BYD Brochure_Piedmont Women's Center

INFORMED

STRONG

EMPOWERED

Before YOU DECIDE

Get the Facts First

CHOOSE WITH CONFIDENCE B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

Looking Beyond THE NOW Taylor’s Letter to Her Mom, Kristy: Dear Mom, There are many reasons that I admire you. For one, you are my mom. Secondly, the fact that you had me at such a young age, and not under ideal situations, and still you have become so successful is incredible.

I have NEVER heard of someone doing the things you do. Most of the time, you hear about a young teenage mother getting pregnant, becoming a drug addict, messing up her life, and her child’s life. But not us.

Thank you for everything!

Love,

Taylor

BEFORE YOU DECIDE

contents GET THE FACTS FIRST

the basics 05

You Have Questions, We Have Answers

06

Understanding Your Body

08

I Had Unprotected Sex...Now What?

What is Emergency Contraception?

10

How Can I Be Sure I’m Pregnant?

12

19

Second & Third Trimester Abortion Methods Late Term

21

Immediate & Long-Term Risks

alternatives 24

Explore Your Options

25

Raising the Baby

27

Types of Adoption

Fetal Development

abortion 14

The Abortion Pill

18

First Trimester Suction/Aspiration Abortion

citations 28

References

Facing an Unplanned Pregnancy is Hard

We’re here to help you navigate

YOUR OPTIONS.

Look For * Throughout this brochure are definitions* to words that will help you understand more about your pregnancy, the new life developing inside you, and abortion.

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Fear, confusion, and anger are just some of the feelings that you may be experiencing. You have the right to be fully informed about this important decision.

You are stronger than your circumstances. Get the facts first and choose with confidence before you decide.

© 2023 Care Net. All rights reserved. Available for purchase from store.care-net.org.

The purpose of this publication is to assist women and men in making an informed decision about pregnancy options. Care Net is a life-affirming organization and does not refer for or promote abortion. Care Net gratefully acknowledges its Medical Advisory Board and other healthcare experts for reviewing medical content, as well as Care Net staff for collaborating on this publication. The information presented in this publication is intended for general education purposes only and should not be relied upon as a substitute for professional and/or medical advice.

the basics

YOU HAVE

QUESTIONS

WE HAVE

A NS W E R S

Can I have a baby and still live my life?

You may see this unplanned pregnancy as a major roadblock in your life. It may encourage you to know that many women in the same situation have found the resources and courage they need to make positive choices and live without regrets.

Do I have to choose between my baby and my future?

Some people may tell you that you can’t achieve your dreams if you have a baby now. But the truth is that sometimes the best changes in life are unplanned. What if you can be strong enough to realize your dreams and flexible enough to adapt to unexpected circumstances? We all need help sometimes and you may have more support than you know.

Should I be concerned about having an abortion?

Abortion is not a simple medical procedure. For some women, it is a life-changing event with significant physical, emotional, and spiritual consequences. Some women who struggle with past abortions say that they wish they had been told all of the facts about abortion beforehand.

How do I tell them?

Telling your loved ones about your pregnancy can be scary.

You may expect them to react in a certain way but their responses could surprise you.

Consider telling your partner first, especially if you are in a healthy relationship. Tell him what you are thinking and feeling. Ask him to share his thoughts and feelings with you, too. Your family and friends may have their ideas for your future but ultimately, it is your life to live. Make decisions you can live with long-term, no matter what anyone else says.

What can I do about people pressuring me?

Being strong can be hard, but this is your decision. It isn’t legal for anyone to force you to make the decision they want. If someone is pressuring you to make a quick decision, explain your needs and try to involve them in counseling to explore your positive options.

There is help available if someone is trying to force you to get an abortion.

5 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

the basics

Understanding Your Body

Being healthy is important, and so is understanding how your body works when pregnancy begins.

Menstrual Cycle1

For the average 28-day menstrual cycle, the egg is released (ovulation) about 14 days after the start of a woman’s period (exact timing varies a lot among women). A woman’s most fertile time is during the days leading up to ovulation and the day of ovulation. The egg is available to be fertilized for 24 hours, but sperm can live inside a woman’s body for 3-4 days.

Uterus

Embryo (Zygote)

Fallopian Tube

Ovary

Ovulation

Implantation

Cervix

Vagina Fertilization

defin

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Cervix • The narrow, lower end of the uterus.

Embryo • Human life in the earliest weeks of development, during which time the organs are formed.

Uterus • Female organ where the unborn baby develops during pregnancy.

6 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

*

the basics

Fertilization (Conception)2

During fertilization, the egg and sperm unite to form a new person–a genetically unique living individual whose gender, hair, and eye color are established. The first week of human growth and development takes place during the journey from the fallopian tube to the uterus where the living embryo* implants. Do you have to be a certain size, live in a certain place, or possess a certain amount of intelligence to be considered a human being?

Implantation3

Implantation happens about 1 week after fertilization and is when the embryo embeds inside the lining of the uterus.

It triggers the production of pregnancy hormones, which is what pregnancy tests detect.

Life is a Journey Life is a continuum. For each of us, it starts the same: when the dad’s sperm and mom’s egg combine, a unique life comes into existence!

What do you think?

When did you become a person?

7 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

the basics

I Had Unprotected Sex…

NOW WHAT? What is Emergency Contraception (EC)?5

Often called the “morning-after pill,” EC is intended to prevent pregnancy after known or suspected contraceptive failure, unprotected intercourse, or forced sex. EC may prevent the new life from implanting in the uterus, ending a very early pregnancy, rather than preventing the pregnancy altogether.6

There are two main types of EC:7

Levonorgestrel (Plan B Onestep®/ generics) and Ulipristal (ella®). These hormonal medications are intended to prevent pregnancy. Both are reported to reduce the chance of pregnancy, but are not always effective. They claim to work by preventing the egg and sperm from meeting, however, they may also work after a new life has formed, by interfering with the embryo’s attachment to the uterus.

Uterus

Embryo (Zygote)

Fallopian Tube

Ovary

Ovulation

Implantation

Cervix

Vagina Fertilization

8 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

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the basics

ition

Last Menstrual Period (LMP)8a The date when a woman starts her last menstrual period before conception. This is the point in time from which the pregnancy and the age of the unborn baby are typically measured, since most women do not know when they conceived.

The beginning of pregnancy was redefined by some in the medical community from the time of fertilization to when the embryo implants in the uterus.8b This “new” definition is used to claim that emergency contraception methods don’t harm an established pregnancy. However, all forms of EC have the potential to disrupt healthy implantation that then results in the death of the embryo.9

About one out of five women become pregnant after a single act of intercourse during the fertile window.10 There are only a few days each month when pregnancy is possible, many take EC when it will have zero impact on pregnancy risk.

Unlike Plan B, ella® is a chemical cousin to the abortion pill Mifeprex®. Both share the progesterone-blocking effect of disrupting the embryo’s attachment to the uterus, causing its death. The impact of ella® on existing pregnancies was not tested in women. However, a higher dose did cause abortions in pregnant animals, including monkeys, and carries the same potential in humans.11

How does Emergency Contraception compare to the Abortion Pill?

Abortion Pill

Plan B One-Step

ella®

(Mifeprex®/Mifepristone)

Prevent Fertilization

Yes

Yes

Yes

May interfere with Implantation; embryocidal effect

Yes

Yes

Yes

May Disrupt Attached Baby

No

Yes

Yes

Time frame of Use

Within 72 Hours of sex

Within 5 days of sex

Up to 10 weeks from LMP

9 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

the basics

How Can I Be Sure I’M PREGNANT ?

What Happens During Pregnancy?

During pregnancy, your body goes through many changes.

Most pregnancy tests are very reliable, but only a physician or other appropriate healthcare professional can confirm that you are actually pregnant.

if you’ve been sexually active and have missed your period, it’s time to take a pregnancy test.

10 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

the basics

When Does Pregnancy Begin?

Years ago, the medical community redefined the beginning of pregnancy from the time of fertilization to when an embryo implants in the uterus.12 Whatever definition you use, the scientific reality is that when the sperm and egg unite and fertilization occurs, the genetic make-up of a unique human is established: that person is already a he or a she, and their hair and eye color are established.13

an ultrasound exam can confirm that your pregnancy is in the uterus and is living.

Why Should I Confirm My Pregnancy?

A significant number of early pregnancies end on their own in miscarriage and a smaller number grow in the wrong place-outside of the uterus, which can be life-threatening.14 An ultrasound exam can confirm that your pregnancy is in the uterus and is living. This information is helpful as you make this decision: abortion or continuing with your pregnancy.

What Symptoms Should I look for?

Although not everyone experiences these, the signs and symptoms below are commonly associated with early pregnancy.15

?

Missed Period

Feel Like Throwing up Sometimes

Tender Breasts

Peeing More Often

More Mood Swings

z

z

z

More Tired Than Normal

11 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

the basics conception

month 1

month 2

month 3

month 4

Fetal Development first trimester

Day 1

When fertilization occurs, the baby’s features, including sex, hair and eye color, are determined.16

6 Weeks LMP (last menstrual period) The baby’s heart begins pumping just 22 days after fertilization.17 The embryo’s heart motion can be seen during an ultrasound done at 6 weeks LMP. The brain

is dividing into its three main parts and the respiratory and digestive systems are forming.18

2 Months19

By 8 weeks LMP, the embryo begins to make spontaneous movements. Early brain waves have been noted. Bones in different parts are beginning to harden.

