1.1 Recognize the following logical or physical network topologies given 1 a diagram, schematic, or description: Star, Bus, Mesh, Ring, Wireless
1.2 Specify the main features of 802.2 (Logical Link Control), 802.3 1 (Ethernet), 802.5 (token ring), 802.11(wireless), and FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) networking technologies, including Speed, Access method, Topology, Media
1.3 Specify the characteristics (for example, speed, length, topology, and 33 cable type) of the following cable standards: 10BASE-T, 10BASE-FL, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-TX, 1000BASE-CX, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX, 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-ER
1.4 Recognize the following media connectors and describe their uses: 33 RJ-11, RJ-45, F-Type, ST, SC, IEEE1394 (FireWire), LC, MTRJ, USB
1.5 Recognize the following media types and describe their uses: 33 Category 3, 5, 5e, and 6, UTP, STP, Coaxial cable, SMF (Single Mode Fiber) optic cable, MMF(Multimode Fiber) optic cable
1.6 Identify the purposes, features and functions of the following network 59 components: hubs, switches, bridges, routers, gateways, CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit), NICs (Network Interface Card), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) adapters, WAPs (Wireless Access Point), modems, transceivers (media converters), firewalls
1.7 Specify the general characteristics (for example, carrier speed, 1 frequency, transmission type, and topology) of the following wireless technologies: 802.11 (frequency hopping spread spectrum), 802.11x (direct sequence spread spectrum), infrared, Bluetooth
1.8 Identify factors that affect the range and speed of wireless service (for 1 example, interference, antenna type and environmental factors)
Domain 2.0 Protocols and Standards
2.1 Identify a MAC (Media Access Control) address and its parts 59
2.2 Identify the seven layers of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) model 87 and their functions
2.3 Identify the OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) layers at which the 87 following network components operate: hubs, switches, bridges, routers, NICs (Network Interface Card), WAPs (Wireless Access Point)
(continues)
2.4 Differentiate between the following network protocols in terms of 87 routing, addressing schemes, interoperability, and naming conventions: IPX/SPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequence Packet Exchange), NetBEUI (Network Basic Input/Output System Extended User Interface), AppleTalk/AppleTalk over IP (Internet Protocol), TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
2.5 Identify the components and structure of IP (Internet Protocol) addresses 111 (IPv4, IPv6) and the required setting for connections across the Internet
2.6 Identify classful IP (Internet Protocol) ranges and their subnet masks 111 (for example, Class A, B, and C)
2.7 Identify the purpose of subnetting 111
2.8 Identify the differences between private and public network addressing 111 schemes
2.9 Identify and differentiate between the following IP (Internet Protocol) 111 addressing methods: static, dynamic, self-assigned (APIPA (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing))
2.10 Define the purpose, function and use of the following protocols used in 111 the TCP/IP suite: TCP, UDP, FTP, SFTP, TFTP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, POP3/ IMAP4, Telnet, SSH, ICMP, ARP/RARP, NTP, NNTP, SCP, LDAP, IGMP, LPR
2.11 Define the function of TCP/UDP (Transmission Control Protocol/User 112 Datagram Protocol) ports
2.12 Identify the well-known ports associated with the following commonly 112 used services and protocols: 20 FTP, 21 FTP, 22 SSH, 23 Telnet, 25 SMTP, 53 DNS, 69 TFTP, 80 HTTP, 110 POP3, 119 NNTP, 123 NTP, 143 IMAP4, 443 HTTPS
2.13 Identify the purposes of network services and protocols (for example, 112 DNS (Domain Name Service), NAT (Network Address Translation), ICS (Internet Connection Sharing), WINS (Windows Internet Name Service), SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), NFS (Network File System), Zeroconf (Zero configuration), SMB (Server Message Block), AFP (Apple File Protocol), and LPD (Line Printer Daemon))
2.14 Identify the basic characteristics (for example, speed, capacity, and 143 media) of the following WAN technologies: Packet switching, circuit switching, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), T1 (T Carrier level 1)/E1/J1, T3 (T Carrier level 3)/ E3/J3, OCx (Optical Carrier), X.25
Unit/Objective/Sub-objectivePage
Domain 2.0 - Protocols and Standards
2.15 Identify the basic characteristics of the following Internet access 143 technologies: xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line), Broadband Cable (Cable modem), POTS/PSTN (Plain Old Telephone Service/Public Switched Telephone Network), Satellite, Wireless
2.16 Define the functions of the following remote access protocols and 143 services: RAS, PPP, SLIP, PPPoE PPTP, VPN, RDP
2.17 Identify the following security protocols and describe their purposes 143 and functions: IPSec, L2TP, SSL, WEP, WPA, 802.1x
2.18 Identify authentication protocols (for example, CHAP, MS-CHAP, PAP, 143 RADIUS, Kerberos and EAP)
Domain 3.0 - Network Implementation
3.1 Identify the basic capabilities (for example, client support, interoperability, 177 authentication, file and print services, application support and security) of the following server operating systems to access network resources: UNIX/ Linux/Mac OS X Server, NetWare, Windows, Appleshare IP (Internet Protocol)
3.2 Identify the basic capabilities needed for client workstations to connect 177 to and use network resources (for example, media, network protocols, and peer and server services)
3.3 Identify the appropriate tool for a given wiring task (for example, wire 177 crimper, media tester/certifier, punch down tool, or tone generator)
3.4 Given a remote connectivity scenario comprised of a protocol, an 177 authentication scheme, and physical connectivity, configure the connection— includes connection to the following servers: UNIX/Linux/Mac OS X Server, NetWare, Windows, Appleshare IP (Internet Protocol)
