Change 2020 A YEAR IN COMPARISON
2
QUARTER ONE JAN-MAR 2021
America's Tumultuous 1962 & 2020 Comparing Black Life in 1962 to Black Life 58-Years Later
+
The Arts 1962: Sylvie's Love.A 1960's Period Love Story
1962 Photo Story: Black Policeman Can Arrest White Offenders
THE SOUL OF AMERICA ISSUE — 1962
CONTENTS
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
18 06 | About Us 01 Cover Artwork. @M3Dzn 04 Colin Kaepernick Tribute 09 Editor's Note 12 Government & Politics. Who's the Most Influential Leader in 1962 and Today?
20
by C2Change Staff
14 NAACP Spotlight. "I Resolve"
Tumultuous Years of 1962 and 2020
18 Photo Story. Black Policemen
by C2Change Staff
20 Religion. The White Church & Civil Rights by R.L. Byrd
42 Arts & Culture. Sylvie's Love: A 1960's Period Love Story 44 Opinion. Who's Hiring Minorities Online?
24 Cover Story. The Soul of America: C2Change Revisits the
by N.M. Franklin 2/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
Change
24
Volume 2, Issue 1 | April 2, 2021 Quarter One (January - March)
C2Change (Channeling Creative Change) magazine focuses on providing a racial justice platform for voiceless and disenfranchised people of color.
C2Change Information
Publisher | R.L. Byrd Publishing Digital Publication/Distribution | ISSUU Inc. C2Change magazine, founded in 2018, is an online instrument for racial and social justice.
Social Media | Stay in Contact
Twitter: c2changemag Facebook: c2changemagazine Instagram: c2changemagazine Linkedin: 2change-magazine Youtube Channel: C2Change Magazine Issuu e-zine Channel: C2Change Magazine
54 | Ask Gee 46 Lifestyle. A Tribute to Cicely Tyson and Mary Wilson, and Remembering Those Lost in 2020 by C2Change Staff
56 History. Acknowledging Those that Told Our Stories
44
Advertising & Media Inquiries media@c2changemagazine.com Channeling Creative Change (C2Change) Magazine is a digital publication available online at www.c2changemagazine.com. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. All content is the property of C2Change Magazine and/or the respective artists, writers, photographers and advertisers, and are protected by copyright and trademark laws. Copyright © 2021.
54 Gee Gives Advice on Dating on a Budget
3/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
1917
decad
EAST ST. LOUIS RIOT OF 1917 During the racial East St. Louis Riot of 1917, a mob beats an African American man in front of a street car, while the militia charged with restoring order stands by and does nothing. (Photo via Getty Images)
1992
LOS ANGELES (RODNEY KING) RIOT National Guardsmen and a police officer take up security positions in front of a burned and looted shopping center, 01 May 1992 in central Los Angeles. The 1992 Los Angeles riots, with looting and arson events, erupted 29 April 1992 when a mostly white jury acquitted the four police officers accused in the videotaped beating of black motorist Rodney King, after he fled from police. 52 people were killed during the riots and Rodney King became a reluctant symbol of police brutality. (Photo credit should read HAL GARB/AFP/Getty Images)
and still protesting in 2021 4/046
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
des of struggle is why . . .
1965
SELMA, ALABAMA PROTESTS An officer accosts an unconscious woman as mounted police officers attack civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama who were attempting to begin a 50 mile march to Montgomery to protest race discrimination in voter registration. Mounted policeman in background are part of Sheriff Jim Clark's Dallas County posse. Police used tear gas, clubs, whips and ropes to turn back the demonstrators as they crossed bridge over the Alabama River at the city limits (Photo via Getty Images)
2014
CHICAGO (LAQUAN MCDONALD) PROTESTS. CHICAGO, IL - DECEMBER 12: Demonstrators march through downtown on December 12, 2015 in Chicago, Illinois. A recently released video showing the shooting of teenager Laquan McDonald by Chicago Police officer Jason Van Dyke has sparked almost daily protests in the city and calls for Mayor Rahm Emanuel and Cook County State's Attorney Anita Alvarez to resign for trying to cover up the circumstances surrounding the shooting. (Photo by Scott Olson/Getty Images)
5/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
There are two types of people: The ones that make change happen, and the ones that watch change happen. Which change are you?
6/046
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
ABOUT US | PUBLISHER'S LETTER
"AS AN ANSWER TO THE COUNTRY’S DECLINING STATE OF AFFAIRS (HATRED, DIVISION, AND HEIGHTENED RACIAL & SOCIAL TENSIONS) DUE TO THE CURRENT POWERS IN GOVERNMENT; C2CHANGE MAGAZINE WAS INITIALLY PITCHED AS A 12-MONTH, YEARLY, CHARITABLE CONTRIBUTION OF TIME, MANPOWER AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES TO AN EMERGING ORGANIZATION FIGHTING RACIAL AND SOCIAL INJUSTICES—BUT, SOMETIMES, THE UNIVERSE HAS OTHER PLANS."
A s an answer to the country’s declining state of affairs (hatred, division, heightened racial and social tensions) due to the current powers in government, C2Change Magazine was initially pitched
as a 12-month, yearly, charitable contribution of time, manpower, and financial resources to an emerging organization fighting racial and social injustices—but, sometimes, the universe has other plans. And nothing can be more voluminous as a “no thank you” than silence. (We understood and still support their cause because their success is our success.) Their silence was the universe telling us to regroup, repurpose, and turn left. The gravitational pull to keep going, growing stronger each day our country’s freedoms, principals, and core values were challenged or stripped away by the current administration. (One person can be the catalyst for destruction, but it takes a following, either by conformity, duplicity, or complacency to bring the destruction into existence.) With the country progressively going backwards, if not on a new, different and dangerous path, we needed to be a voice. A voice for the voiceless and disenfranchised. A voice that pushes for CHANGE.
Why the name C2Change? We wanted to invoke change not only in the contents of the
magazine, but in the name itself. C-2 Change not only implies seeing about the business of changing our circumstances, but our role in channeling creative change to do so.
Why the chosen format? One of the untapped resources of African American culture (and our
struggle) can be found within the earlier, 20th century issues of the NAACP Crisis Magazine (one of many like-minded Black publications of the era). I found this to be true when researching a relative who was part of the documented 3,000+ lynchings in America's history. Within the February 1918 issue, I found his name (along with many others), as well as, details of the world people of color had to exist within; since then, I've gone through every issue. With this in mind, we used the W.E.B. Dubois years of the NAACP Crisis Magazine as the exemplar of how we wanted to disseminate information—report on the every day lives and injustices of people of color while showcasing our culture and chronicling our history. Each generation should push for the continual change and betterment of our communities for the next generation. C2Change Magazine strives to provide information for communities of color to use in that push—we channel creative change.
R .L. Byrd , Publisher
7/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
"Each generation should push for the continual change and betterment of our communities for the next generation. C2Change Magazine strives to provide information for communities of color to use in that push—we channel creative change."
8/046
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
EDITOR'S NOTE
In this issue of C2Change Magazine C2CHANGE IS AN ONLINE RACIAL JUSTICE PUBLICATION CHANNELING CREATIVE CHANGE.
In every aspect of our lives . . .
W
e've said goodbye to an unforgettable year called 2020—and was it not a year! A year which saw asylum seekers separated from their families and children placed into cages. ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) rounding up brown-colored individuals and detaining them for deportation. Divisiveness and hate rhetoric prompting racially motivated attacks and mass shootings. And a global pandemic which ravaged and wreaked havoc on American communities of color as it sickened and killed hundreds-of-thousands of Americans via a poorly implemented government response. Today, April 2, 2021, C2Change relaunched with a year of comparison: 1962 vs. 2020. Paying tribute to publications like the Chicago Defender, JET, EBONY, and the NAACP’s The CRISIS that informed, entertained, and documented Black life through our eyes—their reporting on the lives and struggles of every-day Black Americans proving to be both profound and immeasurable.
24
20
In this “Soul of America” issue, we compare Black life, Black struggles, Black injustices, and the Black hope of 1962 to that of 2020. Readers will find the pressing issues of today—civil rights, voting rights, education, employment, housing, police brutality, and judicial justice (or injustice)—not too dissimilar from those of 1962. We also honor the lives of a Supreme, Mary Wilson; an actress icon, Cicely Tyson; and the lives lost in 2020 that contributed to our community in profound ways. And from the publisher, after receiving messages of hate from launching the magazine—including many using religion to mask their hate—the publisher penned the provocative article “The White Church and Civil Rights" as told from events in 1962 and today. (By the way, have you ever heard of hate messages, or protests, from launching a cooking, teen, or maternity magazine?) And as always, as we strive to channel creative change, I’ll end my so-called rant with: Each generation should push for the continual change and betterment of our communities for the next generation. C2Change strives to provide information for communities of color to use in that push.
9/ 0 4 6
46
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
In
the
U.S.,
according to the kaiser family foundation, blacks account for more
people living with hiv—an estimated than any other to represent the
468,800 of the more than 1.1 million people— racial group. Additionally, Blacks (along with Latinos) continue majority of deaths among people with HIV and new HIV diagnoses.
"I AM GREATER THAN AIDS" VIDEO FEATURING JUSSIE SMOLLETT, ALIMI BALLARD, JESSE WILLIAMS & OTHERS. To learn about HIV/AIDS and available resources, visit: http://www.GreaterThan.org.
10/ 0 4 6
Change 2
HIV|AIDS Awareness
M AGAZI NE
11/ 0 4 6
1962 CIVIL RIGHTS
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
Most Influenti
In the February 8, 1962 issue of EBONY magaz D.C. press, radio, and TV correspondents on majority of white correspondents since Negr asked was: "What Negro leader would you c
23%
Dr. Ralph Bunche
United Nations Undersecretary, Pulitzer Prize winner for negotiating the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and four Arab states, and founding head of Howard University's Political Science Dept. (Photo: Library of Congress. Carl Van Vechten Photographs circa 1951.)
19%
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Rev. King was a major force behind the Civil Rights movement; including the 381-day Montgomery Bus Boycott and Albany Movement. (Photo: Library of Congress. Dick DeMarsico, photographer, circa 1964.)
17%
Judge Thurgood Marshall
NAACP Chief Legal Counsel and architect of the landmark, 1954, Brown v. Board of Education case. Marshall was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by President Kennedy in 1961. (Photo: Library of Congress. Official portrait of the 1976 U.S. Supreme Court)
5%
Dr. Robert C. Weaver
Weaver served as the first Black advisor on racial problems for the Department of the Interior, was Chairman of the NAACP, and was appointed by President Kennedy to the Housing and Home Finance Agency. (Photo: Library of Congress. Pat Terry, photographer. April 1942.) 12/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
ial Negro in the US?
zine, the magazine published a 9-question poll of 500 Washington, n the status of Negroes in the U.S. And although answered by a ro employment was limited within the fields, one of the questions choose as the most impressive, dependable, and efficient?"
WHO'S THE MOST INFLUENTIAL
TODAY? 13/ 0 4 6
CIVIL RGHTS
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
NAACP SPOTLIGHT
14
100 Years Ago 1920 - 2020
2020 MARKED THE 100-YEAR ANNIVERSARY OF THE 1920 NAACP MEMBERSHIP RESOLVE. 100-YEARS LATER, 2021 FINDS THE SAME STRUGGLES WITHIN THE BLACK COMMUNITY—THE NEWS MEDIA VILLIANIZING PEOPLE OF COLOR AND OUR VERY OWN BLACK LEADERS USING THEIR PLATFORMS FOR NOTORIETY AND PERSONAL GAIN AT THE COMMUNITY'S EXPENSE. (THE BREONNA TAYLOR CASE COMES TO MIND.) LEAVING THE QUESTIONS: 1) WHO ARE OUR TRUSTED CURRENT LEADERS, 2) WHO MAY BE OUR TRUSTED FUTURE LEADERS, AND 3) WHAT LEADERS—THAT HAVE SOLD OUT THEIR RACE FOR NOTORIETY AND PERSONAL GAIN—SHOULD BE STAMPED OUT?