The tiny embryo grows rapidly, and by 9 1/2

weeks from the LMP, has distinct fingers and can hiccup.

3 Months20

Thumb sucking begins, as well as the ability to grasp things, open the mouth, sigh, & stretch.

The fetus’* face, hands, and feet can sense light touch.

Unborn babies begin forming unique fingerprints by the time they reach 12 weeks from the LMP. MONTH 3 11 weeks LMP

MONTH 4 MONTH 1

6 weeks LMP

15 weeks LMP

MONTH 2

9 weeks LMP 12 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

the basics month 5

month 6

MONTH 5

month 7

month 8

month 9

MONTH 6 √

21 weeks LMP

24 Weeks LMP

MONTH 7√

√ Sound Wave Images

30 Weeks LMP

LMP ages: 24 week and 30 week. Licensed from www.unborn.com

second trimester

4 Months

21

Taste buds form.

At what point is the fetus capable of experiencing pain?

The debate continues but research supports that pre-born babies are able to feel pain by 15 weeks gestation* (LMP). Do they merit protection?

By 18 weeks LMP, gender differences in behavior have been

MONTH 8

observed by this point in development.

Females move their jaws more often than males.

because survival becomes possible for babies born around this point.23

5 Months22

third trimester

By 22 weeks LMP, the inner ear is fully developed and the baby can respond to a growing range of sounds. Hair begins to grow on the fetal head.

6 Months

This is considered the age of viability

The baby can produce tears.24

Month 8

Babies put on weight in the last few weeks of development.25

Month 9

Baby has reached full term and is ready to be born!

MONTH 9

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Fetus: A developing unborn baby with an observable human structure; the stage following embryo. Latin for “offspring.”

Trimester: An interval of about three months used to measure three successive stages of pregnancy: first trimester, second trimester and third trimester Gestation: In human pregnancy, it is the length of time from fertilization until birth.

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Month 7

13 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

abortion

Learn About Abortion Procedures

WHAT?

The Abortion Pill: MifeprexTM, Mifepristone, RU-486 + Misoprostol

WHEN?

Up to 10 weeks after Last Menstrual Period (LMP)

HOW? DAY 1:

Swallow mifepristone, eventually causes embryo’s death

DAY 2 OR 3:

Take misoprostol, cramping expels baby

the

ABORTION PILL

Also known as Mifeprex,TM mifepristone, or RU-486

The abortion pill (also known as Mifeprex,TM mifepristone, or RU-486) uses two drugs to induce abortion* in women up to 70 days (10 weeks) after their last menstrual period (LMP).27 However, it is used “off-label” beyond 10 weeks.28 On day one, mifepristone is swallowed, it blocks the effect of the hormone progesterone, which is necessary for the continuation of pregnancy.29 The embryo’s connection with the uterus is lost, usually causing his or her death over the next few days.30

Who should NOT take the abortion pill (mifepristone)?31 • • •

Have or may have an ectopic pregnancy Have an IUD Long-term steroid user

DAY 7 TO 14:

Follow up with provider to check if abortion is complete

SIDE EFFECTS? • Moderate to Severe cramping • Bleeding • Nausea • Weakness • Fever and chills • Vomiting • Headaches • Diarrhea • Dizziness

• • •

Take blood thinners Chronic adrenal failure Have a bleeding disorder

• •

Over 10 weeks pregnant Have porphyria

Twenty-four to forty-eight hours after taking mifepristone, misoprostol tablets are taken which cause cramping and bleeding that expels the pregnancy. Cramping may be severe, and bleeding usually lasts one to two weeks.32 It is possible that patient may see identifiable fetal parts expelled. By 10 weeks LMP, the developing baby is over one inch in length with clearly recognizable arms, legs, hands, and feet.33 Follow up occurs one to two weeks later to see if the procedure is complete and to check for complications: this may be a text, chat, video or office visit, home urine pregnancy test, or none.

14 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

abortion

COMPLICATIONS & RISKS

Potential for psychological trauma: research is needed about the mental health effects of self-inducing an abortion and seeing baby parts expelled, but it is reasonable to speculate that these realities may lead to increased mental health problems.34 In line with the best available evidence, other forms of induced abortion increase the risk of depression, substance abuse, and other psychological problems.35 Failed abortion: meds may fail to cause abortion, or it is incomplete and tissue remains inside the uterus:36 • The risk of failure increases with every week of pregnancy • A surgical abortion is usually done to complete a failed medication abortion.37a Small risk of fetal malformations due to misoprostol in pregnancies that continue.37b Life-threatening bleeding: 1 out of 100 women need a D&C* to stop hemorrhaging; this increases to 38% when used in the second trimester.38 Undiagnosed ectopic pregnancy: won’t end an ectopic pregnancy where the embryo lodges outside the uterus (usually in the fallopian tube).

If not diagnosed early, there is a risk of the tube tearing open, internal hemorrhage, and maternal death in some cases.39 Medication abortion is four times riskier than surgical abortion and has a significantly higher risk of hemorrhage and incomplete abortion.40 FDA black box warning: some women died due to an overwhelming total body infection (sepsis).41 Unknowingly abort a pregnancy that was destined to end in natural miscarriage.

Rh sensitization:42 women undergoing abortion should have their blood type tested and those who are Rh negative should receive an injection of RhogamTM to prevent the formation of antibodies that may harm current or future pregnancies.

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Elective/Induced Abortion • A procedure designed to terminate a living

pregnancy with the sole purpose of intentionally ending the embryo/fetus’ life, unlike a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) where the baby has already died.

D&C • Dilation & curettage, a surgical procedure where the cervix is stretched open and a sharp loop-shaped instrument called a curette is used to scrape the uterine lining and remove tissue. After an abortion, the suction curette is used, as well.

15 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

abortion

ONLINE ABORTION PILL? Doing it yourself is risky! 44a

The abortion pill has special safety restrictions on how it is distributed to the public. Using drugs bought online can be risky. Online purchasers of the abortion pill bypass important safeguards designed to protect their health. Because drugs purchased online are not the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved versions of the drugs, they are not subject to FDA manufacturing controls, and there is no way to be sure exactly what they contain.

Some websites claim to give instructions on how to induce your own abortion. Attempting to follow these instructions can be very dangerous for a woman and may or may not end her pregnancy.

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Off-Label • The legal use of a medication or a medical device for a purpose for which it has not been specifically approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

WHAT IF I CHANGE MY MIND? It may not be too late! 45

Some women change their minds after taking just the first drug (mifepristone) of the two drug regimen of a medication abortion and want to try to continue their pregnancies.

The Abortion Pill Reversal protocol was originally developed in response to women’s desperate request for help. It uses natural progesterone off-label* to counteract the progesterone-blocking effects of the abortion pill (mifepristone). A majority of women who used this protocol (under a physician’s care) successfully continued their pregnancies and gave birth to healthy babies. Based upon available evidence, the use of natural progesterone is associated with a significantly higher likelihood that a pregnancy will continue after exposure to mifepristone compared to no intervention. Women should not attempt to counteract the abortion pill without the assistance of a medical professional.

FOR MORE INFORMATION:

877.558.0333 | AbortionPillReversal.com 16 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

abortion

Why a Clinical Evaluation Is SO IMPORTANT

Any woman considering the abortion pill should have an ultrasound examination to verify if there is a pregnancy inside the uterus, see if there is cardiac activity, and obtain an estimate of gestational age. Without this critical evaluation, the risk of complications increases significantly.

MISOPROSTOL ONLY47

METHOTREXATE46

This drug is FDA-approved for treating certain cancers and rheumatoid arthritis, but is used off-label to treat ectopic pregnancies and to induce abortion. It works by stopping the growth of rapidly dividing cells (like those found in an early pregnancy).

It is used through 56 days from the LMP, but the failure rate doubles after 49 days LMP. It is given orally or by injection. Next, misoprostol is taken on days 3-7, which causes cramping and bleeding that expels the baby. A failed abortion is usually followed by a surgical abortion.

Side effects of methotrexate include diarrhea, mouth ulcers, nausea, abdominal distress, fatigue, chills, fever, and dizziness. Bleeding typically lasts 2–3 weeks. Both methotrexate and misoprostol are associated with reports of birth defects in pregnancies that continue.

This method only uses the second drug given in “the abortion pill” method. This drug is a prostaglandin and is FDA approved to reduce risk of stomach ulcers in people taking anti-inflammatory drugs, but is used off-label to cause abortions.

Routes of administration include: oral (swallowed), buccal (in the cheeks), sublingual (under the tongue), or inserted vaginally.

Repeated doses are needed and it has a significantly higher failure rate than “the abortion pill” method. Compared with the abortion pill, misoprostol abortions cause a greater number of women to experience complications like hemorrhage (severe vaginal bleeding), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. When an abortion fails or is incomplete, a surgical abortion is usually done.

