CCNSW Tobacco Retail Report 2013 - Summary

S ELLING TOBACCO ANY WHERE, ANYTIME

HARMFUL NOT HELPF UL The greater the availability of tobacco, the more people smoke

CanAct Beat cancer together

WHAT IS THE PROBLEM?

9,597

TOBACCO RETAILERS IN TOTAL #

Background Tobacco use remains an urgent health and social problem. Reform of the tobacco retail environment would help achieve the NSW Government’s policy goals.

In the state plan, NSW 2021, the NSW Government has targets to lower smoking rates by 3% for non-Aboriginal people and 4% for Aboriginal people by 2015.1 Under the National Partnership Agreement on Preventative Health, the Government has committed to reduce daily smoking among adults to 10% or lower by 2020.2 The NSW Minister for Health has endorsed the National Tobacco Strategy 2012–2018, undertaking to consider further options for tobacco retailer licensing and to commission research on regulatory approaches to control the number and type of tobacco outlets.2 Tobacco, a product that kills half its long-term users and is Australia’s leading cause of preventable death and disease, is startlingly easy to buy. Cigarettes are available ‘anywhere, anytime’ – a legacy of the time when society was ignorant of their dire health effects. There are few limits on who may sell tobacco, where and when they may sell, or the number of outlets selling tobacco.3 There are more than five times as many places to buy tobacco in NSW as there are places to buy prescription medicines.

1,831

There are 5 times more tobacco retailers than pharmacies in NSW

PHARMAC IE S*

1,129

There are 8 times more tobacco retailers than Australia Post outlets in NSW

AUSTRALIA POST OUTLE TS^

AU

STR AL IA

NSW AU

STRALIA

# There were 13,439 tobacco retailer notifications on the NSW Government Retailer Notification Scheme register at end June 2012. By extrapolating the results from an in-store audit of retailers in NSW, Cancer Council estimates the actual number of retailers was 9,597. See Fry R, et al. An audit of tobacco retailers in NSW. Sydney: Cancer Council NSW; 2013. *Pharmacy Council of NSW. Annual Report 2012. Sydney: Pharmacy Council of NSW; 2012. ^Australia Post. Australia Post Annual Report 2012. Melbourne: Australia Post; 2012.

WHY IS IT HARMFUL? The evidence Cancer Council NSW examined the evidence relating to the retail environment and smoker behaviour, and conducted an audit of 1,739 tobacco outlets in NSW. Our findings show targeted reforms to the retail sector could make it easier for smokers to quit and remain quit, help stop young people taking up smoking and protect communities we have so far failed to protect.

WHETHER

HOW MANY

WHETHER

P EOPLE

P EOPLE

P EOPLE

SMOKE

SMOKE

QUIT

Kids are more likely to take up smoking...

More people are likely to smoke...

Smokers are less likely to quit...

When there are more tobacco outlets closer to their school.

When there are more tobacco outlets closer to where they live.

When they live closer to tobacco outlets.

THE INFLUENCE ON SMOKING How does the retail environment influence smoking?

•

evidence that convenience, route and impulse outlets (e.g. convenience stores, small grocers, petrol stations, bars, pubs and clubs) may disproportionately contribute to unplanned purchases by people not intending to smoke (such as quitters who relapse), or people smoking more than they intend;3,4

•

consistent evidence that consuming alcohol, especially in social settings like bars and clubs, increases the amount of smoking, increases the likelihood of non-daily smokers smoking and undermines quit attempts;3,25-27 and

•

strong evidence that removing point-of-sale displays will reduce retail cues to smoking.5,28-33 However, there is emerging evidence from NSW indicating it will not completely eliminate retail cues. The mere sight of a retail outlet, particularly tobacconists and liquor stores, prompts some smokers and quitters to think about smoking or buying cigarettes.34 This highlights the potential public health benefits of policies to limit the number and/or type of tobacco outlets.

