Batangas Commercial Complex: Chapter 2

Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

CHAPTER 2: PRESENTATION OF DATA

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

INTRODUCTION As the Provincial Government of Batangas seeks to provide more job opportunities for Batangueños and to boost their economic stability, they funded the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC) Project. One of the main purposes of this project is to house the residents of Sta. Clara which settlements were affected by the land acquisition or the expansion of Batangas International Port. Unfortunately, BPLC was not utilized, and the transition of power is one of the factors which hinders its overall operation. As a result, the building continues to downgrade physically and is hasten by its ecological setting, coastal area. The debt of the government continues to increase as they are still paying the amortization for the project. Several investors proposed to redevelop the BPLC but they were not approved because of the lack of requirements. Despite all these issues, the Provincial Government of Batangas continues to pursue the redevelopment of BPLC as they propose commercial establishment, shipping lines, maritime schools, and institutional facilities as possible purposes for the building. However, these proposals are yet to be proven as viable options for redevelopment. The negative economic and social impact of the BPLC will be assessed through observation and interviews. The reasons why the BPLC failed to be utilized will determined and will be supported by the community’s and passengers’ point of views, and existing data about the building. The use of low-cost construction and application of the principles of green design will be greatly considered as basis for the maximization of the limited budget tended to BPLC’s redevelopment. Architects’ strategies for efficient, effective, user and environmental responsive design will also serve as guidelines for determining the proper type of redevelopment for the BPLC. Data about the physical, social, and environmental aspects of the site will be critical for the right choice of construction method and materials that will address the current condition of the BPLC as well as the needs of the people.

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A. Presentation of Data and Case Studies The burdensome conditions of the Batangas Port Livelihood Center have been supported by the site and behavioral analysis by the researchers. In order to fully and easily understand how the information gathered relates to each problem-conflict imposed by the conditions of BPLC, the data were arranged particular to each problem.

Essential data about the development, the relationship of the research topics, and the key points to consider in the development of the BPLC has been addressed through specific local and foreign case studies.

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1. Present Conditions a. Background of the Development

Figure 2.1: The BPLC Development Plan Source: Google Earth (2018)

The Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center, a development project of the Batangas Port Development Project, is located at the at Phase I fronting the Fast Craft Terminal Building in Batangas Sta. Clara, Batangas City. The project is a three-storey building with roof deck and has a total area of 19,028 square meters, and is located at the approximately 2-hectare BPDP. It has a total parking area of 3,875 square meters to accommodate 25 busses and 225 cars.

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After being improperly utilized and due to its ecological setting, BPLC has been physically deteriorated and was noted as a “white elephant” building. In a television documentary, Reporter’s Notebook, which featured the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center hosted by Maki Pulido and Jun Veneracion viewed the physical condition of the BPLC. Since it was never fully-utilized in accordance to its purpose, most areas and parts of the facility started to wear out, with visible cracks on walls, posts and balustrades on the building; several wall tiles on the building were almost detached with no safety measures instilled by the management of the building.

The Site Development With almost 10 years of being fully unutilized, the existing site development of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC) has downgraded and has not seen by the people as essential to the development of the community. With its present use, the researchers observed that the BPLC oftentimes passed by Public Utility Vehicles and Jeepneys (PUJs and PUVs) numbered less with at least 1 PUJ every 45 minutes, and at least 3 PUVs of varying routes passing through the BPLC per day, losing its opportunities to promote itself and business in it. Few people have been passing through and staying on the area on purpose, as mostly “tambays” littering on the area were visible for no specific purpose.

The BPLC were connected to the Batangas Port Terminal 2 and 3 that embarks and dis-embarks a huge number of travelers per year. The Batangas Port Terminal 2, connected to the BPLC through and overpass to the 2nd floor of the BPLC has not been operational CHAPTER II | 60

Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

since the upper floors of the building is entirely closed. The Batangas Port Terminal 3, directly accessible for the passengers and office workers of the terminal to the BPLC. On the other hand, with the building’s existing condition, has made no impact for the passengers and workers to gain interest to utilize the facility, leaving merchants of pasalubong to be the ones who mostly stay in the BPLC.

Figure 2.3: Existing use of Second Floor of BPLC Source: Batangas PCLEDO Drafted by: Cheskertt Camacho

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The Ground and Second floor of the BPLC was intended for commercial stalls comprising of 339 stalls on the ground floor, and 382 stalls for the second floor. These floors provide areas suitable for ticketing counters and booking offices for shipping lines, ATM Booths, food courts, variety of specialty and novelty shops, souvenir shops and other related services. On the other hand, the present condition of the BPLC’s ground floor was in reverse to what would be its plan – few numbers of open stalls and inconvenient office spaces were present, and the excess area were used for parking.

The third-floor is proposed to house entertainment and recreational facilities, mini theaters, business communication centers and other related features. The roof deck, will house administrative offices, and a chapel. Ample spaces are provided to host a variety of activities such as parties, exhibits, and retail concessions. On the contrary, it was left open and unused making the whole floor to be vacant.

Figure 2.4: Existing use of Third Floor of BPLC Source: Batangas PCLEDO Drafted by: Cheskertt Camacho CHAPTER II | 62

Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

After an ocular observation and photo documentation were conducted on the BPLC to verify and further assess the physical condition of the facility, the researchers have found out how unpleasing the whole facility was as it was unmaintained and deteriorated.

Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center's Behavioral Characteristics Location Observation

The entranceway for the facility is underdeveloped and its current design is unmaintained; passengers tend not to stay at waiting areas as it was too open and the whole area was paved, gaining too much heat during noontime.

Entranceway

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The parking area does not have enough space to cater the said 25 buses and 225 passenger cars; circulation for the different types of transportation is not addressed properly.

Terminal Area

The commercial stalls were underdeveloped and is not in context to the overall design of the site; improper sewage facilities are observed as well. Products sold on several stalls are too exposed to sunlight as well

Commercial Stalls

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Deteriorated tiles at the entranceway makes the ambiance uncomfortable; the arrangement of spaces such as pasalubong stalls and karinderias are unpleasant, cramped and crowded.

Entrance Hall

The commercial stalls present on the ground floor is not physically attractive for customers to buy; the space looked cramped and dark due to its low ceiling height.

Commercial Stalls

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Existing layout of Proposed food court gives monotonous ambiance of spaces; limited sunlight penetration due to its small windows located on higher portion of the wall

Proposed Food Court

Reduction of ventilation if partitions on the area will be added, low ceiling height is causing the area to be dark.

Exposure to dusts and other particles are also observed as concrete railings are placed on the walls.

2nd Floor Open Area

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Reduction of ventilation if partitions on the area will be added, low ceiling height is causing the area to be dark.

Salt residues are present on glass windows. Rusting of metal components of the building (windows and raceways) are also observed due to its exposure to humidity.

3rd Floor Open Area

Door openings and walls exhibit signs of deterioration

Elevator Lobby

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Rusting of gates, barriers and other steel elements are observed. Cracks on walls and floors are present, making the users feel uncomfortable on their safety.

3rd Floor Open Area

Reduction of ventilation if partitions on the area will be Salt residues and dust present on window surface.

Window Glass

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

There are visible cracks on the walls of utility rooms located at the roof deck of BPLC

Cracks

Due to the unfinished construction and installation of ceilings, utility pipes are exposed and became more prone to corrosion.

Exposed Pipes

Large windows openings located along the kitchen areas can cause more dirt and dust particles entry

Large Openings

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Due to the exposure of the roof deck to wind and rain, formation of moss can already be seen on its floors.

Moss Formation

Metal door jambs of elevator lobbies continuous to rust.

Rusting

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Salt content of air in the site due to the presence of the Batangas Bay, leaves residues on the tiles of BPLC’s façade.

Salt Residues on Tiles

Table 2.1.a Physical Observations for the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center Photos by JC Maniquiz and Cheskertt Camacho

Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center's Behavioral Characteristics Location Behavior

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Tricycle drivers mostly stay on their trikes or standby on nearby eateries to smoke while waiting for passengers to come

Tricycle Terminal

Store owners who are mostly "stay-ins" commonly sleeps on their store area - with foam beds placed on their store

Outside Stores

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Over-lapping of tricycles, private and public utility jeepneys and vehicles

Drop-off Area

Trash bins are ineffective as people mostly throw their thrashes on sidewalks; some people pee on corners of walls on the area.

Trash Bins and Corners of Walls

Customers eating on stalls have less socialization on their colleagues while eating; improper eating manners are observed as well.

Eating Areas

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Store owners of pasalubong stalls mostly litter on the front of BPLC to either talk with each other or boringly wait for passengers to come.

]

Pasalubong Stalls

The children of the nearby Sta. Clara illegal settlements usually go and play on open areas of the BPLC during the afternoon

Open Areas

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Table 2.1.b Behavioral Observations for the People of Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center Photos from John Carlo Maniquiz SITE ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTATION Existing Site Features Analysis

Large and open islands located near the entrance of the site are unoccupied and unutilized which creates a dead atmosphere – making the people tend to disregard the area for socialization

Open Island

The large open area located at the rear part is also unoccupied, unutilized by the community – making the space to be used for activities not related to the facility and its aim to promote the culture of Batangas, such as lounging areas for PUV drivers and other BPLC staff.

Open Rear Area

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

There are existing plants and trees scattered within the site of BPLC. These vegetations can be retained upon the redevelopment and be utilized as well-shaded green areas to cater more user activities.

Vegetations

Existing working lamps along the site can still be used and improved to trim down some of the site development cost.

Lamps

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

The presence of high-density water reservoir within its immediate vicinity provides a secure source of water during fluctuations of the water distributor. There is a need to secure this utility as the area where it is located will become active upon the redevelopment phase.

2-5000-gallon Water Tank

Maintenance areas such as utility and electrical rooms shall be relocated and not be accessible to public since they cater crucial operations of the building.

Utility and Electrical Room

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Majority of the site were already covered with asphalt adding to the heat gain created by the vehicular activities. Pervious pavers can be used as an alternative finish in order to reduce this phenomenon and improve the site permeability.

Paved Areas Adjacent Structures

Analysis In the original plan, Batangas Port Terminal 2 can be accessed through the left wing of BPLC but at the present, the passageway is blocked and unutilized. This terminal would still be as big factor to attract more users upon the redevelopment of the facility.

Batangas Port Terminal 2

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Direct access of BPLC to the Batangas Port Terminal 3 through its central hallway provides more opportunities for the BPLC to promote businesses and the building itself.

Batangas Port Terminal 3

The adjacency of Batangas Port’s Park and Sail provides more opportunities for promotion and vehicular access from buses and other PUVs coming from different places such as Manila.

Park and Sail

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Sta. Clara Barangay Hall located near the entrance of BPLC’s site not only serve as a landmark but also provides a sense of safety and security within the area throughout the day because of the presence of the Barangay Officers and other authorities.

Sta. Clara Barangay Hall

The presence of Sta. Clara Elementary School within the area can be positively utilized to attract more local residents and to further promote BPLC.

Sta. Clara Elementary School

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

The proximity of Sta. Clara Talipapa and other small market stalls within the area provides variety of products offered other than pasalubong.

Sta. Clara Talipapa

The presence of largely dense residential area of Sta. Clara provides opportunities for the BPLC to be a place for providing the immediate needs of the

community

as

they

are

the

original

beneficiaries of the facility.

Residential Areas

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Proximity

of

Gasoline

Station

provides

opportunities for passengers, residents, PUJs and PUVs to utilize the parking areas within the BPLC – creating a sustainable economic growth between the BPLC and the Gasoline Station

Gasoline Station Microsite Character

Analysis

Sta. Clara as a rural area exhibits monotony as the surrounding area is under-developed and there are no permanent locations for people to sell their products and goods – having them to use the streets as their commercial space.

Rurality of the Area

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The sidewalk area within the boundaries of the Batangas International Port are wide enough to provide social spaces for people but has posed negative impression as “standbys� are littering on the area.

These large areas should include features that will mitigate the negative social behavior and create more user interaction.

Unexciting social atmosphere

Limited options of services and products available along the vicinity giving lesser reasons for people to go to the area and reducing the attraction of users.

Repetitive Products and Services

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

Microsite Existing Features

Analysis Although there is a presence of a Materials Recovery Facility within the area, it can be further utilized and improved in order to provide more opportunity to reduce waste production by segregating waste materials that can be recycled and organic wastes that

\

can be put into compost pits and also enhance the efficiency of waste collection.

Materials Recovery Facility

Flood risk within the area is reduced through the existing drainage system along the BIP complex provides an efficient way to prevent flooding by bringing rainwater to the community sewer line. In BPLC’s case, greywater can be used in other efficient ways to lessen its water consumption.

Man-made drainage System

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The left wing of Rizal Avenue consists of mostly residential areas and home-based businesses such as fish ball stand, bakery, sari-sari stores, and port-related facilities such as the Bureau of Customs. This area is where pure socialization of people occurs such as residents going outside to buy and communicate with other people.

Rizal Avenue (Left Side)

The right wing of Rizal Avenue consists of mostly residential houses; small-scale commercial business such as fish stalls, pharmacy and food stalls; the Sta. Clara elementary School and Barangay Hall is also present in this area.

Rizal Avenue (Right Side)

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Nearby Water Features

Analysis The BIP complex and BPLC located along the Batangas Bay will not only serve as basis for environment-responsive design and as an efficient mode of sea transportation because it can also be used to create spaces for users, utilizing the pleasant view of the water feature.

Batangas Bay

Natural Drainage located along the site of BPLC is essential to the maintenance and development phase as when the artificial drainage would not be enough to handle water capacity, water can be redirected to Calapan River.

Calapan River

Table 2.1c: Site Assessment and Adjacent Structures

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Batangas Commercial Complex: The Redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center into an Environment-responsive Income-generating Complex through Ecocentrism Camacho, Cheskertt I. | Laigo, Billy T. | Maniquiz, John Carlo M.

c. Social Impact The Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center, is being surrounded by different establishment that provides opportunities for a more socially-active and feasible redevelopment. The Batangas Port Terminals 2 and 3 are the nearest among its vicinity as it is directly accessible to the BPLC.

The Batangas Port, being one of the best ports in the Philippines, has a lot of opportunities to market the Province of Batangas through exposure of products and culture to every commuter of all types. Opportunities for a more feasible economic enterprise can be achieved when there is an active embarkment and dismemberment at the Port. Shown in the figure below is the Embarkment and Dismemberment Rate of Passengers of the Batangas Port.

Passengers for Batangas Port 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 2015

2016 Embarked

2017

2018

Disembarked

Figure 2.5 Passenger Data of the Batangas Port from 2015 to 2018

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Assessing the season where passenger population grows the highest determines the maximum possible number of passengers to be catered in the BPLC during delayed or cancelled trips. Presented on the tables below are the embarking and disembarking passenger population rate per quarter of the year. Seasons where passengers are out of their work are considered as crucial in the redevelopment of the BPLC. Summer season and Christmas Season are amongst the time where passengers are travelling out of their town.