Leader
Leader
Stamp Out Leader
Leader
Future Leader
Stamp Out Leader
Leader
Leader
Leader
Stamp Out Leader
Future Leader
Leader
Stamp Out Leader
Leader
14 / 0 4 6
Future Leader
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
I RESOLVE— TO JOIN the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People if I am not already a member.
TO RENEW promptly my membership for 1920 if I was formerly a member.
1 2 3 4 5
TO WORK as never before for equal justice to all men regardless of the color of their skins.
TO REALIZE the inherent and acquired characteristics of merit of the colored race
and shake off the apologetic air which I sometimes assume when the Negro is criticized and maligned.
TO SEEK the truth about the Negro, whether favorable or unfavorable, and help
counteract with facts the lying propaganda against him being spread by his enemies.
TO VOTE for men who are square on the Negro problem and against those whose service consists solely of pretty but meaningless phrases.
TO STAMP OUT that type of Negro leader who would sell out his race for personal gain.
TO KEEP this resolution.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People President
Secretary
Moorfield Storey
John R. Shillady
Chairman Board of Directors
Director of Publications and Research
Mary White Ovington Acting Treasurer
Major J. E. Spingarn
Dr. W.E.B. Dubois
Assistant Secretary
Walter F. White
Field Secretary
James Weldon Johnson
January 1920 Edition (Volume 19, Number 3) of the Crisis Magazine 15/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
Writers are extre a country, whethe it. The multiple revealed by that what the artists a
From the essay "As Much Truth As O
16 / 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
emely important people in er or not the country knows truths about a people are people's artists—that is are for. — James Baldwin
One Can Bear," New York Times, 1962
17/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
18 HISTORY
PHOTO STOR
1962. Municipalities around th and allowing Black Officers t hires 2 Negro Policeman to pa Salem, North Carolina and Atla White offenders. And the city Headley, waives the residenc from around the country for a
18 / 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
DC POLICE DC police officers in Washington, DC, after Lyndon B Johnson was installed as President of the United States, 3rd December 1963. (Photo by Vytas Valaitis/Pix/Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images)
RY
he country begin hiring Black Police Officers to arrest White offenders. Athens, Georgia atrol the Negro sections of the city. Winston anta, Georgia permit Black Officers to arrest of Miami, Florida, headed by Chief Walter cy requirement to attract Negro applicants an integrated Miami police force.
19/ 0 4 6
RELIGION
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
20 CIVIL RIGHTS, RACISM, AND THE WHITE CHURCH
"Any church that supports segregation is a blasphemy against God and is already a walking body of death." — Dr. Mordecai W. Johnson, President Emeritus of Howard University, Jet Magazine, February 1, 1962 issue. 1915: Methodist preacher William Joseph Simmons
of its congregations excluded Blacks from worship, membership and leadership. The religious body also resolved to denounce racism as a deplorable sin; and confirmed that all life is sacred and has equal and immeasurable worth.
resurrected the modern-day Ku Klux Klan atop Stone Mountain, Georgia.
1947: Mormon Mission President, Heber Meeks,
desires Cubans of "pure white blood" for missionary work in Cuba in an exchange of letters to longtime Mormon, Dr. Lowry Nelson. (Per Mormon doctrine at the time, blessings of the Mormon Church could not be extended to anyone with Negro blood.)
2020: The dark stains of U.S. history grow darker with
the resurgence of segregation and normalization of racial division and hate rhetoric. Growth encouraged and promoted by conservative and right-wing media outlets, prominent political leaders, and individuals and organizations aligned with the administration of former President Donald J. Trump.
1952: Board of Trustees at the Episcopalian School of
Theology at The University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee turn down a faculty suggestion that Negro students be accepted; the dean, chaplain and six faculty members resign in protest of the Negro ban.
One such stain being the Asatru Folk Assembly (an alleged religious institution classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center), who was granted a Murdock, Minnesota conditional city permit to operate—a permit funded by local tax payers, including people of color.
1962: Seven Negroes arriving at the all-white First
Presbyterian Church in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for Sunday services, are denied admission but directed to a nearby Negro Presbyterian church. — JET, March 8, 1962 issue
1962
Considered one of the United States' largest NeoVölkisch hate groups, the Asatru Folk Assembly (headquartered in Brownsville, California) bases its religion on the Neo-Völkisch belief of the preservation
1995: Southern Baptist passed a "Resolution On Racial Reconciliation" acknowledging that many
THE WHITE CHURCH 20/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
and survival of those descended from white, European bloodlines.
The White church and its silence in the 60s Fifty-eight years before the Asatru Folk Assembly— in response to the silence of white churches on the Negro's fight against racial inequality and segregation—Dr., Mordecai W. Johnson, President Emeritus of Howard University in the February 1, 1962 issue of JET magazine, proclaimed: "Any church that supports segregation is a blasphemy against God and is already a walking body of death." His voice echoed throughout the country by like-minded religious leaders, politicians, activists, athletes, and children who voiced similar discontent as noted within these 1962 JET magazine storylines of the day: THE REV. ALCWYN L. ROBERTS of New York, quoting an unidentified Negro educator on race relations: "One conspicuously absent force in all our current strides toward freedom is the organized white church." — JET, March 1, 1962 ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT F. KENNEDY, chiding the nation's clergy for failing to come forward in the racial discrimination fight: "It is difficult to understand how a preacher can get up on Sunday and talk about love of God and the 'Ten Commandments,' and then not speak up on civil rights." — JET, May 31, 1962
JACKIE ROBINSON, on the burning of two Negro churches in Georgia: "It is a sad situation when even the most rabid of segregationist would stoop this low to defy the wrath of God and burn His house." — JET, March 8, 1962 PREACHES CHURCH BETRAYS CHRIST BY ALLOWING BIAS. The Christian church has "been false to itself and Christ" by allowing segregation and discrimination to flourish in the community, the Rev. Dr. John H. Krumm, chaplain of Columbia University, said. — JET, May 31, 1962
BILLY GRAHAM URGES COLLEGE INTEGRATION. Evangelist Billy Graham urged the Southern Baptist Convention in Miami, Fla., to integrate Negro students in its colleges because he felt it the Christian duty of every Baptist college to be unsegregated. — JET, June 5, 1962
H & CIVIL RIGHTS 21/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
YOLANDA KING, daughter of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., after being told that her father was in jail to help other Negroes: "Oh, yea, tell him to stay there until he fixes it so I can go to Funtown (a segregated amusement park in Atlanta)." — JET, August 23, 1962 THE CHRISTIAN CENTURY [MAGAZINE], noting that the church's racial policy is the shame of our civilization: "It loves the cruel falsehood of racial exclusiveness more than it loves Christ." — JET, October 18, 1962
Systemic racism inside the church walls According to the Dallas Morning News, Pastor Dwight McKissic of Cornerstone Baptist Church in Arlington, Texas said he has witnessed a pattern of racism, since the early 2000s, within the Southern Baptist of Texas Convention. (The Southern Baptist of Texas Convention (SBTC) is a group of over 2,500 autonomous Texas Southern Baptist churches.) The latest incidents involved derogatory comments about Vice President Kamala Harris; the position of the SBTC on systemic racism policy; and the most vile and 'blatantly racist' letter McKissic says he's ever received.
The White church's silence today In the wake of world-wide condemnation and protests for the killing of unarmed Black Americans like George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery; 2020 revealed the same walls-of-silence, from white churches, that Dr. Mordecai W. Johnson spoke of during the years of the Civil Rights sit-ins, marches, and freedom rides. Walls-of-silence noted by Rickey Smiley, radio host of the "Rickey Smiley Morning Show," who asked the Rev. William Barber (President and Senior Lecturer at Repairers of the Breach and co-chair of the Poor People's Campaign), why the silence: "Bishop Barber, I have to ask you this—all this stuff that's going on— and, ugh, being a prominent man of the cloth. [Has] any white Evangelicals . . . reached out to you and said, 'Bishop, I understand what y'all are going through, what can I do to help?' Or are they just being silent?"
They are so loud on what God says so little about, and so quiet on what God says so much about. "What we have had is a lot of silence," Barber answered. "[White Evangelicals] might say they are against what they saw happen to George Floyd [a policeman kneeling on Floyd's neck resulting in his death], but then they would turn around and say, 'but that's just one bad [policeman].' They will not own that it's systemic. They are so loud on what God says so little about, and so quiet on what God says so much about."
22/ 0 4 6
Rev. Dwight McKissic of Arlington left the SBTC and received a "horribly racist" letter from a Southern Baptist author. Photo: Rev. William Dwight McKissic, Sr.
“I just want to expose that it’s here,” Pastor McKissic told the Dallas Morning News. “Racism is alive and well.” A vocal critic of racism within both the SBTC and its parent organization the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), McKissic condemned a recent statement by Pastor Steve Swofford of the First Baptist Church of Rockwall, who in a Jan. 3 sermon, questioned the intellectual abilities (implying cognitive dysfunction) of President Joe Biden. “What if something happens to him and ‘Jezebel’ has to take over? ‘Jezebel Harris,’ isn’t that her name?” Swofford said, invoking a racial stereotype from the Jim Crow era referring to Black women as sexually promiscuous. McKissic called out Swofford on Twitter — as well as Pastor Tom Buck of the First Baptist Church of Lindale,
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
who called Vice President Kamala Harris Jezebel as well — and challenged the SBTC to “repudiate” them and their “un-Christlike statements.” Initially rebuked by the SBCT in 2006 for supporting missionaries praying and speaking in tongues, McKissic's fight with racism in the church took a turn when the SBTC adopted a resolution condemning Critical Race Theory (CRT)—a school of thought that examines systemic racism and conscious and unconscious bias against people of color—as “incompatible with the Baptist Faith and Message." Although, not agreeing with all of the theory, McKissick says it is wrong, and possibly harmful to Black churches, to say none of the CRT is beneficial. And with his denouncement of the SBCT's condemnation of the theory, McKissick wrote a letter deciding to "get off the bus" (a term associated with his 2006 SBCT rebuking); withdrawing from the organization and possibly the parent SBC organization. After announcing leaving the SBTC, McKissic received what he calls the most 'blatantly racist' letter from author and former Southern Baptist member, John Rutledge. In the letter, Rutledge would disparage Blacks and refer to them as "savages" who "defile and diminish every arena in which they parade: academic, political, corporate, judicial, military, athletic." "One of my concerns," McKissick said of Rutledge's letter in a WFAA video interview, ". . . was that how many other people feel the exact same way he does."
Unquestioned faith can limit the ability to see truth through reason
. . . if we stop asking questions, stop thinking, stop pondering, we can thwart the revelations of the Spirit. Another religious body which acknowledged a racist past that also looks to scripture to resolve worldy problems is the Mormon faith. However, in a 2012 Worldwide Leadership Training meeting, Mormon leader Dieter F. Uchtdorf told attendees, "Brothers and sisters . . . if we stop asking questions, stop thinking, stop pondering, we can thwart the revelations of the Spirit. We can block the growth and knowledge our Heavenly Father intends for us. How often has the Holy Spirit tried to tell us something we needed to know but couldn't get past the massive iron gate of what we thought we already knew?" When there is hatred and racism permeating within the church. A denial of systemic racism by the church. A view that combating racism can only be done through the words and teachings of the Bible when racism doesn't exist within it to call upon. One can only wonder if the White church's walls-of-silence and turns-of-the-head will ever cease when it comes to one of its purportedly core missions: Helping its members better love its neighbors as themselves. A mission which may require "questioned faith" and understanding the plight of its neighbors to do so.
If a man says, "I love God," and hates his brother, he is a liar; for he who does not love his brother whom he has seen, how can he love God whom he has not seen? — 1 John 4:20, New King James Version 23/ 0 4 6
Crisis publications which entertained and documented the daily lives, struggles and triumphs of communities of color.