Cancer Council NSW reviewed the literature regarding the relationship between the retail environment and smoking behaviour and found: •

evidence that high retail density and widespread distribution contribute to smoking, although there are some limitations to this evidence;3-8

•

Australian and international evidence indicating tobacco outlet density is higher in disadvantaged communities;9-17

•

international evidence that the presence of tobacco retailers near schools contributes to tobacco purchase and smoking prevalence in adolescents;10,13,18-22

•

some evidence that people trying to quit smoking are more likely to relapse if they live close to retailers selling tobacco;23,24

THE STUDY

Figure 1: Proportion of each type of outlet in survey sample

40 35

The purpose of tobacco legislation in NSW is to reduce the incidence of smoking and the consumption of tobacco, particularly by young people. The Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 (NSW),35 along with the Public Health (Tobacco) Regulation 2009,36 sets a number of conditions for the legal sale of tobacco and related products.

30 25 20 15

Under the Act, retailers are required to notify the NSW Ministry of Health via the Retailer Notification Scheme (RNS) before they engage in tobacco retailing. The purpose of the scheme is to inform the Ministry of Health about the number and location of tobacco retailers in NSW to support enforcement of the display ban and other retail laws.37

5

er

ed sp

y

ec

st

ni co

O

th

er

/N

ot

gr oc al er

G

en

ifi

or e

st

t ac To b

rm pe Su

ew

sa

ar

ge

ke

nt

n io at

vi er

Pe

tro

l/s

N

st ce

ce en ni ve

on

ce

ns

ed

pr em

st

is

or e

es ^

0

Li

The RNS is described as a ‘negative licensing’ scheme.38 This means retailers do not need to obtain a licence or meet any defined requirements prior to selling tobacco, but can be prohibited from selling if they repeatedly breach the conditions of sale.

10

C

Tobacco retailing in NSW – Retailer Notification Scheme

% of all surveyed outlets^^

Cancer Council NSW audit of tobacco retailers – what we found Cancer Council NSW used the Retailer Notification Scheme to better understand the structure, density and distribution of the tobacco retail sector in NSW. We also used it to find out whether retailers were complying with the new laws under the Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 (NSW) and to measure differences in cigarette prices between retailers.

Using the list of notified retailers obtained under a Government Information (Public Access) request (formerly Freedom of Information), we randomly selected a sample of postcodes in urban and regional NSW and audited 1,739 retail outlets.

Almost 80% of outlets are convenience, route and impulse retailers (e.g. licensed premises, convenience stores, petrol stations and newsagents).

This is a striking finding as previous research suggests convenience, route and impulse retailers disproportionately contribute to purchases by ‘tipping point’ smokers (i.e. people not intending to smoke and attempting quitters who relapse).

^Includes vending machines and over-the-counter sales in pubs, clubs, hotels, bars, bottle shops and licensed restaurants. ^^Surveys were completed for 1,739 retailers, comprising 1,565 listed retailers and 174 unlisted retailers. Of the 2,279 listed records sampled, 664 were multiple listings or retailers no longer selling tobacco and 50 were not surveyed.

The Retailer Notification Scheme does not provide accurate information about tobacco retailers in NSW. Cancer Council NSW found retailers that were not included on the list of notified retailers and a large number of multiple listings and out-of-date retailer records.

We estimate there is one unlisted tobacco outlet for approximately every 13 listed outlets.

To estimate the ratio of unlisted to listed outlets, we compared the number of unlisted to listed outlets in randomly selected postcodes where at least one of the data collectors lived in the postcode.39

Cancer Council NSW estimates NSW has about 9,597 tobacco outlets.

Unlisted retailers and those in disadvantaged areas were more likely to break retailing laws.

The list received from the Ministry of Health contained 13,439 retailer records. We extrapolated the results from the sample to estimate the number of active tobacco retailers in NSW, as of February 2013, is actually about 9,597.39

Retailers not listed under the Retailer Notification Scheme and those in disadvantaged postcodes were significantly more likely to breach in-store provisions.

One in four tobacco retailers did not comply with the legislation.