3.5 Identify the purpose, benefits, and characteristics of using a firewall 217
3.6 Identify the purpose, benefits, and characteristics of using a proxy service 217
3.7 Given a connectivity scenario, determine the impact on network 217 functionality of a particular security implementation (for example, port blocking/filtering, authentication and encryption)
3.8 Identify the main characteristics of VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) 241
3.9 Identify the main characteristics and purpose of extranets and intranets 217
3.10 Identify the purpose, benefits, and characteristics of using antivirus 241 software
3.11 Identify the purpose and characteristics of fault tolerance: power, link 241 redundancy, storage services
3.12 Identify the purpose and characteristics of disaster recovery: backup/ 241 restore, offsite storage, hot and cold spares, Hot, warm and cold sites
Domain 4.0 - Network Support
4.1 Given a troubleshooting scenario, select the appropriate network utility 271 from the following: tracert/traceroute, ping, arp, netstat, nbtstat, ipconfig/ ifconfig, winipcfg, nslookup/dig
4.2 Given output from a network diagnostic utility (for example, those 271 utilities listed in objective 4.1), identify the utility and interpret the output
4.3 Given a network scenario, interpret visual indicators (for example, link 271 LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) and collision LEDs (Light Emitting Diode)) to determine the nature of a stated problem
4.4 Given a troubleshooting scenario involving a client accessing remote 271 network services, identify the cause of the problem (for example, file services, print services, authentication failure, protocol configuration, physical connectivity, and SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) router)
4.5 Given a troubleshooting scenario between a client and the following 271 server environments, identify the cause of a stated problem: UNIX/Linux/ Mac OS X Server, NetWare, Windows, Appleshare IP Problems
4.6 Given a scenario, determine the impact of modifying, adding or 317 removing network services (for example, DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), DNS (Domain Name Service), and WINS (Windows Internet Name Server)) for network resources and users
4.7 Given a troubleshooting scenario involving a network with a particular 317 physical topology (for example, bus, star, mesh, or ring) and including a network diagram, identify the network area affected and the cause of the stated failure
4.8 Given a network troubleshooting scenario involving an infrastructure 317 (for example, wired or wireless) problem, identify the cause of a stated problem (for example, bad media, interference, network hardware, or environment)
4.9 Given a network problem scenario, select an appropriate course of action 317 based on a logical troubleshooting strategy. This strategy can include the following steps:
1. Identify the symptoms and potential causes
2. Identify the affected area
3. Establish what has changed
4. Select the most probable cause
5. Implement an action plan and solution including potential effects
6. Test the result
7. Identify the results and effects of the solution
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A
Note from Series Editor Ed Tittel
You know better than to trust your certification preparation to just anybody. That’s why you, and more than 2 million others, have purchased an Exam Cram book. As Series Editor for the new and improved Exam Cram 2 Series, I have worked with the staff at Que Certification to ensure you won’t be disappointed. That’s why we’ve taken the world’s best-selling certification product—a two-time finalist for “Best Study Guide” in CertCities’ reader polls—and made it even better.
As a two-time finalist for the “Favorite Study Guide Author” award as selected by CertCities readers, I know the value of good books. You’ll be impressed with Que Certification’s stringent review process, which ensures the books are high quality, relevant, and technically accurate. Rest assured that several industry experts have reviewed this material, helping us deliver an excellent solution to your exam preparation needs.
Exam Cram 2 books also feature a preview edition of MeasureUp’s powerful, full-featured test engine, which is trusted by certification students throughout the world.
As a 20-year-plus veteran of the computing industry and the original creator and editor of the Exam Cram Series, I’ve brought my IT experience to bear on these books. During my tenure at Novell from 1989 to 1994, I worked with and around its excellent education and certification department. At Novell, I witnessed the growth and development of the first really big, successful IT certification program—one that was to shape the industry forever afterward. This experience helped push my writing and teaching activities heavily in the certification direction. Since then, I’ve worked on nearly 100 certification related books, and I write about certification topics for numerous Web sites and for Certification magazine. In 1996, while studying for various MCP exams, I became frustrated with the huge, unwieldy study guides that were the only preparation tools available. As an experienced IT professional and former instructor, I wanted “nothing but the facts” necessary to prepare for the exams. From this impetus, Exam Cram emerged: short, focused books that explain exam topics, detail exam skills and activities, and get IT professionals ready to take and pass their exams.
In 1997 when Exam Cram debuted, it quickly became the best-selling computer book series since “...For Dummies,” and the best-selling certification book series ever. By maintaining an intense focus on subject matter, tracking errata and updates quickly, and following the certification market closely, Exam Cram established the dominant position in cert prep books. You will not be disappointed in your decision to purchase this book. If you are, please contact me at etittel@jump.net. All suggestions, ideas, input, or constructive criticism are welcome!
This book is dedicated to life outside the office window.
