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lxGbLdf Pp6f pvfg 5Ù …lbNnLsf] n •' h;n] vfof] p klg k5'tfof] clg h;n] vfPg p klg k5'tfof] ÛÚ ca vfP klg k5'tf] clg gvfPklg k5'tf] x'G5 eg] vfP/} lsg gk5'tfpg' < d]/f] cf ˆgf] cg'ej t s] 5 eg] Psrf]l6 of] n •' h;n] vfG5 p k5'tfpg'eGbf a9L kNsG5 / af/Daf/ vfg] OR5f /fV5 . k|frLg dxfef/t sfnb]lv g} ef/tsf] /fhwfgL /xFb} cfPsf]Ù cg]sf}+ P]ltxfl;s ul/dfdo lsNnf, c§flnsf, ldgf/, dsa/f, dlGb/, dl:hb, ;dflw:yn /x]sf] ef/tLo ;+:s[ltsf] w/f]x/ of] lbNnL dxfgu/Ldf sf] af/Daf/ cfpg] OR5f /fVb}g / < d}n] klg cgluGtL rf]l6 lbNnL k'Ug] ;f}efUo kfPsf] 5' . yf]/}h;f] JolQmut ;DaGwsf s'/fnfO{ lnP/ clg w]/}h;f] ;fdflhs, eflifs cyjf ;flxlTos ;DaGw l;t ufFl;Psf] 5 d]/f] lbNnL e|d0f . klxnf]rf]l6 d lbNnL k'u]sf] lyPF ;g\ !(%& ;fndf ha d u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnosf] 5fq lyPF . ljZjljBfno cy{lj1fg ljefusf !^ hgf 5fqsf] 6f]nL z}lIfs e|d0fdf hfg] x'Fbf d klg ;fd]n ul/Psf] lyPF To; 6f]nLdf . pQ/df To;tfsf a:b} u/]sf] efqmf gfËn 8fdb]lv lnP/ klZrd aDaO{ -xfn d'DaO{_, blIf0flt/ cf}/Ëfjfbsf] chGtf Pnf]/fsf u'kmfnfO{ kmGsf] dfb}{ pQ/ / dWo ef/tsf k|foMh;f] zx/x¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] @* lbgsf] of] e|d0fdf lbNnLsf] lglDt tLg lbgsf] ;do tf]lsPsf] lyof] / k|d'v ;a}h;f] bz{gLo :ynx¿ x]g]{ df}sf kfPsf] lyPF . To;kl5sf d]/f lbNnL ofqfx¿ ;a} ;Demg klg ;lQmg clg ;Demg ;s] hltsf cg'ejx¿ dfq ;+:d/0fdf ptfg'{ xf] eg] Pp6f vFlbn} lstfa aGg]5 . /dfOnf ;Demgf ;Fu]6]sf] 5' . gofF dflg;x¿l;t kl/ro ePsf] 5 / lbNnLsf] n •' rfv]/ x]bf{ k|To]s rf]l6 gf}nf] :jfb km]nf kf/]sf] 5' . of] ;+:d/0fdf d}n] s]jn Psrf]l6 lbNnL e|d0f ubf{sf d]/f s]xL cg'ej hf] :d[ltk6naf6 cem d]l6P/ uPsf 5}gg\, ltgnfO{ ;d]6\g] hdsf]{ u/]sf] 5' . 6
of] ;g\ !(*! gf]e]Da/ dlxgfsf] s'/f] xf] . clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] tTjfjwfgdf efiff dfGotfsf] cfGbf]ng hf]/l;t rln/x]sf] a]nf lyof] Tof] . ;ldltsf ;efklt k|]d s'df/ cfn]n] …lbNnL hfpFÚ cleofg cfXjfg u/] . ef/tsf ljleGg k|fGt, ljleGg s'gfsfKrfaf6 a9L ;] a9L ;+Vofdf dflg;x¿ lbNnLdf e]nf x'g], efiff dfGotf ;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmd, ;ef – ;df/f]x, ¥ofnL –h'n';, ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd lbNnLdf /fVg] sfo{qmd lyof] . …lbNnL hfpFÚ cleofgsf krf{x¿ efiff ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 Jofks ¿kdf afFl8P ., c;dsf] dfpm ;+:yf c;d