BATANGAS PORT Total

2015 2016 2017 2018

1,398,141 1,724,719 1,573,093 1,581,471

1st Quarter

2nd Quarter

3rd Quarter

January -March

April - June

July - September

Disembarked

741,183 920, 511 892,869 903,766

Embarked

Total

Disembarked

Embarked

Total

656,958 804, 208 680,224 677,705

2,103,026 2,334,758 2,466,101 2,187,042

1,143,476 1,274,972 1,392,890 1,271,448

959,550 1,059,786 1,073,211 915,594

1,217,939 1,350,017 1,283,169 -

4th Quarter

1,627,197 1,581,633 1,542,962 -

Disembarked

791,992 836,671 856,299 -

Embarked

628,380 707,165 711,508 -

589,559 642,852 571,661 -

GRAND TOTAL

October - December Total

Disembarked

Embarked

835,205 744,962 686,663 -

Total

Disembarked

Embarked

6,346,303 6,991,127 6,865,325 3,768,513

3,305,031 3,739,319 3,853,566 2,175,214

3,041,272 3,251,808 3,011,759 1,593,299

Figure 2.6 Quarterly Passenger Data of the Batangas Port from 2015 to 2018

Passenger population grows the highest at the second quarter of the year, from April to June wherein it is the summer season where passengers travel to the Province of Batangas and the different CHAPTER II | 88

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islands in its vicinity. Detailing this further, three months covered by the second quarter reveals which month has the highest passenger population.

PORT STATISTICS

2018

2017

2016

2ND QUARTER PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage) PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage) PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage)

APRIL Total

3,528,035 832,794 535,930 296,864 0 0 1,047,235 907,257

594,479 312,778 0 0 1,002,771 842,828 510,371 332,457 0 0

Disembarked

Embarked

1,945,902 447,356 284,669 162,687 0 0 562,989 494,711 322,556 172,155 0 0 573,781 498,252 308,631 189,621 0 0

1,582,133 385,438 251,261 134,177 0 0

Cruise Ships 0 0

484,246 412,546

0 0 0 0 0 0

271,923 140,623 0 0 428,990 344,576 201,740 142,836 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 2.7 Port Statistics for April from 2015 to 2018

The passenger population has ballooned on the year 2017 but has declined as the year 2018 came. The month of April has an average of 860,959 passengers throughout the month, which gives a passenger population of 27,772 per day.

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PORT STATISTICS

2016

PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1

2017

Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage) PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1

2018

2ND QUARTER

Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage) PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage)

MAY Total

Disembarked

Embarked

Cruise Ships 0 0 0 0

915,117 915,117 572,305 342,812 0 0

3,308,107 506,160 315,716 190,444 0 0

1,985,496 408,957 256,589 152,368 0 0

1,109,142 960,874

631,966 560,307

477,176 400,567

0 0 0 0

627,680 333,194 0 0 1,008,641 855,271 504,301 350,970 0 0

372,885 187,422 0 0 565,542 493,010 301,401 191,609 0 0

254,795 145,772 0 0 442,943 362,261 202,900 159,361 0 0

0 0 0 0 156 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 2.8 Port Statistics for May from 2015 to 2018

The passenger population has ballooned on the year 2017 but has declined as the year 2018 came. The month of May has an average of 590,741 passengers throughout the month, which gives a passenger population of 19,056 per day.

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PORT STATISTICS 2ND QUARTER

2018

2017

2016

PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage) PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage) PMO Batangas BP Batangas Batangas RoRo Batangas Non RoRo Phase 1 Batangas Non RoRo Phase 2 Batangas (Anchorage)

JUNE Total

Disembarked

Embarked

Cruise Ships 0

1,812,099 586,847 364,642 222,205 0 0

321,612 321,456 199,283 122,173 0 0

1,908,519 265,391 165,359 100,032 0 0

675,318

374,118

301,200

0 0 0 0 0 0

597,970

337,872

260,098

0

372,977 224,993 0 0 582,540 488,943 328,666 160,277 0 0

215,720 122,152 0 0 323,724 280,186 194,117 86,069 0 0

157,257 102,841 0 0 258,816 208,757 134,549 74,208 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Figure 2.9 Port Statistics for June from 2015 to 2018

The passenger population has ballooned on the year 2017 but has declined as the year 2018 came. The month of June has an average of 557,920 passengers throughout the month, which gives a passenger population of 18,598 per day.

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The month of April and May, the peak of the vacation and summer season, has the most passenger embarkment and disembarkment. On the other hand, there has been a significant drop of passenger population throughout the year after 2016 – the rate of tourism has declined due to safety issues in the country. With this drop of passenger population gives an average of 775,524 passengers per month.

Port Operations Being directly accessible to the Batangas Port Terminals 2 and 3, gives opportunities for a sustainable relationship between the BPLC. In its recent situation, the livelihood center has been operating for only 7:00 A.M. to 9:00 P.M. and will be closed, affecting port circulation operations.

Determining and analyzing the port operations and ship arrivals and departures give opportunities to provide the BPLC a more conducive and intact relationship between the Batangas Port Terminals 2 and 3. Providing a more specific need to be addressed in the redevelopment.

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Figure 2.10 Average Arrivals and Departures by hour Source: marinetraffic.com

As presented above, peak of arrivals is in before noontime, around 11:00 A.M., same goes with the second and third peak of arrival, at 2:00 P.M. and 5:00 P.M., this is where mostly passengers and port workers are taking their lunch, breaktime and dinner. This leads to opportunities to maximize food as a major product and service to be offered in the BPLC.

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Operating Travel Companies Different types of vessels are present and operating on the Batangas Port with different types of users that can be catered by the redevelopment of the BPLC. According to the marinetraffic.com, passenger vessels are the most common vessel utilizing the Batangas Port.

Thus, prioritization to the needs of passengers shall be catered and maximized in the redevelopment of BPLC, whether be it for the regular passenger or delayed passenger.

Figure 2.11 Average Arrivals and Departures by hour Source: marinetraffic.com CHAPTER II | 94

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VESSEL NAME SUPER SHUTTLE RORO 9 SWAN ENERGY ORPHEUS GEO RESOLUTION VINASHIP PEARL SUPER SHUTTLE RORO 11 MC ACHIEVER VAST OCEAN 5 SUPER SHUTTLE RORO 3 SITC FUJIAN MASBATE ISLAND MIS 3 MERIDIAN UNO PANGLAO ISLAND BATANGAS BAY STARLITE JUPITER FAST CAT M12 MALAMBING

DESTINATION

VESSEL TYPE

Batangas

Cargo

Batangas

Cargo

Batangas

Tanker

Batangas

Other

Batangas

Cargo

Batangas

Cargo

Batangas Batangas

Cargo Cargo

Batangas

Cargo

Batangas Batangas Batangas Batangas Batangas Batangas Batangas Calapan Batangas

Cargo Tanker Tanker Cargo Cargo Tanker Passenger Tanker Passenger

REINA DIVINA GRACIA HULL 106 REINA MAGDALENA ARCHIE

Batangas

High Speed Craft Other

Batangas

Passenger

Batangas

Unspecified Isolated Danger High Speed Craft

Batangas

HAIKOU 2

Batangas

MAGALANG

Batangas

MTKR ARARIEL FAYE LCT LADY ALINA AVIVA DENVER SANTA CARMELITA MARIA MATILDE BADGER STARLITE ARCHER SUPER SHUTTLE RORO 5 REINA BANDERARDA PRINCESS ANNAVELL

Batangas

Tanker

Batangas Batangas

Cargo Cargo

Batangas

Passenger

Batangas Batangas Batangas

Passenger Cargo Passenger

Cebu

Cargo

Batangas

Passenger

Sta. Clara

Passenger

Figure 2.12 Common Vessels in the Batangas Port Source: marinetraffic.com

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Other operating vessels are present in the port 39.81% of recorded vessels utilizing the Batangas Port. Aside from the passengers accessing the Batangas Port, responsiveness in catering port workers must also be considered in order to make the BPLC more feasible.

Figure 2.13 Port of Calls on the Batangas Port Source: marinetraffic.com CHAPTER II | 95

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Port of calls on the Terminals 2 and 3 of Batangas Port has no definite pattern or schedule of arrival and departure. On the other hand, highest number of vessels arriving at the port are at Mondays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays of the week where it reaches 75 – 100 vessels per day, carrying either passenger or cargo. Catering for almost 20,000 of passengers on a daily basis, the Batangas Port can be a catalyst for economic development of the BPLC as it would cater their immediate needs.

Port of Calls Ferries present at the Batangas Port offer different travel routes within its nearby tourist spots. Mostly ferries sail you to the following destinations in Mindoro: Puerto Galera, Caticlan, and Roxas. It also cruises to the famous Boracay via Caticlan route. Current routes are Batangas to Calapan, Mindoro, Batangas to Puerto Galera, Caticlan Jetty Port (Malay, Aklan) to Roxas, Oriental Mindoro, and Vice Versa.

STARLITE FERRIES TRIP SCHEDULES BATANGAS TO CALAPAN MINDORO 1AM/3AM/5AM/7AM/9AM/11AM/1PM/3PM/5PM/7PM/9PM and 11 PM CALAPAN MINDORO TO BATANGAS 1AM/3AM/5AM/7AM/9AM/11AM/1PM/3PM/5PM/7PM/9PM and 11 PM. BATANGAS TO PUERTO GALERA 10:00 AM to 6:00 P.M. Schedule: 5:00 A.M. - 3:00 P.M.

FASTCAT FERRIES TRIP SCHEDULES BATANGAS TO CALAPAN MINDORO Morning Schedule: 12: AM/1:30 AM/ 6:00 AM/9:00 AM and 11:00 AM Afternoon Schedule: 2:30 PM/6:00 PM and 8:00 PM CALAPAN MINDORO TO BATANGAS

Morning Schedule: 2:30 AM/6:30 AM and 8:30 AM Afternoon Schedule: 12:00 PM/2:00 PM/9:00 PM and 11:00 PM

Figure 2.14 Passenger Ferry Schedules on the Batangas Port Source: marinetraffic.com CHAPTER II | 96

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Ferry operations are scheduled daily and runs throughout the day and are at a two to three-hour interval. With this information, it can be inferred that during delay of trips passengers have to wait a maximum of two to three hours to depart from the Batangas Port.

Port Passengers As the researchers observed the area, only passengers were going to the structure on purpose – to pass by to access the main port.

As public transportations such as UVs and jeepneys pass by the building throughout the day to fetch passengers going to the city as well. This observation was supported by an interview with Mrs. Marlou D. Mendoza, a Philippine

Ports

Authority

(PPA)

Figure 2.6.b Passengers in the Batangas Port during peak seasons Image by: Rupert Kaufmann

Administration Officer, as she discussed a possible reason on why the BPLC is not accessed by most of the people, she told the researchers the only role of the BPLC, which is to serve only as a hub to connect the Batangas Port Terminal 3 to the Public Road. Mrs. Mendoza added that “People just pass by the BPLC, as most of them are always in a hurry to catch their trips to their destinations…”

Port passengers are mostly seeing the BPLC as a passageway to the Terminal 3. The researchers have conducted an interview to selected passengers and porters of the Batangas Port and CHAPTER II | 97

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the BPLC to further prove the ineffectiveness of the facility to the community and its passengers. The researchers have interviewed a two-time passenger of the port, she said that as she passes by the area, she has strongly felt a feeling of discomfort and unsafety as the area lacks on security and proper arrangement of stalls. A couple has been interviewed as well on how they see the BPLC, they told the researchers that in order to make the facility to socialize with people, amenities that conforms to the needs and wants of the people, primarily its security since guards are only visible as passengers enter the main port of Batangas.

1%

1%

1%

24% 43%

30%

Products and Service

Security

Comfortability

Durability of Travel

Accessibility

Circulation of Spaces

Figure 2.15 Factors Considered by Passengers Important in Transport Hubs

In a survey conducted by Comia and Dionisio (2012), in their proposal for the Redevelopment of Batangas Passenger Port Terminal, they have determined the passengers’ views on the CHAPTER II | 98

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comfortability in the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center. According to figure 2.7, 68% of their total respondents have said the facility has poor conditions in terms of comfortability; 20% said its condition was fair, and 2% of their respondents said it is good. In an interview conducted by the researchers to some of the passengers, one passenger has told that she has felt discomfort as she passes by the area since the ambiance of the environment feels unsafe and uncomfortable – this present ambiance of the BPLC has made negative social impact as people are always in a hurry to pass by the area.

On another point of view, different aspects are considered by passengers in determining whether a public space is good or inconvenient. On a survey conducted by the researchers, comfortability is a primary consideration of people in travelling in a transport hub. Being in a public and crowded space, personal comfort is greatly considered as security should be considered as well.

Products and services in a transport hub is also considered as well, transport hub, as it connects huge amount and diversified users is greatly considered in order to make convenient transport hubs.

In a research on behavior and psychological characteristics of pedestrian in terminals conducted by Wang, Ying-Hui and Bing Li (2013) suggested that commuters whose main purpose is for business and work is expected to have walking time to be short, on the other hand, commuters whose purpose in accessing a facility is for tourism and visiting relatives and friends, is expected to have their walking time to be longer.

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Social Behavior of Port Passengers Analyzing the behavior of port passengers as they are the major contributor of socialization and economic development for the BPLC is essential to make the redevelopment feasible. Two situations are analyzed as Port Passengers on regular trip and passengers during delayed or cancelled trips are in different situations.