17 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

abortion

1st TRIMESTER

Suction /Aspiration Abortion

Performed from about 4-14 weeks after the LMP 48

WHEN?

Up to 14 Weeks

HOW?

RISKS

• Serious physical complications are infrequent » Bleeding » Infection • Incomplete abortion • Allergic reaction to meds • Organ damage

How Does it Work?

For very early pregnancies (4-7 weeks LMP), after local anesthetic is given, a long, thin tube is inserted into the uterus and the baby is suctioned out.

Later in the first trimester, the cervix needs to be opened wider because the fetus is larger. The cervix may be softened the day before using medication placed in the vagina and/or slowly stretched open using laminaria* inserted into the cervix.

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9

• Cervix sometimes softened using vaginal medication the night before • Local anesthetic injected in cervix • Cervix stretched open using dilating rods • Plastic tube inserted in the uterus & connected to a vacuum device that pulls the baby’s body apart & out • A curette may also be used to scrape any remaining fetal parts out of the uterus • Removed tissue examined to verify completeness

This surgical abortion is done throughout the first trimester and just beyond. The patient typically receives pain medication and antibiotics.

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Suction/Aspiration

The Details

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WHAT?

Laminaria • Dried seaweed or kelp

formed into narrow bundles that absorb fluid and expand in size when placed inside the cervical opening, causing the cervix to gradually dilate; used in abortion.

The day of the procedure, the cervix may need further stretching using dilating rods. This can be painful, so in addition to local anesthesia, sedation or general anesthesia may be used, if available.

General anesthesia increases both the cost and the risk of the procedure.

Next, the doctor inserts a stiff plastic tube into the uterus and applies suction by either an electric or manual vacuum device. The suction pulls the baby’s body apart and out of the uterus. The doctor may also use a sharp loop-shaped tool, called a curette, to scrape any remaining fetal parts out of the uterus.

18 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

abortion

2 &3 TRIMESTER nd

rd

Abortion Methods Late Term* Surgical

The risk of complications from abortion increases

with advancing pregnancy. Late term abortions carry the greatest risk.51

Dilation & Evacuation (D&E)50

Performed From 15 Weeks LMP & Later Most second trimester abortions are performed using this method.

Local anesthesia, oral or intravenous pain medications, and sedation are commonly used. General anesthesia may be used, if available.

Some operators use lethal injections to end the baby’s life a few days before the procedure.52 This allows time for the bones to soften, easing removal and possibly reducing risk to the mother.

The cervix must be opened wider than in a first trimester abortion because the fetus is larger. Laminaria* and/or vaginal medications are placed in the cervix for several days before the procedure to soften and dilate the cervix.

The day of the procedure, the amniotic fluid around the baby is drained. The cervix is dilated using metal rods. Surgical instruments (forceps) are used to grasp, tear, and pull fetal parts through the opened cervix, as the baby is too large to fit through the suction tubing in one piece. Also, hardening fetal bones will not break up with suction alone.53 Removed fetal parts are kept track of so that none are left inside. Lastly, a curette (a sharp loop-shaped tool), and/or the suction machine, are used to clear remaining tissue or blood clots which if left behind could cause infection and bleeding.

*defin

54

n itio s Late Term Abortion

An imprecise term that is broadly understood to include abortions done in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters. Some say from the point of viability. The CDC data considers all abortions at 21 weeks and beyond as the highest category.

19 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

abortion

Surgical

Dilation & Evacuation (D&E) After Viability55 Performed From 23 Weeks LMP & Later

This procedure typically takes 2-3 days and is associated with increased risk to the life and health of the mother. Because a live birth is possible, injections are given to cause fetal death.56 This is done in order to comply with the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 which requires that the baby be dead before complete removal from the mother’s body. Medications (digoxin and potassium chloride) are either injected into the amniotic fluid, the umbilical cord, or directly into the baby’s heart or head, causing his/her death. The remainder of the procedure is the same as the second trimester D&E. Fetal parts are reassembled after removal from the uterus to make sure nothing is left behind to cause infection or bleeding.

An alternate procedure, called “Intact D&E” is also used. The goal is to remove the baby in one piece, thus reducing the risk of leaving parts behind or causing damage to the woman’s body. This procedure requires the cervix to be opened wider; however, it is still often necessary to crush the fetus’ skull for removal as it is difficult to dilate the cervix wide enough to bring the head out intact.

Labor & Induction For Late Term Abortion57 This method induces abortion by using drugs such as mifepristone, misoprostol, and/or pitocin, to cause labor and delivery of the fetus and placenta. These procedures used to be performed in a hospital, lasting about 10-24 hours, but most are done in an outpatient setting, despite considerable risks, if complications occur. This technique may be selected because the provider doesn’t do late term dilation & evacuation (D&E), patient preference, or so an autopsy of the baby may be done afterwards.

Digoxin or potassium chloride is injected into the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord, or fetal heart or head prior to labor to avoid the delivery of a live baby.58 The cervix is softened using laminaria and/or medications. Next, pitocin and/or, misoprostol, and sometimes mifepristone, are used to induce labor. In most cases, these drugs result in the Not only do babies delivery of the baby and the placenta. The patient experience pain may receive oral or intravenous pain medications. before birth, but Occasionally, a surgical scraping (D&C) of the they feel it intensely uterus is needed to remove the placenta (see page and it impacts their 15 for D&C definition). life after delivery. By 15 weeks gestation, Potential complications include hemorrhage the fetus can and the need for a blood transfusion, retained experience pain.59 placenta, and possible uterine rupture.

20 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

abortion

IMMEDIATE RISKS

SURGICAL AND LATE TERM ABORTION Serious immediate physical complications occur infrequently in early abortions, but increase with each week of pregnancy.60 Incomplete reporting and the lack of documentation linking abortions with complications limits what we know.61

Heavy Bleeding

62

Some bleeding after abortion is normal, but there’s a risk of severe bleeding known as hemorrhaging.

This may result from cervical tears, uterine punctures, retained tissue, or when the uterus fails to contract.

When this happens, a D&C and/or blood transfusion may be required to stop the bleeding. A D&C can cause scarring that may lead to infertility.63 Rarely, removal of the uterus, may be required to stop bleeding. See The Abortion Pill on page 15 to learn about a D&C.

Incomplete or Failed Abortion64 Sometimes, a surgical abortion fails to suction out the embryo and the pregnancy continues. This is more common in very early pregnancies (4-6 weeks LMP). In other cases, the abortion removes some, but not all of the pregnancy tissue. This can lead to infection and bleeding and require a D&C.

Infection65

Infection can develop from the insertion of medical instruments into the uterus or from fetal parts that are mistakenly left inside. Retained tissue may cause bleeding and/or a pelvic infection requiring antibiotics, and

a D&C. Pelvic infection can cause scarring of the pelvic organs, which can lead to infertility and increased risk of ectopic pregnancy.66 See The Abortion Pill on page 15 to learn about a rare, fatal infection.

Infrequently, total body infection, known as sepsis, occurs and can be life-threatening.

Organ Damage67

The cervix and/or uterus, bowel or bladder may be damaged, cut, torn, or punctured by abortion instruments. The risk of these types of complications increases with the length of the pregnancy.

See page 15 to learn about the unique risks associated with early medication abortion.

Emboli68

Clots may form in the bloodstream.

If they break off and travel, they are known as “emboli.” These emboli can lodge in the lungs, causing illness and even death. Another form of emboli, known as “amniotic fluid embolism,” is a rare cause of death in later term abortions.

Anesthesia69

Local anesthetics, sedatives, and pain medications may cause allergic reactions of varying degrees of severity. Convulsions, heart complications, and—in extreme cases—death, are known risks of general anesthesia.

Rh Sensitization70

Every pregnant woman should receive blood type testing to learn if her blood type is “Rh positive” or “Rh negative.” All pregnant women

21 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

abortion who are Rh negative, including in the case of miscarriage or abortion, should receive Rhogam® to prevent the formation of antibodies that may harm current or future pregnancies.

Death71

In extreme cases, complications from abortion may lead to death. The risk of death immediately following an induced abortion performed at or before 8 weeks LMP is extremely low (approximately 3 in a million) but increases as pregnancy progresses.

The risk of death increases by 38% for each week after eight weeks LMP. For pregnancies over 21 weeks, the risk of dying from induced abortion is 12 per 100,000.

LONG-TERM RISKS

SURGICAL AND LATE TERM ABORTION Will abortion affect me later?

You have the right to get the facts and understand the possible risks of your decision before going through a procedure that will affect your health. The data about the long-term effects of abortion is incomplete and scientific bias and failure to tie complications to the abortion procedure make it difficult to determine the extent of these health risks.72

What should I know before I make my decision?

My Emotional Well-Being

After abortion, some women say they initially felt relief and looked forward to their lives returning to normal.