Figure 3: Proportions of unlisted outlets and outlets with one or more breaches, by type of outlet

45

More than one in four audited tobacco retailers did not comply either because they had not notified under the Retailer Notification Scheme or because they failed to comply with in-store requirements, or both.

40 35 30

Table 1: Observed breaches of tobacco retail legislation

25

Number (%) of outlets

20

201 (11.9)

10

120 (6.9)

5

Displaying tobacco but not a specialist tobacconist

93 (5.5)

0

Displaying smoking accessories or non-tobacco smoking products but not a specialist tobacconist

60 (3.6)

More than one type of price display

22 (1.3)

Prices more than 2cm high and/or 1.5cm wide

18 (1.1)

Outlet advertising or promoting cigarettes

14 (0.8)

Specialist tobacconist displaying tobacco less than 2m away from a public facing opening

14 (0.8)

Non-compliant warning sign colour (identified from volunteer comments) Outlets with one or more observed breaches Total breaches observed

448 (26.6) n=543^

^Some outlets had more than one breach. % = percentage of 1,685 listed and unlisted outlets surveyed in randomly selected postcodes.

% unlisted^^

ifi ec

st O

th

er

/N

ot

sp

er y

co

ro c

G

en er al g

ed

or e

st ni

et ac To b

m er

Su p

ew N

ar k

nt

n

sa ge

at st ce

st Pe

tro

l/s

er vi

en ce ni

ve on C

Li

io

or e

es 1 (0.1)

ce ns e

d

Outlet selling tobacco but not listed with Ministry of Health

is

No ‘Smoking kills’ sign

15

pr em

Type of breach

% with one or more in-store breaches^^

^^Percentage of 1,739 listed and unlisted outlets.

Cigarettes were cheaper in areas with more young people and in disadvantaged areas.

Prices were cheaper, on average, in postcodes with a higher proportion of children in the population and in disadvantaged areas.

Some tobacco retailers are leaving the market.

Our audit showed 418 of the 2,279 notified retailers listed were either no longer selling tobacco or no longer at the stated address.

However, it was not possible to quantify the number of retailers entering or exiting the market over the three years the RNS has been in place.

WHAT CAN BE DONE? The solution

Regulation of other products

Selling tobacco ‘anywhere, anytime’ thwarts attempts to give up this powerfully addictive substance and makes it harder for the government to reduce smoking prevalence.

The ubiquity of tobacco is out of step with other products that are legal, yet potentially lethal, such as alcohol.

In NSW, there are many precedents for licensing systems for businesses that supply goods or services entailing varying degrees of risk.

Targeted reforms to the retail sector could support people more effectively to quit smoking, promote health in socially disadvantaged areas and protect children from tobacco.

Retail availability of tobacco is the weak link in tobacco control.

Public health experts have proposed various strategies to limit supply, including limiting the number, type, location and/or opening hours of outlets. US states California and New York have developed ordinances for tobacco retail licensing.40,41 Public support for stronger regulation of tobacco retailing is high.

In a recent Cancer Council NSW community-based survey of 2,473 people, 79% of respondents supported policies requiring retailers to have a licence to sell tobacco products, in the same way that retailers need a licence to sell alcohol – higher levels of support than for point-of-sale display bans and plain packaging, which are already in place.42 The results of the 2009 NSW Smoking and Health Survey also indicate that the community is ready for tobacco retailer licensing, with 91% of adults supporting such regulation, including 88% of smokers.43

Alcohol Liquor licensing places limits on where, when and to whom alcohol may be sold, and community and social factors are considered during the application process. Applicants for a liquor licence in NSW must include a National Police Certificate, a community impact statement, a scaled plan of the proposed licensed premises, and a copy of the local council’s development consent or approval for the proposed premises.44 The licensee, service staff and security officers must hold Responsible Service of Alcohol certificates.45 Licence fees vary depending on the type of outlet; for a restaurant or small bar the application fee is $500.46 Once a licence is approved, licensees are subject to a ‘three strikes scheme’ whereby non-adherence to sale and supply laws may result in the licence being subject to conditions, suspended for up to 12 months, or cancelled; a licensee can also be disqualified for any period of time. Additionally, all licensees are required to report back to the licensing authority biennially in order to confirm the accuracy and currency of the database.47 Prescription medicines To sell scheduled medicines in Australia, pharmacists must hold a pharmacy degree and maintain their registration or face severe penalties, including loss of registration and criminal prosecution if found to be selling some medicines without being presented with a valid doctor’s prescription.48 Equally, when a person is prescribed a medicine, the prescription specifies that the pharmacist can only release a limited supply.