User

Delayed Port Passenger

Time Locus

TIME VARIES

Implication

Expected Behavior

Cause of Conflict

Exiting Transport Service

Passengers haggardly carrying their packages

Inconvenient stay at the BPLC

Calmly entering the BPLC and the Port

Inconvenient ambiance of the BPLC and the Port terminal

Entering the BPLC and the Batangas Port

Passengers are annoyed with merchants selling them food products and port service blocking their way

Lesser opportunities for stalls to be visited

Passengers freely walking in the hallway with no obstructions

Improper layout and arrangement of commercial stalls in the BPLC

Activity

Behavior

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Waiting in line for tickets

Unorganized alignment of lanes

Unconducive ambiance of the Port

Passengers should fall in line during ticket purchase

Waiting for Cancelled Trip to Resume

Passengers are boredly sitting on the waiting area

Inconvenience of passengers due to crowded atmosphere

People are comfortably waiting on their trips

Cramped space at the waiting area and lack of amenities

Lack of appetite and unfinished food

Passengers are comfortably eating while talking to their companions

Eating areas are not provided

Discomfort among passengers and unsafe feeling for their belongings

Passengers comfortably sleeping

Sleeping areas are not available in the port

Eating on the Port Terminal

Sleeping in the Port Terminal

Passengers sharing the small space at the waiting area are having a hard time to eat Passengers hardly cannot get sleep due to the cramped space available

Unarticulated space for ticket purchasing

Preparing for travel

-

-

-

-

Exit at the Port

-

-

-

-

Table 2.2: Environmental Behavior Study of the Port Passengers CHAPTER II | 101

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Sta. Clara Residents Affecting the interest of people to utilize the BPLC is how they physically see the structure – as it was left unused and unmaintained for almost ten years, and further retrieved after re-elected Gov. Mandanas won last 2016 elections. The researchers have observed this factor as they have been with residents of Sta. Clara, and passengers of the Batangas Port. American Social Psychologist, Abraham Maslow have put on the idea of Hierarchy of Needs, which considers depend on what he has or what he lacks, and only the unsatisfied need could influence on their behavior. This particular need performed in the aspect of security, a basic internal request of every pedestrian. Further to Maslow’s principle, when pedestrians are stimulated by harsh environment, it will cause unsafe behavior consciously or unconsciously and that unsafe behavior will naturally threat other’s safety. According to Bing Li and Ying-hui Wang (2013), pedestrians in terminal are influenced by the subjective or objective environment, such as the pedestrians’ flow, the layout of facilities. People tend to create relevant action of feeling unsafe as they see the facility as they pass by the BPLC. An example given

by Bing Li, when the fundamental facilities of a building are not complete, people receives a psychological response of being nervous and anxious, leading them to walk faster, collide with other people.

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The feasibility of a space to the community is often connected to the physical building.

On the other hand, in a symposium entitled “PROSPECTIVE: Professional’s Perspective in Urban Place Making”, where Ar. Sylvester Seño quoted Jan Gehl’s known words: “First life, then spaces, then buildings – the other way around never works." As the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center aims to be reimaged to be a center for the need of the community, participation of the community and the beneficiaries of the development must be fully considered in order to attain continuous support from its local residents.

Unpleasant Physical Appearance Poor Lighting Unorganized Stalls Structurally Unstable Loitering Place Dull Appearance BPLC's Privatization Negatively Affects Sta. Clara's Residents Lacks Product Variety

Figure 2.17: Views of Brgy. Sta. Clara’s Residents About BPLC

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The residents of Brgy. Sta. Clara, Batangas City described the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC) as a building with unpleasant physical appearance and poor lighting as shown in figure 2.9, having the highest percentage of 53.3. The residents also added that unorganized commercial stalls can be observed throughout the facility and these negatively affects the current users’ experiences. These findings support the claim of the study which is the need to redevelop not just the physical features of BPLC but also its functional aspects.

Mall/Department Store Convenience Store Wet and Dry Market Grocery

Bus Terminal Food Stall Security Develop a more attractive building/site Appliance Store

Figure 2.18: Preferred Facilities of Brgy. Sta. Clara’s Residents to be Included in BPLC

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The researchers conducted a survey with the locals of Brgy. Sta. Clara about the facilities or amenities that they would suggest for the redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center, and the item with the highest vote is the food stall followed by the mall or department store, as shown in figure 2.10. Since the main livelihood of the locals of Sta. Clara solely rely on selling goods, stalls and other commercial spaces will benefit them a lot. According to the residents, a well-designed and fully-functional commercial facility will definitely attract the locals, passengers, and employees of Batangas International Complex (BIP).

Expenditures of Batangas Residents Determining the top expenditure of a province sets opportunities for a mixeduse facility to be feasible. The expenditures of residents of Batangas, according to the 2009 Batangas Provincial Planning and Development Plan, covers 39.68% of expenditures on food ranking as the number 1 outlay of the residents. Presented in Table 2.2 is the distribution of total family expenditures of Batangas.

Expenditure Item

Percent 39.68

House Rental Transportation and Communication Fuel, light and water Education Special Occasion Personal Care and Effects Others

11.96

2

7.88

3

7.19 4.76 4.47 4.04 20.02

4 5 6 7 -

Food

Rank 1

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Total

100

-

Table 2.3 Distribution of Total Family by Expenditure Item, Batangas, 2009

This has been proven true compared to the rest of the region as well as the entire country, for food is the basic necessity of humans in order to live. In order to determine the feasible products to be catered on the BPLC, further detailed expenditures of families for food per income class are specified in Table 2.3.

Food Expenditures Food consumed at Home Bread and Cereals Meat Fish and Seafood Milk Cheese and Eggs Oils and Fats Fruit Vegetables Sugar, jam, honey, chocolate and Confectionary Food Products not elsewhere classified Coffee, Tea, and Cocoa

Income Class 60,000 100,000 99,999 249,999 44.80 38.30 18.80 13.40

All income classes 29.70 9.20

Under 40,000 45.90 20.20

40,000 59,999 45.30 18.20

250,000 and over 26.00 7.20

5.80 4.00 2.80 0.70 1.10 1.90

3.20 7.20 3.00 1.20 1.60 3.50

4.20 7.00 3.10 1.40 1.40 3.30

4.60 7.00 3.10 1.40 1.40 3.30

6.40 5.30 3.10 0.90 1.20 2.40

5.60 3.40 2.70 0.60 1.10 1.60

0.80

1.10

1.40

1.40

1.00

0.70

0.90 1.40

1.40 3.10

1.70 3.00

1.70 3.00

1.30 2.00

0.80 1.10

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Mineral Water, Soft drinks, Fruit and vegetable juices

1.20

0.50

0.70

0.70

1.30

1.20

The demand for food, being the first priority in the expenditures of a typical BatangueĂąo family has possibilities to rise as the population rate of the province of Batangas is expected to grow by 2.24%, according to the National Statistics Office (NSO). Based on 2010 census, Batangas Province has a total population of 2,377,395 which comprised of 2.57 percent and 18.85 percent of the national and regional population respectively. Hence, in terms of population share, Batangas ranked fourth in the region following the provinces of Cavite, Rizal and Laguna. Table 2.4 shows the projected population of selected cities and municipalities in Batangas from 2018 to 2022, with 2010 as its base year.

Growth

Base Year

2.63 4.49

156,401 124,740

PROJECTED POPULATION 2011 - 2022

City/Municipality Table 2.4 Total Annual Family Expenditure for Food by Major Expenditure Group, Year 2010 2019 2021 2022

by Income Class2018 and by Region: 20152020 Batangas Province 2.24 2,377,395 2,838,364 2,901,943 2,966,947 3,033,406 3,101,355 305,607 361,735 369,439 377,309 385,345 393,553 Batangas City 2.13 283,468 349,170 358,388 367,850 377,561 387,529 Lipa City 2.64 Tanauan City Sto. Tomas

187,568 177,257

192,501 185,216

197,564 185,216

202,760 193,532

208,093 202,222

Table 2.5 Population Projection 2018-2022, Batangas Province

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Batangas Port Workers Workers from the Batangas Port Terminal 3 have been interviewed in order to support the views of the passengers. In an interview with a Travel Operations Officer of 2Go Travel, one of the major transport lines of the Batangas Port has said, “The BPLC has not been used as well by the port workers”. He also added that most of the times during lunch breaks, workers mostly bring their food at work, making the food stalls on BPLC to have lesser customers and socialization.

Mr. Jeffrey Narzoles, who has been working as a porter at the Batangas Port Terminal 3, and a mainstay at the BPLC, has told that most of the people just passing by the area, oftentimes people who stays to buy pasalubong were really uncomfortable because of the facility’s lack of security.

Project for Public Spaces (2007) have found out that a good place provides a range of things to do; is easy to get to and connected to the surrounding community; is safe, clean, and attractive. They added that in order to revitalize a space is to invite the public to share in its design and planning – from merchants, business leaders, to residents, shall be given a voice and proper forum to be heard, as they have many creative ideas as well.

Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center Merchants The merchants that are situated on the BPLC are the residents of Sta. Clara that was displaced on their homes during the implementation of the Batangas Port Development Project (BPDP). The program implemented by the Provincial Government of Batangas to compensate for the situation, has not been effective as passengers and port workers has not been utilizing the area well.

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Variety is a common aspect that people is searching on public spaces. In the case of the Batangas Port and Provincial Livelihood Center, many investors have shown interest to retrieve the facility, according to the Provincial Planning and Development Office of Batangas Research Office, on the other hand the Philippine Ports Authority tends to oppose these proposals as they claim that these would not be feasible.

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This has been proved when the researchers have gone to the BPLC. Every stall present in the area sells only the same product – leaving passengers and neighboring communities to have lesser interest to go to the facility. Where out of twelve (12) stalls present, nine (9) stalls sell the same type of product; two stalls were allotted for karinderias and one for a doughnut stall.

Sales of a commercial establishment is greatly affected by its variance of stalls and its arrangement of spaces. The philosophy of the architect, Victor Gruen, applied the Gruen Transfer effect on design of commercial establishment which aims to encourage shoppers to purchase more of what they need through Figure 2.19 Entrance of BPLC showing commercial stalls. Source: Billy T. Laigo

a layout reminiscent to a maze. This has been proved effective as the malls he designed became successful.

The Provincial Cooperative, Livelihood, and Enterprise Development Office, has presented to the current Gov. Hermilando Mandanas the list of association of vendors applying for the BPLC development. Table are as follows: CHAPTER II | 110

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Name of Association 1. Sta. Clara Port Vendors Consumers Cooperative 2. Batangas International Port Vendors Association 3. Sta. Clara Community Association/ Balete Relocation Site 4. Sta. Clara Community Association Inc. 5. Nagkakaisang Manininda sa Daungan ng Batangas 6. Batangas Port Vendors Association 7. Samahang may Pagkakaisa sa Daungan ng Batangas 8. Asosasyon ng Talipapa sa Sta. Clara 9. K.B.N.K. (San Jose Sico) 10. Port of Batangas Carinderia Association 11. BRS Kaunlaran Movement 12. BRS - c/o Bgy. Capt. Aloria TOTAL

160 101

Regular & Corner Stalls 80 51

Food Court Stalls 10 7

74 56

37 28

5 4

42 32

47 42

24 21

3 3

27 24

37 36 31 23 20 54 681

19 18 15 12 10 27 342

3 2 2 2 1 3 45

22 20 17 14 11 30 387

No. of Applicants

Total 90 58

Table 2.6 List of Sta. Clara Association of Vendors

d. Research Topics Responsive Environments Modern designer never made a concerted effort to work out the ideals of social and political factor, the designers put their commitments in the design form itself forgetting to consider the users CHAPTER II | 111

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and life circulating with it. The idea of Redevelopment of BPLC is that the built environment should provide it users with an essential setting and opportunities by maximizing the degree of choice available, it is called as a Responsive Environment. To achieve this kind of environment is through the following concepts.

a)

Permeability: where people can go and where they cannot The places which all users are permit to access, are the place can offer them choice

and opportunities. This kind of environment allows people a choice to access through it, from place to place, therefore it’s a key measurement of its responsiveness. Unfortunately, there would be no privacy if everywhere were accessible to any users, physical and visually. But one of our basic sources of choice stems from our ability to live both public and private roles.

For this capacity to flourish, both public places and private ones are necessary.

b)

Variety: the range of uses available to people Easy accessibility to the place is irrelevant unless they offer experiences, maximizing

its variety of use is also a key to responsiveness. Start with the assessing of the demand for different uses in the site, establish the social demand and how it can mix use to it, economically and functionally.

c)

Legibility: how easily people can understand what opportunities it offers

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The degree of choice offered by a place depends partly on how easily people can understand its layout. Legibility is the third key to responsiveness. Legibility has it two level, the physical and activity pattern. Places may be read as a clear sense through its aesthetic level, but to use a place’s potential to the full, awareness of physical form and patterns of use must complement one another.

d)

Robustness: the degree to which people can use a given place for different purposes Places which can be offer variety of purposes, offer their users more choices than

places whose design limits them to a single fixed use, environment offers this kind of quality is the fourth key to responsiveness. Focusing on the individual building and outdoor components spatial configuration and constructional organization, making it suitable and viable to the widest possible range of activities and future uses. e)

Visual appropriateness: the detailed appearance of the place makes people aware

of the choices available.

Focusing on what is should look like in detail is the fifth key to responsiveness. This quality is important due to it strongly affect the interpretation of the people using the places.

An environment showing visual appropriateness help people aware of the choices offered in the particular place by its quality. Assessing the vocabulary of visual cues, to communicate the levels of choice already designed into the place is the basic fundamentals of designing for visual appropriateness. Using these cues as a basis of design, then the appearance of the place will be developed in details.

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f)

Richness: people's choice of sensory experiences Increasing the variety of sense-experiences which users can enjoy, is the sixth key to

responsiveness. Sight is the most dominant sense for most of people. Information we handled is channeled directly within the eyes. For richness, the designer must offer sensory choice, so that the user can choose different sense-experience on different occasions.

g)

Personalization: the extent to which people can put their own stamp on a place.

The places where people live and work will still be designed by other, especially by the architects. It is particularly important making it possible for the user to do a personalization, to put their own stamp on their environment which bears their own taste and values and encouraging the user to dress the building differently, through personalization to can make each use explicit. This seventh key to responsiveness should apply with effort in the most effective ways.

Social Architecture One of the reasons why the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center did not utilize accordingly is that the clients found the building unattractive and not suitable for business ventures. As a commercial building, it should focus more on social engagements that will attract and cater more users.

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In a BluPrint Conversation interview with Ar. William Ti, Jr., principal architect of WTA Architecture and Design Studio was held last July 2018 regarding social architecture. In his definition, “social architecture aims to be an architecture that engages with people…”, reversing the relationship of buildings to people; letting buildings come to the society instead of society coming to buildings – creating an intimate relationship between the built environment and the people. He added the importance of creating barrier-free spaces, quoting that “…architecture should be a symbol for everyone…”. Lastly, he pointed out the impact of smaller spaces influencing larger amount of audience, as we should design spaces not with just large monolithic institution but of designs with strong network of holistic spaces.

Social architecture is defined as the conscious design of the environment that looks to encourage a certain social behavior that will lead towards a common goal. It means that before designing a space, the goal must be defined first and should be based upon the users who will interact within that certain space. Social architecture contradicts the common practice of designing a space for general purpose and just letting the users interact in whatever ways they want. A clearly defined purpose will not only direct the users but encourage them to achieve a goal like learning, innovation, and interaction.

Principles of Social Architecture

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William J. Mitchell, in his book City of Bits, pointed out that laboratories as example of social architecture are much more than producers of products, as they are also social condensers that bring people together. According to bharchitects.com, there are four essentials principles for enhancing productivity through social architecture.

1.

Transparency and Visibility This principle states the outcome of a transparent view of other’s activities in a certain

facility. This boosts the productivity and performance of people, especially when they know that others can see them. Their behavior and ways of doing an activity will be different from those in a private setting. This can also enhance their comfortability as they can see how others use a certain space.

2.