About the Author
Mike Harwood (MCSE, A+, Network+, Server+, Linux+) has held a number of roles in the computer field including PC repair, network management, consulting, and technical writing. Mike is also the coauthor of numerous computer books, including the Network+ Exam Prep from Que Publishing. He is also a courseware developer, and a regular technology presenter for CBC Radio. When not working, Mike stays as far away from keyboards as possible.
Drew Bird (MCSE, MCNE, Network+, Linux+, Server+) has been in the IT industry since 1988. Over the years he has designed, implemented, and administered networks of all shapes and sizes. In addition to technical training and consulting assignments, Drew has authored a number of technical articles and is a frequent contributor to technology websites. Away from work, Drew enjoys most outdoor activities but is especially keen on mountain biking, kayaking, and skiing.
About the Technical Reviewers
David L. Prowse is owner of TSR Data, a technology solutions company focusing on security and data communications. He is also the creator of TechnicalBlog.Com, an IT support site.
David has more than a dozen IT certifications, including the CompTIA Network+, which he has beta tested twice since its inception. He has also taught the Net+ course to the FAA, CompUSA, Sungard, and many other companies. His vision is of a world where he can sleep more than a few hours a day.
Acknowledgments
The creation of a book is not a simple process and requires the talents and dedication from many people to make it happen. With this in mind, we would like to thank the folks at Que for their commitment to this project.
Specifically, we would like to say thanks to Steve Rowe, Rhonda Tinch-Mize, and Mandie Frank for keeping the ball rolling, the sentences legible, and of course spotting our mistakes. And finally, thanks to Jeff Riley for overseeing the project with enthusiasm and a sense of humour. We only wish we understood it. Let’s not forget the technical editor—David Prowse—who checked and rechecked to ensure that the project stayed on target technically, which was a difficult task considering the number of facts presented and the conflicting information that seems to be part of the networking world. Thanks also to Nathan Cable for jumping in on short notice and providing contributions for the Macintosh and AppleShare sections.
Finally, we are very thankful to our family and friends who once again had to put up with us while we worked our way through this project. And as we said last time (but this time we mean it), “we’ll make it up to you.”
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Contents at a Glance
Introductionxxiv
Self-Assessmentxxix
Chapter 1Introduction to Networking1
Chapter 2Cabling and Connectors33
Chapter 3Networking Devices59
Chapter 4OSI Model and Network Protocols87
Chapter 5TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)111
Chapter 6WAN Technologies, Internet Access, and Security Protocols143
Chapter 7Network Operating Systems and Clients177
Chapter 8Configuring Network Security217
Chapter 9VLANs, Antivirus, Fault Tolerance and Disaster Recovery241
Chapter 10Troubleshooting Connectivity271
Chapter 11Troubleshooting and Supporting the Network317
Chapter 12Practice Exam 1345
Chapter 13Answers to Practice Exam 1361
Chapter 14Practice Exam 2373
Chapter 15Answers to Practice Exam 2389
Appendix AWhat’s on the CD401
Glossary407
Index457
Table of Contents
Introduction2
LANs, WANs, and PANs2
LANs2
WANs3
PANs3
Network Models4
Peer-to-peer Networking4
Client/Server Networking Model4
Centralized and Distributed Computing5
Network Topologies6
Bus Topology6
Ring Topology7
Star Topology8
Mesh Topology9
Wireless Topology10
IEEE and Networking Standards12
802.2 IEEE Standard13
802.3 IEEE Standard13
802.5 IEEE Standard14
FDDI15
802.11 IEEE Standards16
Infrared Wireless Networking18
Bluetooth19
Spread Spectrum Technology19
FHSS, DSSS, and 802.11 Standards20
Establishing Communications Between Wireless Devices22
Factors Affecting Wireless Signals23
Interference Types23
Wireless Antennas24
Antenna Coverage25
Review and Test Yourself26
The Facts26
Key terms28
Exam Prep Questions29
Answers to Exam Prep Questions30 Need to Know More?32
Chapter 2
Cabling and Connectors ......................................................33
Troubleshooting Small Office/Home Office Router301
Identifying and Troubleshooting Client Connectivity Problems302
Protocol Errors302
Authentication303
Permissions Errors304
Physical Connectivity Errors305
Troubleshooting Checklists305
Troubleshooting Cabling Problems305
Troubleshooting Operating System Connectivity306
Troubleshooting Network Printing306
Troubleshooting Data Access307
Troubleshooting NICs308
Review and Test Yourself308
The Facts308
Key Terms310
Exam Prep Questions311
Answers to Exam Prep Questions313
Need to Know More?315
Chapter 11
Troubleshooting and Supporting the Network ...........................317
Introduction318
Predicting the Impact of Modifying, Adding, or Removing Network Services318
Adding, Modifying, or Removing DHCP318
Adding, Modifying, or Removing WINS319
Adding, Modifying, or Removing DNS320
Identify and Troubleshoot Errors with a Particular Physical Topology320
Star Topology321
Ring Topology321
Bus Network Errors323
Mesh Network Errors324
Infrastructure Troubleshooting325
Troubleshooting Network Media325
Troubleshooting Infrastructure Hardware327
Troubleshooting a Wireless Infrastructure328
Troubleshooting Steps and Procedures333
Identify the Symptoms and Potential Causes334
Identifying the Affected Area334
Establishing What Has Changed335
Selecting the Most Probable Cause of the Problem335
Implement an Action Plan and Solution Including Potential Effects335
Testing the Results336
Identify the Results and Effects of the Solution336
Documenting the Solution337
Review and Test Yourself338
The Facts338
Key Terms339
Exam Prep Questions340
Answers to Exam Prep Questions342
Need to Know More?343 Chapter 12
13
Answers to Exam Questions361
Answers and Explanations to Practice Exam I362
Chapter 14
Answers to Exam Questions389
Answers and Explanations to Exam Questions390
Appendix A
Multiple Test Modes401
Study Mode401
Certification Mode401
Custom Mode402
Missed Question Mode402
Non-Duplicate Mode402
Random Questions and Order of Answers402
Detailed Explanations of Correct and Incorrect Answers402
Attention to Exam Objectives402
Installing the CD403
Creating a Shortcut to the MeasureUp Practice Tests404
Technical Support405
Introduction
Welcome to the Network+ Exam Cram. This book is designed to prepare you to take—and pass—the CompTIA Network+ exam. The Network+ exam has become the leading introductory-level network certification available today. It is recognized by both employers and industry giants (such as Microsoft and Novell) as providing candidates with a solid foundation of networking concepts, terminology, and skills. The Network+ exam covers a broad range of networking concepts to prepare candidates for those technologies they are likely to be working with in today’s network environments.