But other women report negative emotions after abortion that linger unresolved, or emerge months or

even years later.73 There is evidence that abortion is associated with a decrease in long-term emotional, physical, and mental health and that at least one-third of women suffer serious prolonged negative psychological struggles.74 In line with the best available evidence, women should be informed that abortion significantly increases risk for: • Clinical depression and anxiety75 • Drug and alcohol abuse76 • Symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)77 • Suicidal thoughts and behavior78 The bottom line is that abortion is more likely to be associated with negative psychological outcomes when compared to miscarriage or carrying an unintended pregnancy to term.79 If you or someone you know is struggling with unwanted feelings after an abortion, pregnancy centers offer confidential, compassionate support designed to help women and men work through these feelings. You are not alone.

My Relationships

Pregnancy often affects a woman’s most important relationships. Many couples choose abortion to preserve

22 | B4YOUDECIDE.ORG

abortion their relationship. Yet research reveals that couples who choose induced abortion are at increased risk for problems in their relationship.80 Women experiencing lack of support or pressure to abort from their partners were more likely to choose abortion.81 Women who face intimate partner violence are significantly more likely to experience abortion.82 Some women find that their experience of sexuality changes: lack of interest, discomfort, or decreased satisfaction.83

My Spiritual Self

People have different understandings of God. Whatever you believe, having an abortion may affect more than just your body and your mind.

Many people consider themselves to be “spiritual.” While this means different things to each person, there is a spiritual side to abortion that bears considering. What might God think about your situation?

What thoughts do you have about your own spiritual development and your unborn baby’s future as a spiritual being? Spiritual impacts of abortion can be felt at any stage of pregnancy and with both surgical and nonsurgical procedures.

cause breast tissue to grow rapidly in the first three months, but it is not until after 32 weeks LMP that breasts mature enough to produce milk and become more cancer resistant.85 That’s why a premature birth or induced abortion before 32 weeks LMP significantly increases a woman’s risk of breast cancer.86 In addition, the majority of worldwide studies report a positive association (increased risk) between induced abortion and later development of breast cancer.87 First trimester miscarriages, unlike induced abortions, do not increase a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer.88

FUTURE PREGNANCIES: Abortion & Pre-Term Birth

The research is clear: induced surgical abortion significantly raises a woman’s future risk of delivering a premature baby.89 This risk exists for even one very early surgical abortion and increases with each additional one.90 Premature delivery is associated with higher rates of children with cerebral palsy, as well as all other newborn complications (respiratory, bowel, brain, and eye problems).91

Abortion & Placenta Previa92

My Breast Health

Medical experts continue to debate the association between abortion and breast cancer. Research has shown the following: carrying a pregnancy to full term gives a measure of protection against breast cancer, especially a woman’s first pregnancy before the age of 30.84 So, it makes sense that aborting a pregnancy results in loss of that protection.

The biology of pregnancy teaches us that the hormones of pregnancy

Placenta previa occurs when the placenta covers or partially covers the cervix. This can result in unpredictable massive bleeding that threatens the life of baby and mother, especially during labor. In addition to the risk of bleeding, it is associated with the risk of preterm birth and death early in infancy. The risk of placenta previa is higher in women who, among other factors: had an induced abortion (especially the D&C type), had a prior C-section, and/or placenta previa.

23 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

alternatives

Explore your

OPTIONS You have the legal right to choose the outcome of your pregnancy. Real empowerment comes when you find the strength and resources necessary to make your best choice.

What Are the Medical Facts About Having a Baby?

Pregnancy is a natural process that is complex and full of wonder. From the elaborate details of DNA in a newly formed embryo, to the awe-inspiring passage of a full-sized infant through a 10 centimeter opening, human reproduction is nothing short of miraculous. Humanity has survived precisely because women have babies. We’ve come a long way from a century ago when giving birth was life-threatening for both mother and child. Modern medicine and good prenatal care have significantly reduced pregnancy risks. Today, most women reading this magazine can expect to experience safe and healthy pregnancies and deliveries.

Risks

The safety of giving birth greatly depends on the prenatal and delivery care a woman receives. Prenatal care allows medical professionals to recognize and treat complications.

The overall maternal mortality ratio in the U.S. was 21 per 100,000 live births pre-pandemic in 2020,93 most due to complications associated with bleeding (25%),94 pre-eclampsia/ toxemia (5%),95 thromboembolism,96 or infection.97 More than 30% of deliveries are done by C-section, which carries more risks than a vaginal birth.98 In addition, obesity has emerged as an important risk factor for maternal complications.99

Benefits •

Lower breast cancer risk, especially under age 30100 • Lower ovarian & uterine cancer risk101 • Lower risk of death from all causes, including natural, accidents, suicide, & homicide102 • Lower suicide risk compared to abortion & miscarriage103 • Form healthy habits • Breastfeeding reduces the risk of:104 » Type 2 Diabetes » Breast Cancer » Ovarian Cancer » Postpartum Depression

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alternatives

Raising THE BABY

Married Parenting

Marriage is a unique expression of love and commitment. It is easier for two people to achieve their goals when they can depend on each other’s help and encouragement. Have you discussed this option with your partner?

Co-Parenting

Sharing parenting responsibilities with your child’s father can happen whether you live in the same house or not.

There is research that suggests children are at risk when they don’t have involved fathers.105

Pregnancy creates two parents. Some people are eager for this new role.

Others feel unprepared, overwhelmed, and maybe even scared. Raising a child is a life-long adventure. A lot of research is available on different parenting options. How many ways of parenting are there? There are many parenting options, here are a few. Explore them.

Then, you will have tools you need to make a plan for what type of family you want your child to grow up in.

Single Parenting

Those who parent without a life-partner wear many hats. But, one committed parent can make a world of difference in a child’s life. It is a big job. Don’t blame yourself when you can’t do it all. Instead, ask for help.

Short-Term Care

(Temporary Foster Care) Temporary foster care is an option for some people who are unable to immediately raise their baby or make an adoption plan. It’s important to understand your rights and responsibilities under state law before making a voluntary foster care placement decision.106

25 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

alternatives

“

What I thought would ruin my life has done the exact opposite. I’m a stronger, better, more successful person because of my child. No one will ever have the power to take away my strength.

Many pregnancy centers offer parenting education and mentorship opportunities. They also provide assistance with finding prenatal care and planning for the next phase of your parenting journey. You can be a successful parent - and your local pregnancy center can help.

“

Is Raising My Baby Right For Me?

CONSIDERING YOUR OPTIONS TOGETHER Your partner might not feel ready to take on parenting, especially if his dad wasn’t there for him growing up. Any dad can make a difference, however, especially when they get involved from the start. See what coaching opportunities are available for new and expectant fathers at your local pregnancy center.

Where can I find the support I need to take care of myself?

How can I adjust my lifestyle to include my child?

Am I mature enough to care for my child’s physical, social, emotional, and spiritual needs?

Will I be proud of my choice?

Where can I find help raising my child?

You might assume that your partner wouldn’t support adoption, and he might assume you wouldn’t want to pursue it. Consider talking about your thoughts on this option, including the information in this brochure. A licensed adoption agency in your state can help you both process your questions, including the rights and responsibilities he may have as a father.

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alternatives

Types of Adoption

Children whose birth parents choose adoption know they are wanted - first by the mom and dad who gave them life, and also by their adoptive family. Studies indicate that children who were adopted are better positioned economically, academically, and emotionally than those children raised in foster care or by biological parents who do not feel equipped to care for them.107 Regardless of the parenting option you chose, investigating adoption is a mature and responsible decision. You can take your time because exploring adoption requires no commitments - and in most states adoption cannot be legally finalized until after the baby is born. Birth parents get to be in control of the adoption plan they make and usually choose between three types of adoption:108

OPEN

You choose the type of family your child grows up in. You communicate with the adoptive parents and child throughout their life. You may even have ongoing visits with the child and adoptive parents.

PARTIALLY OPEN

You can choose the type of family your child grows up in. You may learn how your child is doing through pictures or letters that the agency or lawyer shares with you. You usually will not know your child’s full name or location.

We are thankful to lifelinechild.org for their contribution

CONFIDENTIAL

If you decide you do not want contact with your child while he or she is growing up, the adoption agency or lawyer will choose your baby’s new family. You and the family won’t know any details about each other’s identity but the agency may share medical information that will help the family care for your child.

Considering Adoption?

Whichever type of adoption you might choose, it’s a good idea to get counseling (available for free) that can help you adjust after your baby is born and plan for the future. Learn more by talking with a licensed adoption agency, adoption attorney, or gather information anonymously online.109 Christianadoptions.org | Mylifemygift.com 27 | BEFORE YOU DECIDE

citations

REFERENCES

All references correspond to citation numbers in this publication.

1. Menstrual cycle: What’s normal, what’s not. (2021, April 29). Retrieved from https:// www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/ womens-health/in-depth/menstrual-cycle/ art-20047186 2. Fertilization: Fertilization and implantation. (2021, November 15). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/ pregnancy-week-by-week/multimedia/fertilization-and-implantation/img-20008656 3. Ibid.

4. Medical Dictionary. (n.d.) from https:// medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ 5. Plan B One-Step | Drug Summary | PDR. net. (2019). Retrieved from http://www.pdr. net/drug-summary/plan-b-one-step?druglabelid=573&id=1542 6.1 WEBSTER v. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES,” The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law, accessed October 24, 2022, http://www.oyez.org/ cases/1980-1989/1988/1988_88_605/ 6.2 Larimore, W. L. (2000). The abortifacient effect of the birth control pill and the principle of the ‘double effect. Ethics & Medicine, 16(1), 23-30.