THE YEAR 1962 IN CIVIL RIGTS, VOTING, EDUCATION, EMPLOYMENT, HOUSING, POLICE, AND THE U.S. COURT SYSTEM. C2Chage recognizes the contributions of JET, EBONY, and the N.A.A.C.P.
COVER STORY QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
ARTWORK CREDIT: HTTPS://WWW.INSTAGRAM.COM/M3DZN/
24/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
24 COVER STORY REVISITING OUR HISTORY! C2CHANGE EXPLORES A "YEAR IN COMPARISON" BY REVISITING THE TUMULTUOUS YEAR OF 1962 AND COMPARING IT TO THE DIVISIVE YEAR OF 2020—BOTH YEARS FUELED BY RACE RELATIONS. HOW FAR HAVE WE PROGRESSED?
THE SOUL OF AMERICA REVISITING 1962 1962
2020
PRESIDENT: John F. Kennedy (35th/Democrat) Campaign Slogan: A Time For Greatness
PRESIDENT: Donald J. Trump (45th/Republican)
1962 PROTESTS: Segregation/Civil Rights
2020 PROTESTS: Police Brutality/Immigration
FOREFRONT CIVIL RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS:
Nation of Islam (NOI).
FOREFRONT CIVIL RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS: Black Lives Matter (BLM), Equal Justice Initiative (EJI), The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), National Black Justice Coalition (NBJC), Poor People's Campaign, Southrn Poverty Law Center (SPLC0.
FOREFRONT CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS: James
FOREFRONT CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS: N/A
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Southern Christian
Leadership
Confernece
(SCLC),
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),
National
Association
for
the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),
Farmer (CORE), Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., (SCLC), Charles McDew (SNCC), Roy Wilkins (NAACP), Malcolm X (NOI).
25/ 0 4 6
Campaign Slogan: Make America Great Again
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
1962 continued the growing fight to become 1st class citizens
with equal voting rights, integrated schools, fair employment and housing, and to live under a brutality-free and unbiased policing and judicial system. JET magazine's weekly print documented these injustices and the fight for equal rights; our dedication is within.
1
01 CIVIL RIGHTS
1962 saw
the burgeoning of the Civil Rights marches, sit-ins and freedom rides --- the Nation's eyes on Albany, Georgia as the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other Civil Rights fighters sat in jail as protests ensued in the city and around the country.
02 VOTING
California passes
the 15th Amendment 93-years after approval by the U.S. Congress. Black church's burn serving as voter registration centers. Politicians use redistricting to suppress black votes. Black citizens are told to vote at their own risk by U.S. Justice Department.
03 EDUCATION
2
James
Meredith fights to attend the University of Mississippi.
3
Public, private, and religious school systems continue to fight integration 8-years after the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court, Brown v. Board of Education ruling.
26/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
4
04 EMPLOYMENT
The
1960's saw the walls of discrimination being torn down in employment. Blacks, once relegated to minuscule jobs and pay, are now being allowed to enter into jobs and professions previously denied and considered "White only" jobs to which Negroes should not aspire to hold.
05 HOUSING
Discrimination in
housing—from Federal programs to state and local real estate boards; to deeds, leases and neighborhood covenants—dominated
Negro
life.
Blacks
were
relegated to live in overpopulated and underserved areas; facing violence, and death, when moving
6
outside those areas.
06 POLICE
5
The Civil Rights era saw Blacks
being hired to integrate police forces, and the restrictions of only patrolling Negro neighborhoods and not being able to arrest white offenders being removed. Police departments underwent “training” to improve race relations and the U.S. Attorney General proposed stronger police brutality laws.
07 COURTS
Justice, at times, was
not blind. The 1962 film adaptation of Harper Lee’s “To Kill A Mockingbird” exemplified life in the U.S. Judicial System for Black Americans. Blacks were not represented by a jury or their peers, and despite overwhelming evidence of being not-guilty, cultural norms (and in some cases laws) of the day prohibited fair and impartial outcomes.
7 27/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
01 CIVIL RIGHTS
THE FIGHT FOR RACIAL EQUALITY AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN 1962 AND 2020.
1962
REV. KING JAIL
ALBANY ARRESTS CIVIL RIGHTS PROTE 1961 - 1962: ALBANY MOVEMENT
1962 ALBANY MOVEMENT FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
ALBANY, GEORGIA. CONSIDERED THE SPARK PLUG THAT IGNITED A NATIONAL MOVEMENT, THE ALBANY MOVEMENT, HEADED BY DR. W.G. ANDERSON, IS JOINED BY THE REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., TO "DESEGREGATE AN ENTIRE COMMUNITY, FROM BUS STATIONS TO LUNCH COUNTERS." OVER 700 PROTESTERS ARE ARRESTED, INCLUDING ANDERSON AND KING.
1962: COUPLE DENIED MARRIAGE COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA. ACCORDING TO JET MAGAZINE, A FORT JACKSON U.S.. ARMY PRIVATE FIRST CLASS (PFC), WAS DENIED MARRIAGE IN COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA TO A CHEROKEE INDIAN WOMAN. SOUTH CAROLINA LAWS PROHIBIT INTERRACIAL MARRIAGES.1
1962: NEGROES PICKET THEIR OWN LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS. NEGROES PICKETT FELLOW NEGRO-OWNED, FISHER'S BARBECUE, WHICH PROVIDED AIR CONDITIONED DINNING FOR WHITE CUSTOMERS BUT UN-AIR CONDITIONED DINNING FOR FELLOW NEGROES.2
1962
2020
PROTESTS ERU
MINNEAPOLIS POLIC UNARMED BLACK 2020 GEORGE FLOYD PROTESTS ON POLICE
Unless some of us start to fight for other pe
George E. Rundquist, Executive Director, New 28/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
WALK IN MY SHOES DOCUMENTARY (1961)
LED!
Co-produced by Louis Lomax (the first African American TV Journalist), "Walk In My Shoes" premiered on September 19, 1961, at 10:00 PM on ABC. The 52-minute-long program (through interviews) explored racial inequities and Black American life in the age of the Civil Rights Movement; including prejudices within the Black community against other Blacks. Dick Gregory, Malcolm X, and Adam Clayton Powell, Jr., are among the era's leaders featured in the film.
S 700+ ESTERS
S
0
UPT!
CE KILL K MAN BRUTALITY
"Walk In My Shoes" awarded a 1962 Thomas Alva Edison Award for best documentary program of 1961. Courtesy of ReelBlack. (Click here to watch.)
2020: GEORGE FLOYD PROTESTS Minneapolis, Minnesota. On May 25, 46-year-old George Floyd was killed while being arrested for allegedly using a counterfeit 20-dollar bill to buy cigarettes. During the arrest, Derek Chauvin, a white Minneapolis Police Department officer placed a knee on Floyd's neck for over 9-minutes as Floyd lay face-down and handcuffed on the ground. Chauvin kept a knee on Floyd's neck until Floyd laid motionless, showing no signs of life. Three assisting officers: J. Alexander Kueng, Thomas Lane, and Thou Tao, either assisted in restraining Floyd, or prevented bystanders from interfering in the arrest or aiding the distressed Floyd. Worldwide condemnation and protests ensued after bystanders' video footage was made public, shortly after Floyd's death.
eople's rights, we might loose our own. —
w York Civil Liberties Union, 1962. 29/ 0 4 6
May 25, 2020. Derek Chauvin with knee on the neck of George Floyd. Photo: Video capture of witness video.
2020
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
02 VOTING
VOTING DISENFRANCHISEMENT IN 1962 AND THE CONTINUATION INTO 2020.
1962: GERRYMANDERING. LEG BLACK VOTERS FROM ALABAMA
TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA. U.S. Supreme Court rule Court hearing to contest the 1957 redistricting that 28-sided shape which included all the city's white vot
NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK. The New York Coun including seven Negroes) file suit to contest the Nove controlled legislature aimed at excluding Negroes and
1959 - 1962: TENNESSEE TENT CIT
1962: IDAHO VOTES TO REPEAL ASIAN VOTING RESTRICTION
Fayette County Tennessee was overwhelmingly Afri kept many Black residents disenfranchised. When B ensued. White landowners evicted Black sharecroppe basic necessities such as gas and food. With no where owned by the few Black farmers which became know
IDAHO, THE ONLY STATE TO BAN PEOPLE OF MONGOLIAN DESCENT IN VOTING, SERVING AS JURORS, OR HOLDING CIVIL OFFICE, WILL VOTE TO REPEAL THE 73-YEAR OLD STATE PROVISION.3
1962: 'SOUTHERN NEGROES' VOTE AT YOUR OWN RISK WASHINGTON, D.C.. IN A CLOSED CIVIL RIGHTS MEETING, THE HEAD OF THE U.S.. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT'S CIVIL RIGHTS DIVISION, ATTY. BURKE MARSHALL, ADMITTED THAT THE AGENCY HAD NO "PROTECTION GUARANTEES" FOR SOUTHERN NEGRO VOTERS.4
1962: CALIFORNIA VOTING RIGHTS SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA. 93-YEARS AFTER THE U.S. CONGRESS PASSED THE 15TH AMENDMENT ON FEBRUARY 26, 1869—FORBIDDING STATES FROM DEPRIVING NEGROES OF THEIR VOTING RIGHTS—CALIFORNIA RATIFIES THE 15TH AMENDMENT.5
1962
Mary Williams discusses the repercussions f County, Tennessee. Courtesy of the Ben L. H
They talked about how it was our right to v
people could register to vote. — Fannie Lou H 30/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
GALLY DISENFRANCHISING 2019: U.S. SUPREME COURT ALLOWS PARTISAN GERRYMANDERING TO CONTINUE TO NEW YORK
Tuskegee Negroes are entitled to a Federal "We conclude that partisan gerrymandering claims present political t transformed Tuskegee from a square to a questions beyond the reach of the federal courts," Chief Justice John ters and excluded all but a few black voters. Roberts wrote for the conservative majority on June 27th.7
nty Democratic Committee (nine Democrats, NOT REVIEWABLE BY FEDERAL COURTS. In a 5-4 decision along traditional ember 1961 redistricting by the Republican- conservative-liberal ideological lines, the Supreme Court ruled that partisan d Puerto Ricans from the 17th District.6 redistricting is a political question and that federal courts can't judge if extreme gerrymandering violates the Constitution despite previous rulings by the same courts. TY MOVEMENT
ican American; however, voting restrictions Blacks began to register to vote, a backlash ers from their homes and businesses denied e to go, evicted families erected tents on land wn as the Tennessee Tent City Movement.
from registering to vote in Fayette Hooks Institute. (Click here to watch.)
2020: BLACK VOTER DISENFRANCHISEMENT AT NORTH CAROLINA A&T UNIVERSITY
A&T VOTES AS 1 AGAIN
2020
2016 REDISTRICTING PLAN REVERSED FOR CAMPUS
GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA. In 2016, Republican state legislators drew a line down Laurel Street, effectively dividing North Carolina A&T University's 13,00 student campus into two voting districts (the 6th and 13th)—a move Republican legislators made after the previous redistricting map was ruled unconstitutionally gerrymandered by the U.S. Supreme Court. A new U.S. House district map (November 2019) will be used in the 2020 elections, allowing North Carolina A&T to vote as a single district.
vote. . . . I never heard, until 1962, that Black
Hamer on attending a SNNC meeting 31/ 0 4 6
2020
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
03 EDUCATION
EDUCATION CHALLENGES TO INTEGRATE SCHOOLS IN 1962 AND BE TREATED FAIRLY IN 2020.