De-stratification, Ease of Vertical Circulation, and Differentiation of Spaces Having a common access point where people from different departments or areas in a

building can meet or see each other can significantly boost interaction. This emphasizes the value of a well-designed vertical circulation which can make the users want to explore all the other floors, knowing that they will be able to interact with other people and see the different activities which various departments perform. A common meeting place will also promote a much productive exchange of ideas.

3.

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Sustainable design can be associated with high performance buildings as it promotes efficient natural ventilation and lighting and a pleasant view of the outside. Providing an efficient and readily available access to the outside environment tends to make the users more active. People’s needs should be addressed properly in order to achieve a productive environment, as they are the most sensitive aspect of design.

4.

Measurement and Verification (M&V) – the Importance of Progressive

Informational Feedback Monitoring the feedback of users is also one of the essential principles of social architecture. These feedbacks will help to continuously develop the design and how it is adapting to the current performance and activities of the users.

Behavioral Architecture Human behavior is understood as forming the architecture but also architecture can shape human behavior. Humans build buildings in order to meet its own needs, then building that shape the behavior of people who live in the building (Raviyanda, 2018). The buildings build by us humans were originally to answer human needs – defined by the role of architecture. On the other hand, the way architecture was built tends to affect the human’s way of living his social life and values that exists. Such dilemma should involve a harmonious relationship between architecture – as it directs how users behave in an environment; and humans – the basis on how should architecture be defined as it will influence the customs, attitudes, emotions, values, and aesthetics.

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Human behaviors, attitudes and values become significant in order to create enabling environments for diverse needs of people in the contemporary society (Churchman, 2002; Lang 1987; Dent 1998). A well-known architect, Sir Winston Churchill, in his address on the English Architectural Association in 1924 describes how architecture establishes the intimate connection between human and the built environment, he quoted “There is no doubt whatever about the influence of architecture and structure upon human character and action. We make our buildings and afterwards they make us.

They regulate the course of our lives.”

Behavioral Architecture is an architecture that is able to handle human needs and feelings on a deeper sense – adjusting to the lifestyle of humans in it. This assesses the social structure of people, how they move and respond based on their built environment. This architecture focuses on considering how humans behave, creating a connection between their environment and architectural design. This philosophy of architecture believes that design can be a facilitator of human behavior, allowing spaces to be fully utilized according to what is good for the people. When spaces are designed to influence behavior, it is directing people for strategic reasons, providing a particular experience that focuses on providing better social interaction. Ittelson et al (1974) suggest that “All buildings imply at least some form of social activity stemming from both their intended function and the random encounters they may generate. The arrangement of partitions, rooms, doors, windows, and hallways serves to encourage or hinder communication and, to this extent, affects social interaction. This can occur at

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any number of levels and the designer is clearly in control to the degree that he plans the contact points and lanes of access where people come together.

According to Ravi Yanda (2017), the principles of behavioral architecture must be considered in the application of the design. First is, that the design must be able to communicate with humans and the environment, wherein these aspects should holistically work with each other in order for the design to be easily understood. Second is, the design must accommodate in all aspects what is needed by the users to provide Sustainable Commercial Buildings

Sustainable design is the conscious act of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (World Commission on the Environment and Development, 2018). Commercial establishments, being one of the most utilized development have been adapting the principle of sustainability on its design, from its construction to operations. Design principles and technologies have been tested and used by architects to create a sustaining solution for the growing problems on the environment.

Applying sustainability in designs is no longer a personal choice for designers, it has been now a demand to be applied. Sustainability gives equal importance to its process and to its product, it enforces designers to better evaluate and anticipate the environmental, economic, and social impacts and costs of building products (Green Building Solutions, 2010). The Ministry for the Environment CHAPTER II | 119

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has proven the effectivity of sustainable design as it can be applied on any building. In their case studies conducted on institutional and commercial establishments, they have found out the efficiency of buildings on its operational life leading to positive user satisfaction and benefits in productivity.

According to Wellington City Council, sustainable strategies that are used in commercial facilities commonly start from the proper energy usage to the wider ranges like water usage, selecting the applicable construction materials and efficient waste management. Although these strategies are proven to be effective, considering the use of the facility where it will be applied.

•

Renewable Energy

•

Green roofs

•

Rainwater collection

•

Passive heating and cooling

•

Lighting

•

Electronic technology

•

Fine Tuning

•

Construction waste

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e. Case Studies i.

Local Case Study

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A.

Manila Port Passenger Terminal

Figure 2.20: Exterior of the North Port Passenger Terminal Source: https:// mnhport.com.ph

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Similarity with the project: A facility near a port in which accommodate passenger for lounging and waiting before their embarkment and disembarkment.

a. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study will focus on the strategies used to create a responsive environment to the different passengers using the facility. In line with this, the different planning considerations used to achieve the necessary spaces that are needed in the facility to cater different types of users will also be considered in the study. Lastly, the main concept of the passenger terminal will be tackled in the study.

b. Summary and Data of the Case Study The North Port Passenger Terminal is located at the Pier 4, south portion of the Manila Port Terminal 2 at the 12,000 square meter complex. The terminal handle combination of containerized and breakbulk cargo, and Operation Center 2 building is constructed for the easement of transaction within the area.

The construction of the Passenger Terminal is to replace the rundown and disorderly waiting area for the travelers. The terminal offers comfortable seating through their loungestyle interiors, a wide food selection for the waiting travelers and abundant parking spaces to accommodate large number of users. The terminal also includes prayer room for the religious passengers, and playroom, nursing and diaper-change room for the passengers with children.

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The waiting room of the terminal is design with a panoramic-view of Manila Bay to create a relaxing environment.

The overall design of the passenger terminal takes into the account of being a true Filipino, the tradition Filipino practice in which being hospitable in sending welcoming crowds for travelers are the key concepts of the Passenger Terminal. The facility Add various spaces that caters different kinds of Filipino behavior to create an efficient and effective environment to the users, some of the spaces are based on the Filipino’s traditions, beliefs and practices.

c. Application of the Case Study to the Project The redevelopment of the BPLC will consider the numerous types of users to achieve a responsive environment. Various aspects of spaces such as religious and nursery spaces will be considered in the redevelopment to cater the different users of the BPLC. The key concept of the North Port Passenger Terminal, in which all the design and strategies used are based on the traditional practices of Filipino to create a much efficient and effective environment, will be considered in the overall design of the BPLC.

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B.

TriNoma

Figure 2.21: Exterior of Triangle North of Manila (TriNoma) Source: https://www.dccd.com/project/trinoma/

Project Title: Triangle North of Manila (TriNoma) Location: Quezon City, Philippines Year of Establishment: October 16, 2007 Similarity with the project: A commercial establishment that cater both users of the mall and the adjacent public passenger terminal. a.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study will focus on the advantageous planning of the TriNoma that considered

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utility vehicle, metro train transportation and buses. The strategically planning use in the exterior and interior of the TriNoma to assess the climate needs of the user and the concepts used to create a constant flow of journey will also consider in the study.

b.

Summary and Data of the Case Study Triangle North of Manila, popularly known as Trinoma is a 3.5-billion shopping mall

of the Ayala Malls designed by Callison, the group of architects who designed the Greenbelt, another Ayala Land Inc. project. This 13-hectare structure is located at the corner of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), North Avenue, and Mindanao Avenue in Quezon City that makes it accessible to different types of public transport such as the MRT, FX, Buses. The exterior of Trinoma is classified as a concrete jungle were the aesthetics of its exterior is contemporary yet the landscaping incorporated in the design gives a forest feel. Its façade displays a large wall with many glass windows and lushes of garden covered with trees and lots of green features. The whole “jungle-like” element of the building is not merely for the aesthetics but also provides function, were plenty of areas around the building which were open and uncovered which the tall trees are used to provide shade to the open spaces, given that maximum shade is one solution to the tropical or hot humid climate in the Philippines (Rapoport, 1969).

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fusion of established and modern concepts by connecting the interior of the building to its exterior, making it an exciting destination. Unlike most shopping malls, TriNoma’s main entrances are not merely guarded by security checks so that the spaces flow constantly that will lessen the exterior and interior barriers (Cabana, 2008).

The noticeable characteristic of TriNoma is that it reaches out to a variety of customers from different social classes, although the mall is divided into various zones it is also divided according to the social classes. Areas near the entrances of the multi-level parking are fancier in design compared to the areas near the MRT station and public transport. The Mindanao Lobby is lined with relatively expensive coffee shops, its columns, wall decorations, and lighting are far more sophisticated than the area leading to the MRT station. The user entering from the car parks will be welcomed by fancy ceiling lights and spacious pathways. While the user entering from the MRT station entrance has more cluttered surrounding. This division according to class is actually considered as an advantage as it gives it a wider range of customers, also making the users from the higher class don’t feel dismayed, and people from the middle or lower class don’t feel intimidated to enter.

c.

Application of the Case Study to the Project Its entrances that cater different types of transportation that can be considered

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Filipinos with respect to the given climate will also be considered in the designing phase of the project. Lastly, the concepts used in designing the TriNoMa to achieve a community that promotes equality and harmony to the different social classes that are meeting in a common ground will be reflected in the project.

i.

Foreign Case Study A.

New South China Mall

Figure 2.22: Aerial shot of New South China Mall Source: https://gzshopper.com

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Location: Dongguan, China Year of Establishment: 2005 Similarity with the project: A commercial complex that is coined as a White Elephant building due its inactive state.

a.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study The evident reasons on why the New South China Mall is dubbed as a White Elephant

building is the main focus of the study, its social characteristic that makes it disadvantageous will also be tackled by the researcher. The redevelopment and retrofitting prior to the revitalization of the New South China Mall will be analyzed and considered in the study.

b.

Summary and Data of the Case Study The New South China Mall is the world’s largest shopping mall located in the

Dongguan, China. The mall has 659,6100 square meters of leasable floor space and 891,869 square meters of the total spaces. The mall noticeable features are the seven zones modeled on international cities, nations and regions. The features include the Amsterdam, Paris, Rome, Venice, Egypt, The Caribbean and California, the mall also has a replica of the Arc de Triomphe, another of the bell tower of St. Mark’s in Venice, and a 2,092-meter canal with gondolas.

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The mall seemed promising at first, it had staggering large space for leasable space enough to cater 2,300 stores. It was more than twice the size of the Mall of America, biggest shopping center in the United States. However, the mall was not a hit to the locals of Dongguan that makes it deserted, dubbing it by industry analysis as a “Ghost Mall”. Most of Dongguan’s eight million inhabitants are migrant workers, who earn their living in local factories and establishment, therefore, many of them do not want to dispose and spend their income.

The redevelopment and modernization of the New South China Mall makes it more successful. Its new strategy is to focus on restaurants and shops that target China’s middle class, rather than upper class. This change of plans is drawing more shoppers and tenants to the mall. Some of the new features of the mall include a globe-shaped IMAX-style cinema in the outside square, as well as amusement that will attract different users such as kids and an overall better mix of retail and non-retail spaces.

c.

Application of the Case Study to the Project The projected users of the project will be analyzed and considered in the pre-design

phase to create a much more responsive environment. Their social status will also be considered to achieve an environment in which it will be more accommodating to the different social classes. Necessary and advantageous spaces such as recreational and non-recreational

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spaces that is viable and has concrete basis to the success of the project will be reflected in the planning of the BPLC to enhance its economic status.

2. Ecological Environment a. Topography and Physical Features of the Site The province of Batangas is in the island of Luzon and among the five (5) provinces that comprised the CALABARZON (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon) Region, is situated at the intersection of 14° North

latitude

and

121°

East

longitude. It is about 107.5 kilometers away south of the metropolitan area and is bounded on the north by the province of Cavite, on the east by Figure 2.23: Map of Batangas Province Source: google.com

Laguna and Quezon, on the south by

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the Verde Island passage and on the west by West Philippine Sea. Across the Verde Island Passage to the south are the Islands of Oriental and Occidental Mindoro.

The Province of Batangas has a total land area of 316,581 hectares or 3,165.81 square kilometers and accounts for 1.06 percent of the Philippines’ total land area. Batangas City has the biggest share of the province’s land area with 28 ,300 hectares (8.94 percent). This is followed by the Municipality of San Juan with 27,340 hectares (8.64 percent) and Municipality of Nasugbu with 26,300 hectares (8.31 percent) of the provincial land area. On the other hand, Municipality of Sta. Teresita has the smallest land area of 1,250 hectares or barely 0.39 percent of the total land area (Batangas Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan for 2014-2022).

b. Micro Site Data i. Building and site observation 1. Flora FLORA Classification

Description

Observation This type of tree is abundant in

The mahogany tree is commercially

the site, its commonly found in

important lumber for its beauty and

the drop off of the main

durability to make furniture, boat,

building. The Mahogany is

musical instrument and other items.

classified as a medium dense tree, that can give enough

Philippine Mahogany Tree

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shade to the embarking and disembarking passenger

The Lead tree or commonly known as Ipil-ipil is a tropical forest plant, it can be a bush, shrub, hedge and a

This kind of tree can be found

tree. Aside from being used as

in the front portion of the

animal feeds in agriculture and

BPLC, however, the site only

firewood and building materials, the

has two (2) Ipil-ipil tree.

Ipil-ipil can also be advantageous Ipil-ipil Tree

as a soil erosion control.

The Balete tree is the most

Being a Large dense tree, it

abundant tree in the BPLC, it

can give enough shade to the

commonly found in the private

vehicles in the parking area

parking area and the front portion of

and also lessen the heat island

the building.

effect in the site.

Palm trees can be found commonly

The palm tree can be found in

in the parking areas and entrance of

the parking area of the BPLC,

Balete Tree

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the any site. These trees are good in

unfortunately it only has one.

landscape and for botanical gardens

The use of this tree can be

since it has a low-maintenance

considered in the

characteristic, this tree only requires

redevelopment of the BPLC, to

little amount of water and nutrition.

produce more shaded area

Palm Tree

specially in the spaces that have high sunlight exposure.

2. Sea Features SEA FEATURES Picture

Description Batangas Bay is classified as a semi-enclosed sea feature in the Luzon island of the Philippines.

It is the most adjacent body of water to the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center since it is neighboring with the Batangas International Port. It is also lined with various industrial plant ranging from oil refining, food

Batangas Bay

processing to ship building.

Observation With the proximity of Batangas Bay with BPLC, it gives high wind pressure which generate more natural ventilation within the building.

On the other hand, being close with a coastal body it also imposes ecological risks such as concrete deterioration, increase of temperature, faster metal corrosion, and visible marks

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of salt residues on the glass materials of BPLC.

The Calumpang river is the core river in the eastern batangas, it is categorized as a Class D River which means it can only be use in agriculture and manufacturing process. Direct Disposal of the Household and Livestock waste and untreated sewage are the main reason for the water contamination of the Calumpang River

Calumpang river.

Since the Calumpang river flow southward to the Batangas Bay stretching an approximately point of 2 kilometers east of Batangas Port, it can act as a natural drainage of the community and BPLC that support the man-made drainages in draining the excess water.