Patients requiring more must return to a doctor for a repeat prescription. This stands in stark contrast to tobacco – a product with no safe level of use – which any person can sell to any other person aged 18 or over.

Registration of a new pharmacy business in NSW incurs a fee of $500, plus an additional $300 inspection fee.49 Annual renewal of registration is $300. Registration of a change of address is $300, and a change of ownership $500.49

RECOMMENDATIONS

Addressing the retail availability of tobacco in NSW could accelerate declines in smoking prevalence, support people more effectively to quit smoking, promote health in socially disadvantaged areas, and protect children from tobacco.

A taskforce for tobacco retail reform Cancer Council NSW recommends the NSW Minister for Health:

•

cademic retail marketing research relevant to the terms a of reference (one member); and

•

t he retail sector (maximum of three members, chosen to reflect the diversity of the retail market).

5. Exclude from taskforce membership (but include in consultations) individuals and/or organisations that receive funding from tobacco companies or are directly affiliated with those companies.

1. Convene a taskforce under the auspices of the Minister’s office to explore, evaluate and advise on policies for tobacco retail reform that will most effectively accelerate declines in smoking prevalence.

Strengthening compliance with existing tobacco retail laws

2. Require the taskforce to base their advice to the Minister on the best available evidence.

Cancer Council NSW recommends the NSW Ministry of Health:

3. Include the following responsibilities among the taskforce’s terms of reference: •

commission research to more closely assess the impact of retail distribution on smoking in the NSW context;

•

consult with the public and affected retail sub-sectors;

•

ssess the potential for a positive licensing scheme, with a associated conditions of licence and an annual fee, as a means to boost resources for monitoring and enforcement;

•

evelop strategies to restrict the number, type and d distribution of retail outlets; and

•

utline the essential elements of a regulatory scheme o that would effectively address the impact of tobacco retail availability on smoking rates.

4. A ppoint a maximum of nine members to the taskforce, including the chair, with expertise in: •

tobacco control (one or two members);

•

ublic health, particularly preventive health in Aboriginal p and disadvantaged communities (one or two members);

•

public health law and regulation (one member);

6. Request the taskforce to report their findings within one year of being convened.

7. Introduce systems to ensure notifications under the Retailer Notification Scheme are accurately collected and recorded, so as to provide up-to-date information about outlet address, changes in business ownership and whether the outlet continues to sell tobacco.

8. Provide a publicly accessible, searchable online database of all notified tobacco retailers in NSW. 9. Provide publicly accessible annual reports with quantitative measures of retailer monitoring, compliance, prosecutions and convictions for each Local Health District.

For more information about the evidence supporting tobacco retail reform or for more information on the Cancer Council NSW audit, visit www.canact.com.au/tobacco-retail

REFERENCES

1. NSW Government. NSW 2021: A plan to make NSW number one. Sydney: Department of Premier and Cabinet, NSW Government; 2011.

18. Leatherdale S, Strath J. Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and cigarette access behaviors among underage smoking students. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2007;33:105-11

36. Public Health (Tobacco) Regulation 2009 (NSW). 2010 January 8 [cited 13.3.13]; Available from: http://www.austlii.edu.au/ au/legis/nsw/consol_reg/phr2009269/

2. Intergovernmental Committee on Drugs. National Tobacco Strategy 2012-2018. Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing, Australian Government; 2012.

19. Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, et al. Local tobacco policy and tobacco outlet density: Associations with youth smoking.