1962
'OLE MISS' INTEG
NEGRO JAMES MER ENROLLED AT 'OLE
1962: 'WHITE ONLY' SPELLING BEE LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA. THE LYNCHBURG NEWS (LOCAL SPONSOR OF THE CITY'S "NATIONAL SPELLING BEE") ISSUED A STATEMENT DECLARING THAT THE 'WHITE ONLY' POLICY, EXCLUDING NEGRO SCHOOL CHILDREN, WOULD REMAIN DESPITE PROTESTS BY THE LOCAL NAACP.8
1962: 3-YEARS CLOSED, JUDGE ORDERS VIRGINIA SCHOOLS REOPENED PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY, VIRGINIA. TO AVOID INTEGRATON, PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY CLOSED ITS PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN 1959, LEAVING NEARLY 2,000 NEGRO CHILDREN SCHOOLESS FOR 3-YEARS. FEDERAL JUDGE OREN R. LEWIS ORDERED THE SCHOOL SYSTEM REOPENED.9
1962: WHITEWASHING BLACK HISTORY ALABAMA, 10-YEARS AFTER PUBLISHER MCGRAW-HILL REMOVED SEGREGATION AND OTHER PROBLEMS OF MINORITY GROUPS FROM SCHOOL BOOKS AFTER THE ALABAMA STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION COMPLAINED OF ITS INCLUSION, FIGHTS SCHOOL INTEGRATION TOOTH AND NAIL.10
1962
1962: JAMES MEREDITH INTEGRATES UNIVERS
2020
CAN'T GRADUA
BLACK STUDEN SUSPENDED OVER 2020: STUDENT SUSPENDED FOR HAIR STYLE
Not everything that is faced can be changed;
— James Baldwin, 1962 essay for the "New Y 32/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
1962: JAMES MEREDITH INTEGRATES UNIV. OF MISSISSIPPI
GRATED
REDITH E MISS'
SITY OF MISSISSIPPI
0
ATE!
NT R HAIR
President John F. Kennedy addresses the nation on the situation at Mississippi State University with the enrollment of Negro student James Meredith. Courtesy of HelmerRenberg. (Click here to watch.)
2020: COURT BLOCKS HAIR POLICY 2016. Louisville, Kentucky. 15-year-old Ashanti Scott and the Butler Regional High School natural hair policy. 2018. New Jersey. 16-year-old wrestler Andrew Johnson and the NJISAA wrestling match forfeiture ultimatum over hair. 2019. Pearland, Texas. 13-year-old Juelz Trice and the Pearland ISD using a sharpie marker to color-in his haircut. 2020. Mont Belvieu, Texas. After court battles to integrate schools in the 50's; struggles to combat resistance to end school segregation in the 60's; people of color are still facing discrimination and race bias obstacles in education and its extracurricular activities—including discrimination and bias based on hairstyles commonly associated with race. The suspensions of cousins Deandre Arnold and Kaden Bradford from Barbers Hill High School over the length of their dreds was taken to court where the school's hair policy was ruled discriminatory according to WABC-TV.
; but nothing can be changed until it is faced.
York Times". 33/ 0 4 6
2020
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
04 EMPLOYMENT
Blacks are relegated to minuscule jobs until Federal Government intervention to combat discrimination.
1962
NO NEGROES FOR
FOX COLLEGE CAN'T NEGROES IN JO 1962: W. VIRGINIA GOVERNOR BANS JOB DISCRIMINATION WEST VIRGINIA GOVERNOR WILLIAM W. BARRON ISSUED AN EXECUTIVE ORDER BANNING JOB DISCRIMINATION AGAINST NEGROES, DECLARING: "I WANT TO BE A PART OF THIS GRAND MOVEMENT TO END DISCRIMINATION IN THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA."11
1962: KANSAS CITY COMMERCE VOTES OUT "WHITE ONLY" RESTRICTION KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE REMOVES "WHITE-ONLY" RESTRICTION BARRING NEGROES AS MEMBERS IN A 957 TO 167 MEMBERSHIP VOTE.12
1962: CA RESTAURANT ALLOWED TO DISCRIMINATE IN HIRING LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. A JAPANESE RESTAURANT WAS GRANTED PERMISSION TO HIRE ONLY JAPANESE (OR PERSONS RESEMBLING JAPANESE) WAITERS BY THE CALIFORNIA STATE FAIR EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES COMMISSION.13
1962
1962. Chicago's Fox College founder, Earl R. Fox, isn't the reason for not accepting Negroes, statin Negroes because we cannot place them on job finish. Therefore, we refuse to take their money."
RACISM ON THE
2020
EMPLOYEE ACCU CHASE BANK OF R
2020. Financial advisor Ricardo M. Peters acc institutional racism impacting its Black employe including retaliation for exposing the racism.
I want to be a part of this grand movement Virginia. — Gov. William W. Barron of West 34/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
The 1960's saw the walls of discrimination being torn down in employment. Blacks, once relegated to minuscule jobs and pay, are now being allowed to enter into jobs and professions previously denied and considered "White only" jobs to which Negroes should not aspire to hold.
1962: ATLANTA HIRES 1ST NEGRO FIREMEN
R FOX!
T PLACE OBS
, claims segregation ng: "We don't admit bs, if and when they "
The Atlanta Board of Firemen (established in 1882) instructed Fire Chief C. H. Hildebrand Jr., to recruit 16 Negro firemen to man Fire Station No. 16 when it opens [the fire station opened on April 1, 1963]. For the first time in almost 100 years, Atlanta will have Negro firemen.
1962: ABC'S 1ST NEGRO NEWSCASTER Malvin R. Goode (Mal), on the recommendation of baseball legend Jackie Robinson, was selected to become American Broadcasting Company's first Negro newscaster. Goode is in the company of Ben Holman of Chicago's CBS station WBBM-TV, George (Tex) Stephens of New Orleans' WYES-TV, and Malcolm R. LaPlace of Washington D.C.'s WMAL-TV as the first Negro newscaster, sports commentator, and reporter-photographer respectively.
1962: JANITORS TO 1ST NEGRO SALES CLERKS According to the February 8, 1962 issue of JET Magazine, 5 Macon, Georgia cleaning women were promoted to sales clerks at local department stores; becoming the first Negroes to hold department store sales clerk positions in the city's history.14
E JOB
0
USES RACISM
cuses JPMorgan of ees and customers;
1962: 1ST NEGRO AIRLINE STEWARDESSES According to JET Magazine, after the U.S. Government issues an order to airlines—in an attempt to end resistance to hiring Negroes—Leanora Bolden becomes the first Negro stewardess trainee for Northwest Airlines and Alice Joyce Williams becomes the first Negro trainee for United. Clarence A. Jackson joins Bolden and Williams as the first Negro hired by United Airlines for passenger (ticketing) service.15
1962: 25-YEAR OLD FIRM HIRES FIRST NEGRO Virginia Metal Products Corporation (in order to keep its defense contracts because of the new federal government's non-discriminatory employment clauses) hires 19-year-old Howard Ware of Orange, Virginia. Ware was hired as a clerical worker, becoming the first Negro to work for the 25-year-old firm.16
to end discrimination in the State of West Virginia, JET Magazine, Feb. 1, 1962 issue. 35/ 0 4 6
2020
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
1951: NEGRO HOUSING WORSE T
05 HOUSING
Without hope or help, housing discrimination was another life obstacle for most Black Americans.
As reported in the New York Times, a survey by th Council (an integrated council of clergymen and bus thirteen states) shows Negroes in 13 leading cities are w ago. The survey showed: 1) Twice as many Negro h "dilapidated" or not providing adequate or safe shelte houses, 2) the average value of Negro-owned homes value of White-owned homes, 3) a large proportion overcrowded by a ratio of one-half to eight times as mu and 4) home ownership of Negroes is not likely to neighborhoods are substandard.
1952: HARLEM, NEW YORK SLUM
1962: WHITE REALTOR EXPELLED FOR SELLING HOME TO NEGRO SARASOTA COUNTY, FLORIDA. REAL ESTATE BROKER ELIZABETH MOORE CLAIMS IN A LAWSUIT THAT SHE WAS EXPELLED FROM THE SARASOTA COUNTY BOARD OF REALTORS FOR SELLING A $20,000 ($171,316 IN 2020) HOME TO A NEGRO IN A WHITE NEIGHBORHOOD.17
1962: CORE RALLIES FOR CALIFORNIA FAMILY FACING DISCRIMINATION LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. MEMBERS OF CORE RALLY AROUND 28-YEAR-OLD NEGRO, BOBBY LILEY AND HIS FAMILY, WHEN THEY WERE TOLD NO HOMES WERE FOR SALE IN THE MONTEREY PARK AREA OF $25,000 TO $30,00 HOMES ($214,145 TO $256,974 IN 2020) AFTER A WHITE COUPLE WERE TOLD HOMES WERE AVAILABLE.18
1962: NEGRO HOME FIRE BOMBED
PORTSMOUTH, VIRGINIA. THE HOUSE OF SHIPYARD WORKER ANTHONY GIST, HIS WIFE AND THREE YOUNG SONS, LOCATED IN AN ALL-WHITE NEIGHBORHOOD, WAS BOMBED AND DESTROYED BY FIRE AS GIST REPAIRED THE HOME FOR HIS FAMILY TO OCCUPY.19
1962
"I wouldn't believe it if I didn't see it myself," Ne Magistrate John Murtagh referred to his one-day t Harlem as reported by JET Magazine (November 6, stated he was "shocked" to find many Negroes living for human habitation." In just one block of 72 buildi 617 violations.20
1962: DISCRIMINATION IN HOUS
1962
EXECUTIVE ORD
JFK BANS DISCRIMIN IN HOUSING
After Negroes reminded President John F. Kennedy abo promise of eliminating bias and discrimination in go housing, President Kennedy—with the stroke of his p Order 11063 to wipe out inequities and ban discrimin
Even if a Negro can afford to build a $30,000 [$2
except beside the shack in a ghetto for Negroes. — 36/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
THAN 1940
he Southern Regional siness professionals in worse off than 10 years houses are considered er compared to White s is only one-third the n of Negro housing is uch as White housing, increase when Negro
1960s: 2020 PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE, SEN. COREY BOOKER, TALKS ABOUT HIS FAMILY'S HOUSING ORDEAL IN THE 1960s
CONDITIONS
ew York City's Chief tour of tenements in 1952 issue). Murtagh g in conditions "unfit ings, inspectors found
ING BANNED
DER!
NATION
out his 1960 campaign overnment-sponsored pen—issued Executive nation in housing.
2020 Presidential candidate, Senator Corey Booker, talks about his parent's ordeal with discrimination in housing and how a community-based sting operation helped combat housing discrimination. (Click here to watch.)
2020: BLACK HOUSING DISCRIMINATION TODAY FINANCING DISCRIMINATION. In a 2020 study called "The Unequal Costs of Black Homeownership" by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the difference that Black homeowners pay in mortgage interest payments ($743 per year), mortgage insurance premiums ($550 per year), and property taxes ($390 per year) total $13,464 over the life of the loan, which amounts to $67,320 in lost retirement savings for black homeowners. APPRAISAL DISCRIMINATION. Florida homeowner Abena Horton publicized her experience with a home appraiser who she claims devalued the value of her home because of her race. Abena, who is Black, and her husband, Alex, who is white, tells of how when she met with the 1st appraiser, the home was devalued by 100K. When all references of the family's blackness was removed, her husband met with a 2nd appraiser and the home's appraised value increased by 130K or 40%; comparable to other home values in the area.
256,974 in 2020] home, there's no where to put it
— Reuben A. Clay, JET Magazine, June 7, 1962 Issue. 37/ 0 4 6
Abena and Alex Horton/ Facebook
2020
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
06 POLICE
From police brutality to employment challenges, 1962 and 2020 policing bares some resemblance.