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3. Land Features

LAND FEATURES Pictures

Description

Observation

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``

Mount Pinamucan

Mount Malepunyo

One of the visible land features

Since the Mount Pinamucan

is the Mount Pinamucan, it is

has a 647-meter elevation, it

located at the North East

gives a great panoramic view

portion Batangas Batangas in

within the vicinity of BPLC

Calabarzon region. The

and its visibility can enhance

mountain has an elevation of

the quality of spaces in the

647 meters above the sea level.

redevelopment of the BPLC.

Mount Malepunyo is also

Mount Melapunyo is also one

known as Mount Malarayat and

of the visible land features in

one of the major features of the

the BPLC with its vast ranges

Southern Tagalog landscape.

and an elevation of 1,005

Mount Malepunyo is one of the

above sea level. This view of

major destinations in the Lipa

the mountain can be

due to its vastness that provide

maximized in the

to the rise of three destinations

redevelopment of the BPLC

with its three summit peaks that

to create a panoramic view

gives spectacular views.

within the building

Table 2.9 Analysis of Land Features Image Source: Google Images

ii. Coastal Environment 1. Deterioration Due to Ecological Setting

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According to a study conducted by Kenta Yamamoto, Takayuki Isoda, Tadashi Saito (2016) regarding Reinforced Concrete Structures Deterioration in Coastal Area by Focusing on Condition of Bar Corrosion, reinforced concrete structures in coastal area are deteriorated by various factors such as Cl- penetration and carbonic acid gas. The penetration of chloride ions into reinforced concrete structures is the major contributing factor for inducing corrosion of the steel reinforcement. For corrosion to occur, four conditions must be satisfied: •

High chloride concentration at the level of the rebar

•

Presence of moisture

•

Presence of oxygen

•

High electrical conductivity In the case of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC), the

second and third factor is the greatest contributor among the four – being the BPLC is situated in a coastal area with frequent distribution of rain and its presence of moisture and oxygen, the facility is prone to deterioration. The Batangas City has an average of 81% humidity wherein there is a high moisture content in the air – allowing fast oxidation of materials.

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Efflorescence Efflorescence

is

caused

when

soluble salts and other water dispersible materials come to the surface of concrete and

mortars.

temperatures,

It's

induced

moist

by low conditions,

condensation, rain, dew, and water added to the surface of fresh concrete to assist

Figure 2.24: Salt and dust buildup on the windows of BPLC Source: Cheskertt Camacho

troweling (Navsik, 2016). Formation of primary efflorescence is strongly affected by weather conditions such as ambient temperatures, humidity, and wind (Bashman, 2013). Salt build-up also occurs on windows due to the same environmental conditions. While accumulation of salt crystals can make it tough to see out of windows, these crystals can also cause the windows to deteriorate over time.

A typical sea water has an average of chloride content of 19,200 mg/L of salt, in which during rains are transported on buildings; residues after evaporation are present which penetrates within the building material allowing it to be corroded.

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efflorescence can also lead to higher energy bills, since more energy can pass through the weakened window space.

2. Coastal-related disasters

Figure 2.25: Map of Batangas International Port Complex and Brgy. Sta. Clara Source: google.com

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Tsunami Risk According to the study conducted by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), a private foundation that focuses on geotechnical and geosciences consultations and researches, a critical map can be derived from the local tsunami vulnerability and risk assessment of Batangas City. The most affected areas may be subjected to a 1-meter sea level rise from the Manila Trench scenario of magnitude 8.2.

The Batangas International Port (BIP) complex is protected by the main harbor infrastructures constructed with a harbor basin and enclosed by high walls. This includes the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) building, Bureau of Customs, and Passenger and Cargo Terminals. Main access roads such as arterial roads do not belong to the affected areas of tsunami. Despite this, there are still some affected facilities like the Lyceum International Maritime Academy and the PagAsa Center (Hope Center).

According to Mr. Rodrigo Dela Roca, the City Disaster Risk Reduction Management (CDRRM) Officer of Batangas City, there are no other major disaster that can affect area where the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC) is situated aside from the given tsunami risk which were already mitigated by the presence of the built reinforced infrastructures.

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Flood Risk Due to the coastal setting of Barangay Sta. Clara, it is also prone to flooding and according to the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), the area can be affected by a 0.7-meter-high flood that will last for about two to three hours during the events of heavy rainfall. The Barangay Hall, Sta. Clara Elementary School and other near-shore settlements belongs to the affected areas and the flood risk is worsened by the observed clogged drainage canals.

These present ecological conditions in Batangas City, and specifically in Barangay Sta. Clara can serve as considerations and basis for the ongoing and future developments. Proper assessment of the given risks such as tsunamis and floods can be translated into a more environment-responsive building design for the near-shore areas.

3. Effects of Coastal-related Disasters The Batangas Port, being in the coastline of Batangas Bay, has been experiencing dilemmas on Port operations during delayed trips due to storm surges brought by typhoons.

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With the last landfall of Ompong at the Province of Batangas, delayed trips have been announced to ensure the safety of passengers. This has led to hundreds of passengers who remained stranded at the port and has spent two days waiting for the lifting of sea travel suspension due to stormy weather. Close to 400 passengers and more than 100 roll-on-roll-off (RoRo) vehicles have been stranded at the port as well.

Figure 2.26: Passengers of Batangas Port after a 2-day delay of their trip Source: Philippine Information Agency

Unexpected cancellation of trips has led to passengers to be staying at the waiting area of the Port with unconducive environment and facilities for sleeping and eating. In figure 2.17, passengers have been waiting for almost 2 days for their trips to be resumed. Personal discomfort has been observed during such dilemmas as passengers have almost cramped spaces.

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In an interview with Mr. Jeffrey Narzoles, a Sta. Clara resident porter of the Terminal 3, he told that during such cancellations of trips is where the BPLC is needed the most, but on the other hand is not utilized because the facility is being closed during such calamities.

iii. Environment Responsive Study a. Material To achieve an environment that will respond to the various needs of users in terms of climate adaptive and comfort, the used of environment responsive materials can be consider in the redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC).

The selected materials in the table ## are based on the key concepts of the book Responsive Environment by Ian Bently that will enhance the quality of activities in the proposed BPLC. The key concepts that can be achieve by means of materials are the main consideration. In addition, key concepts that requires deep design application are not considered in the table.

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RESPONSIVE MATERIALS

PICTURES

ARGON FILLED GLAZING

DESCRIPTION Since some part of the BPLC is exposed to harsh effect of environment such as salt residue and heat gain, argon filled glazing can be applied to enhance the thermal comfort of the users and mitigate the formation of efflorescence in the window while providing enough daylight for various activities.

This type of wall system can be

KEY CONCEPT ROBUSTNESS

The use of glazing window extends the used of spaces due to its ability to respond to the microclimatic effects such as heat temperature and efflorescence.

PERSONALISATION

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applied in the redevelopment of BPLC to regulate the indoor temperature of spaces that has large number of accommodations.

The use of polycarbonate skin can also act as an indication for the users that they will enter either public or private spaces.

POLYCARBONATED SKIN

PERMEABLE PAVEMENT

The BPLC outdoor pavements are usually made of asphalt and concrete that may gain severe heat island effect.

The use of permeable pavement can be applied in the parking spaces and other open areas to minimize the gain of heat in the site.

High humidity and precipitation is

ROBUSTNESS

Permeable pavement mitigates the effects of heat gain in an open space, the lesser the heat in an area, the more the user may use the space on other activities.

PARMEABILITY

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evident in the BPLC, the use of pervious concrete can drain the excess water faster than the normal concrete or asphalt.

Aside from being a substitute drainage system, the pervious concrete may act as an indication it either maybe public or private roads.

PERVIOUS CONCRETE VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS The structure system is a lightweight technology and promotes durability which can be applied in large open areas that can be developed in a minimum support.

SPACE FRAME TECHNOLOGY

Aside from being used as a structural system. The space frame technology can make a space to standout that will make it more legible and acts as a contextual cue for the users.

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The BPLC is situated in a coastal area, plain concrete will easily deteriorate in this type of location.

Therefore, the use of aluminum cladding in the exterior of the building, provides protection and strength to the effects of coastal environment.

VISUAL APPROPRIATENESS

The detailed appearance of aluminum cladding has a role that to respond to the effects of coastal degradation to the exterior of the buildings.

ALUMINUM CLADDING RICHNESS The BPLC can accommodate a variety of spaces that will require good soundproofing, the use of acoustic panels can reduce the noise pollution in the selected areas such as private offices and recreational area that will produce more noise.

The term richness may also pertain on how the spaces enriches the human senses.

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VARIETY Sliding walls dividers promotes flexibility in the BPLC. Rooms that requires more space to accommodate more and diverse activities can be applied with this material.

The key concept of variety gives the users choice of type of activity either large- or small-scale activities.

SLIDING WALL DIVIDERS Table 2.10: Environment Responsive Study

c. Research Topics

i. Building Deterioration The Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center is in the state of downgrading, its deterioration status in starting to worsen. Many modern structures constructed in the 20th century was all made by concrete, corrosion and carbonation is the main reason behind the deterioration in the building. Exposure to harsh environment can cause faster deterioration plus the instances of lack of maintenance can increase the deterioration. There are factors than can cause deterioration of the building these factors are.

Environmental Factor

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Extreme temperatures have a great influence in the deterioration of a structure. The following are the factor are all cause of radiations. a) Solar radiation Bright sunshine imposes great effect to the building deterioration due to its total radiations, b) Ultraviolet radiation A large proportion of the radiation is block and absorbed by the earth’s atmosphere, so it has less effect. However, the radiation penetrates the atmosphere of the earth can deteriorate the organic materials, though its radiation power is not the strong. Many organic materials degraded by the ultra violet lights such as those used in sealants. c) The visible waveband This spectrum of radiation is primarily experience as heat factor. The total radiation receive by the structure are depends on the following.

▪

The proportion of cloud covering the building

▪

The environment seasons

▪

The local topography

d) Infra-red radiations The infrared radiation is almost absorbed by all forms of matter. Causing the increase in temperature, making its surface temperature, greater than the surrounding air temperature.

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Design Factor Pre-planning phase is the process of knowledgeably selecting the materials and determining its position in the construction phase to produce a building with efficient performance. To have an efficient building, the designer must possess a good knowledge and understanding of materials, as well its interaction to their environment. Many of the subsequent maintenance problems are directly attributed to decisions made at the design stage of the building. These decisions can be broadly classified into several categories.

a) Approach to Design Many maintenance problems arise where design is sound in principle but has a low probability of satisfactory achievement in practice. Designers may also fail to realize that some their designs can be too complex for the given site conditions and can present problems prior to buildability.

The designer must be fully aware of what is the client’s needs and wants.

Understanding how the building is to be used is one of the designer’s duties and also, it is the designer’s responsibility to find out the requirements of the particular building type. The owner of a proposed building understandably wants value for money.

Economy should be achieved through measures that do not compromise on safety, performance and durability.

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Inadequate initial studies may result to the owner’s and designer’s attempt to provide too much. The designer’s responsibility to decide how much to provide within the available budget. In line with this, designers should also advise the owner of the effects upon maintenance costs of using certain materials or techniques, so that the owner can decide whether he prefers lower initial costs and high future maintenance costs, or vice versa. b) Selection of Materials The selection of design details in relation to the materials and products to be used, and in relation to the proposed use of the building and its environment, is in fact one of the factor most affecting the risk of defects and failures. The designer must either design to suit the materials availability or for a required design, choose materials which may be expected to perform satisfactorily with that design in the given environment. The choice of materials will be governed mainly by the following factors: ▪

The materials ability to withstand the harsh effect of the climate.

▪

The materials ability to fulfill their design function.

▪

The materials reaction within its surrounding materials.

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The materials ease of maintenance and replacement.

▪

The materials overall economic acceptability.

The designer’s task is to find the best solution using materials that is acceptable

prior to its physical and economic advantages over other materials being considered.

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The designer also needs to know how the certain materials will weather and react to one another. It is also essential to consider how the materials reacts or behaves when combine with other different materials. Designers must bear in mind that innovation is likely to give rise to greater risks than traditional buildings using traditional and tested materials.

ii. Coastal Developments

Development on coasts is in grave danger in the coming decades from the combination of sea level rise and storms. When coastal development is built too close to the shore, the results can be devastating (Pawlukiewicz, 2007). The coastal setting of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center imposes great risk that in requires to design to be both resilient that can withstand the effect of coastal climate while protecting its the environment.

The Preparedness, responsiveness, and resilience have a great deal in common. The architects implementing resilient design enables the preparation of facilities and infrastructure that can respond and adapt to current and future conditions of its environment. Sustainable design on the other hand, it is the principles are inherent in resilient design, as minimizing additional environmental impact and protecting the limited natural resources are tenets of the practice (Kranbuehl, 2016).

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Utilizing resilient design process to create a building that is capable of responding to a dynamic coastal environment (Resilient Design Institute, 2008). The following are the principles of resiliency the researcher can consider in redeveloping the BPLC. a) Transcend Scales Examining the projected climate change condition in the structure’s site in a manner that responds to sea level and prevailing winds, maximize passive solar energy, collects stormwater on site and minimal impacts on site b) Protect the Natural Environment and Resources Integrating key sustainable strategies that protect the environment and be the center of resiliency. These strategies such as rainwater collection, clerestory windows and sun shading for daylight harvesting maybe use to reduce the building energy use. c) Anticipate Interruptions and Adversity Considering potential risks to the building, categorized these risks by importance and probability, accounted for the expected life of the building, and weighed appropriate locations for key infrastructure that maintain critical functions. Of all the resilient design principles, it is arguable that this principle generates the greatest impact on building program as it influences systems and function location at every level. d) Simple, Passive and Flexible This resilient design principle emphasizes designing for the best possible building function during an event such as a power outage and flooding. e) Durable Materials and Systems CHAPTER II | 154

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This is fundamental principle in a coastal environment, evaluating how building materials will withstand storms, flooding, and humidity is a key component in the design solution. In addition to the considerations, including the robust and redundant structure design, were windows that can withstand hurricane force winds, and the selection of materials that don’t off gas in the event of fire or flooding. f) Diverse and Redundant System The last principle is to create a self-sufficient, and an independent building, wherein the use of strategies such as stormwater, rainwater and graywater are classified as independent and have level of redundancy. Using these techniques can create a building that has high energy cost saving and most importantly, protecting the county’s well water.

iii. Coastal Vernacular Architecture The BPLC, being situated in a developed coastal area, needs to address its ecological setting in its future redevelopment. Building efficiency and effectivity can be achieved when a structure not only respond to its user, but on its environment as well. The contributions of sustainability, being an environment-responsive aspect of design, are steadily increasing in parallel with developments in technology (Salgin, 2017). This is because, much of the sustainable architectural design principles depend on reference to vernacular architecture.