Journal of Adolescent Health 2012;50:547-52

37. NSW Government Licensing Service. Frequently asked questions about tobacco retailer notifications. 2012 [cited 14.3.13]; Available from: https://www.licence.nsw.gov.au/New/Agencies/trn/faqs

3. Paul CL, Mee KJ, et al. Anywhere, anytime: Retail access to tobacco in New South Wales and its potential impact on consumption and quitting. Social Science & Medicine 2010;71:799-806

20. Loomis BR, Kim AE, et al. The density of tobacco retailers and its association with attitudes toward smoking, exposure to point-of-sale tobacco advertising, cigarette purchasing, and smoking among New York youth. Preventive Medicine 2012;55:468-74

38. Allen Consulting Group. Licensing of tobacco retailers and wholesalers: Desirability and best practice arrangements.

Sydney: Report to the Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing by the Allen Consulting Group; 2002.

4. Burton S, Clark L, et al. Retail tobacco distribution in Australia: Evidence for policy development. Australasian Marketing Journal 2011;19:168-73 5. Burton S, Clark L, et al. The association between seeing retail displays of tobacco and tobacco smoking and purchase: Findings from a diary-style survey. Addiction 2012;107:169-75 6. Chapman S, Freeman B. Regulating the tobacco retail environment: Beyond reducing sales to minors. Tobacco Control 2009;18:496-501 7. Cohen J, Anglin L. Outlet density: A new frontier for tobacco control. Addiction 2009;104:2-3 8. Henriksen L. Comprehensive tobacco marketing restrictions: Promotion, packaging, price and place. Tobacco Control 2012;21:147-53 9. Fakunle D, Morton CM, et al. The importance of income in the link between tobacco outlet density and demographics at the tract level of analysis in New Jersey. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2010;9:249-59 10. Henriksen L, Feighery EC, et al. Is adolescent smoking related to the density and proximity of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising near schools? Preventive Medicine 2008;47:210-4 11. Hyland A, Travers M, et al. Tobacco outlet density and demographics in Erie County, New York. American Journal of Public Health 2003;93:1075 12. Kite J, Rissel C, et al. Tobacco outlet density and social disadvantage in New South Wales, Australia. Tobacco Control 2012;Online first: 14 December:doi:10.1136/ tobaccocontrol-2012-050648 13. Novak SP, Reardon SF, et al. Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: A propensity-modeling approach.

American Journal of Public Health 2006;96:670-6

21. McCarthy WJ, Mistry R, et al. Density of tobacco retailers near schools: Effects on tobacco use among students.

American Journal of Public Health 2009;99:2006-13 22. Nelson R, Paynter J, et al. Factors influencing cigarette access behaviour among 14-15 year olds in New Zealand: A crosssectional study. Journal of Primary Health Care 2011;3:114-22 23. Halonen J, Kivim채ki M, et al. Proximity to a tobacco store and smoking cessation: A cohort study. Tobacco Control 2013;Published online first, 22 February 2013; DOI 10.1136/ tobaccocontrol-2012-050726 24. Reitzel LR, Cromley EK, et al. The effect of tobacco outlet density and proximity on smoking cessation. American Journal of Public Health 2011;101:315-20 25. Jackson KM, Colby SM, et al. Daily patterns of conjoint smoking and drinking in college student smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours 2010;24:424-35 26. Piasecki T, Fiore M, et al. Alcohol consumption, smoking urge, and reinforcing effects of cigarettes: An ecological study.

Psychology of Addictive Behaviours 2008;22:230-9 27. Shiffman S, Gwaltney C, et al. Immediate antecedents of cigarette smoking: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment.

Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2002;111:531-45 28. Carter OBJ, Mills BW, et al. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on unplanned purchases: Results from immediate postpurchase interviews. Tobacco Control 2009;18:218-21 29. Clattenburg EJ, Elf JL, et al. Unplanned cigarette purchases and tobacco point of sale advertising: A potential barrier to smoking cessation. Tobacco Control 2012;0:1-6 30. Germain D, Mccarthy M, et al. Smoker sensitivity to retail tobacco displays and quitting: A cohort study. Addiction 2009;105:159-63

14. Rodriguez D, Carlos HA, et al. Predictors of tobacco outlet density nationwide: A geographic analysis. Tobacco Control 2012;Online First: 4 April:doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050120

31. Hoek J, Gifford H, et al. How do tobacco retail displays affect cessation attempts? Findings from a qualitative study.

Tobacco Control 2010;19:334-7

15. Schneider S, Gruber J, et al. What happens after the implementation of electronic locking devices for adolescents at cigarette vending machines? A natural longitudinal experiment from 2005 to 2009 in Germany.

Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13:732-40

32. Paynter J, Edwards R. The impact of tobacco promotion at the point of sale: A systematic review. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11:25-35

16. Siahpush M, Jones P, et al. Association of availability of tobacco products with socio-economic and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods. Public Health 2010;124:525-9 17. Wood L, Peirera G, et al. Tobacco outlets and socio-economic status: a Western Australian analysis. Report prepared for Cancer Council WA. Perth: Centre for the Built Environment and Health, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia; 2012.

33. Wakefield M, Germain D, et al. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase. Addiction 2007;103:322-8 34. Burton S and Spanjaard D. An investigation of the impact of retail distribution on tobacco purchase and smoking, and on high-kilojoule food purchases - Draft report prepared for the Cancer Council NSW. School of Business, University of Western Sydney; 2012.

35. Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2008 (NSW). 2013 February 19 [cited 10.3.13]; Available from: http://www.austlii.edu.au/ au/legis/nsw/consol_act/pha2008178/

39. Fry R, Williams K, et al. An audit of tobacco retailers in NSW. Sydney: Cancer Council NSW; 2013.

40. Center for Public Health and Tobacco Policy. Tobacco retail licensing: Local regulation of the number, location, and type of tobacco retail establishments in New York. Boston: Center for Public Health and Tobacco Policy, New England Law Boston; 2010.

41. The Center for Tobacco Policy & Organizing. Matrix of strong local tobacco retailer licensing ordinances. Sacramento, CA: American Lung Association in California; 2012.

42. Cancer Council NSW. (2013); NSW Community Survey on Cancer Prevention.

43. Cancer Institute NSW. New South Wales Smoking and Health Survey 2009. Sydney: Cancer Institute NSW; 2009.

44. NSW Office of Liquor Gaming and Racing. New applicants: Important information for new liquor licence applicants. 2012 [cited 8.3.13]; Available from: http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/ liquor_licensees_new.asp 45. NSW Office of Liquor Gaming and Racing. RSA - Responsible Service of Alcohol. 2013 [cited 21.5.13]; Available from: http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/courses_rsa.asp 46. NSW Office of Liquor Gaming and Racing. Fact sheets and guidelines. 2013 [cited 21.5.13]; Available from: http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/liquor_fact_sheets.asp 47. NSW Office of Liquor Gaming and Racing. Liquor licence biennial return 2010-2011. 2010 [cited 10.5.13]; Available from: http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/liquor_licence_biennial_return.asp 48. Pharmacy Board of Australia. Fact sheet: New obligations for pharmacists. 2011 [cited 8.3.13]; Available from: http://www.pharmacyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines/FAQ.aspx 49. Pharmacy Council of NSW. Pharmacies: Application fees and charges. 2013 February 1 [cited 20.5.13]; Available from: http://www.hpca.nsw.gov.au/Pharmacy-Council/Pharmacies/ Application-Fees-and-Charges/default.aspx

153 Dowling Street Woolloomooloo NSW 2011 feedback@nswcc.org.au cancercouncil.com.au facebook.com/cancercouncilnsw twitter.com/cancercouncil youtube.com/cancercouncilnsw1 @cancercouncil or #cancercouncil to show us yours linkedin.com/company/cancer-council-nsw pinterest.com/cancercouncil CAN10506S 07/13