heat pump AHU Waste Skygardens Electrical equipment

Energy plant

Energy plant RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

City

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Construction system

01 The ETFE membrane envelops the building, creating a greenhouse effect inside

02 06

02 PV and Solar Panel are located on the ETFE membrane for energy and thermal production.

03 Highly effective mixed structure in steel + XLam and improved resistance to stress

Radiant panels integrated into the floor with

04 high thermal storage capacity

Modular mullions element of 1,5 x 3

01

05 following the WWR (window to wall Ratio)

05 04

06 Hollow steel beams to allow the passage of MEP system + steel perimetral beams

03

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Ulan Bator Carbon assessment Carbon Assessment Structure 55.000 50.000

23%

45.000

-50%

40.000

Base case

GGBS low carbon concrete*

Proposal

40%

embodied C02

35.000

30.000

37%

100%

25.000

20.000

Base case 50104 tonCO2eq

Structure material

Proposal 26431 tonCO2eq

concrete

steel

Xlam

Facades

1% 3%

16.000.000

20%

2% 4% 18%

15.000.000

-41%

14.000.000

Base case

embodied C02

46%

Proposal 50%

13.000.000

39%

17%

12.000.000

11.000.000

Skin and façade material 10.000.000

Proposal Base case 15.940.685,4 tonCO2eq 13.576.838 tonCO2eq

RESEARCH RESEARCH

ANALYSIS ANALYSIS

DESIGN I DESIGN I

ETFE

mulions

Glass

Aluminium (frame + substructure)

Insulation

Panels

DESIGN II DESIGN II

COMPARISON COMPARISON

Ulan Bator 2050

Postcard from

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

THE CONNECTOR Tehran, Iran

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Concept

Urban life

RESEARCH

Shading

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

Movement

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Massing and formation diagram Volume division as the old city

Shifting for shadow and open space

sun

wind

Connecting open spaces

park Open green terraces

connection with the city

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Shadow Hours 10.00 < h

<0.00

Massing radiation analysis

Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h

0

Annual Solar Radiation

Tehran annual solar radiation baseline

0

average 918 kWh/m2

1000 kWh/m2

Baseline

Tehran annual solar radiation massing average 918 kWh/m

2

average 362 kWh/m2

+65% facade fuly irradiated

Annual solar radiation 0

N

1000 kWh/m2

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Shadow Hours 10.00 < h

<0.00

Massing radiation analysis

<0

Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h

0

-15% facade fully irradiated

Tehran annual solar radiation baseline

Tehran annual solar radiation baseline

Baseline

Massing

average 918 kWh/m2

2

average 362 kWh/m2

Annual Solar Radiation 0

average 808 kWh/m2 kWh/m2

Tehran annual solar radiation massing average 918 kWh/m

1000 kWh/m2

Tehran annual solar radiation massing with skin average 808 kWh/m 2

average 200 kWh/m2

+65% facade fuly irradiated

-75% facade fuly irradiated

Annual solar radiation 0

N

1000 kWh/m2

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

0

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

0

Shadow Hours 10.00 < h

<0.00

Massing radiation analysis

<0

Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h

0

-15% facade fully irradiated

Tehran annual solar radiation baseline average 918 kWh/m

-20% irradiated facade* Annual Solar Radiation

Tehran annual solar radiation massing with skin

Tehran annual solar radiation baseline

2

average 200 kWh/m2

average 808 kWh/m2 kWh/m2

0

1000 kWh/m2 -75% facade fuly irradiated

Baseline

Tehran annual solar radiation massing average 918 kWh/m

Massing

2

average 362 kWh/m2

Skin

Tehran annual solar radiation massing with skin average 808 kWh/m

average 200 kWh/m2

2

average 200 kWh/m2

* compared to the massing +65% facade fuly irradiated

-75% facade fuly irradiated

Annual solar radiation 0

N

1000 kWh/m2

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

0

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

0

Functional program

LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.8%

HOTEL

3.8%

HOTEL

6.4%

6.4%

LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.7%

3.7%

PUBLIC REALMPUBLIC REALM 25.4%

25.4%

AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% HOTEL

HOTEL

6.3%

6.3%

OFFICES

OFFICES

8.3%

8.3%

SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 13% SERVICES - COMMERCIAL CULTURAL

PUBLIC REALMPUBLIC REALM 28.2%

28.2%

SPORT

SPORT

3.6%

3.6%

CULTURAL

CULTURAL 24%

24%

13%

9%

9%

SPORT & LEISURE SPORT & LEISURE 7.7%

7.7%

OFFICES

CULTURAL

OFFICES

13.3%

13.3%

AFFORDABLE HOUSING 4.3% AFFORDABLE HOUSING

4.3%

SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% PARKING PARKING 5.3% TECHNICAL SPACE TECHNICAL9.1% SPACE

5.3% 9.1%

ENERGETIC WASTE PLANTWASTE 2.3% PLANT 2.3% ENERGETIC

PARKING 10.9% PARKING TECHNICAL SPACE TECHNICAL SPACE3.6%

10.9% 3.6%

TOTAL GROSSTOTAL AREA GROSS 173 AREA 990sqm

173 990sqm

TOTAL GROSSTOTAL AREA GROSS 195 870sqm AREA 195 870sqm

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

1 : 500

N

Ground floor

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

UTCI analysis Assumption: Calculation made on the 21 dec

Shadow masks

21 June DBT: 33.6°C WS: 6.9m/s RH: 16%

Market square T perceived: 18 °C Strategies: Cross ventilation Solar protection Evapotransipiration of plants