6.3 Mayo Clinic (2022, June 03). Fetal development: The first trimester – Mayo Clinic.

Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/ healthy-living/pregnancy-week-by-week/indepth/prenatal-care/art-20045302 7.1 Foundation Consumer Healthcare (n.d).

Plan B One-Step®: FAQs: How does Plan B One-Step® work? Retrieved October 31, 2022 from https://www.planbonestep. com/faqs/ 7.2 Embryocidal Potential of Modern Contraceptives. (2020, January 15). Retrieved from https://aaplog.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/FINAL-CO-7-Embryocidal-Potential-of-Modern-Contraception-1.20.20.pdf 7.3 American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2022). Practice Bulletin 152: Emergency contraception. https:// www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/ practice-bulletin/articles/2015/09/emergency-contraception 7.4 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2012, April). ELLA (ulipristal acetate): Mechanism of Action. Retrieved from http:// www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2012/022474s002lbl.pdf 8.1 Gold, R. B. (2005, May 9). The implications of defining when a woman is pregnant.

Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved October 31, 2022, from https://www.guttmacher. org/gpr/2005/05/implications-defining-when-woman-pregnant 8.2 Planned Parenthood. (2019). How Does Pregnancy Happen? | Pregnancy Symptoms & Signs. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/ pregnancy/how-pregnancy-happens 9. Embryocidal Potential of Modern Contraceptives. (2020, January 15). Retrieved from https://aaplog.org/wp-content/ uploads/2020/01/FINAL-CO-7-Embryocidal-Potential-of-Modern-Contraception-1.20.20.pdf 10. Wilcox AJ, Dunson DB, Weinberg CR, Trussell J, Baird DD. Likelihood of conception with a single act of intercourse: providing benchmark rates for assessment of post-coital contraceptives. Contraception.

2001 Apr;63(4):211-5. doi: 10.1016/s00107824(01)00191-3. PMID: 11376648.

11.1 Larner JM, Reel JR, Blye RP. (2000) Circulating concentrations of the antiprogestins CDB-2914 and mifepristone in the female rhesus monkey following various routes of

administration. Hum Reprod.15(5): 1100-06.

11.2. Hild SA, Reel JR, Hoffman LH, Blye RP. (2000) CDB-2914: Anti-progestational/ anti-glucocorticoid profile and post-coital antifertility activity in rats and rabbits. Hum Reprod. 15(4):822-829.

12.1 See 8.1 and 8.2 13. Mayo Clinic (2022, June 03). Fetal development: The first trimester. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org/prenatalcare/ ART-20045302 14. Ectopic pregnancy - Symptoms and causes. (2022, March 12). Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ectopic-pregnancy/symptoms-causes/ syc-20372088 15.1 Adams, J. (2008). The healthy pregnancy. In Emergency medicine (2nd ed.).

Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.

15.2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2021, February 22). Stages of pregnancy | womenshealth.gov. Retrieved from https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/ youre-pregnant-now-what/stages-pregnancy 16. See #13 17. Endowment for Human Development (2006). Documentation Center for The Biology of Prenatal Development DVD: Chapter 9: 2 to 4 Weeks: Germ Layers and Organ Formation Retrieved from http://www.ehd. org/resources_bpd_documentation_english. php#_ftnref33 18. Ibid.

19.1 See #17: Chapter 9-Germ layers and organ formation; Chapter 20: 6 weeks: Motion and Sensation.; Chapter 23: Hand Plates and Brain Waves; Chapter 26:Hiccups and Startle Response; Chapter 29: Fingers and Toes.

19.2 Carlson BM. (2004). Human embryology & developmental biology. 3rd ed.

Philadelphia, PA: Mosby 20.1 Moore, K. (1991) Dermatoglyphics: Science in transition. (pp. 95–112). New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.

20.2 See #17: Chapters 37-38. Swallows, Sighs, and Stretches; Rolls Eyes and Yawns, Fingernails & Fingerprints.

21.1 See #17: Chapters 40-41. Taste Buds, Jaw Motion, Rooting Reflex, Quickening; Stress response 21.2 Derbyshire SW, Bockmann JC. Reconsidering fetal pain. J Med Ethics.

2020 Jan;46(1):3-6. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2019-105701. PMID: 31937669.

21.3 Thill B. Fetal Pain in the First Trimester.

The Linacre Quarterly. 2022;89(1):73-100. doi:10.1177/00243639211059245 21.4 Lowery CL, Hardman MP, Manning N, Hall RW, Anand KJ, Clancy B. Neurodevelopmental changes of fetal pain. Semin Perinatol. 2007 Oct;31(5):275-82. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2007.07.004. Erratum in: Semin Perinatol. 2009 Dec;33(6):410. Clancy, Barbara [added]. PMID: 17905181.

21.5 Perry M, Tan Z, Chen J, Weidig T, Xu W, Cong XS. Neonatal Pain: Perceptions and Current Practice. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2018 Dec;30(4):549-561. doi: 10.1016/j. cnc.2018.07.013. PMID: 30447813; PMCID: PMC6570422.

21.6 Fisk NM, Gitau R, Teixeira JM, Giannakoulopoulos X, Cameron AD, Glover VA. Effect of direct fetal opioid analgesia on fetal hormonal and hemodynamic stress response to intrauterine needling.

Anesthesiology. 2001 Oct;95(4):828-35. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200110000-00008.

PMID: 11605920.

21.7 K O’Donnell & V. Glover (2008) “New Insights into Prenatal Stress: Immediate and Long-term Effects on the Fetus and Their

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Timing,” in Neonatal Pain, ed. Giuseppe Buonocore & Carlo V. Bellieni Milan.

Springer, 60.

22. See #17: Chapter 42:Responds to Sound; Hair and Skin 23. See #17: Chapter 42. Age of Viability 24. See #17: Chapter 43.

25. Mayo Clinic. (2022, June 3). Fetal development: What happens during the 3rd trimester?. Retrieved from https://www. mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancyweek-by-week/in-depth/fetal-development/ art-20045997 26. See #4 27.1 American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2020). Medication abortion up to 70 days of gestation. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 136(4), 855-858. doi:10.1097/ aog.0000000000004083 27.2 Paul, E. S. Lichtenberg, L. Borgatta, D. A. Grimes, P. G. Stubblefield, & M. D. Creinin (Eds.), 2009. Medical abortion in early pregnancy in Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care (pp.122-29). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

28. Raymond, E. G., Shannon, C., Weaver, M. A., & Winikoff, B. (2016). First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review.

Contraception, 26-37. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011 29. See #27 30. Davenport, M. L., Delgado, G., Harrison, M. P., & Khauv, V. (2017). Embryo survival after mifepristone: A systematic review of the literature. Issues in Law & Medicine, 32(1).

31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016). MifeprexTM medication guide.

Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/ media/72923/download 32. Ibid.

33. The Endowment for Human Development. (2006). Right- and Left-Handedness.

Retrieved from http://www.ehd.org/movies. php?mov_id=44 34. Slade, P., Heke, S., Fletcher, J., & Stewart, P. (1998). A comparison of medical and surgical termination of pregnancy: choice, emotional impact and satisfaction with care.

Bjog-an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 105(12), 1288-95. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10007.x 35.1 Coleman, P.K. (2011). Abortion and mental health: Quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009.

The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 180–86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230.

35.2 Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Abortion and mental health disorders: evidence from a 30-year longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry,193, 444-51. doi:10.1192/bjp. bp.108.056499. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/ content/193/6/444.full 36. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, (2016). MifeprexTM medication guide.

Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/ media/72923/download Old 36. CDCs abortion surveillance system FAQs. (2022, November 18). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/ data_stats/abortion.htm 37a. Spitz, I., Bardin, W., Benton, L., Robbins, A. (1998). Early pregnancy termination with mifepristone and misoprostol in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 338(18), 1241–47. Retrieved from http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199804303381801#t=articleTop

citations 37b. Auffret M, Bernard-Phalippon N, Dekemp J, Carlier P, Gervoise Boyer M, Vial T, Gautier S. Misoprostol exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy: Is the malformation risk varying depending on the indication? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016 Dec;207:188-192. doi: 10.1016/j. ejogrb.2016.11.007. Epub 2016 Nov 11.

PMID: 27865944.

38. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (2023, Jan 4) Questions and Answers on Mifeprex. Retrieved from https://www.fda. gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-andanswers-mifeprex 39. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Post market Drug Safety Information for Patients and Providers (2023, Jan 4).

MifeprexTM questions and answers: Retrieved from website: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answersmifeprex 40. Niinimäki M, Pouta A, Bloigu A, Gissler M, Hemminki E, Suhonen S, Heikinheimo O. Immediate complications after medical compared with surgical termination of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Oct;114(4):795804. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181b5ccf9.

PMID: 19888037.

41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2018, December 31). Mifepristone U.S. Postmarketing Adverse Events Summary.

Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/ media/112118/download 42. American Pregnancy Association. (2022, February 14). Rh factor blood type and pregnancy. Retrieved from https://americanpregnancy.org/healthy-pregnancy/pregnancy-complications/rh-factor/ 43. CDCs abortion surveillance system FAQs. (2022, November 18). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/ data_stats/abortion.htm 44.a U.S. Food & Drug Administration.

(2020, February 25). Quick Tips for Buying Medicines Over the Internet | FDA. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/buying-using-medicine-safely/quick-tips-buying-medicines-over-internet 44b. Off-label use of marketed drug or device. (2020, May 6). Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/ label-and-investigational-use-marketed-drugs-biologics-and-medical-devices 45.1 Delgado, G., & Davenport, M.L. (2012).

Progesterone use to reverse the effects of mifepristone. Ann Pharmacother, 64(12). doi: 10.1345/aph.1R252.

45.2. Delgado, G., Condly, S. J., & Davenport, M. (2018). A case series detailing the successful reversal of the effects of mifepristone using progesterone. Issues in Law & Medicine, 33(1).

45.3. Davenport, M. L., Delgado, G., Harrison, M. P., & Khauv, V. (2017). Embryo survival after mifepristone: A systematic review of the literature. Issues in Law & Medicine, 32(1).

46.1 Ibis Reproductive Health. (2005).

Medication abortion: A guide for health professionals [Brochure]. Angel M. Foster.

Retrieved from http://www.ibisreproductivehealth.org/sites/default/files/files/publications/Med_ab_A_guide_for_health_professionals_English.pdf 46.2 Crenin, M. D. (1997). Medical abortion with methotrexate 75 mg intramuscularly and vaginal misoprostol. Contraception, 56(6), 367-71.

46.3 American Women’s Services (2014).

Non-Surgical Abortion, Abortion Pill, RU486, Methotrexate Abortion, Misoprostol Abortion NJ, PA, MD, VA. Retrieved from https://www.americanwomensservices.com/ non_surgical_abortion.php

46.4 Physician’s Desk Reference (2019). Drug Summary: Methotrexate. Retrieved from https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Methotrexate-Tablets-methotrexate-1797.8191 47.1 Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X. Medical methods for first trimester abortion.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 24;5(5):CD002855. doi: 10.1002/14651858.

CD002855.pub5. PMID: 35608608; PMCID: PMC9128719.

47.2 Blanchard K, Shochet T, Coyaji K, Thi Nhu Ngoc N, Winikoff B. Misoprostol alone for early abortion: an evaluation of seven potential regimens. Contraception.

2005;72(2):91–7.

47.3 Abubeker FA, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI, Kim C. Medical termination for pregnancy in early first trimester (≤ 63 days) using combination of mifepristone and misoprostol or misoprostol alone: a systematic review.

BMC Womens Health. 2020 Jul 7;20(1):142. doi: 10.1186/s12905-020-01003-8. PMID: 32635921; PMCID: PMC7339463.

48.1 See #27.2: First Trimester Aspiration Abortion. (pp. 135-156).

48.2 Pfenninger, J. L., & Fowler, G. C. (2011). Pregnancy Termination First-Trimester Suction Aspiration. In Pfenninger and Fowler’s Procedures for Primary Care (3rd ed., pp. 863-872). Mosby, Inc, an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 48.3 Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. (2019). In-Clinic Abortion Procedures: Planned Parenthood. Retrieved from https://www.plannedparenthood.org/ learn/abortion/in-clinic-abortion-procedures 49. See #4 50.1 Planned Parenthood Federation of America Inc. (2019). In-Clinic Abortion Procedures: Planned Parenthood. Retrieved from http:// www.plannedparenthood.org/health-info/ abortion/in-clinic-abortion-procedures 50.2 See #27.2: Dilation and Evacuation. (pp. 157-74).

50.3 American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. (2013). Practice Bulletin: Second-Trimester Abortion (135).

51.1 Bartlett LA, Berg CJ, Shulman HB, Zane SB, Green CA, Whitehead S, Atrash HK. Risk factors for legal induced abortion-related mortality in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;103(4):729-37. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000116260.81570.60.

PMID: 15051566.

51.2 See 27.2: Surgical complications: Prevention and management. (p. 224-25).

51.3 Zane S, Creanga AA, Berg CJ, Pazol K, Suchdev DB, Jamieson DJ, Callaghan WM. Abortion-Related Mortality in the United States: 1998-2010. Obstet Gynecol.

2015 Aug;126(2):258-265. doi: 10.1097/ AOG.0000000000000945. PMID: 26241413; PMCID: PMC4554338.

51.4 O’Rahilly R, Müller F. (2001). Human embryology and teratology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss.

51.5 Epner JEG, Jonas HS, Seckinger DL. Late-term Abortion. JAMA. 1998;280(8):724–729. doi:10.1001/ jama.280.8.724 52. Pasquini, L., et al. Intracardiac injection of potassium chloride as method for feticide: Experience from a single U.K. tertiary centre.

Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008;115(4):528–31.

53. Moore, K. L., Persaud, T. V., & Torchia, M. G. (2013). Skeletal System. In The developing human (9th ed., pp. 343-61).

Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 54. Charlotte Lozier Institute. (2023, June 16). Questions and answers on late-term abortion. Retrieved from https://lozierinstitute.org/questions-and-answers-on-lateterm-abortion/ .

55. See 50.3. See 27.2. Dilation and Evacuation.(pp. 157-74).

56. See 52 57.1 Kapp, N., von Hertzen, H. (2009). Med-

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ical Methods to Induce Abortion in the Second Trimester. In Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy: Comprehensive abortion care (pp. 178-88). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

57.2 See 50.3; 50.1; 52 58. See 52.

59. See 21.2-7.

60.1 Yang-Kauh, C. (2013). Complications of Gynecologic Procedures, Abortion, and Assisted Reproductive Technology. In Emergency Medicine (2nd ed., pp. 1079-96). Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 60.2 See 51.1 and 51.3. See 27.2 Surgical complications: Prevention and management. (pp.111-92 and pp. 224-51).

61.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, November 21). Abortion surveillance — United States, 2020.

Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ volumes/71/ss/ss7110a1.htm 61.2. Guttmacher Institute. (2019, November 1). State policies in brief: Abortion reporting requirements. Retrieved from http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/ spibs/spib_ARR.pdf 61.3 Skop, I. (2022). Addressing the U.S. maternal mortality crisis: Looking beyond ideology. Retrieved from Advisory Committee on Infant & Maternal Mortality website: https://www.hrsa.gov/sites/default/files/ hrsa/advisory-committees/infant-mortality/ acimm-september-2022-minutes.pdf 62.1 Smikle C, Yarrarapu SNS, Khetarpal S. Asherman Syndrome. [Updated 2022 Jun 27].

In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK448088/ 62.2 Cleveland Clinic. (2022, January 8).

Asherman’s syndrome: What is it, symptoms & treatment. Retrieved from https:// my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/16561-ashermans-syndrome 62.3 See 27.1 Surgical complications: Prevention and management. (pp. 228-32).

63. Dreisler E, Kjer JJ. Asherman’s syndrome: current perspectives on diagnosis and management. Int J Womens Health.

2019 Mar 20;11:191-198. doi: 10.2147/ IJWH.S165474. PMID: 30936754; PMCID: PMC6430995.

64.1 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2014). Practice Bulletin: Medical management of first trimester abortion (143).

64.2 See 27.2 Surgical complications: Prevention and management.(pp. 228-32).

65. See 27.2. Surgical complications: Prevention and management. (pp. 239-44).

66.1 American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. (2019). Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Retrieved June 14, 2023, from https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/ pelvic-inflammatory-disease# 66.2 Stevenson MM, Radcliffe KW. Preventing pelvic infection after abortion.

Int J STD AIDS. 1995 Sep-Oct;6(5):305-12. doi: 10.1177/095646249500600501. PMID: 8547409.

66.3 Bridwell RE, Long B, Montrief T, Gottlieb M. Post-abortion Complications: A Narrative Review for Emergency Clinicians.

West J Emerg Med. 2022 Oct 23;23(6):919925. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2022.8.57929.

PMID: 36409940; PMCID: PMC9683756.

67. See 27.2 Surgical complications: Prevention and management (pp. 234-39).

68. See 27.2 Surgical complications: Prevention and management. (pp. 244-45).

69.1 See 27.2 Pain management (pp. 95-97).

69.2 Ramsey A. Penicillin Allergy and Perioperative Anaphylaxis. Front Allergy.

2022 Jun 9;3:903161. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2022.903161. PMID: 35769557; PMCID: PMC9234876.

70. See 42.

citations 71. See 51.1-3.

72.1 Guttmacher Institute. (2019, November 1). State policies in brief: Abortion reporting requirements. Retrieved from http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_ARR.pdf 72.2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013, November 29). Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2010.

Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ preview/mmwrhtml/ss6208a1.htm?s_cid=ss6208a1_w 73.1 Silent No More Awareness. (n.d.). Welcome to our Testimony Directory. Retrieved from http://silentnomoreawareness.org/ testimonies/testimony.aspx?ID=3128 73.2. Roberts, J. (2003, June 20). ‘Roe’ Wants Abortion Case Reversed. AP. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/ news/roe-wants-abortion-case-reversed/ 74.1 Coleman, P.K. (2011). Abortion and mental health: Quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009.