1962
BIRMINGHAM PO CHARGED ENTE NEGRO HOME ILLE 1962: MENTALLY ILL TEXAS MAN SHOT TO DEATH BY POLICE
POLICE BEHAVIOR IN 1962
ENRAGED FORT WORTH CITIZENS PROTEST THE KILLING OF 30-YEAR-OLD JOHN SCOTT, A FORMER COLLEGE STUDENT SUFFERING A MENTAL HEALTH EPISODE. SCOTT WAS FIRED UPON BY MORE THAN 15 OFFICERS.21
1962: LAPD TO UNDERGO TRAINING PLAGUED BY CHARGES OF POLICE BRUTALITY AND REPEATED CONFLICTS WITH THE NEGRO COMMUNITY, THE LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPARTMENT WILL UNDERGO TRAINING IN ORDER TO IMPROVE RACE RELATIONS.22
1962: ATTORNEY GENERAL PROPOSES STRONGER POLICE BRUTALITY LAWS U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL ROBERT KENNEDY SENT A PROPOSL TO CONGRESS FOR STRONGER LAWS AGAINST POLICE BRUTALITY; INCLUDING BEATING OF PRISONERS OR THREATS TO THEM UNDER THE COVER OF THE LAW.23
1962
2020
LOUISVILLE POL STORM HOME KIL BREONNA TAYL POLICE BEHAVIOR IN 2020
. . . our crimes are catalouged and our patrioti
quietly recalled and our mistakes broadcast lou 38/ 0 4 6
2
OLICE ERING EGALLY
0
LICE LLING LOR
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
1962: POLICE CHARGED ENTERING NEGRO HOME ILLEGALLY BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA. Birmingham Officers William King and Donald Jones are charged with illegally entering the home of Phillip Travis, Sr., and son Kennon Travis on October 8, 1961. According to reports, the officers kicked in the door striking Kennon and struggled with the father over a pistol; officer King allegedly shooting Phillip Travis. The officers were allegedly there to arrest Kennon Travis but the father refused to let them in as no warrant was provided.
1962: ATLANTA POLICEMEN CAN NOW ARRESTS WHITES As reported by the Atlanta Constitution, 14-years after the first Negro police officers were hired in Atlanta—not allowed to be stationed at the City's headquarters but in the basement of the local Negro YMCA—Mayor Ivan Allen and Police Chief Herbert T. Jenkins asked the city's aldermen to remove regulations prohibiting Negro policeman from arresting white offenders.24
The city’s first eight African American officers in 1948. From left, front: Henry Hooks, Claude Dixon, Ernest H. Lyons; back: Robert McKibbens, Willard Strickland, Willie T. Elkins, Johnnie P. Jones, and John Sanders. Courtesy of Kennan Research Center at the Atlanta History Center
2020: POLICE STORM HOME KILLING BREONNA TAYLOR LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. On March 13, 2020, 26-year-old Breonna Taylor was shot as she slept in her apartment. Plain clothes Louisville Metro Police Department officers forced entry into Taylor's apartment as part of an alleged drug investigation and were met with gunfire from the unsuspecting boyfriend of Taylor. Protest and condemnation for Taylor's death resonated around the world with the coined phrase, "say her name" echoing throughout the protests.
ism almost forgotten. . . . Our good traits are
ud and long. — Dr. Harzell Taylor, 1962 39/ 0 4 6
2020
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
POLICE BRUTALITY AND TH
07 COURTS
Black Americans faced injustices corrected by and perpetuated within U.S. political & judicial systems.
1962 saw U.S. Attorney General Robert Kenned laws on the Federal level as the Civil Rights Mo of Freedom Rides, marches, protests and state afterwards, 2020 ushered in another year Black A protesting 1) wrongdoing by those who swore to system that continues to defy its role to protect ind
10 YEARS BEFORE 1962
1952: EX-COP ACQUITTED FOR M
1962: GA PAROLE BOARD COMMUTE DEATHS FOR RAPE OF WHITE WOMAN LAGRANGE, GEORGIA. FOR THE FIRST TIME SINCE ITS CREATION IN 1943, THE GEORGIA PARDON AND PAROLE BOARD COMMUTED THE DEATH SENTENCES OF THREE NEGROES FOR THE RAPE OF A WHITE WOMAN. (RAPE OF WHITE WOMEN WAS A CAPITAL OFFENSE (DEATH PENALTY) IN SOUTHERN STATE CONSTITUTIONS, FOR OVER A CENTURY, FOR BLACK MEN.)25
1962: ALABAMA BAR ASSOCIATION URGED TO PUT NEGROES ON JURIES MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA. CIRCUIT SOLICITOR WILLIAM F. THETFORD URGED MEMBERS OF THE ALABAMA BAR TO ENSURE NEGROES ARE INCLUDED IN THE JURY BOXES OR THEY ARE LIKELY TO BE "BEATEN FROM THE START."26
1962: CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA YOUTH SENTENCED FOR ATTACKING NEGROES
CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA. TWO WHITE YOUTHS ARE CONVICTED OF ATTACKING NEGROES WITH CHAINS AND PIPES AND KIDNAPPING A 15-YEAR-OLD NEGRO YOUTH.27
1962
WHITE PLAINS, NEW YORK. Retired cop Stan York, was acquitted of the March 19 murders of t York Times, La Benskey objected to a bartender shot Negroes Wyatt Blacknall, 35, and James Bla Benskey, in a separate trial 9-months later, was illegally carrying the pistol that killed the Blackna cited La Benskey's good police record and wartime
1962
1962: JURY ACQUITS L.A. POLIC
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. Three years bef white coroner's jury deliberated 23-minutes befo Nation of Islam (NOI) member Ronald Stokes, 29 NOI members were ascended upon in an unprov Malcolm X recounts the April 27th events in a with Richard M. Elman, courtesy of Columbia Un History Matters, listen to the audio here.
58 YEARS AFTER 1962
2020: NO INDICTMENTS IN BRE
LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY. After months of p of charges for the police involved in Breonna T returned by a Grand Jury for the March 13th st shooting of her as she slept. Worldwide condemn General, Daniel Cameron, ensued after learning the hail of bullets that entered Taylor's apartme shots fired into the apartment of Taylor's next-do
Simply because we were licked a hundred ye
to try and win. — Harper Lee, "To Kill A Mo 40/046
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
HE COURTS
dy push for stronger police brutality ovement swept the land in the form and federal court battles. 58-years Americans stood on the battle front o protect and serve, and 2) a judicial dividuals from abuse of government.
MURDERING NEGROES
nley La Benskey, 49, of Yonkers, New two Negroes. According to the New r serving Negro patrons and fatally acknall, 22, as they left the bar. (La sentenced to 9-months in prison for alls to the bar. Judge John P. Donohoe e military experience in his decision.)
CE IN MUSLIM SLAYING
fore the Watts Riot of 1965, an allore ruling that the death of unarmed 9, was justified. Stokes and six other voked police raid on Mosque No. 27. WBAI (New York, N.Y.) interview niversity Oral History Collection via
1962
THURGOOD MARSHALL CAPITOL HILL FIGHT OVER CONFIRMATION
May 1961. Urged by the National Bar Association (NBA) to fulfill a campaign promise to appoint a Negro Federal Judge and assure better representation on the basis of merit on the Federal bench, President Kennedy nominated the man who toppled America's school segregation, ex-NAACP Chief Legal Counsel Thurgood Marshall, for a judgeship in the Circuit Court of Appeals in New York City. July 1962. Unlike the 2020 Senate Judiciary Committee's expeditious 4-day confirmation of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barret amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Marshall faced a tumultuous confirmation—held up by Southern segregationists—in what would be considered the Civil Rights battle on Capitol Hill.
EONNA TAYLOR DEATH
protests, marches and anticipation Taylor's death, no indictments were torming of Taylor's home, and fatal nation of Kentucky's, Black, Attorney g the Grand Jury's focus was not on ent, leaving her dead, but from the oor neighbors.
"To Kill A Mockingbird" depicts the U.S. judicial system for many Negroes in the 1962 film adaptation. Watch Courtroom Trailer here.
ears before we started is no reason for us not
ockingbird" 1960 and 1962 film adaptation. 4 1/ 0 4 6
2020
ENTERTAINMENT
1962, NEW YORK CITY
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
4 2/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
43 ENTERTAINMENT
A PERIOD
LOVE STORY
"New York City, 1962" flashes across the screen
beginning an against-all-odss love story set in the 1950s and 60s. Sophie (Tessa Thompson), by chance encounter, runs into long-time love interest Robert (Nnamdi Asomugha) catapulting viewers into an unforgettable storyline. Watch the trailer below.
TESSA THOMPSON (SOPHIE) AND NNAMDI ASOMUGHA (ROBERT). PHOTOGRAPH CREDIT: AMAZON STUDIOS.
4 3/ 0 4 6
OPINION SOCIAL COMMENTARY
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
44
Who's Hiring Minorities Online?
Q
uestion. Who's hiring minorities online during the pandemic? Because from my experience—especially with over 4-million people suddenly unemployed because of it— it appears that only a chosen few are given the opportunity to work from home doing freelance work. And you know what they say: "Perception is not too far from reality!"
pages and was called quickly.” Her connections worked in her favor as she neither had a degree nor experience in accounting, but was allowed to learn while she earned a paycheck. Her transition to becoming an online budget analyst in just over two weeks (not skipping a beat in pay) was a blessing, and goes to show, connections do work.
THE PERCEPTION: Are minorities shutout from getting hired for online work?
Shannon (Atlanta, GA). After speaking to Shannon, a single mother and beautician, the disparity for finding online employment became even more dismal. Her story begins with the frustration: “I’m so tired of this Sis!” (We call each other Sis as a term of endearment.) She explained she has a degree; business license, good credit to pass any company's background check requirements; and previously, her own business which folded through no fault of her own. She was waiting for unemployment, but that didn’t work since she was self-employed. She filed for a small business loan, but that didn’t work either because of the failed business and lack of incoming capital.
To answer this question, having my own business with hundreds of contacts, I did an online query of my associates who were looking for freelance employment. Three of my associates struck a chord with me as their experiences were A-typical of so many of the others queried. According to my findings, finding online employment can be a challenging if not a daunting task; but moreso if you're 1) not well connected, or 2) don't have the right credentials. God forbid both! With their permission—changing their names and locations for this article—below are their experiences: Jennifer (Los Angeles, CA). Jennifer was the first person to share their online employment search with me. A 55-year-old, white female from Los Angeles, Jennifer lost her job as a waitress (and her acting gigs dried up as well) in March and within two weeks had landed a workfrom-home position as a budget analyst. Her account was simple: “There’s no problem finding work on the internet," she told me, "I shared my resume through my social media
Having no other choice, she went back on the promise she made to herself and her family and began seeking employment working for someone else. The compromise, she told herself, was online employment (working for someone else but at least working from home); but that hasn't panned out either. Determined to work from home with kids home-schooling because of the pandemic, she transitioned her beautician skills to her kitchen
44/046
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
N.M. Franklin is a contributing author and the CEO for iWrite4unow. The company specializes in all writing projects. Their services include technical writing, grant writing, ghost writing, script writing and more. Visit iWrite4unow for more information.
where she continues to cater to her loyal customers and does other jobs like Ubering and delivering groceries. José & Maria (Seneca, SC). José, a 30-year-old, first generation Mexican-American immigrant, brought his fiancée, Maria, over from Mexico through a K1 "engagement" Visa—they married in the states two months afterwards. Maria, now an alien resident of the U.S., has both a Green card and Social Security number allowing for gainful employment. And although a computer programmer in her native Mexico, her language barrier has limited her employment in the field, both in person and online. Not eligible for government assistance as an alien resident, and living within a small Spanish-speaking community in South Carolina, the language obstacle has led her to work as an essential worker at a nearby Peach farm to help provide for their growing family. And although Maria continues to master the English language, she and José are making a concerted effort to network with other Spanish-speaking programmers to get her foot in the door of a brick-and-mortar or online tech company.
moreso if you're 1) not well connected like Jennifer, or 2) don't have the right credentials; be it experience in the right field like Shannon, or the lack of other desirable hiring traits like Maria. However, one would think that the World Wide Web would be a level playing field where one can gain employment without worrying about one's physical appearance or other impediments. The content, commentary, and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and/or represented companies and do not necessarily reflect in any manner the views of C2Change Magazine and parent company R.L. Byrd Publishing. The information is intended for informational and entertainment purposes only. The author(s) and/or represented companies are solely responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the content.