About Network+ Exam Cram
Exam Crams are specifically designed to give you the “what-you-need-toknow” information to prepare for the Network+ exam. They cut through the extra information, focusing on the areas you need to get through the exam. With this in mind, the elements within the Exam Cram titles are aimed directly at providing the exam information you need in the most succinct and accessible manner.
In this light, this book is organized to closely follow the actual CompTIA objectives. As such, it is easy to find the information required for each of the specified CompTIA Network+ objectives. The objective focus design used by this Exam Cram is an important feature because the information you need to know is easily identifiable and accessible. To see what we mean, compare the CompTIA objectives to the book’s layout, and you will see that the facts are right where you would expect them to be.
Within the chapters themselves, potential exam hotspots are clearly highlighted with Exam Alerts. Exam Alerts have been carefully placed to let you know that the surrounding discussion is an important area for the exam. To further help you prepare for the exam, a Cram Sheet is included that can be used in the final stages of test preparation. Be sure to pay close attention to the bulleted points provided in the Cram Sheet, as they pinpoint the technologies and facts you are likely going to encounter on the test.
Finally, great effort has gone into the end-of-chapter questions and practice tests to ensure that they accurately represent the look and feel of the ones you will have on the real Network+ exam. Be sure, before taking the exam, that you are comfortable with both the format and content of the questions provided in this book.
About the Network+ Exam
The Network+ N10-003 exam is a revised version of the original exam. The new Network+ objectives are aimed toward those who have nine months experience in network support and administration. CompTIA believes that new Network+ candidates will require more hands-on experience in network administration and troubleshooting, but this should not discourage those who do not. Quite simply, the nature of the questions on the new exam is not dissimilar to the old, and you can get by without the actual hands-on experience. Still, a little hands-on experience never hurt anyone and will certainly add to your confidence going into the exam.
You will have a maximum of 90 minutes to answer the 72 questions on the exam. The allotted time is quite generous, and, by the time you are finished, you are likely going to have time to double-check a few of the answers you are unsure of. By the time the dust settles, you will need a minimum score of 646 to pass the Network+ exam. This is on a scale of 100 to 900.
One of the best things about the Network+ certification is that after you pass the exam, you are certified for life. There is no need to ever recertify. This fact can make the cost of taking the Network+ exam a little easier to swallow. For more information on the specifics of the Network+ exam, refer to CompTIA’s main website at http://www.comptia.org/certification/.
Booking and Taking the Network+
Certification Exam
Unfortunately, testing is not free. You’ll be charged $207 for each test you take, whether you pass or fail. In the United States and Canada, tests are administered by Sylvan Prometric or VUE testing services. To book a test with Prometric or locate a Prometric testing center near you, refer to the website at www.2test.com or call directly at 1-800-776-4276. To access the VUE contact information and book an exam, refer to the website at www.vue.com or call directly at 1-877-551-7587. When booking an exam, you will need to identify the following information:
➤ Your name as you would like to have it appear on your certificate.
➤ Your Social Security or Social Insurance number.
➤ Contact phone numbers (to be called in case of a problem).
➤ Mailing address, which identifies the address at which you would like your certificate to be mailed.
➤ Exam number and title.
➤ Email address, once again for contact purposes. This often is the fastest and most effective means of contacting you. Many clients require it for registration.
➤ Credit-card payment to pay online. Vouchers can be redeemed by calling the respective testing center.
What to Expect from the Exam
For those who have not taken a certification test, the process can be a little unnerving. For those who have taken numerous tests, it is not much better. Mastering the inner mental game often can be as much of the battle as knowing the material itself. Knowing what to expect before heading in can make the process a little more comfortable.
Certification tests are administered on a computer system at a Prometric or VUE authorized testing center. The format of the exams is straightforward: Each question has several possible answers to choose from. In fact, the questions in this book provide a very good example of the types of questions you can expect on the actual exam. If you are comfortable with them, the test should hold few surprises. Many of the questions vary in terms of length; some of them are longer scenario questions, whereas others are short and right to the point. Read the questions carefully; the longer questions often have a key point in them that will lead you to the correct answer.