The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 180–86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230.

74.2. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Boden, J. M. (2008). Abortion and mental health disorders: evidence from a 30-year longitudinal study. British Journal of Psychiatry,193, 444-51. doi:10.1192/ bjp.bp.108.056499. http://bjp.rcpsych.org/ content/193/6/444.full 74.3. Curley, M., Johnston, C. (2013). The characteristics and severity of psychological distress after abortion among university students. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, doi: 10.1007/s11414013-9328-0.

74.4 Major B, Cozzarelli C. Psychological predictors of adjustment to abortion.

Journal of Social Issues 1992;48:121- 142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992. tb00900.x https://spssi.onlinelibrary.wiley. com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992. tb00900.x 66 74.5 Zolese G, Blacker CVR. The psychological complications of therapeutic abortion. Br J Psychiatry. 1992 Jun;160:742-9. DOI:10.1192/bjp.160.6.742 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry+1992%3B160%3A742-749 74.6 Coleman, P. (n.d.). Abortion and women’s health. Retrieved from World Expert Consortium for Abortion Education & Research website: https://wecareexperts. org/sites/default/files/articles/Abortion%20 and%20Women’s%20Mental%20Health%20 Literature%20Overview_0.pdf 75.1 Mota, N. P., Burnett, M., & Sareen, J. (2010). Associations Between Abortion, Mental Disorders, and Suicidal Behavior in a Nationally Representative Sample. Can J Psychiatry, 55(4), 239-47.

75.2 Rees,D.I. & Sabia,J.J. (2007) The relationship between abortion and depression: New evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Medical Science Monitor, 13 (10), 430-436.

75.3 Pedersen W. (2008). Abortion and depression: A population-based longitudinal study of young women. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 36 (4):424-8.

75.4 Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, J., Ridder, E. M. (2006). Abortion in young women and subsequent mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 16-24.

75.5 Cougle, J., Reardon, D.C., Coleman, P. K. (2005). Generalized anxiety associated with unintended pregnancy: A cohort study of the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19 (10), 137-142.

76.1 See 75.4 76.2. Coleman,P.K.(2006).Resolution of unwanted pregnancy during adolescence through abortion versus childbirth: Individual and family predictors and psychological consequences. Journal of Youth and Adoles-

cence, 35, 903-911.

76.3. Pedersen, W. (2007). Childbirth, abortion and subsequent substance use in young women: a population-based longitudinal study. Addiction, 102 (12), 1971-78.

76.4. Coleman, P.K. (2005) Induced abortion and increased risk of substance abuse: a review of the evidence. Current Women’s Health Reviews, 1(21), 21-34.

76.5. Reardon, D. C., Coleman, P. K., & Cougle, J. (2004) Substance use associated with prior history of abortion and unintended birth: A national cross-sectional cohort study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 26, 369-383.

76.6. Coleman, P.K., Reardon, D.C., & Cougle, J. (2005b). Substance use among pregnant women in the context of previous reproductive loss and desire for current pregnancy. British Journal of Health Psychology, 10(2), 255-268.

76.7. Reardon, D.C., & Ney, P. (2000).

Abortion and subsequent substance abuse.

American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 26, 61-75.

77.1 Curley, M., Johnston, C. (2013). The characteristics and severity of psychological distress after abortion among university students. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, doi: 10.1007/s11414013-9328-0.

77.2. Coleman, P.K., Coyle, C., Rue, V. (2010). Late-term elective abortion and susceptibility to posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Pregnancy, Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/130519 77.3. Coyle, C.T., Coleman, P.K. & Rue, V.M. (2010). Inadequate preabortion counseling and decision conflict as predictors of subsequent relationship difficulties and psychological stress in men and women. Traumatology, 16 (1), 16-30. DOI: 10.1177/1534765609347550.

77.4. Suliman S, Ericksen T, Labuschgne T, de Wit R, Stein D, Seedat S. (2007). Comparison of pain, cortisol levels, and psychological distress in women undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy under local anesthesia versus intravenous sedation. BMC Psychiatry, 7:24 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-7-24.

77.5. Rue, V.M., et al. Induced abortion and traumatic stress: A preliminary comparison of American and Russian women. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10:5–16.

78.1 See 75.1 and 75.4 78.2 Gissler, M., et al. (2005). Injury deaths, suicides and homicides associated with pregnancy, Finland 1987-2000. European Journal of Public Health, 15, 459-463.

78.3 Shadigian, E.M., et al. (2005).

Pregnancy-associated death: A qualitative systematic review of homicide and suicide.

Obstet Gynecol Surv.60(3),183.

78.4 Reardon, D.C., Shuping, M.W., et al.

(2004). Deaths associated with abortion compared to childbirth: A review of old and new data and the medical and legal implications. J Contemp Health Law Policy, 20(2), 279–327.

78.5 Reardon, D.C., Ney, P.G., Scheuren, F.J., Cougle, J.R., Coleman, P.K., & Strahan, T. (2002). Deaths associated with pregnancy outcome: a record linkage study of low-income women. Southern Medical Journal.95(8), 834-841.

78.6 Gissler, M. et al. (1996). Suicides after pregnancy in Finland, 1987-94: Register linkage study. British Medical Journal, 313, 1431-4.

79.1 Broen, A.N., Moum, T., Bødtker, A.S., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2005). The course of mental health after miscarriage and induced abortion: a longitudinal, five-year follow-up study. BMC Medicine, 3,18. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-3-18. Retrieved from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/17417015/3/18

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79.2. Broen, A.N., Moum, T., Bodtker, A.S., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2004). Psychological impact on women of miscarriage versus induced abortion: A 2-year follow-up study.

Psychosom. Med., 66, 265-271.

79.3. See 75.5.; 76.5; 76.6 79.4. Coleman,P.K.(2006).Resolution of unwanted pregnancy during adolescence through abortion versus childbirth: Individual and family predictors and psychological consequences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 903-911.

80. Coleman, P.K., Rue, V.M., Coyle, C.T. ( 2009). Induced abortion and intimate relationship quality in the Chicago Health and Social Life Survey. Public Health, 123(4):331–38.

81. Coleman, P.K., et al. (2009).Predictors and correlates of abortion in the Fragile Families and Well-Being Study: Paternal behavior, substance use, and partner violence.

Int J Ment Health Addict.,7(3):405–22 82.1. Oberg, M. (2014). Prevalence of intimate partner violence among women seeking termination of pregnancy compared to women seeking contraceptive counseling. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 93(1), 45-51.

82.2. Pallitto, C. C., & Garcia-Morena, C. (2013). Intimate partner violence, abortion, and unintended pregnancy: results from the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 120(1), 3-9 82.3. Chibber, K. S., Biggs, M. A., Rogers, S. C., & Foster, D. G. (2014). The role of intimate partners in women’s reasons for seeking abortion. Womens Health Issues, 24(1). doi:10.1016/j.whi.2013.10.007.

83.1 Fok WY, Siu SSN, Lau TK. (2006).

Sexual dysfunction after a first trimester induced abortion in a Chinese population.

Eur J Obstet Gynecol ,126:255-258.

83.2. Bianchi-Demicelli F, Perrin E, Ludicke F, Bianchi PG, Chatton D, Campana A.(2002) Termination of pregnancy and women’s sexuality. Gynecol Obstet Invest ,53:48-53.

83.3. Boesen H.C., Rorbye C., Norgaard M., Nilas L.(2004). Sexual behavior during the first eight weeks after legal termination of pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand; 83:1189-1192.

83.4. Bradshaw Z., Slade P.(2003). The effects of induced abortion on emotional experiences and relationships: A critical review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev; 23:929-958.

84.1 National Cancer Institute. (2016, November 9). Reproductive History and Breast Cancer Risk – National Cancer Institute. Retrieved from http://www.cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/reproductive-history 84.2 Troisi, R., et al. (2013). A linked-registry study of gestational factors and subsequent breast cancer risk in the mother. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev, 22(5), 835–47.

84.3. Vatten, L., et al. (2002). Pregnancy related protection against breast cancer depends on length of gestation. Brit J of Cancer. 87, 289–90.

84.4 Trichopoulos, D. (1983). Age at any birth and breast cancer risk. Int. J. Cancer, 31, 701–04.

85.1 Hsieh, C., Wuu, J., Lambe, M., Trichopoulos, D., Adami, H., & Ekbom, A. (1999). Delivery of premature newborns and maternal breast-cancer risk. Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00477-8.

85.2. Russo, J., et al. (2000). Developmental, molecular and cellular basis of human breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr., 27:17–37.

85.3. Bhadoria A S, Kapil U, Sareen N, Singh P. (2013). Reproductive factors and breast cancer: A case-control study in tertiary care hospital of North India.

Indian J Cancer, 50, 316-21. Retrieved

citations from: http://www.indianjcancer.com/text. asp?2013/50/4/316/123606 86. Ibid.