Buildings that are designed in accordance with a community’s culture, lifestyle and the physical and climatic conditions of such communities are called vernacular architecture.

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Vernacular architecture establishes a holistic relationship between climate, architecture and people – aiming to provide a more efficient and effective building for the community and to the environment. This principle could also be associated with sustainable architectural principles through the application of local materials, producing a more environmental-friendly construction at are compatible with the surrounding conditions and that can last for many years.

Vernacular architecture does not rely on high-tech energy-consuming systems for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting, but on the immediate natural systems in the local environment. In a study conducted by Mohammadzadeh, E. (2013), on a comparative study on the Vernacular Architecture and Energy Use in Buildings, it can be noted that modern buildings will consume more energy, and potentially a lot more energy, probable reason is that, as buildings are getting older, and the amortizations of the materials led occupants to consume more energy to create a comfortable space for themselves (Szuppinger and Csobod, 2011).

iv. Tropical Architecture Being situated in a tropical country, the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center is exposed in an environment that is prone to heat island effect and extreme temperature. This effect is resulted in an environment in which it has little greenery and has the large portion of concrete surfaces. The Tropical Design which analyzing the climate of the oriented architecture, weather in a place where the mass of the building and impact on the environmental influence on

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the tropical surroundings (Bantilan, 2013), can be use in the redevelopment of the BPLC to achieve an environment responsive building.

The tropical design is all about achieving the best thermal comfortability with the use of passive strategies and design elements such as sunshades, cavity wall, light shelves, overhangs, roof and wall insulation and even shading from large tree to block the radiant of the sun (De Jesus, 2011). Passive design is the process of achieving this comfort level without relying on the mechanical apparatus.

Basic Design Principle Having a ward humid climate like the Philippines, according to De Jesus, A., these design principles can be use regarding natural ventilation to cool a building environment. a)

The building external features should be in relation to its site to maximized air

movements. Interior partition should not block air movements. b)

Air velocity can be reduced when the interior walls are placed close to the inlet

opening or each time it is diverted around obstructions. c)

If the having an interior wall is unavoidable, air flow can still be ensured if the

partitions have openings at the lower and upper portions. This is a common strategy in a Filipino old house, which its transom panels covered with intricate wood carvings and louvers. d)

Maximizing the window openings for cross ventilations of internal spaces. Vents in

the roof can also be very effective to draw out the heat from room interiors.

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e)

Since the behavior of the hot air which is to goes upward and cool air goes downward,

opening at the top of staircase and in clerestory window to facilitate air change. f)

In a tropical setting, it is generally cooler at night, so the ventilation of internal space

can be continuous for nighttime cooling. The design of the building should have an operable window to let hot air escape at night and capture the prevailing night winds. g)

To supplement natural ventilation, the used of fans to increase comfort conditions.

Fans are effective in generating internal air movement, improve air distribution and increase air velocities. h)

Window openings are advisable at the body level for evaporative human body cooling.

The room should not be longer than five (5) times the ceiling height to have a good air movement. i)

The use of sun-shading and sun protecting devices on openings to reduce heat gain

and glare, and also it helps in internal daylighting. Louvers can also be used to alter the direction of air flow and lighting.

Using this basic principle in a development of a building, the designer can create a structure that can withstand and harmonize to its given ecological setting. Being in a tropical country can impose great effect to the building, with these principles the redevelopment of BPLC can be more effective in terms of climate responsiveness.

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Design is more of problem solving, its main focus is to understand the main concern and second is to solve the problem. However, in Holistic Design it disagrees the concept of design. It still focuses on solving problems but takes an approach to the design that sees the system as an interconnected whole that is part of a larger world. In this system secondary considerations become primary considerations alongside the problem-solving aspect of design.

Holistic design approaches in architecture enable architects to account all of the factor in designing. They examine the way that the design will appear aesthetically in context. The designer may look at neighboring buildings and open spaces. Considering the position of the sun at different times of day and how light will play on the surface. Then the designer examines the use of the space and consider what sort of messages the design should project

Basic Design Principle

Holistic design is a design approach which sees a design as an interconnected whole that is part of the larger world. It goes beyond problem solving to incorporate all aspects of the ecosystem in which a product is used. The focus of holistic design is context dependent. even so, among other things, it considers aesthetics, sustainability, and spirituality. There are several key principles that can be use by the architects and designer to incorporate holistic design to their work (Behar, n.a).

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a) Always begin with the question in mind rather than answers. It is important to ask question which put the problem in its holistic context. For example, “How could this solution can be more sustainable?�. b) Don’t reduce its functionality to meet the holistic goal, improve the functionality and also meet the holistic goals. Always bear in mind that the designer needs to deliver more, not less. c) Use different disciplines and concepts and adapt the theories form those disciplines to deliver greater design. d) Look at the whole lifecycle of a product and design from marketing to disposal. e) Establish the designer want that everyone else wants. It is essential to create change and meet the unmet needs. It will change the designing process forever.

Looking at the whole context can achieve an environment that is collaborating with its community. It is essential to the redevelopment of the Batangas Provincial Livelihood center to be collaborative to the community since it has interconnected facilities and interaction to different users. Through the holistic design considering all the aspect surrounds the BPLC is the main focus of the study, with this, making the building to be more efficient and effective is attainable.

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d. Case Studies i. Local Case Study A.

Pearl Farm Beach Resort

Figure 2.27: The Waterfront Bungalow at the Pearl Farm Beach Resort Source: https://www.gaiadiscovery.com

Project Title: Pearl Farm Beach Resort Location: Samal, Davao del Norte, Philippines Year of Establishment: 1992 Similarity with the project: A structure that is vulnerable and situated in a harsh climate of coastal setting.

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a.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study The study will mainly focus on the strategies used in the development to assess the

environmental impact given by the coastal areas. Materials used to comply with the high-risk imposed by the climate in coastal areas are also tackled in the study. Lastly, the researcher will be considering the proper assessment of its environment context to achieve a space that will in line with the tropical setting of the structure. The spaces within the beach resort that are not related to the development of the study will not be covered by the researcher.

b.

Summary and Data of the Case Study The 14-hectare aquatic hideaway situated on Samal Island, in the Davao Gulf was

opened to the public in 1992, the Pearl Farm Beach Resort is a must visit beach resort throughout the country. Joseph Durano, head of the Department of Tourism in 2001 states that, “This exquisite place in Davao is what you call paradise on earth.”. Designed by the renowned architect Francisco Mañosa, Pearl Farm is a modern-tribute to Mindanaoan traditions.

Its Adaptation to the curves of the coastline, the Pearl Farm Beach Resort calls for the least of disturbance of its natural setting. With the skillful use of local materials and products allows the color, tones and texture of the structure to comfortably blend with the island’s greenery. There is row of six-storey suites located at the northeast end of the resort which actually self-contained houses are clustered to represents the traditional Samal village CHAPTER II | 162

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configuration. The roofs were formed using bamboo poles cut in an overlapping terrace, reminiscing the traditional Samal houses. Along the hillside there are more modestly scaled suites that are inspired in a Mindanao design with the used of bamboo and rattan providing dominant features. The whole resort uses bamboo extensively in the interiors and exterior not only to provide a panoramic view of the oceans and the mainland, but also to be responsive to the given effects of being situated in the coastal.

The Pearl Farm Beach Resort’s design features of extensively usage of indigenous materials are likely used to mitigate the harsh effect of the climate in the coastal area.

Vernacular materials can also strengthen the resilient of the structure that can assess the extreme temperature given by the coastal setting. In conclusion, the vernacular design is responsible for the assessment of the climate needs to achieved an environment that will be efficient in a tropical country.

c.

Application of the Case Study to the Project The resilient strategies that will strengthen the mitigating capabilities of BPLC is the

main application in the development. The indigenous materials such as bamboo and rattan that is used in the case study can also be applied in the project to lessen the effects of coastal climate to the structure. Proper planning and juxtaposition of spaces that will be efficient and effective in a tropical setting is one of the considerations in the development of BPLC.

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ii. Foreign Case Study B.

Bobigny City Centre School

Figure 2.28: Aerial of Bobigny City Centre School Source: https://www.archdaily.com

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Similarity with the project: An institutional facility that is planned and designed to be incorporated to its given ecological setting.

a. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The design strategies used on how the Bobigny City Centre School is incorporated to its given surroundings will be the focus of the study. In line with this, the strategies used in configuration of the building to be both unified and protective that will allows it to closely fits into its urban setting layout will be tackled in the study. Lastly, the materials used that makes the building identifiable and durable will also be considered in the study. The cultural aspect of the case study will not be included by the researcher.

b. Summary and Data of the Case Study The city Centre school in Bobigny is in a strategic urban location, bounded by three large streets and by a pedestrian space on the north. It is in the middle of an urban complex mainly composed of housing, near the city hall. Therefore, this new school is a visually remarkable amenity, visible by its façades and its roof, a founding element of the project onto which the openings of the neighboring dwellings face. The design of amenity in which it is emblematic of the city Centre’s renewal and to be a strong architectural landmark in its neighborhood, the building also designed to be both welcoming and protective to ensure the children’s privacy.

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The building’s location lent itself to a three-storey mass on the north and east which gradually descends in tiers towards the south to allow maximum sunshine into the school playgrounds. Therefore, on the pedestrian street, the scheme presents a twostorey flat-facade wall-building enlivened by a random series of openings alternating with solid timber panels of different colors. This large mosaic-façade contains the entrance to the nursery and primary schools and the public entrance to the nursery and primary leisure centers, the games library and the common areas. Therefore, the scheme’s overall form is a spiral with a three-storey front on the north, designed to base the amenity’s institutional function on the pedestrian passage and the entrance esplanade, with gradual lightening of the built mass from the second upper floor downwards to the ground floor on the east and west, thereby allowing maximum sunlight into the classrooms and the school playgrounds.

This configuration allows us to propose a very identifiable building that is both unified and protective, which fits closely into its urban setting and follows the layout of the three streets that enclose it, with variation of the massing that creates a play of transparency and of visual counterpoints on the south and the south-west. Viewed from above, the building is seen as a succession of planted terraces on the north and east which open up and wrap themselves around the void of the nursery school playground on the ground floor and the primary school playground on a first-floor terrace, protected by a planted screen-fence. For this new facility, we chose a visibly CHAPTER II | 166

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durable material, composed of timber panels of different colors arranged in a random mosaic pattern.

c. Application of the Case Study to the Project The essence of incorporating the built environment to its natural setting to achieve a harmonious relationship that will cater their both needs will be considered in the redevelopment of the project. The strategies of variations of massing that will make the project welcoming, unified and protective environment will also be considered in the development of BPLC. In addition, the durable materials and timber panels used to create a hard-wearing building and iconic building will also be used in the study.

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3. Economic Inflows and Outflows a. Allocated Budget On July 11, 2003 a loan agreement was entered into by and between the LBP referred to as the LENDER, and the Provincial Government of Batangas represented by the Governor, Hermilando I. Mandanas, referred to as the BORROWER. Said covenant covered among others a Term Loan in the principal amount of P300,000,000.00 payable in fifteen (15) years, quarterly in arrears starting at the first quarter from the drawdown date for forty-eight equal quarterly amortizations to start at the end of the thirteenth (13th) quarter from drawdown date for interest and principal respectively, inclusive of three (3) years grace period on principal payment (Commission on Audit Annual Report for Batangas, 2007).

b. Income of BPLC The Batangas Province Economic Enterprises Board (BPEED) chaired by the Honorable Governor recommended that the problem should further study those possible remedies to generate income from BPLC which may be used to pay the amortization and interest of the loans from the Land Bank. On the other hand, the only economic enterprise that supports the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center is the operation of parking fee at the Port Area. According to the Provincial CHAPTER II | 168

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Cooperative, Livelihood, Enterprise and Development Office of Batangas, there is a high amount of expected revenues for the parking at the BPLC. Table 2.9 shows the revenue for parking of different modes of transportation.

The Provincial Government of Batangas are in debt due to the inability of Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC) to commence operation. The local vendors who are occupying the ground level of the BPLC are allowed to use the building without their paying rental space. Therefore, the provincial government are only relying on the income generated from the parking fees.

With the BPLC being unutilized and unmaintained for almost ten years, interest expenses of P19,337,378.05 and other operating expenses totaling P1,150,334.63 were incurred, resulting to a net loss of P15,309,620.18.

In addition to the net loss, amortization of the loan amounting to

P14,852,831.97 was paid to the Land Bank in 2007.

Parking Area The frontage of the BPLC with the total area of 3,555.6 square meter is allotted as a parking area and terminal for all types of vehicles. Presented in Figure 2.11 is the allocation of parking area with the following vehicles distinctions.

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Allocated Space

1080.00 m2.

986.70 m2.

266.90 m2.

370.00 m2.

426.00 m2.

426.00 m2.

Customer Parking Area

Bus Parking Area

Tricycle/PUJ terminal

Passenger Van Terminal

Private Vehicle Parking area (1)

Private Vehicle Parking area (2)

Figure 2.29: Parking space allocation

Parking Scheme The parking area is available for Jeepneys, Van, Container Vans, Cargo Trucks, Cars, Buses and Tricycles. The total parking slots is around fifty-nine (59) spaces, wherein six (6) slots are allotted for buses and twenty (20) slot units for tricycles. The 20 tricycle units will be allowed in the parking area from time to time, another 20 units shall only be allowed to enter the area when there is vacant space to filled in. For the jeepneys, maximum of five (5) units will be allowed to park beside the tricycle parking space, the others can park once there are space vacated.