Deliberately showcasing three, extreme, online hiring stories, I did so to make one think of the majority of online job seekers with not-so-extreme challenges asking the question: Who's hiring minorities online? And from my own experience seeking online work, online employment hunting can be a challenging, if not, daunting task; but 4 5/ 0 4 6
O pinion
Our Voices
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
Remembering
Mary Wilson
Mar. 1944 — Feb. 2021
"[We] were three little Black girls from the Brewster Projects who dared to dream in 1959," Mary Wilson told Bryant Gumbel on "The Early Show" in April of 2000. Initially four teenagers (Betty, Florence, Diane, and Mary) who started out as the Primettes in Detroit, Michigan; Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard and Diana Ross would sign with Motown and become the world-famous Supremes (affectionately known as "BLAPS", Black American Princesses, as Mary would coin them). Known as the sexy one—"when black wasn't beautiful yet" she always said in interviews—Wilson's background vocals would "ooh" and "aah" the trio into one of the most celebrated girl-groups of all time; reigning SUPREME with 5-consecutive number one hits. "Where Did Our Love Go," the group's first hit released in 1964, launched the record-setting streak of hits; propelling the trio into stardom and music history. Photo: The Supremes, group portrait, United States. L-R Florence Ballard (1943 – 1976), Mary Wilson (1944 – 2021), Diana Ross. (Photo by Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images) 46/046
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
LIFESTYLE
Cicely Tyson
Dec. 1924 — Jan. 2021
When asked during a 1972 'Soul Train' interview how she felt about Black movies made around the release of 'Sounder', Tyson answered: "I hope that 'Sounder' will turn the tide of those Black movies. I can't put them down completely because they allowed us to get our foot in the door; but I say we should be given the choice. I mean, I don't like people to make decisions for me; let me choose. Give me the variety and let me make the choice." And throughout a career spanning 70-years, Cicely Tyson chose a variety of timeless, iconic roles of strong, Black women to portray; and for that, we are so much richer. Photo: Actress Cicely Tyson in a scene from the movie Sounder, 1972. (Photo by Stanley Bielecki Movie Collection/Getty Images) 4 7/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
NOTABLE
LIVES LOST IN 2020 48
role as public defender Liz Williams in the 1980's TV series Night Court. Paula Kelly died of heart failure.
Esther Scott IN REMEMBRANCE
02/14/2020. 66-year-old Dreamgirls actress has a long list of film and television credits including films Boyz n the Hood and Encino Man; TV series Beverly Hills 90210, Martin, The Steve Harvey Show, and Sister, Sister; and voice overs for the Ewok TV series. Scott died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California.
Nick Gordon 01/01/2020. 30-year-old boyfriend of the late Bobbi Kristina Brown (daughter of musicians Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown) died from a heroin overdose three years after he was found liable for Bobbi Kristina's death.
Kobe and Gianna "Gigi" Bryant 01/26/2020. 41-year-old five-time NBA champion Kobe Bryant and his 13-year-old daughter Gianna were among nine people killed in a tragic helicopter crash on a hillside in Calabasas, California. Bryant, nicknamed the 'Black Mamba,' spent his entire 20-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers and is the alltime leading scorer in Lakers franchise history.
Paula Kelly 02/08/2020. 77-year-old Paula Kelly's career spanned over three decades in theater, film and television. Kelly is remembered for her Emmy nominated portrayal of Theresa (a lesbian (opposite Lonette McKee ) in The Women of Brewster Place; and for her 48/046
Ja'net Dubois 02/17/2020. 74-year-old actress Ja'net Dubois is known for her role as Willona Woods on the iconic TV series Good Times and composer/performer of the TV series The Jeffersons theme song, "Movin' On Up." The native Brooklyn, New Yorker reportedly died at her daughter's home in Glendale, California of cardiac arrest.
Pop Smoke (Bashar Barakah Jackson) 02/19/2020. 20-year-old up-and-coming rapper Pop Smoke, known to be the face of Brooklyn drill music, was fatally shot in his home in an alleged home invasion. He was rushed to Los Angeles' Cedar Sinai Hospital where he was pronounced dead.
B. Smith 02/22/2020. 70-year-old businesswoman, entrepreneur and model, B. Smith (Barbara Elaine Smith), passed away due to complications from early-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
LIFESTYLE Ahmaud Marquez Arbery
Ashley "Minnie" Ross 04/27/2020. 34-year-old Lifetime Network's Little Women: Atlanta star died after succumbing to injuries related to a car accident in Atlanta, Georgia.
Photo: Facebook
Andre Harrell
02/23/2020. 25-year-old, unarmed, Ahmaud Arbery was jogging in a Brunswick neighborhood in Glynn County, Georgia when he was pursued and fatally shot by white residents Travis and Gregory McMichael, and William "Roddie" Bryan.
Katherine Johnson 02/24/2020. 101-year-old legendary NASA mathematician and Hidden Figures movie inspiration died of natural causes. On November 24, 2015, at the age of 97, President Barack Obama bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Nation’s highest civilian honor, to Ms. Johnson.
Breonna Taylor
05/07/2020. 59-year-old iconic music executive and founder of Uptown Records, who later went on to head Motown Records, died of heart failure.
Little Richard 05/09/2020. 87-year-old rock 'n' roll pioneer Richard Wayne Penniman, better known as Little Richard, was the outspoken, flamboyant entertainer many say was before his time. An inspiration for recording artists like The Beatles and Elvis Presley, Little Richard's career took-off in 1955 with the release of "Tutti Frutti," and his discography includes "Long Tall Sally" (1956), "Lucille" (1957), and "Good Golly Ms. Molly" (1958).
Betty Wright (Bessie Regina Norris)
Photo: Facebook
05/10/2020. 66-year-old famous singer and song-writer died of endometrial cancer at her home in Miami. Wright is known for the classic hits "Clean Up Woman" (1971), "Tonight is the Night" (1975) where she talks about a young girl making love for the very first time, and "No Pain, (No Gain)" (1988).
George Floyd
Bill Withers 03/30/2020. 81-year-old “Ain’t No Sunshine” (1971), "Lean on Me" (1972), and "Lovely Day" (1977) crooner passed away from cardiovascular disease in Los Angeles, California.
Photo: Facebook
03/13/2020. 26-year-old Taylor was fatally shot by police in her home in Louisville, Kentucky. Detectives (wearing plainclothes) entered her apartment to serve a “no-knock warrant” which led policemen and Taylor’s boyfriend to exchange gunfire that resulted in Taylor being shot eight times.
05/25/2020. 46-year-old unarmed Floyd died during an arrest after Derek Chauvin, a white police officer, kneeled down on his neck for over 9 minutes. Floyd’s death sparked global outrage and protests; fueling the ongoing #BlackLivesMatter movement's fight against police brutality and racial injustice.
EVERY MAN'S LIFE ENDS THE SAME WAY. IT IS ONLY THE DETAILS OF HOW HE LIVED AND HOW HE DIED THAT DISTINGUISH ONE MAN FROM ANOTHER. — ERNEST HEMINGWAY
4 9/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
Bonnie Pointer
Herman Cain 07/30/2020. 74-year-old former CEO of Godfather's Pizza and 2012 presidential candidate died of COVID-19 complications.
Chi Chi Devayne 08/20/2020. 34-year-old RuPaul's Drag Race star, who was diagnosed with scleroderma in 2018, died following a bout of pneumonia.
Chadwick Boseman Photo: Richard Pryor and the Pointer Sisters in Car Wash (1976). Moviestore Collection LTD.
06/08/2020. 69-year-old founder of her sisters’ vocal group, Pointer Sisters, passed away of cardiac arrest. Pointer is known for "Heaven Must Have Sent You" (1978) as a solo artist; and "Yes We Can Can" (1973), "Fire" (1978), "He's So Shy" (1980), "I'm So Excited" (1982), among others, with the Pointer Sisters. She played one of the fictional Wilson Sisters to Reverend Daddy Rich (Richard Pryor) in the film Car Wash (1976), singing "You Gotta Believe."
Huey (Lawrence Franks, Jr.) 06/25/2020. 32-year-old "Pop, Lock & Drop It" rapper was shot and killed in Kinloch, Missouri.
Naya Rivera 07/08/2020. 33-year-old Glee star died by accidental drowning at Lake Piru after going missing for several days during a boating trip.
John Lewis Photo: Library of Congreess
Photo: Library of Congreess
Photo: Actor Chadwick Boseman at the Los Angeles World Premiere of Marvel Studios' BLACK PANTHER at Dolby Theatre on January 29, 2018 in Hollywood, California. (Photo by Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images for Disney).
08/28/2020. 43-year-old Chadwick Boseman was nominated for the 2003 Chicago Film Critic's Association Awards' "Most Promising Performer" for his portrayal of Jackie Robinson in the film 42. Best known for his portrayal of the African warrior-king T'Challa of Wakanda in the Marvel film Black Panther, the Black Panther star passed away following a secret four-year battle with colon cancer. Boseman's final screen performance is in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom released on Netflix. Boseman would win the 2020 Chicago film Critic's Association Award for "Best Actor," posthumously, for Ma Rainey's Black Bottom.
John Thompson 08/30/2020. 42-year-old former Georgetown University coach John Thompson, fought against racism and unfair practices in the sporting field. He won a national Championship and coached notable players such as Patrick Ewing, Sleepy Floyd, Alonzo Morning, Dikembe Mutombo, and Allen Iverson.
07/18/2020. 80-year-old congressman and civil rights legend, John Robert Lewis, died after battling stage four pancreatic cancer. As one of the original Freedom Fighters and chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the early 1960's; speaker at the 1963 March on Washington; and leader of the Selma Voting Rights Campaign; Lewis' life has been dedicated to Voting and Civil Rights. A life which began in 1957 as a freshman at the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville, Tennessee in when he tried to form a campus chapter of the NAACP—which was frowned upon by Campus administrators—according to his SNCC Digital biography. Lewis served as Georgia's 5th Congressional District representative to the U.S. House of Representatives from 1987 until his death.
DJ Erick Morillo 09/01/2020. 49-year-old DJ Eric Morillo left in imprint on the music scene with his 1993 signature song "I Like To Move It" which he performed under the stage name Real 2 Real which was used for the 2005 movie Madagascar.
Lou Brock 09/06/2020. 81-year-old Hall of Fame outfielder Lou Brock—one of baseball's leadoff hitters & base stealers—helped the St. Louis Cardinals win three pennants and two World Series in the 1960s.
50/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
Ronald 'Khalis' Bell
Christmas song "What Do The Lonely Do At Christmas" (1973) is a staple for many Christmas musical playlists each year.
09/09/2020. 68-year-old Ronald Bell co-founded the group Kool & the Gang with brother Robert "Kool" Bell and produced a number of Kool & the Gang hits including "Jungle Boogie" (1973), "Celebration" (1980), and "Joanna" (1983). Bell, born on Nov. 1, 1951, according to a statement from his publicist, died "suddenly" at his home in the U.S. Virgin Islands.
Gale Sayers
Frederick "Toots" Hibbert 09/12/2020. 77-year-old Frederick "Toots" Hibbert, frontman for the legendary Jamaican reggae band Toots and the Maytals died at hospital according to a statement on the band's Facebook page. " It is with the heaviest of hearts to announce that Frederick Nathaniel "Toots" Hibbert passed away peacefully tonight, surrounded by his family at the University Hospital of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica," the statement read.
Edna Wright 09/12/2020. 76-year-old Edna Wright formed the group Honey Cone in 1969 with Shelly Clark, Carolyn Willis and herself. In 1971, the group topped the Billboard Hot 100 with the their biggest hit “Want Ads" (1971) from the album “Soulful Tapestry.”
Stanley Lawrence Crouch 09/16/2020. 74-year-old Jazz aficionado and staunch critic, died at Calvary Hospital in New York City, New York. Crouch is also known for this written body of works, including, "Kansas City Lightning: The Rise and Times of Charlie Parker," and interracial love story "Don't the Moon Look Lonesome: A Novel of Blues and Swing".