87.1 Brind, J., Condly, S., Lanfranchi, A., & Rooney, B. (2018). Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on South Asian women. Issues in Law and Medicine, 33(1), 1-25. Retrieved from https://www.bcpinstitute.org/uploads/1/1/5/1/115111905/brind_final_corrected_proof__021118.pdf 87.2. Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Song, F., Dai, H., Wang, J., Gao, Y. (2014). A meta-analysis of the association between induced abortion and breast cancer risk among Chinese females. Cancer Causes & Control, 25(2), 227–36. Retrieved from http://link.springer. com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0325-7 87.3. Brind, J. ( 2005). Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A critical review of recent studies based on prospective data. J Am Phys Surg. Winter;10(4).

87.4. Carroll, P. (2007). The breast cancer epidemic: Modeling and forecasts based on abortion and other risk factors. J Am Phys Surg.;12(3).

87.5. Takalkar, U., Asegaonkar, S.Kodlikeri, P.,Kulkarni, U.,Borundiya,V., and Advani S.(2014), Hormone Related Risk Factors and Breast Cancer: Hospital Based Case Control Study from India, Research in Endocrinology, Vol. 2014 , Article ID 872124, DOI: 10.5171/2014.872124.

87.6. Brind, J., Chinchilli, V. M., Severs, W. B., & Summy-Long, J. (1996). Induced abortion as an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 50(5), 481-496. doi:10.1136/jech.50.5.481 88. Kitchen, A. J., Trivedi, P., Ng, N. D., & Mokbel, K. (2005). Is there a link between breast cancer and abortion: a review of the literature. Int J Fertil Womens Med, 50(6), 267-71.

89.1 Saccone G, Perriera L, Berghella V. Prior uterine evacuation of pregnancy as independent risk factor for preterm birth: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016;214:572-91.

89.2. Swingle, H. M., Colaizy, T. T., Zimmerman, M. B., Morriss, F. H. (2009). Abortion and the risk of subsequent preterm birth: A systematic review with meta-analyses.

The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 54(2), 95–108.

89.3. Shah, P. S., Zao, J. (2009). Induced termination of pregnancy and low birthweight and preterm birth: A systematic review and meta-analyses. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 116(11), 1425– 42. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02278.x.

89.4. Moreau, C., Kaminski, M., Ancel, P.Y., Bouyer, J., et al (2005). Previous induced abortions and the risk of very preterm delivery: Results of the EPIPAGE study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol,5,112(4):430–37.

89.5. Ancel, P.Y., Lelong, N., Papiernik, E., Saurel-Cubizolles, M.J., Kaminski, M (2004). History of induced abortion as a risk factor for preterm birth in European countries: Results of EUROPOP survey.

Hum Reprod.,19(3):734–40.

89.6. Alexander, Greg. 2007. Prematurity at Birth: Determinants, Consequences, and Geographic Variation. In Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention.

(Ed.), R. E. Behrman and A. S. Butler. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK11386/ 89.7 Lowit A, Bhattacharya S, Bhattacharya S. Obstetric performance following an induced abortion. Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2010; 24:667- 682.

89.8 Oppenraaij, R. H., Jauniaux, E.,

Christiansen, O. B., Horcajadas, J. A., Farquharson, R. G., & Exalto, N. (2009). Predicting adverse obstetric outcome after early pregnancy events and complications: a review. Human Reproduction Update,15(4), 409-21. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmp009.

89.9 Behrman, R., Stith, B. Preterm birth: Causes, consequences, and prevention.

Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences; 2006.

90. Ibid 89.1-9 91. Creasy, R. K., Resnik, R., Iams, J. D., Lockwood, C. J., Moore, T. R., & Greene, M. F. (2014). Neonatal Morbidities of Prenatal and Perinatal Origin. In Creasy and Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice (7th ed.). Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 92.1 See 89.7 92.2 Hung, T., Hsieh, C., Hsu, J., Chiu, T., Lo, L., & Hsieh, T. (2007). Risk factors for placenta previa in an Asian population.

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 97(1), 26-30. doi:10.1016/j. ijgo.2006.12.006.

92.3 Johnson, L. G., Mueller, B. A., & Daling, J. R. (2003). The relationship of placenta previa and history of induced abortion. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 81(2), 191-8. doi:10.1016/ S0020-7292(03)00004-3.

92.4 Faiz, A. S., & Ananth, C. V. (2003).

Etiology and risk factors for placenta previa: an overview and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Maternal-fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 13(3), 175-90. doi:10.1080/713605832.

92.5 Taylor, V. M., & Kramer, M. D. (1993).

Placenta previa in relation to induced and spontaneous abortion: a population-based study. Obstet Gynecol, 82(1), 88-91.

92.6 Ananth, C. V., Smulian, J. C., & Vintzileos, A. M. (2003). The effect of placenta previa on neonatal mortality: A population-based study in the United States, 1989 through 1997. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188(5), 1299304. doi:10.1067/mob.2003.76.

92.7 Tuzoviæ, L., & Ilijiæ, M. (2003). Obstetric Risk Factors Associated with Placenta Previa Development: Case-Control Study.

Croat Med J, 44(6), 728-33.

93.1 World Health Organization. (2023, February 23). Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: Estimates by who, unicef, unfpa, World Bank group and UNDESA/ Population division. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/ item/9789240068759 93.2 Calhoun, B. (2013). The maternal mortality myth in the context of legalized abortion. The Linacre Quarterly, 80(3), 264-276. doi:10.1179/2050854913y.0000000004 94. Chapter 19 Antepartum and Postpartum Hemorrhage. (2012). In S. G. Gabbe (Ed.), Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (6th ed.). Saunders.

95. Chapter 35 Hypertension. (2012). In S. G. Gabbe (Ed.), Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (6th ed.). Saunders.

96. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2011). Thromboembolism in Pregnancy (123). Practice bulletin.

97. The American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists (2013). Committee Opinion: Prevention of Early-Onset Group B Streptococcal Disease in Newborns (485).

98. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (2013). NCHS Data Brief: Changes in Cesarean Delivery Rates by Gestational Age: United States, 1996–2011 (124).

99.1. Vinayagam, D., & Chandraharan, E. (2012). The Adverse Impact of Maternal Obesity on Intrapartum and Perinatal Outcomes. ISRN Obstetrics and Gynecology. Retrieved from http://dx.doi. org/10.5402/2012/939762 99.2. Machado, L. S. (2012). Cesarean

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section in morbidly obese parturients: practical implications and complications. North American Journal of Medical Science, 4(1). doi:10.4103/1947-2714.92895.

100. National Cancer Institute (2016, November 9). Reproductive History and Breast Cancer Risk. Retrieved from http:// www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/ Risk/reproductive-history 101.1. National Institutes of Health (2019, March 27). Ovarian Cancer Prevention (PDQ®) – National Cancer Institute.

Retrieved from http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/ovarian/Patient/ page3#Keypoint14 101.2. National Cancer Institute. Uterine Cancer-Patient Version. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/types/uterine on November 18, 2019.

102. Reardon, D. C., Cougle, J., Ney, P. J., Sheuren, F., Coleman, P. K., & Strahan, T. W. (2002). Deaths associated with delivery and abortion among California Medicaid patients: A record linkage study. Southern Medical Journal, 95, 834-841.

103. See 78.6; 78.2; 79.4; 79.2; 79.1 104. Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2021, February 22). Why breastfeeding is important | womenshealth.gov. Retrieved from http://www.womenshealth.gov/ breastfeeding/why-breastfeeding-is-important/index.html 105.1. Brown, S. L. (2010). Marriage and child well-being: Research and policy perspectives. Journal of Marriage and Fambly, 75(5), 1059-1077. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC3091824/#!po=40.6250 105.2. Children at higher risk in non-traditional homes: Abusive boyfriend syndrome part of broader trend, experts worry. (2007, November 18). Associated Press. Retrieved from https://www.nbcnews.com/health/ health-news/children-higher-risk-nontraditional-homes-flna1c9464008 105.3 National Fatherhood Initiative® 2019. Father Facts: Eighth Edition.

Germantown, MD: National Fatherhood Initiative® 105.4 National Fatherhood Initiative®, a 501c3 Non-Profit. (n.d.). Father absence statistics. Retrieved from https://www. fatherhood.org/father-absence-statistic 106.1. Federal law requires that voluntary placement agreements be reviewed by the court within 180 days. Child Welfare Policy Manual (8.3A.13 TITLE IV-E, Foster Care Maintenance Payments Program, Eligibility, Voluntary placement agreements). (n.d.).

Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website: https://www. acf.hhs.gov/cwpm/public_html/programs/ cb/laws_policies/laws/cwpm/index.jsp 106.2. – State laws vary as to how long a child may remain in a voluntary, temporary placement. A review of state case planning laws regarding voluntary and involuntary placements is available at ChildWelfare. gov: Child Welfare Information Gateway.

(2014). Case planning for families involved with child welfare agencies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau.

107. Brodzinsky, D. M. (1993).

Long Term Outcomes in Adoption.

Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f2e/0847b27347a1aec28cade747a171871d76ef.pdf 108. National Adoption Center (n.d.). Types of Adoptions. Retrieved from http://www. adopt.org/types-adoptions 109. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (n.d.). For Expectant Parents Considering Adoption and Birth Parents | Child Welfare Information Gateway.

Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare. gov/topics/adoption/birthfor/f

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