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Parking Fees and Charges There will be parking and terminal fee to be charge on the vehicles entering the parking area. In pursuant of Provincial Tax Ordinance No. N-04 Year 2004, the table 2.9 below shall be the parking and terminal fees to be imposed at BPLC. Vehicular Class

Parking/Terminal Fee

Private Vehicles (cars, owner-type jeepney and vans)

20 pesos

Passenger Van

40 pesos

Passenger Bus

60 pesos

Passenger Jeep

5 pesos

Tricycle

5 pesos

Parking Terms 20 pesos in the first 1 hour and additional 10 pesos for every succeeding hour Payment upon entry Payment upon entry Payment upon entry Payment upon entry

Container Vans/Cargo Trucks Four (4) wheeler

200 pesos

Six (6) wheeler

300 pesos

Over six (6) wheeler

500 pesos

Payment upon entry Payment upon entry Payment upon entry

Table 2.11: Parking and Terminal Fee

Estimated Revenue on Parking fee The computed revenue to be collected on parking areas alone based on the prevailing tax ordinance are presented as follows: CHAPTER II | 171

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a) Private Vehicles â–Ş

Estimated No. of PUV’s to park/day multiply to the minimum parking fee for private vehicles đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: 60 đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘ (â‚ą10.00đ?‘Ľ24â„Žđ?‘&#x;đ?‘ ) = â‚ą14,400.00 đ?‘Ťđ?’‚đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą14,400.00

â–Ş

Estimated amount of daily collection multiply to 30 days đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą14,400.00 đ?‘Ľ 30 đ?‘‘đ?‘Žđ?‘Śđ?‘ = â‚ą432,000.00 đ?‘´đ?’?đ?’?đ?’•đ?’‰đ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą432,000.00

â–Ş

Average monthly collection multiply to 12 months đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą432,000.00 đ?‘Ľ 12 đ?‘šđ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘Ąâ„Žđ?‘ = â‚ą5,184,000.00 đ?‘¨đ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’‚đ?’? đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą5,184,000.00

b) Buses â–Ş

Estimated No. of Buses to park/day multiply to the Buses parking rate đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: 70 đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘ (â‚ą60.00) = â‚ą4,200.00 đ?‘Ťđ?’‚đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą4,200.00

â–Ş

Estimated amount of daily collection multiply to 30 days đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą4,200.00 đ?‘Ľ 30 đ?‘‘đ?‘Žđ?‘Śđ?‘ = â‚ą126,000.00 đ?‘´đ?’?đ?’?đ?’•đ?’‰đ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą126,000.00

â–Ş

Average monthly collection multiply to 12 months đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą126,000.00 đ?‘Ľ 12 đ?‘šđ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘Ąâ„Žđ?‘ = â‚ą1,512,000.00 đ?‘¨đ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’‚đ?’? đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą1,512,000.00 CHAPTER II | 172

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c) Passenger Jeepneys (PUJs) â–Ş

Estimated No. of PUJs to park/day multiply to the PUJs parking rate đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: 70 đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘ (â‚ą5.00) = â‚ą350.00 đ?‘Ťđ?’‚đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą350.00

â–Ş

Estimated amount of daily collection multiply to 30 days đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą350.00 đ?‘Ľ 30 đ?‘‘đ?‘Žđ?‘Śđ?‘ = â‚ą10,500.00 đ?‘´đ?’?đ?’?đ?’•đ?’‰đ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą10,500.00

â–Ş

Average monthly collection multiply to 12 months đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą10,500.00đ?‘Ľ 12 đ?‘šđ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘Ąâ„Žđ?‘ = â‚ą126,000.00 đ?‘¨đ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’‚đ?’? đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą126,000.00

d) Passenger Van â–Ş

Estimated No. of Passenger Van to park/day multiply to the Passenger Van’s parking rate đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: 50 đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘ (â‚ą40.00) = â‚ą2,000.00 đ?‘Ťđ?’‚đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą2,000.00

â–Ş

Estimated amount of daily collection multiply to 30 days đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą2,000.00 đ?‘Ľ 30 đ?‘‘đ?‘Žđ?‘Śđ?‘ = â‚ą60,000.00 đ?‘´đ?’?đ?’?đ?’•đ?’‰đ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą60,000.00

â–Ş

Average monthly collection multiply to 12 months đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą60,000.00 đ?‘Ľ 12 đ?‘šđ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘Ąâ„Žđ?‘ = â‚ą720,000.00 CHAPTER II | 173

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đ?‘¨đ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’‚đ?’? đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą720,000.00 e) Tricycle â–Ş

Estimated No. of Tricycle to park/day multiply to the Tricycle parking rate đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: 100 đ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘ (â‚ą5.00) = â‚ą500.00 đ?‘Ťđ?’‚đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą500.00

â–Ş

Estimated amount of daily collection multiply to 30 days đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą500.00 đ?‘Ľ 30 đ?‘‘đ?‘Žđ?‘Śđ?‘ = â‚ą15,000.00 đ?‘´đ?’?đ?’?đ?’•đ?’‰đ?’?đ?’š đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą15,000.00

â–Ş

Average monthly collection multiply to 12 months đ?‘şđ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’?: â‚ą15,000.00 đ?‘Ľ 12 đ?‘šđ?‘œđ?‘›đ?‘Ąâ„Žđ?‘ = â‚ą180,000.00 đ?‘¨đ?’?đ?’?đ?’–đ?’‚đ?’? đ?’„đ?’?đ?’?đ?’?đ?’†đ?’„đ?’•đ?’Šđ?’?đ?’? = â‚ą180,000.00

Private Vehicles Passenger Van Passenger Bus

Annual Collection â‚ą5,184,000.00 â‚ą720,000.00 â‚ą1,512,000.00

Passenger Jeep

â‚ą126,000.00

Tricycle

â‚ą180,000.00

Vehicular Class

Total

â‚ą7,722,000.00

Table 2.12 Summary of Estimated Revenue on Parking fees

The table presented is the summary of estimated revenue of the BPLC prior to parking/terminal fee, with the total annual income of â‚ą7,722,000.00. Among the CHAPTER II | 174

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vehicular class, Private vehicles has the most annual income collected with the total amount of ₱5,184,000.00, due to the case of 24hrs operation for that vehicular class.

The least annual income are the Passenger Jeepneys with the total amount of ₱126,000.00, this occur due to the parking rate of ₱5.00.

In an interview about the commercial establishments that should have helped BPLC’s enterprise with Mr. Cesar Jose M. Pastor, Executive Assistant of the Province of Batangas, has told that the recent bidder to use BPLC was the 3F Family Savers Inc., headed by Mr. Hans Tan. But with its recent operations at the BPLC, the business has not been earning good money in order to sustain the needs of its vendors, utility bills and maintenance – giving the BPLC more burden on its amortization. This has been perceived when the researchers have gone to the facility to conduct an ocular observation and an interview with Mr. Mel Montemayor, a local resident of Sta. Clara and a mainstay at the BPLC. During the interview, he told the researchers it was during peak seasons for travel the merchants have their most sales. “After those seasons, most of the vendors’ reaches the least amount of sales, and most of them have to look for alternatives to compensate for that…”

As of December 31, 2007, loans payable has a balance of P222,792,479.67, pertaining mainly for the BPLC loans from Landbank of the Philippines. The Provincial Government of Batangas has been paying its loan amortization for nine years now, and is set to be finished in fifteen years. In June 2003, a Contract of Lease was executed by and between the Philippine Ports Authority and the Provincial Government of Batangas for the establishment of the Batangas Port Livelihood Center CHAPTER II | 175

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(BPLC). The contract is for a period of twenty-five (25) years. Upon the expiration of the term of the contract, all permanent improvements or structures introduced by the Batangas Provincial Government on the leased premises shall automatically become the property of the PPA and the government shall deliver the same to the Lessor free from all liens, encumbrances and liabilities of whatever nature (COA Annual Report for Batangas, 2007).

With the BPLC being unutilized and unmaintained for almost ten years, interest expenses of P19,337,378.05 and other operating expenses totaling P1,150,334.63 were incurred, resulting to a net loss of P15,309,620.18.

In addition to the net loss, amortization of the loan amounting to

P14,852,831.97 was paid to the Land Bank in 2007.

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c. Utility and Maintenance iv.

Existing Energy Consumption 1.

Electrical Bills Energy Consumption of BPLC for 2018 Month Expense January ₱ 44, 630.33 February ₱ 47, 479.09 March ₱ 47, 479.09 April ₱ 62, 165.51 May ₱ 62, 670.86 June ₱ 76, 635.76 July ₱ 78, 902.38 August ₱ 80, 062.97 September ₱ 47, 479.09 October ₱ 64, 304.73

Table 2.13 Energy Consumption of BPLC for 2018 Source: GSO, Provincial Government of Batangas

The Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC), while it did not materialize and never been fully operational for almost 10 years, the management of BPLC is still burdened by the monthly expenses of the building such as energy consumption amounting to almost ₱ 40, 000 - ₱ 80, 000 as stated in the report of the General Services Office (GSO) of the Provincial Government of Batangas, shown in Table 2.8.

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The BPLC having a range of ₱ 40, 000 - ₱ 80, 000 electricity consumption cost giving an average electrical consumption of 4056.80 - 8113.60 kwH per month.

Figure 2.30: Ground Floor Lighting Layout Image by: Cheskertt Camacho

a.

Indoor Lighting

The ground floor of BPLC, considered as the only semi-utilized floor of the building – used as parking area and where the small pasalubong stores CHAPTER II | 178

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are situated, has a total of 76 fluorescent light tubes and 7 fluorescent light bulbs which contributes to the monthly maintenance expenses of the building.

These lights are used even at daytime because it is occupied by the vendors and used by the Batangas Terminal 2 and 3 passengers and porters.

Figure 2.31: Second Floor Lighting Layout Image by: Cheskertt Camacho

The second floor of BPLC has a total of 135 lighting fixture slots, but according to Mr. Odeleon S. Latag, they are currently using only 10 fluorescent light tubes because there are no activities in the said area.

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Figure 2.32: Third Floor Lighting Layout Image by: Cheskertt Camacho

It is the same case for the third floor of the BPLC as it also has a total of 10 functioning fluorescent light tubes out of the allotted 135 lighting fixture slots.

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INDOOR LIGHTING Type

Qty (pc/s)

Description Since

the

materialized,

BPLC

did

the

not

planned

electrical layout is not used. The administration

of

the

BPLC

create an improvised a lighting layout using fluorescent light

4

since it considered as an energyefficient light source. This type of light also produces a much better Fluorescent Light

color

temperature

than

the

incandescent bulb.

Incandescent lights in the BPLC is provided by the merchants and can be found in the Pasalubong area at the ground floor. This

1

type of lighting is a budgetfriendly and produce a broadrange light quality.

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Incandescent Bulb

Table 2.14 Types of Indoor Lighting

b.

Outdoor lighting OUTDOOR LIGHTING Type

Qty (pc/s)

Description Halogen Lights is one of the lighting types present in the BPLC, this type of light last much longer than

incandescent.

However,

these bulbs are much brighter and burn much hotter than traditional

4

incandescent bulbs. Halogen are the substitute lights to the broken lights in the parking area and UV Halogen Lights

Terminal of BPLC

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This is the commonly used light in streets, parking lot and stadiums.

This type of lights is fairly efficient.

They produce very white light and have

good

color

rendition,

meaning that objects under these lights look their true color. Metal Halide

lights

throughout the

are site,

used

11

all

however,

some of the Metal Halide lights are Metal Halide

replaced by Halogen due to its damage condition.

One of the latest types of lighting is the commonly used due to its energy saving and efficiency. This type of lights offers excellent color rendering, unbeatable efficiency and a lamp life that stretches for

2

decades. The LED streets lamps are used to replace the broken street lamps in the front portion of LED Street Lamps

the BPLC. Light Emitting Diode (LED), it is Incandescent lights are found in the Ball-shaped lamps of the

21

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BPLC. It is the common light source in residential application due to being cheap, effective and produce plenty of high-quality lights. This light is designed to distribute the light in all direction for

general

shaped Ball-Shaped Lamps

illumination.

lamps

are

Ball-

commonly

found in the roof deck of the building, were it can cast great illumination in the roof deck and entrance of the building.

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Table 2.13 Types of Outdoor Lighting

Figure 2.33: Site Lighting Layout

Since the BPLC is adjacent to the Batangas Port Passenger Terminals which is opeational for 24 hours, it is mandatory to provide sufficient lighting to the site especially in the service roads, drop-off points, parking spaces, entrances/exits, and commercial stalls. There are 21 pieces of ball-shaped CHAPTER II | 185

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incandescent light bulbs located at the roof deck of the building. The other areas of the site are consisted of 4 halogen lamps,, 11 metal halide, and 2 LED street lamp.

2.

Water Bills Month January February March April May June July August September October November

Water Expense of BPLC for 2018 Expense ₱ 6, 051.50 ₱ 21, 598.00 ₱ 20, 890.00 ₱ 24, 194.00 ₱ 22, 070.00 ₱ 17, 851.00 ₱ 25, 610.00 ₱ 27, 675.00 ₱ 42, 543.00 ₱41,009.00 ₱ 32, 896.50

Table 2.15: Water Expense of BPLC for 2018 Source: Provincial Government of Batangas

Water consumption of Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC) is another major maintenance expense of the building. The total monthly water bill of BPLC reached the highest amount on September 2018 with ₱ 42, 543.00 as shown in Table 2.10. Even though the amount varies every month, it is still

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a huge problem for a building that is not yet fully-utilized to have that high maintenance cost.

Water usage is being affected by the diameter of the cold-water pipes used upon construction. In the construction bill of materials for the Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center, 150mm diameter pipes (3-inch diameter) pipe has been used. Unit cost per cubic meter of water consumption varies in terms of the pipe size (Batangas City Water District).

(MERALCO) Power Rates 1. Residential 2. Commercial (BCWD) Water Rates 1. Residential/Government minimum charge (10cu.m) 2. Commercial A (10 cu.m) Commercial B (10 cu.m) Bulk

Basic Charge Generation Charge + Distribution Charge P11.15 average/kwh P9.86 average/kwh P205.00 P410.00 P307.50 P61.50/cu.m

Table 2.16: Water Rates in Batangas City effective as of 2010present Source: Provincial Government of Batangas City

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The BPLC having an average of â‚ą 25671.63 water consumption cost giving an average consumption of 125.23 cubic meters of water consumed monthly.

a.

Kitchen (floor areas) Kitchen areas are located in the left portion of the BPLC’s ground floor, consisting a total of 9 kitchen sinks.

b.

Comfort Rooms

There is a total of four comfort rooms that is located on the ground floor of BPLC, two on both sides of the building. Comfort rooms on the left side of the building are utilized by the adjacent office spaces.

c.

Utility areas

Other water usage of the BPLC is for utility and sanitary purposes.

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d.

Outdoor water usage

The outdoor commercial stalls located at the front of the BPLC consumes water for general purposes like, cooking, cleaning, and for the sanitary rooms. Other staff of BPLC also use water for their own respective quarters located near the outdoor parking areas.

B. Efficiency and Effectivity of Building Redevelopment According to Ar. Maria Saturnina Parungao, director of Project Management Office of Bulacan State University, as the researchers conducted their interview about building redevelopment as well as its efficiency and effectivity, establishing the needs of the users or if there is really a need for redevelopment must be done first. To determine the proper type of redevelopment for a certain building, the immediate environment should be taken into consideration as this will greatly affects the comfortability of the users, this will also be used in designing an environment-responsive building envelope. A redevelopment should be done if there is a new function that is introduced for the building and if the number of users and activities increased.

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For projects that have budget limitations, the core of the building should be constructed first, excluding the equipment and furniture. Only the essential utilities like electrical, lighting, and plumbing systems should be installed first. Phasing can also be applied for projects will budget restrictions. This can be done by finishing first the vertical or horizontal structures of the project, depending to the type of building that is to be constructed. But according to Ar. Parungao, horizontal phasing is not practical because it usually experiences leakages due to unfinished roofing or upper floor structures. The best practice is to finish one building at a time, especially for complex projects.