Photo: U.S. Supreme Court
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg
09/18/2020. 77-year-old legendary Chicago Bears running back Gale Sayers passed away leaving a tremendous legacy within the NFL—at 34, he became the youngest player ever inducted into the Hall of Fame. Most will remember Sayers' friendship with teammate Brian Piccolo (who succumbed to cancer at the age of 26) which was told in the tear-jerking 1971 movie "Brian's Song;" a movie based off of Sayers' autobiography "I Am Third."
Helen Reddy 09/29/2020. 78-year-old Australian-American songstress and activist, known for feminist anthem "I Am Woman" during the 1970s U.S. women's liberation movement, died in Los Angeles. "I Am Woman" hit No 1 on the Billboard charts and Reddy received a Grammy for her work; at the awards ceremony Reddy thanked God, claiming: "Because 'she' makes everything possible."
Bob Gibson 10/02/2020. 84-year-old Major League Baseball Hall of Famer won a record seven consecutive World Series. Gibson spent his entire 17-year career with the St. Louis Cardinals.
Thomas Jefferson Byrd 10/03/2020. 70-year-old actor Thomas Jefferson Byrd is remembered for his many roles in TV, film, and theatre (he was nominated for a Tony award for his performance in Broadway's Ma Rainey's Black Bottom in 2003). Byrd is most noted for his body of work with legendary producer Spike Lee in classics like Get On The Bus, Bamboozled, and the Netflix TV series, She's Gotta Have It. Lee paid tribute to Byrd in an Instagram post noting the pair's 24-years of working together. Byrd died in Atlanta, Georgia from gun violence.
Armelia McQueen
09/18/2020. 87-year-old Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsgurg, a champion of "gender" equality (as well as for people's rights in general), in a statement by the Court, said Ginsburg, who served 27-years on the Supreme Court, died in her home in Washington, D.C., surrounded by family.
Pamela Hutchinson
10/03/2020. 68-year-old actress Armelia McQueen's death was confirmed by longtime friend Dorian Hannaway in a Facebook post. " My heart is sad this day; but I know I'll see my friend at the next party. Save me a seat, Queenie," she wrote. McQueen is known for her role in Broadway's Ain't Misbehavin, and as Clara Brown, the sister of Oda Mae Brown (Whoopi Goldberg), in the 1990 film Ghost.
John Jenkins 10/05/2020. 68-year-old first African-American senator for the state of Maine.
09/18/2020. 61-year-old Pamela Hutchinson of the sister group The Emotions (the group consisted of Wanda Hutchinson, Shelia Hutchinson, Jeanette Hutchinson, and Pamela) died of health challenges as reported on the group's Facebook page. The Emotions' famous Rejoice (1977) album spurred such hits as "Best of My Love" and "Don't Ask My Neighbors." The group's classic
George Napper, Jr. 10/05/2020. 81-year-old trailblazing lawman, George Napper, Jr., was Atlanta’s first African American police chief and the first head of Georgia’s Department of Children and Youth Services.
51/ 0 4 6
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1 recovering from a medical procedure at Heartland ProMedica in Ohio.
Napper died at his southwest Atlanta home.
Monica Roberts
Brax (Braxton Baker)
10/05/2020. 58-year-old pioneering transgender activist and journalist Monica Roberts died in a Houston parking lot. Roberts was best known for her activism and journalism within her blog TransGriot.
Johnny Nash
11/05/2020. 21-year-old music artist and influencer Brax (Braxon Baker) "has ascended," her mother Letricia Lofton Russell wrote of the rapper on Instagram. Russell did not specify the cause of her daughter's death.
Alex Trebek
10/06/2020. 80-year-old American reggae and pop music singer-songwriter known for his 1972 hit "I Can See Clearly Now," passed away from natural causes at his home in Houston, Texas.
Jimmie Lee Solomon 10/09/2020. 68-year-old Solomon, one of the highest-ranking executives in Major League Baseball, died unexpectedly. Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner in a statement indicated, "[Solomon] came from humble beginnings, but he was the epitome of what it meant to build a successful life by working hard and making a difference in others’ lives."
Joe Morgan
11/08/2020. 80-year-old longtime "Jeopardy!" host Alex Trebek, a familiar face to generations of trivia mavens, died after a battle with cancer. The official "Jeopardy!" Twitter account confirmed the news. Trebek announced he had been diagnosed with stage four pancreatic cancer in March of 2019.
Bert Belasco 11/08/2020. 38-year-old BET romantic comedy series Let's Stay Together actor died unexpectedly while preparing for a new film project in Richmond, Virginia. According to reports, Belasco suffered a fatal aneurysm.
Lucille Bridges
10/11/2020. 77-year-old Cincinnati Reds second basemen who was a 2-time National League Most Valuable Player, a 10-time All-Star, and winner of five Gold Gloves, died at his home in Danville, California after suffering a long illness.
Joyce Dinkins 10/12/2020. 89-year-old Joyce Dinkins, wife of the first—and to date only—African American mayor of New York City who served from 1990 to 1993. New York City Mayor Bill Deblasio said in a tweet, "Without Joyce Dinkins there wouldn't have been a Dinkins administration."
Anthony Chisolm 10/16/2020. 77-year-old HBO Oz actor died on October 16 at his home in Mount Clair, New Jersey. Chisolm is recognized to TV audiences as inmate Burr Redding in the HBO series Oz, and in the world of theater as a mainstay in August Wilson productions.
MF DOOM 10/31/2020. 49-year-old British born rapper MF DOOM, in a statement released by his family on his Instagram page, transitioned on October 31, 2020.
Bishop Rance Allen 10/31/2020. 71-year-old world-renowned, gospel music legend Bishop Rance Allen—lead vocalist of the Rance Allen Group— passed away according to a Church of God In Christ, Inc. statement. The gospel singer and minister, known for the gospel hit "Something About the Name Jesus," passed away while
11/10/2020. 86-year-old mother of anti-segregation icon Ruby Bridges dies, leaving behind a historic legacy. "Our nation lost a mother of the Civil Rights Movement today," daughter Ruby Bridges posted on Instagram. Lucille Bridges braved threats and racist slurs to escort her daughter to a formerly all-white school in New Orleans in 1960.
Ben Watkins 11/18/2020. 14-year-old MasterChef Junior star, Ben Watkins, died after a battle with cancer. The young MasterChef Junior star lost his parents from a murder-suicide in 2017, according to the Chicago Tribune, and was featured on MasterChef Junior at the age of 11 in 2018 where he impressed the judges with a peach cobbler with whipped cream and caramel sauce.
Marguerite Ray 11/18/2020. 89-year-old actress Marguerite Ray, known for the character Mamie Johnson on the The Young and the Restless and as the love interest of Redd Foxx's 1980s Sanford and Son sequel Sanford died in Los Angeles.
Bobby Brown, Jr. 11/18/2020. 28-year-old son of award winning Bobby Brown of New Edition fame died in his Los Angeles home. Brown was an aspiring musician and rapper and the older half-brother of Bobbi Kristina Brown who died in 2015. The elder Brown said in a statement, "Losing my son at this point in our lives has devastated my family. There are no words to explain the pain."
Bruce Carver Boynton
52/ 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
11/23/2020. 83-year-old anti-segregation fighter and inspirer of the Freedom Rides Movement died at a hospital in Montgomery, Alabama. Boynton's refusal to leave a Whites-only restaurant in a segregated bus station led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case, Boynton v. Virginia, which outlawed racial discrimination on buses, trains and other forms of interstate transportation; including the terminals and restaurants that served passengers.
David Dinkins
Calvin C. Goode 12/23/2020. 93-year-old former Phoenix city councilman and civil rights activist died at Banner University Medical Center. Goode served on the council for 22 consecutive year where he fought discrimination and was the champion for disadvantage youth and minority businesses.
K.C. Jones
11/24/2020. 93-year-old Dinkins, the first Black mayor of New York City, died just weeks after the death of his wife, Joyce, who died in October at the age of 89. New York Attorney General Letitia James said of Dinkins, "I was honored to have him hold the bible at my inaugurations because I, and others, stand on his shoulders."
Natalie Desselle-Reid 12/07/2020. 53-year-old Natalie Desselle-Reid, known for her roles in “B.A.P.S." (1997), as Janie Egins in the 2003-2006 sitcom “Eve," and "Madea's Big Happy Family" (2011), died of colon cancer in a statement on Instagram.
Tommy "Tiny" Deebo Lister 12/10/2020. 62-year-old Lister was best known for his role as Deebo in the Friday movie franchise alongside rapper Ice Cube. Lister's manager, Cindy Cowan, told CNN that Lister had been experiencing COVID-19 symptoms in the days leading up to his death. TMZ reports that Lister legally changed his middle name from Duane, to his "Friday" character's name, Deebo, in honor of the cult classic movie franchise.
Carol Sutton 12/10/2020. 76-year-old veteran actress Carol Sutton died of COVID-19 related complications. Throughout her career, Sutton is noted for her many roles in theatre productions like "A Raisin in the Sun;" and in TV and film performances such as "Queen Sugar," "Runaway Jury," "Ray," "The Help," and "Steel Magnolias."
12/25/2020. 88-year-old K.C. Jones was a 12-time NBA Champion who could be considered an anomaly in the world of basketball; holding a NCAA title, NBA title, and an Olympic gold medal. Jones played nine seasons with the Boston Celtics (winning eight titles with them) and won three titles with the Celtics as an assistant coach (one title) and head coach (two titles). He also won a championship title with the Los Angeles Lakers as an assistant coach.
George R. Carruthers 12/26/2020. 81-year-old award-winning astrophysicist who invented the ultraviolet camera (or spectrograph) used by NASA in the 1972 Apollo 16 flight died in a Washington hospital. (Carruthers was awarded NASA's Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for his work on the project.) For his lifetime achievements in the field of science, Carruthers inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2003.
Joe Louis Clark 12/29/2020. 76-year-old Joe Louis Clark is known for the tough, yet compassionate principal of troubled Eastside High School in Patterson New Jersey. His leadership style and commitment to improving standards at Eastside landed him on the cover of Time magazine in 1988 and his story inspired the 1989 movie, Lean on Me, starring Morgan Freeman.
Aldolfo 'Shabba-Doo' Quinones
Photo: Instagram
Charlie Pride 12/12/2020. 86-year-old Charlie Pride, Country music's first Black commercial star and the first Black member inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, died in Dallas, Texas of complications from COVID-19. Pride's race was originally shielded from the public when he release his first single, "Snakes Crawl at Night" (1966). Over his career, Pride had 29 number one hits on Billboard's Hot Country Songs including "Kiss An Angel Good Morning" (1971).
John "Ecstacy" Fletcher 12/23/2020. 56-year-old co-founder of the legendary hip-hop group Whodini died unexpectedly in Atlanta, Georgia. The group hits include "Freaks Come Out at Night" (1985), "Friends" (1985), and "One Love" (1986). The group earned one platinum (a million units sold) and two gold albums (500,000 units sold).
12/30/2020. 65-year-old hip-hop pioneer Adolfo Gutierrez Quniones, better known as Shabba-Doo, influenced and popularized the robotic dance style known as "locking" and was one of the members of The Original Lockers street dance group. On Dec. 29, 2020, he posted a photo on his Instagram page of him laying in bed, stating: “I’m just a wee bit sluggish from my cold, but the good news is I’m Covid 19 negative! Woo hoo!!!” Quinones passed away the next day.
53/ 0 4 6
RELATIONSHIPS & ADVICE
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
54 ASK GEE
DEAR GEE Several years ago, sometime after Valentine's Day, a male friend of mine was complaining about
S
everal years ago, sometime around Valentine's Day, a male friend of mine was complaining about spending hundreds of dollars on dates and feeling cheated. The first thing that popped in mind was, why spend lots of money on someone you really don’t know, and I suggested he be “Original.” “What does that mean?” he asked. Oh, my god, I thought to myself. Nina Simone? Girl! Help me out with a little Don’t Let Me Be Misunderstood as I answer this man’s question.
spending hundreds of dollars on dates and feeling cheated. The first thing that popped in my mind was, "why spend lots of money on someone you really don’t know," and suggested he be “ORIGINAL.”