Most of the questions on the Network+ exam require you to choose a single correct answer, but a few will require multiple answers. When there are multiple correct answers, a message at the bottom of the screen prompts you to “choose all that apply.” Be sure to read the messages.
A Few Exam Day Details
It is recommended to get to the examination room at least 15 minutes early, although a few minutes earlier certainly would not hurt. This is good strategy used to prepare yourself and to allow the test administrator time to answer
any questions you might have before the test begins. Many people suggest that you review the most critical information about the test you’re taking just before the test. (Exam Cram books provide a reference—the Cram Sheet, located inside the front of this book—that lists the essential information from the book in distilled form.) Arriving a few minutes early will give you some time to compose yourself and to mentally review this critical information.
You will be asked to provide two forms of ID, with one of those being photo ID. Both of the identifications you choose should have a signature. You also might need to sign in when you arrive and sign out when you leave.
Be warned: The rules are very clear about what you can and cannot take into the examination room. Books, laptops, note sheets, and so on, are not allowed in the examination room with you. The test administrator will hold these items, to be returned after you complete the exam. You might receive either a wipe board or a pen and a single piece of paper for making notes during the exam. The test administrator will ensure that no paper is removed from the examination room.
After the Test
Whether you want it or not, as soon as you finish your test, your score is displayed on the computer screen. In addition to the results appearing on the computer screen, a hard copy of the report is printed for you. Like the onscreen report, the hard copy displays the results of your exam and provides a summary of how you did on each section of the exam and on each technology. If you were unsuccessful, this summary can help you determine the areas that you need to brush up on.
When you pass the Network+ exam, you will have earned the Network+ certification and your certificate will be mailed to you within a few weeks. Should you not receive your certificate and information packet within five weeks of passing your exam, please contact CompTIA at fulfillment@comptia.org or call 1-630-268-1818 and ask for the fulfillment department.
Last Minute Exam Tips
Studying for a certification exam really is no different from studying for any other exam, but a few hints and tips can give you the edge come exam day:
➤ Read all the material—CompTIA has been known to include material not expressly specified in the objectives. This book has included additional information not reflected in the objectives in an effort to give you the best possible preparation for the examination.
➤ Watch for the Exam Tips and Notes—The Network+ objectives include a wide range of technologies. Exam Tips and Notes found throughout each chapter are designed to pull out exam-related hotspots. These can be your best friends when preparing for the exam.
➤ Use the questions to assess your knowledge—Don’t just read the chapter content; use the exam questions to find out what you know and what you don’t. If you are struggling, study some more, review, and then assess your knowledge again.
➤ Review the exam objectives—Develop your own questions and examples for each topic listed. If you can develop and answer several questions for each topic, you should not find it difficult to pass the exam.
Remember, at the end of the day, the primary object is not just to pass the exam—it is to understand the material. After you understand the material, passing the exam should be simple. Knowledge is a pyramid; to build upward, you need a solid foundation. This book and the Network+ certification are designed to ensure that you have that solid foundation.
Good luck!
Self-Assessment
We included a self-assessment in this Exam Cram to help you evaluate your readiness to tackle the Network+ certification. It is also designed to assist you in understanding the skills and experience needed to successfully pass the CompTIA Network+ certification exam.
Network+ Professionals in the Real World
The next section describes an ideal Network+ candidate, although we know full well that not all candidates will meet this ideal. In fact, the description of that ideal candidate might seem downright scary. But take heart: Increasing numbers of people are attaining CompTIA certifications, so the goal is within reach. You can get all the real-world motivation you need from knowing that many others have gone before you, so you will be able to follow in their footsteps. If you’re willing to tackle the process seriously and do what it takes to obtain the necessary experience and knowledge, you can take—and pass— the certification test involved in obtaining a Network+ certification. In fact, we’ve designed this Exam Cram to make it as easy on you as possible to prepare for the exam. But prepare you must!
The same, of course, is true for other CompTIA certifications, including
➤ A+ certification—A testing program that certifies the competency of entry-level service technicians in the computer industry. It consists of a core exam and a DOS/Windows exam. It is targeted at computer technicians with six months of experience.
➤ Linux+ Certification—Linux continues to develop and expand and today is a common sight in networks of all sizes. The Linux+ certification introduces students to this open source operating system and provides a solid background in Linux including installation, file systems, OS navigation, troubleshooting, managing services, and so on.
➤ Server+—The Server+ certification is designed to test a candidate’s knowledge of server hardware, server best practices, and server maintenance. Some of the technologies covered include upgrading and repairing server hardware and software, troubleshooting hardware configurations, and best practices when working in the server room.
The Ideal Network+ Candidate
The following list describes some relevant statistics about the background and experience an ideal individual might have. Don’t worry if you don’t meet these qualifications or don’t come that close—this is a far from ideal world, and where you fallshort is simply where you’ll have more work to do.
➤ Academic or professional training in network theory, concepts, and operations. This includes everything from networking media and transmission techniques to network operating systems, services, and applications.
➤ Between 9 and 24 months of networking experience, including experience with Ethernet, routers, and modems, with particular emphasis on the TCP/IP suite. This must include installation, configuration, upgrading, and troubleshooting experience.