3_ strong thermal stress 2_ moderate thermal stress 1_ slight thermal stress 0_ no thermal stress -1_ slight cold stress -2_ moderate cold stress -3_ strong cold stress

Drop off T perceived: 30.3 °C

Summer square T perceived: 20 °C

Strategy: Shading

Strategies: Shading Evapotransipiration of plants Natural ventilation

Winter square 25% covered

Summer square 60% covered

Water square T perceived: 21 °C Strategies: Cross ventilation Solar protection Evaporative cooling

Base point T perceived: 34.4 °C

Water square 75% covered

Winter square T perceived: 11 °C Strategies: Wind protection Solar exposure

No strategies were applied

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

Market square 82% covered

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

The connector Volume

Top view

RESEARCH

Frontal view

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

View from below

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Relevant floors

1 : 500

N

market + hotel floor plan

offices + housing floor plan

Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)

Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)

GLA - 3329 sq.m GBA - 5360 sq.m

GLA - 3406 sq.m GBA - 5360 sq.m

GLA/GBA - 62%

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

GLA/GBA - 63%

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Daylight analysis Daylight factor

DF (%) >2 2 to 1 .5 1.5 to 0.7 <0.7

Average: 4.5%

Average: 75%

N

Useful daylight illuminance

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Environmental section

Diffuse light from north Shading system with mashrabia

Cross ventilation

Rainwater collection Evaporing cooling

1 : 2000

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

MEP system Water tanks

Water tanks Water tanks

Rain gardens

Rain gardens Rain gardens

Phytodepuration

Phytodepuration Phytodepuration

Wc equipment

Wc equipment Wc equipment

PV

Pump Pump Grey water Grey water Black water Black water PV PV

Battery

Battery Battery

Heat pump

Heat pump Heat pump

Pump Grey water

Renewable energy from PV

Black water

AHU

AHU AHU

Waste

Waste Waste

Rainwater collection

Skygardens Electrical equipment

Energy plant

Skygardens Skygardens Electrical equipment Electrical equipment Energy plant

City

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Construction system

04

01 Facade system coated with ceramic 02 PV and Solar Panel are located on the external facade of the mashrabya for energy and thermal production.

03 Highly effective mixed structure in steel + CA and improved resistance to stress

05 03 01

04 Radiant panels integrated into the ceiling Modular mullions element of 1,5 x 3

05 following the WWR (window to wall Ratio) 06 Hollow steel beams to allow the passage of MEP system + steel perimetral beams

06

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Carbon Assessment Structure 350.000

300.000

32%

250.000

-48%

200.000

Base case

embodied C02

GGBS low carbon concrete*

Proposal

150.000 68%

100%

100.000

50.000

Base case 284.389 tonCO2eq

Proposal 155.798 tonCO2eq

Structure material

concrete

steel

Facades 6,000.000,00

1% 2%

5% 11%

5,000.000,00

4,000.000,00

-35%

3,000.000,00

Base case

embodied C02

Proposal

44%

40%

45%

52%

2,000.000,00

1,000.000,00

Skin and façade material 0.00

Base case 13753,3 tonCO2eq

RESEARCH

Proposal 8157,8 tonCO2eq

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

Panels

Insulation

Glass

Aluminium (frame + substructure)

COMPARISON

Tehran 2050

Postcard from

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

A FINAL COMPARISON

RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

People | Hybrid Ulan B

Tehr a n

r ato

LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.8%

3.8%

HOTEL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL

PUBLIC REALM

H

LU

P

AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% HOTEL

HOTEL 6.3%

6.3%

OFFICES

OFFICES 8.3%

8.3%

PUBLIC REALM

PUBLIC REALM 28.2%

SPORT

SPORT3.6%

3.6%

CULTURAL

CULTURAL 24%

24%

S SERVICES - COMMERCIAL

28.2%

CULTURAL

C

SPORT & LEISURE

S

OFFICES

O

AFFORDABLE HOUSINGA

SERVICES SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2%- COMMERCIAL 1.2% PARKING 5.3% PARKING TECHNICAL SPACE TECHNICAL 9.1% SPACE

5.3% 9.1%

ENERGETIC WASTE PLANT 2.3% WASTE PLANT 2.3% ENERGETIC TOTAL GROSS AREATOTAL 195 870sqm GROSS AREA 195 870sqm Top View Hotel Sport & leisure Parking RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

Luxory residential Offices Cultural Technical space DESIGN I

Affordable housing Public realm Services - Commercial Energy waste plant DESIGN II

COMPARISON

PARKING TECHNICAL SPACE

PA T

TOTAL GROSS AREA

T

Nature | Climate adaptation Ulan B

Tehr a n

r ato RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON

Technology | Holistic Approach Ulan B

Tehr a n

r ato RESEARCH

ANALYSIS

DESIGN I

DESIGN II

COMPARISON