Nina Simone - Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood With Nina’s lyrics swirling around in my head, I explained: "Invest in learning how to grow roses in your yard or some unique flower. Show up with a few groceries and a few herbs (not marijuana plants, I told him frowning) and cook a little something, something. Grab a blanket, basket, some wine, and stop by a local deli for some sandwiches and have a picnic in the park. (Hey, all these create great conversation and memorable moments; they pack a lot of power, but the financial punch won’t break your bank.) Come on man! Be creative!" I told him. "Treat a lady to something unique."
54 / 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
to pick apples so she could have to take home. (The two met at a bus stop and she was eating an apple when he asked her if he could take a bite of it jokingly.) She told me she doesn’t even remember their exact conversation driving down to the farm some 20-years ago, but remembers how his thoughtfulness made her feel—as she smiled from ear to ear when she told me—"SPECIAL! Gee." Now, family, don’t get me wrong, I’m a strong, independent, black woman who can take care of herself; but there are times I just want to feel gentle, special, be pampered and appreciated. I want someone to take me on a date. Bring me a flower (just one or two), maybe one that you spotted along the highway and thought about me as you got out the car to grab one. (Okay, most of you are probably saying (especially the brothers): “You’ve got to be kidding, right? You’re not going to get me on the side of the road picking no flowers; getting arrested (or worse) for stealing plants!” Nevertheless, make me feel special. I want to know that my man has taken a little effort to think about me and not copy—or as my momma would say, "take the easy way out and steal"—from something or someone else. “Be original,” she always told my dates she liked (she didn’t say a word to the ones she didn’t), “so you’ll stand apart from the rest and have my daughter remember you for it.” For example (and I have to laugh at myself for remembering this), one day I was conversing with a married couple and they were chatting about their early days together. The wife shared that her husband, who didn’t have a lot of money at the time but was a hardworking man, borrowed his brother’s car for their first date and drove to a nearby farm
Family, as she told me this, why did my mind flash to mother Maya Angelou’s saying: “People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.” For good or for bad, family, people will never forget how you made them feel—beautiful, special, or cheated. And I know, personally, that what we truly need at our core cannot be purchased. And, family, there is an old quote somewhere that says, “Happiness is not getting what you want, but wanting what you have.” And if you really think about it, it holds some truth. As for my male friend, after a lengthy conversation, I left him with this (I don’t know why, but my momma always threw in a Bible quote when trying to make a point and so did I): "The Book of Proverbs says a leech has three sisters, 'Give Me, Give Me, and Give Me'! If this is the type of companion you’re running after or looking for, then of course, you’ll have to pay to maintain and keep them—you feeling cheated or not." C2Change family, as always, share your comments, thoughts and well wishes. Until next time, let's continue: Channeling “Creative Change” in every aspect of our lives. — Gee
In this Coronavirus driven world of today, many of us are facing challenges and life-altering changes—be it through the loss of a loved one; a change in job status or finances; or simply through the loss of one’s mobility as we shelter inside our homes for safety. And as I suspect throughout this pandemic and many moons afterwards, the challenges will be long for some and many more will be forced to walk a new path in life. Challenges. New life paths. New beginnings as a result of not-so-pleasant circumstances.
55/ 0 4 6
HISTORY COMMUNITY SPOTLIGHT
QUARTER ONE (JANUARY - MARCH) 2021 | VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 1
56
ACKNOWLEDGING THOSE THAT TOLD OUR STORIES IN DECEMBER OF 2020, "THE KANSAS CITY STAR"—SINCE IT'S FOUNDING IN 1880— RECOGNIZED ITS SHAMEFUL PAST WHEN REPORTER MARÁ ROSE WILLIAMS POINTED OUT THE NEWSPAPER'S HISTORY OF NEGATIVELY PORTRAYING, AND IMPACTING, KANSAS CITY'S BLACK COMMUNITY; PROMPTING ITS EDITOR, MIKE FANNIN, TO ISSUE AN APOLOGY TO THE CITY'S BLACK CITIZENS. WHEN WHITE NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES, LIKE "THE KANSAS CITY STAR," CONTINUOUSLY PAINTED A NEGATIVE PICTURE OF BLACKS AND BLACK LIFE IN AMERICA, BLACK NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES EMERGED TO CATER TO AFRICANAMERICANS AND DOCUMENT BLACK LIFE IN AN ACCURATE AND POSITIVE LIGHT. BELOW ARE A FEW OF THOSE STORYTELLERS:
JET Magazine (Est. 1951)
AFTER 63 YEARS, JET MAGAZINE PUBLISHES FINAL PRINT EDITION
JET magazine, founded by John H. Johnson, was the weekly counterpart to Johnson’s monthly publication, EBONY magazine. First published in 1951 and billed as "The Weekly Negro News Magazine," the final print edition of JET with a cover declaring it "An American Icon" is displayed with vintage copies of the magazine at the offices of Johnson Publishing Company on June 9, 2014 in Chicago, Illinois. Both JET and EBONY magazines were sold by Johnson Publishing Company in 2016. The magazine, according to its website, relaunches on June 1, 2021. (Photo Illustration by Scott Olson/Getty Images) 56 / 0 4 6
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
Atlanta Daily World (Est. 1931)
Founded by William A. Scott II (a Morehouse graduate), the Atlanta Daily World transitioned from the weekly Atlanta World (Est. 1928) becoming the first Black daily newspaper in the 1900's. The ADW is currently owned by Real Times, Inc.
The Baltimore Afro-American (Est. 1892)
Owned and operated by descendants of John H. Murphy, Sr., the Baltimore Afro-American is the longest running African American family-owned newspaper in the United States.
Chicago Defender (Est. 1905)
Founded by Robert Sengstacke Abott, the Chicago Defender was a leading voice of the Black community with the majority of its readership located outside of Chicago—with this reach, the Defender was able to promote the Great Migration of over 1.5 million Blacks to the North from the Jim Crow reign and violence of the South. The Defender transitioned to an online platform in 2019 and celebrated its 115th anniversary in 2020.
Cleveland Call & Post (Est. 1929)
Cleveland, Ohio's Call & Post was the resulting child from the merger of the Call (started by Garret Morgan in 1916) and the Post; two struggling weeklies. The paper grew into "Ohio's Black Newsleader" with the influence of publisher W.O. Walker in 1932.
EBONY Magazine (Est. 1945)
Founded by John H. Johnson, the monthly EBONY magazine documented AfricanAmerican life in a positive and self-affirming manner. "Our commitment to showcasing the best and brightest as well as highlighting disparities in Black life has been, and will always be, the cornerstone to EBONY," its current website states. After being sold by the Johnson Publishing Company in 2016, the magazine was purchased by a group led by former NBA star Ulysses "Junior" Bridgeman in December of 2020 after being forced into bankruptcy under the leadership of Ebony Media Operations, LLC.
Los Angeles Sentinel (Est. 1933)
Founded by Leon H. Washington, Jr., the weekly Los Angeles Sentinel urged Blacks not to "spend your money where you can't work," and covered Black life in the Los Angeles area; exposing prejudice, promoting social change, and empowering the community. The Sentinel was purchased by community activist and real estate developer Danny Blackwell in 2004. 57/ 0 4 6
Endnotes 1 "White Soldier Can't Marry Indian Girl in S.C." JET, vol. XXIII, no. 5, 22 November 1962, pp. 23. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=07sDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 2 "Picket Negro-Owned Cafe With 'Cool' White Rooms." JET, vol. XXII, no. 20, 6 September 1962, pp. 48. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=X70DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 3 "Idaho Seeks Repeal Of Law Barring Chinese Voting." JET, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 25 October 1962, pp. 4. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=vLsDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 4 Robinson, Layhmond. “Harlem G.O.P. Candidates Score Redistricting Suit of Democrats.” The New York Times. The New York Times, July 30, 1962. https://www.nytimes.com/1962/07/30/archives/harlem-gop-candidates-score-redistricting-suit-of-democrats.html. 5 "Justice Aide Says Negroes Vote At Own Risk." JET, vol. XXII, no. 24, 4 October 1962, pp. 3. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=Wr0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 6 "Calif. OK's Ngro Voting Rights, 93 Years Late." JET, vol. XXI, no. 26, 19 April 1962, pp. 11. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=bbMDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 7 Jones, Robert C., and Frances Hill. “What Does the Supreme Court's Gerrymandering Decision Mean?” University of Miami News and Events, March 7, 2021. https://news.miami.edu/stories/2019/07/what-does-the-supreme-courts-gerrymandering-decision-mean.html. 8 "NAACP Raps 'White Only' Va. Spelling Bee." JET, vol. XXI, no. 16, 8 February 1962, pp. 19. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=jrMDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 9 "Reopen Prince Edward Schools, Judge Orders." JET, vol. XXII, no. 16, 9 August 1962, pp. 17. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=ar0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 10 "Publisher Revises Textbook For Ala. School Board." JET, vol. II, no. 7, 12 June 1952, pp. 36. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=RkMDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 11 "W. Va. Governor Bans Job Discrimination." JET, vol. XXI, no. 15, 1 February 1962, pp. 4. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=i7MDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 12 "K.C. Chamber of Commerce Votes Out Bias Clause." JET, vol. XXIII, no. 7, 1 December 1962, pp. 9. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=0rsDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 13 "Permit Calif. Japanese Restaurant To Discriminate." JET, vol. XXI, no. 15, 1 February 1962, pp. 45. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=i7MDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 14 "5 Ga. Cleaning Women Become Sales Clerks." JET, vol. XXI, no. 16, 8 February 1962, pp. 49. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=jrMDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 15 "Northwest Accepts 1st Negro Stewardess Trainee." JET, vol. XXI, no. 4, 22 March 1962, pp. 5. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=FrQDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
Change 2
M AGAZI NE
16 "Va. Firm Hires 1st Negro In Its 25-Year History." JET, vol. XXII, no. 4, 17 May 1962, pp. 58. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=db0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 17 "Sells To Negro, Ousted From Florida Realty Board." JET, vol. XXI, no. 17, 15 February 1962, pp. 25. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=sLQDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 18 "Pickets Attack L.A. Housing Discrimination." JET, vol. XXI, no. 21, 15 March 1962, pp. 19. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=DbQDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 19 "Burn Va. Negro's Home In All-White Neighborhood." JET, vol. XXII, no. 3, 10 May 1962, pp. 20. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=eb0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 20 "Harlem Slum Conditions 'Shock' N.Y. Magist." JET, vol. III, no. 2, 6 November 1952, pp. 12. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=ILsDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 21 "Probes Death Of Beserk Ft. Worth, Tex., Negro." JET, vol. XXII, no. 13, 19 July 1962, pp. 4. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=gb0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 22 "Los Angeles Policemen To Study Race Relations." JET, vol. XXII, no. 16, 9 August 1962, pp. 7. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=ar0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 23 "Robert Kennedy Seeks Stronger Police Brutality Laws." JET, vol. XXI, no. 25, 12 April 1962, pp. 11. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=l7QDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 24 "Atlanta Needs No One-Armed Policemen." JET, vol. XXI, no. 20, 8 March 1962, pp. 10. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=97MDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 25 "Negroes Get Mercy 1st Time In Ga. Rape Case." JET, vol. XXI, no. 18, 1 March 1962, pp. 51. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=47MDAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 26 "Ala. Bar Assn. Urged To Put Negroes On Juries." JET, vol. XXII, no. 15, 2 August 1962, pp. 4. Google Books, https:// books.google.com/books?id=fr0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 27 "White Va. Youths Sentenced For Attacking Negroes." JET, vol. XXII, no. 16, 9 August 1962, pp. 7. Google Books, https://books.google.com/books?id=ar0DAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
59/ 0 4 6
IN E
TH EX T
N IS SU E
