Environmental Remediation and Energy Production Technologies
Ă?ndice 1.
Modern electroanalytical methods for environmental monitoring ............................... 6
1.1. Modern electroanalytical methods for environmental monitoring based on the application of mercury electrodes ................................................................................. 6 1.2. Modern electroanalytical methods for environmental monitoring based on the use of silver amalgam electrodes ......................................................................................... 26 1.3. Carbon paste electrodes for monitoring the environment ....................................... 31 1.3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 31 1.3.2. Development, preparation, and characteristics of carbon paste electrodes ................... 31 1.3.3. Practical utilization of carbon paste electrodes........................................................................... 38 1.3.4. Selected examples of CPEs utilization in electroanalysis ........................................................ 41 1.3.5. Practical examples of method development using CPEs .......................................................... 44 1.3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 49 1.4. Modern electroanalytical methods for environmental monitoring based on the use of boron doped diamond film electrode....................................................................... 52
2. Introductory Industrial Electrochemistry ...................................................................... 57
2.1. What is Electrochemistry ..................................................................................... 57 2.2. What can Electrochemistry do? ............................................................................ 59 2.3. Electrochemistry as transfer agent to technology .................................................. 60 2.4. Fundamentals of elementary electrochemistry ...................................................... 65 2.4.1. Conductivities, electrical quantities and properties .................................................................. 65 2.4.2. An electrochemical system is not homogeneous......................................................................... 68 2.4.3. Many things can happen at once ........................................................................................................ 70 2.4.4. Current is an expression of rate ......................................................................................................... 70 2.4.5. Electrode potential and electron energy ........................................................................................ 71 2.4.6. One cannot control both current and potential simultaneously........................................... 73 2.5. Fundamentals of electrochemical engineering ....................................................... 74 2.6. Modified electrodes ............................................................................................ 79 2.7. Photoelectrochemical processes........................................................................... 83
3. Electrochemistry and Environmental Protection ............................................................ 87
3.1. Introduction....................................................................................................... 87 3.2. Electrochemical sensors and monitors .................................................................. 88 3.2.1. Potentiometric sensors .......................................................................................................................... 88 3.2.2. Conductimetric sensors ......................................................................................................................... 91 3.2.3. Voltammetric sensors ............................................................................................................................. 91 3.3. Analysis and removal of gaseous pollutants .......................................................... 93 3.4. Metal ion removal and recovery ........................................................................... 94 3.5. Electrochemistry of ecotoxic metals in water......................................................... 97 3.6. Electrochemistry in drug and food control............................................................. 99 3.7. Electrochemical degradation of organic compounds ............................................. 101 3.8. Electrochemical-assisted photocatalytic degradation ............................................ 103 3.9. Electrochemical cleaning of flue gases................................................................ 104 3.10. Electrochemical carbon dioxide fixation ............................................................ 107
4. Electrochemical energy conversion .............................................................................. 111
4.1. Methodology of electrochemical conversion and storage ...................................... 111 4.1.1. Thermodynamic of galvanic cells ................................................................................................... 112 4.1.2. Kinetics ...................................................................................................................................................... 113 4.1.3. Cell parameters ...................................................................................................................................... 114 4.2. Primary and secondary batteries ........................................................................ 116 4.3. Fuel cells ......................................................................................................... 122 3