➤ Two-plus years in an internetwork environment that includes hands-on experience with Web servers, email servers, database servers, and DHCP and DNS servers. A solid understanding of each system’s architecture, installation, configuration, maintenance, and troubleshooting is also essential.
➤ Experience with the Internet, intranets, and extranets.
➤ Familiarity with client and network operating systems.
➤ Experience working with networking protocols, specifically TCP/IP.
If you were to review all the criteria that go into making an ideal Network+ candidate, you will find that it boils down to practical experience in a technical position involving installation, configuration, and maintenance of networks. We believe that well under half of all certification candidates meet these requirements, and that, in fact, most meet fewer than half of these requirements—at least, when they begin the certification process. But because others who already have been certified have survived this ordeal, you can survive it too—especially if you heed what our self-assessment can tell you about what you already know and what you need to learn.
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2nd. (Daira’s andSokra’s,) Fines and presents, viz. Fines levied at discretion by the bashaws of provinces, alkaids of cities and towns, and douars, and others employed by them; these consist in satisfaction for offences; thus, if two men quarrel, and blood be spilt in the fray, half the property of the aggressor is often exacted as a fine for disturbing the peace. If a traveller be robbed, the douar, or encampment, where the robbery was committed, is fined in double the sum, viz. the sum stolen is returned to the robbed, and an equal sum is paid to the bashaw for the imperial treasury. The inhabitants of the douar are then left to discover the robbers, and recover of them the property stolen; the beneficial effects of this salutary law must be evident to every man, but particularly to those who have frequently travelled through this country, and by their own experience have seen and felt the influence which it has on every individual, and the interest that is diffused throughout the community to protect travellers from plunder. In an extensive champaign country like this, where the population of the provinces consists of encampments in the plains, open to the attack of robbers, and undefended, there would be no security were it not for the good effects of this law, which renders every individual a guard to the property of the person sojourning in the district of which he is an inhabitant.
A traveller may exact a fine from a douar for inhospitable treatment, by making a complaint to the bashaw under whose government the Sheik of the douar lives.
3d. Legal disputes. Considerable sums are presented to the bashaws, alkaids, &c. to procure their attention to the interest of the parties disputing, and to accelerate the termination. Thus a douceur to a bashaw of a few hundred dollars, will sometimes give a man as much advantage over his antagonist, as would be gained in England by the retaining of an eminent counsel to plead his cause. These douceurs are often paid to ministers by persons desirous to obtain some privilege from the Emperor, and are usually regulated according to the rank of the applicant, and the importance of the favour to be conferred. The ministers, and other persons in
authority, do not conceal their operations; but will tell you what you are to pay for such a privilege or favour, which has at least this good effect, that you have a certain quid pro quo, and you are not seduced, under false promises, to attend on ministers ineffectually: your business is expedited generally to your satisfaction. A knowledge of the ministers, and of the spirit of the court, as well as the character of the Emperor, is, perhaps, indispensibly necessary to ensure success. When these sums and douceurs have been repeatedly given, and have, by accumulation, become considerable, a pretext is seldom wanting to attack these bashaws, cadis, alkaids, and other officers, for some misdemeanor, or for mal-administration of justice, and they are accordingly heavily mulcted; but they readily pay the fine, which thus ultimately forms a part of the imperial revenue, that they may again enter into their oppressive offices.
In cases of dispute, which come into the province of the civil law, the cadi determines the case; and the retaining, in such cases, able (Lokiels) pleaders, is attended with similar advantages, as with us. In these disputes, however, a paper or two, written in the most concise manner, is all that is necessary; the wheels of justice are not clogged with such volumes of cases and briefs as with us.
4th. Immense presents are occasionally made by the bashaws, alkaids, &c. to the Emperor, to secure the imperial favor, and to enable them to hold their places against the attacks continually made by others, who spare no expense in presenting, through the ministers, their claims for preferment. The bashaw Ben Hammed, who governed Duquella in the reign of the present Emperor’s father, Seedy Mohammed, every Friday, as the Emperor came out of the mosque, presented him with a large wedge of pure gold of Soudan.
5thly. The fish called Shebbel (similar to salmon), the produce of the great rivers, viz. the El Kose, the Seboo, the Morbeya, the Tensift, and the river Suse, pay to the imperial treasury a heavy duty; but that duly is generally farmed to some wealthy individual, who pays about 20 per cent. on the value of the fish caught, or gives so much per annum for the privilege of fishing in the rivers.
6th. ElBeb, or gate-duty, an impost of from (one blanquil to two ounces) 1½d.to 1s.on every camel-load of merchandize carried out or brought into any city or town.
7th. (Gizzia,) The poll-tax levied on the Jews, viz. the pro rata of every Jew is calculated according to his property, by a committee appointed by themselves. This tax may amount to about ten per cent. on their income or profits.
8th. (El Worella.) The hereditary tax. The Emperor is heir to all the estates of his subjects who die without heirs; so that at the termination of the plague, in 1800, he gained an incalculable accession of wealth in gold, silver, and in estates, many of which latter he has since given to the (Jamaat) mosques. This property of the mosques is called Wak’f, a term significant of any thing, the right of which continues in the original proprietor, but the profit issuing from it belongs to some charitable institution; so that the mosque lands are now extensive, and, consequently, the priests are amply provided for.