Sustainable Materials The choice of sustainable materials for a project usually depends on the its surroundings. These materials should not be harmful for the people and for the environment.

Ar. Parungao stated some example of materials and guidelines that can be applied to a building that will significantly affects its sustainability: • Self-healing cement • Rainwater harvesting The collected water (greywater), can be used to water the plants and vegetations. It can also be utilized for plumbing systems (toilet flush).

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Solar panel is only an alternative source of energy and it cannot serve as the sole power for the building. It is usually used for lighting because it cannot power electrical equipment with higher voltages.

• LEED/ BERDE guidelines • Passive cooling or natural ventilation • Air Conditioning Units with inverter In order to achieve building efficiency and effectivity for the redevelopment of Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center, Ar. Parungao added the following planning measures:

1. The building should promote the efficient use of energy and water 2. The building should consider the efficiency in terms of the health of users that is why passive cooling is highly recommended.

3. Utilize the coastal location, wind power can be included 4. Consider the movements of users for efficient planning and utilization of spaces 5. Include recreational spaces for the workers as it is now a requirement for all buildings 6. Introduce other systems that will be useful for the whole complex (Batangas Port)

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e. Research Topics i.

Low-cost buildings Since there is a limited budget allotment for the redevelopment of Batangas Provincial

Livelihood Center (BPLC), low-cost design and construction should be the primary considerations.

Low-cost buildings can be possible with proper planning and project management, proper selection of low-cost materials and efficient construction technologies and methods.

Material selection is a vital part of low-cost construction. As stated in the material selection criteria found in the website theconstrucrtor.org, locally available materials should be considered. This can also be associated with vernacular architecture, as it promotes the maximization of materials that can be found within a certain area or place where the development is situated. The material should have a low embodied energy, or the energy used in all the processes required to produce that certain material. Energy efficient materials is another consideration because the building’s energy consumption can be significantly reduced with the use of these materials. Low-cost design should also consider the environment, the use of non-toxic and pollution-preventing materials are highly advised.

Prefabricated Construction Prefabricated Construction is another method that can be related to low-cost design. By the use of prefabricated materials, construction waste will be minimized and a significant amount of time will be saved. The following are said benefits of prefabricated construction: CHAPTER II | 192

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1.

Eco-Friendly Construction materials which were made off-site produce lesser waste compared to the

traditional way of construction. Since the machines at factories can perform efficiently and more accurately compared to the manual process of material making, thus producing a standardized or modular material that can already be installed during construction proper and has less environmental impact.

2.

Financial Savings Modular or prefabricated construction were sometimes believed to be more expensive to the

traditional method, but in reality, it offers more options that will suit any type of construction depending on the need and the budget of the client. In this method, reliance on contractors and labor force can be reduced, thus saving more time and money.

3.

Flexibility Another good characteristic of prefabricated construction is flexibility. Complicated design often

requires complicated structural elements that cannot be achieved without extensive construction process. With the use of prefabricated construction, any material and structural element can be made ahead of time, provided that there is proper assessment of where it should be installed as well as the exact measurements.

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4.

Consistent Quality Prefabricated materials undergo an industrialized process like what typical factories do in order

to produce high quality goods and products. With the continuous advancement of technology today, machines and systems can produce more consistent outputs followed by a series of quality control and checking compared to the traditional method which highly depends on skills of various workers.

5.

Reduced Site Disruption Site disruption or the conflict in the flow of equipment, workers, vehicles, and other players in

construction is a common problem in the traditional construction site setting and can be reduced through the use of prefabricated materials. As materials were already made from factories and will just be delivered to the site, there will be an efficient process and disturbance will be minimized.

6.

Shorter Construction Time Construction time depends on proper planning and scheduling of construction activities with the

consideration of uncontrollable elements like weather conditions. Construction delay can significantly be reduced if the materials will be prepared prior to schedule installation in the construction proper.

Planning can also be adjusted to fit to the current site condition.

7.

Safety

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Safety is the top priority in any type of construction. Since prefabricated materials are made inside a well-controlled environment, materials can be safely processed minimizing the risks of accidents which traditional construction sites are prone to. With the use of technology, a material can also be prepared to adhere with the weather conditions that it will experience after its site installation.

i. User efficiency

Technically, user efficiency depends on how a structure or a building design considers human needs and activities in order to create a usable environment for them. The higher the degree users’ consideration, the more seamless the connection between humans and buildings would be, by maximizing the resources and utilizing the best available technology.

According to dlrgroup.com, every designer should strive to elevate the human experience through design. As architecture exists to answer the needs of the people, user-centric design should already be a given requirement. Planning with consideration of people’s perspective will lead to a more efficient community and design. The role of a designer does not end after a building is constructed. User experience should be evaluated in order to continuously improve the spaces and systems which the building have.

Ideas to Evaluate User Experience by DLR Group

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1. Work with the client during project goal-setting to define set a set of metrics that make sense to them culturally and operationally.

2. Start a project with a post-occupancy evaluation.

3. Wrap up the project with a final evaluation against the chosen metrics. ii. Building Efficiency and effectivity

Building should always be designed to operate efficiently to avoid the excessive use of energy and to minimize the harmful environmental emissions. The complex or the bigger a building project will be, the higher the energy it requires in order to function and be maintained. Greenbiz.com stated 10 ways that can be practiced in order to achieve the maximum efficiency of a certain facility:

1. Measure water usage and waste 2. Train your facilities staff on how to improve operational efficiency.

3. Rethink water conservation opportunities.

4. Maintain equipment for maximum efficiency.

5. Take the stress off your equipment 6. Meet LEED standards 7. Commission building systems for optimal operation 8. Eliminate shake, rattle and waste.

9. Purchase more efficient equipment.

10. Work with green suppliers.

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iii. Cost-efficient building design

The mindset in building construction is to achieve a working design with minimal construction cost, without sacrificing the buildings’ efficiency and functionality. A building can be considered as cost-effective or cost-efficient if it has positive impacts on all the aspects of building system such as the total cost from pre-design up to post-construction phase, building maintenance, and income.

The building should meet the program. Its purpose should be clearly defined, as well as the target users and services that will be offered. A vision of what a structure would become is a great factor in establishing a cost-efficient building. The plan should be critically designed to achieve the lowest operating and maintenance costs, and it is followed by the projected life span of the building.

More importantly, the value for money, the building should be designed to maximize its available resources to produce the largest possible return of investment.

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The Whole Building Design Guide, emphasizes the three interconnected principles that can be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of construction namely:

1. Utilize cost and value engineering throughout the project life cycle 2. Use economic analysis to evaluate design alternatives 3. Consider non-monetary benefits such as aesthetics, historic preservation, security, safety, resiliency, and sustainability

Value Engineering (VE) is defined as the systematic evaluation procedure directed at analyzing the function of materials, systems, processes, and building equipment for the purpose of achieving required functions at the lowest total cost of ownership. (wbdg.org)

f. Case Studies i. Local Case Study

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A.

Luym Residence

Figure 2.34: Exterior of Luym Residence Source: https://www.maĂąosa.com

Project Title: Luym Residence Location: Cebu, Philippines Year of Establishment: 2012 Similarity with the project: A structure that promotes the used of local materials and vernacular strategies for tropical setting.

a.

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The study will focus to the vernacular strategies that is align in the environment context of the development. The local materials and products used in the Luym residence to achieve a low-cost development and energy-efficiency design will also be considered in the study.

b.

Summary and Data of the Case Study The Luym Residence is one of the notable designs of the Mañosa Architects. The

Luym Residence is a one-hectare property located in the scenic hillside in Cebu, and to meet the owner wish to have a residential that is unique and distinct, Francisco “Bobby” Mañosa is renowned to be the founder of Contemporary Tropical Filipino Architecture came up with an original solution. Rather than to build a typical luxury home, they designed an octagonal pavilion connected by covered bridge ways. Then the result was a contemporary design with evoking an airy, tropical feel and a distinct sense of place.

A palm-leaf pattern of translucent glass in the canopy provides the main entrance in the pavilion a dramatic ambiance, this is where the central living area will be found. Each pavilion is designed with an octagonal-tiled roof supported by pillars of brown sandstone.

The residence is coupled with the natural slope of the terrain, the space below the main floor forms a silong while above it opens into a lanai that accentuates the airy, open feel.

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Through the judicious use of local materials such as bamboo and rattan for interiors assess the tropical climate of the structure, this also able the designer to achieved a low-cost development and energy-efficient house that is a contemporary tropical and distinctly Filipino with the strong flavor of the Visayas setting.

c.

Application of the Case Study to the Project The judicious planning of spaces such as open areas that may harness cold wind to

achieved an effective environment in a tropical setting will be used in the development of the project. Also, the proper use of materials like bamboo and rattan that will be effective and efficient when it comes to cost and energy consumption will be considered. In line with this, other materials that are considered as green and sustainable that will be viable in the redevelopment of the BPLC will also be used.

ii. Foreign Case Study

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B. EPA Region 8 Headquarters

Figure 2.35: Interior design of EPA Region 8 Headquarters Source: https://www.archdaily.com

Project Title: EPA Region 8 Headquarters Location: Denver, Colorado, USA Year of Establishment: 2007 Similarity with the project: A government facility that used sustainable and green design to achieve an energy-efficient and cost-efficient building. a.

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The study will mainly focus on the green techniques and strategies used in the development to attain an energy and cost-efficient building, including materials and technologies used in the building to achieve sustainability are also considered in the study. In line with this, construction methods used in developing the EPA Region 8 Headquarters that is responsible to achieve both sustainability and green designs will also be tackled by the researchers. The materials and strategies that were not applicable in the coastal setting of the proposed project will be eliminated in the study.

b.

Summary and Data of the Case Study In an urban brownfield that formerly housed a U.S. Postal Annex sits the new Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA), Region 8 Headquarters building. This facility is LEED Gold rated design, challenging design process that seeks to integrate a contemporary, high-performance, secure and environmentally sensitive building into one of Denver’s most important historic and civic districts.

The goal of the building is to assimilate into the urban fabric to strengthen and enhances the quality of historical and cultural neighborhood, and also establishing as a landmark in its own. The structure also had to meet strict Department of Homeland Security requirements, resulting in a Level 4 facility.

The building used a wide variety of sustainable materials including, corn-based fabric and wheatboard, recycled glass tile, recycled-content carpets, recycled steel, cork floors, bamboo wall panels and doors made with rice hull cores. The wood-based materials and products used in the development are 89% certified with the Forest Stewardship Council’s Principles and Criteria. In CHAPTER II | 203

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addition, those manufactured, produced and harvest within 800-kilometer radius of the building such as fly-wash that was used in the concrete mixture were used for more than 50% of the structure’s manufactured materials. As much as 80% of the total waste generated was recycled and diverted from landfills.

Variation of glazed curtain-wall system were installed in the façade of the EPA building. The sunward façade (southeast and southwest) were designed with horizontal exterior sunshades and a system of internal light shelves designed to cut glare and solar gain. The windward façades (northeast and northwest) have a series of exterior vertical shades to cut glare from low-angle summer sun while simultaneously harvesting diffused light from the clear North Sky. Resulting to the net outcome of 75% of workstations receive significant daylight. In addition, the atrium of the EPA building serves as the great room were also developed to enhance the building’s spaces which provides amount of light from both sides of the office floor instead from the building’s perimeter alone.

c.

Application of the Case Study to the Project The sustainable and green design will be mostly applied in the design phase of the project.

The climatic condition in Batangas will be assessed by installing proper sun-shading orientation in the redevelopment of BPLC. Proper planning and designing of spaces within the structure to create an environment that will use necessary amount of natural daylight will be considered to achieve an energy-efficient building. Green materials that is available in the Philippines like corn-based fabric CHAPTER II | 204

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and wheatboard, recycled glass tile, recycled steel, cork floors, and bamboo wall panel that will be responsible to attain a cost-efficiency will also be essential in the development of the project. .

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D. Summary of the Chapter Being an unutilized building, Batangas Provincial Livelihood Center (BPLC), brought about negative economic impacts to the Province of Batangas. Clients and stockholders have cancelled their investments as the building’s features cannot sustain business. Added the fact that passengers and residents have no interaction within the facility, it created more social impacts. In order to evaluate the current scenario of the BPLC, the researchers have stated and analyze the existing physical conditions of the said building. The BPLC is situated at the approximately 2-hectere lot of the Batangas Port Development Project. It is a three-storey building with roof deck with a total floor area of 19,028 square meters. Because it was unutilized for almost 10 years, its physical aspects have worn out already. To support this claim, the researchers have conducted an ocular observation and photo documentation. It was verified and assessed that the facility was clearly unmaintained and have already deteriorated, and has an unpleasing physical appearance. The gathered data also showed that the BPLC’s income from parking fees cannot sustain its interest and other operationrelated expenses, and have resulted to an increasing net loss plus the amortization of the loan. The researchers also observed the BPLC only became a transitional space, as it just serves as a passageway for passengers going to the Batangas Port Terminal 3. Research topics like responsive environments, social and behavioral architecture, and sustainable commercial buildings were evaluated as guidelines on how to fully utilize a building such as the BPLC. Other related projects and developments were also studied like TriNoma, as its existing features matches the current situation in the BPLC, being a commercial facility, which is attached to a terminal hub.

The next subproblem is how can the redevelopment of the BPLC turn it to an efficient and effective building with the given limited budget by the government. Through interviews and secondary sourcing, the researchers have CHAPTER II | 206

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found out the loan made by the Provincial Government of Batangas, under Governor Hermilando I. Mandanas, to the Land Bank of the Philippines it not yet fully-paid until today. The only source of income that the government rely on is from the parking fees which is clearly still not enough to compensate for the maintenance and operational expenses as well as the wages of the workers. An interview between the port manager of Philippine Ports Authority and the researchers was also conducted, and verified that the property, BPLC, was already leased to the Provincial Government of Batangas as they are the one who will shoulder all the expenses and will be responsible its future plans and development. As the study aims to fully maximize the budget of the redevelopment, the researchers have consulted other related building construction methods and principles like low-cost design, net-zero/net-positive buildings, as well as the effectivity and efficiency of building systems. The researchers also reviewed the low-cost materials and sustainable principles that were applied to some related projects like Luvm Residence and EPA Region 8 Headquarters.

The environmental context where the BPLC is situated, can greatly affect the physical deterioration of its structure. BPLC is located near the coastal area of Batangas City, and this setting can impose great risks especially when storms occur and sea level rises. The researchers have consulted existing applications of climate-resilient designs and coastal developments as these will help to produce guidelines in constructing a building with an in-depth consideration of the environmental factors. Since the Philippines is a tropical country, related topics like coastal vernacular architecture and tropical architecture were also studied. Structures that are vulnerable and situated in a harsh climate of coastal setting like the Waterfront Bungalow at the Pearl Farm Beach Resort and Bobigny reduce City Centre School were also reviewed

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