9th. Duties on the importation of merchandize from Europe, and on the exportation of the produce of the country. On the former, the regulation is generally 10 per cent., which is paid in kind, except only on iron, steel, Buenos Ayres hydes, lead, and sulphur, which pay a duty on importation of three dollars per quintal. The duties on the produce of the country are regulated by the option of the Emperor.
Sweet Almonds
Raisins
Figs
Dates
Corn
And all kinds of Provisions
now prohibited from exportation.
10th. All ambassadors, envoys, consuls, merchants, and, in short, every individual who presents himself to the Emperor, whether in a public or private capacity, must necessarily be accompanied with a present, a custom established from time immemorial in Africa, as well as in the East; and these presents are in proportion to the magnitude of the negociation. The king of Spain, during the reign of Seedy Mohammed ben Abd Allah, the father of the reigning Emperor, sent presents to an enormous amount, in order to purchase the friendly alliance of the Emperor, and to induce him to continue the exportation of grain to Spain.
11th. In addition to all these sources of revenue, may be mentioned the duties on the exportation of cattle and vegetables to our garrison of Gibraltar, and on a few similar supplies to Spain and Portugal.
Before the present Emperor ascended the throne, the produce of the country was allowed to be exported from all the ports on the coast, and formed a very considerable source of revenue; the duties on grain alone, from Dar El Beida, in one year, amounted to 722,000 dollars. The exportation from the ports of Arzilla, El Araiche, Mamora, Rabat, Fedella, Azamor, Mazagan, Saffy, Mogodor, and Santa Cruz, in Suse, were not quite so considerable. The present prohibition of the exportation of grain, together with all the articles enumerated above, to which may be added, wool, flax, and cotton, cannot be a proof of the Emperor’s avarice, a passion ascribed to him by many; as, by allowing their exportation, and encouraging
their cultivation, an accession of several millions would annually be added to the revenue of his empire.
FOOTNOTES:
[126]Some persons have affirmed that the Berebber and Shelluh languages are one and the same. I had considerable difficulty in procuring incontestible proofs to the contrary; a specimen of the difference will be seen by the vocabulary in the chapter on languages.
[127]Lat. N. 22°. See Map of the tract across the Desert.
[128]This dentifrice has been imported lately, and is sold at Bacon’s Medicinal Warehouse, No. 150, Oxford Street.
[129]Whenever a blue, or gray-eyed Mooress is seen, she is always suspected to be the descendant of some Christian renegade.
[130]Mequinasia, a woman of Mequinas.
[131]This is the Lawsoniainermisof Linnæus.
[132]See some observations on this religion in a subsequent chapter.
[133]When I visited these ruins, in my journey from the Sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone, near to which they are situated, in the plains below, the jealousy of the (Stata) protecting guide sent by the Fakeers to see me safe to the confines of their district was excited, and he endeavoured to deter me from making any observations, by insinuating that the place was the haunt of large and venomous serpents, scorpions, &c. A great number of cauldrons and kettles filled with gold and silver coins have been excavated from these ruins.
[134]Besides the Catholic establishments in Marocco and Mequinas, before mentioned, there is one at Tangier, and another at Mogodor.
[135]Ajem in Arabic signifies Barbarian. Ajemi in the same language signifies the Europeans; Wosh kat douee bel Ajemi? Do you speak the Barbarian or European language?
[136]Mohammedans utter the word Allah with great respect, sounding it long, and making a full stop after uttering it; they never use the pronoun to signify the Supreme Being, but always
repeat the noun, and generally begin and end all religious sentences with the word Allah.
[137]Jma signifies the conclusion of any thing; as the conclusion of the week, and is the Arabic name appropriated to Friday, or the Mohammedan day of rest; from the radical word Jamaa, to collect or gather together. The Mohammedans name the days of the week, first day, second day, and so on, calling Sunday El hed, i.e. the first day; El thenine the second day, or Monday, &c. They do not entirely shut their shops on Friday, but work less than on any other day; they refuse, however, altogether to work for Christians, unless particularly or clandestinely feed, when they will condescend to do almost any thing.
[138]O believers! before ye pray, wash your faces, your hands, and your arms to the elbows, and wipe yourselves from head to feet. Vide Koran.
[139]It is customary here, as in the East, for every person to accompany his complaint with (el Heddia) a present suited to his condition; and none must appear without something, as it would be not only contrary to the established usages, but highly disrespectful; even such a trifle as three or more eggs is accepted.
[140]By the laws of the Koran, these crimes are punishable by death; but they are so generally indulged in, as to be mutually connived at.
[141]Persons bearing the name of Mohammed, which is generally given to the first male child born in marriage, are always addressed by the title of Seedy, which answers to Signor, or Monsieur; even the Emperor himself observes this towards the meanest subject that may happen to appear before him; when the name is Achmet, Aly, Said, Kossem, &c. this honourable distinction is observed or not, according to the situation and character of the person addressed. The Jews, however, whatever their condition, must address every Mooselmin with the term Seedy, or incur the danger of being knocked down; while, on the other hand, the lowest Mooselmin would consider it a degradation to address a Jew of the highest rank or respectability by this title.
[142]“Let the mother suckle her child full two years, if the child does not quit the breast; but she shall be permitted to wean it with the consent of the husband.” Vide Koran.
[143]These young wives and concubines often find opportunities clandestinely to cuckold their men or husbands.
[144]The k guttural, for when not guttural, the word signifies oldor wornout.
[145]The supply of the garrison of Gibraltar, with bullocks, &c. excepted.
[146]Women of rank, who reside in the towns, seldom walk abroad, it being considered a degradation to the wife of a gentleman to be seen walking in the street; when, however, they are going to pay a visit, they have a servant, or slave, to accompany them.
CHAPTER VIII.
SomeAccountofapeculiarSpeciesofPlaguewhichdepopulatedWestBarbary in 1799and1800, andtotheEffectsofwhichtheAuthor wasaneye-witness.
FROM various circumstances and appearances, and from the character of the epidemical distemper which raged lately in the south of Spain, there is every reason to suppose, it was similar to that distemper or plague which depopulated West Barbary; for whether we call it by the more reconcileable appellation of the epidemy, or yellow fever, it was undoubtedly a plague, and a most destructive one, for wherever it prevailed, it invariably carried off, in a few months, one-half, or one-third, of the population.
It does not appear how the plague originated in Fas in the year 1799.[147] Some persons, who were there at the time it broke out, have confidently ascribed it to infected merchandize imported into that place from the East; whilst others, of equal veracity and judgment, have not scrupled to ascribe it to the locusts which had infested West Barbary during the seven preceding years,[148] the destruction of which was followed by the (jedrie) small-pox, which pervaded the country, and was generally fatal. The jedrie is supposed to be the forerunner of this species of epidemy, as appears by an ancient Arabic manuscript, which gives an account of the same disorder having carried off two-thirds of the inhabitants of West Barbary about four centuries since. But however this destructive epidemy originated, its leading features were novel, and its consequences more dreadful than the common plague of Turkey, or that of Syria, or Egypt. Let every one freely declare his own sentiments about it; let him assign any credible account of its rise, or the causes that introduced so terrible a scene. I shall relate only what its symptoms were, what it actually was, and how it terminated, having been an eye-witness of its dreadful effects, and
having seen and visited many who were afflicted, and who were dying with it.
In the month of April, 1799, a dreadful plague, of a most destructive nature, manifested itself in the city of Old Faz, which soon after communicated itself to the new city. This unparalleled calamity, carried off one or two the first day, three or four the second day, six or eight the third day, and increasing progressively, until the mortality amounted to two in the hundred of the aggregate population, continuing with unabating violence, ten, fifteen, or twenty days; being of longer duration in old than in new towns; then diminishing in a progressive proportion from one thousand a day to nine hundred, then to eight hundred, and so on until it disappeared. Whatever recourse was had to medicine and to physicians was unavailing; so that such expedients were at length totally relinquished, and the people, overpowered by this terrible scourge, lost all hopes of surviving it.
Whilst it raged in the town of Mogodor, a small village (Diabet), situated about two miles south-east of that place, remained uninfected, although the communication was open between them: on the thirty-fourth day, however, after its first appearance at Mogodor, this village was discovered to be infected, and the disorder raged with great violence, making dreadful havock among the human species for twenty-one days, carrying off, during that period, one hundred persons out of one hundred and thirty-three, the original population of the village, before the plague visited it; none died after this, and those who were infected, recovered in the course of a month or two, some losing an eye, or the use of a leg or an arm.
Many similar circumstances might be here adduced relative to the numerous and populous villages dispersed through the extensive Shelluh province of Haha, all which shared a similar or a worse fate. Travelling through this province shortly after the plague had exhausted itself, I saw many uninhabited ruins, which I had before witnessed as flourishing villages; on making enquiry concerning the
population of these dismal remains, I was informed that in one village, which contained six hundred inhabitants, four persons only had escaped the ravage. Other villages, which had contained four or five hundred, had only seven or eight survivors left to relate the calamities they had suffered. Families which had retired to the country to avoid the infection, on returning to town, when all infection had apparently ceased, were generally attacked, and died; a singular instance of this kind happened at Mogodor, where, after the mortality had subsided, a corps of troops arrived from the city of Terodant, in the province of Suse, where the plague had been raging, and had subsided; these troops, after remaining three days at Mogodor, were attacked with the disease, and it raged exclusively among them for about a month, during which it carried off twothirds of their original number, one hundred men; during this interval the other inhabitants of the town were exempt from the disorder, though these troops were not confined to any particular quarter, many of them having had apartments in the houses of the inhabitants of the town.
The destruction of the human species in the province of Suse was considerably greater than elsewhere; Terodant, formerly the metropolis of a kingdom, but now that of Suse, lost, when the infection was at its height, about eight hundred each day: the ruined, but still extensive city of Marocco,[149] lost one thousand each day; the populous cities of Old and New Fas diminished in population twelve or fifteen hundred each day,[150] insomuch, that in these extensive cities, the mortality was so great, that the living having not time to bury the dead, the bodies were deposited or thrown altogether into large holes, which, when nearly full, were covered over with earth. All regulations in matters of sepulture before observed were now no longer regarded; things sacred and things prophane had now lost their distinction, and universal despair pervaded mankind. Young, healthy, and robust persons of full stamina, were, for the most part, attacked first, then women and children, and lastly, thin, sickly, emaciated, and old people.