uf]vf{ ;Dd]ngnfO{ klg …lbNnL hfpFÚ cleofgdf efu lng k|ltlglw k7fpg] cfXjfg kq cfof] . ;Dd]ngsf tTsfnLg ;efklt lji0f'nfn pkfWofon] To;a]nfsf ;lrj rGb| ljgf]b rfln;]nfO{ ;Dd]ngsf] tkm{af6 rf/hgf hfg] s'/f] ug'{eP5 . :jo+ cfkm" / ;lrj afx]s cGo b'O{hgf dWo] Pshgfn] rflx+ …nLn axfb'/nfO{ nfg}k5{, a? PstkmL{ ef8f ;Dd]ngn] a]xf]nf{Ú klg eGg'eP5 . rfln;]n] dnfO{ of] s'/f ;'gfP / lbNnL hfg ljz]if hf]/ u/] . dxfljBfnodf >]0fLx¿ wdfwd rln/x]sf] a]nf lyof] / klg kfFr;ft lbgsf] labf ldnfPF / lbNnL hfg] lgwf] ef] . lbpF;f] b'O{ ah] 5'6\g] s'g} /]nuf8Ldf rf/ hgfsf] :yfg cf/If0f ul/Psf] lyof] . lgot ;dodf lji0f'nfn afa", rfln;] / d uf8Ldf r9\of}+ . rfln;]sf efO Pshgf sf]qmfemf/af6 r9\g] /x]5g\ . h'g :6]zgdf uf8L s]jn Ps ldg6 yfldG5 . ;+of]u s] k¥of] eg] cg'/fu k|wfg klg ;/sf/L sfdn] lbNnL hfFb}/x]5g\ / pgsf] :yfg klg o;} 8Aafdf cf/lIft /x]5 . pgn] Pp6} d6]ªu|fn] b'O{ rf/ v;fNg] bfp x]/]sf /x]5g\ . /]n sd{rf/L x'gfn] sfof{nosf] s]xL sfd lnP/ lbNnL hfg of] efiff cfGbf]gsf] ;do ldnfPsf /x]5g\ . h;df sfof{nosf] sfdl;t} efiff cfGbf]ngdf klg ;fd]n x'g ;lsof];\ . pgsf] ;xeflutf kfP/ xfdL v';L eof}+ . dl;t pgsf] a9L 3lgi6tf ePsf]n] dnfO{ ljz]if cfgGb nfUof] . af6fdf vfhf vfg eg]/ >LdtLn] ;]n/f]6L / e'6]sf] cfn' xflnlbPsL /lx5g\ . ;a}n] afF8r'F8 u/L vfof}+ . lji0f'nfn afa'n] eGg'eof]Ù …cf]xf] ltxf/ cem ;lsPsf] 5}g ls s;f] <Ú …ltxf/ ;lsof], /xnkxn lyu|f] rflx+ xfd|f efudf ar]5 ÛÚ d}n] xfF;f] ub}{ eg]+ . cg'/fu k|wfgsf] xftdf …efg'Ú klqsfsf] s'g} Pp6f ljz]iffÍsf] k|lt lyof] . xftdf lnP/ o;f] kN6fpFbf ;g\ !(^! df ;fgf] k':tsfsf/df k|sflzt d]/f] nfdf] lgaGw, …cf;fddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú k'gM ToxfF k|sflzt ePsf] kfPF . To;a]nf;Dd d}n] k|foM lal;{;s]sf] c;dsf] ;g\ !(^) sf] efiff cfGbf]ngsf] nuQ} kl5 k|sflzt g]kfnL efiff ;DaGwL of] hNbf]aNbf] n]v, h;sf] lglDt ;/sf/sf] b[li6df d cfFvfsf] 5f/f] ;Dd x'g k'u]sf] lyPFÙ …efg'Údf km]l/ k|sflzt kfP/ cfgGb nfUof] . o;sf] j:t'ut dxTj cem} plQs} /x]sf] 5 eGg] 5f]6f] l6Kk0fL ;fy o;nfO{ …efg'Úsf ;Dkfbs ejfgL l3ld/]n] cf ˆgf] ljz]iffÍdf 5fKg'ePsf] /x]5 . …g]kfnL efiff cfGbf]ngdf of] n]vsf] klg sd dxTj 5}gÙ of] k|lt tkfO{+ g} /fVgf];\Ú eg]/ pQm ljz]iffÍ cg'/fun] dnfO{ g} lbP hf] dl;t cem ;'/lIft 5Fb}5 . b'O{ /ft / b'O{ lbg b'Mv ;'v 6«]gdf latfPkl5 t];|f] lbg b'O{ah] lbpF;f] xfdL gofF lbNnL :6]zg k'Uof}+ . uf8Laf6 cf]n]{/ ca stf nfUg'kg]{ xf], lrGtf ub}{ lyof}+Ù d]/f cleGg ldq xl/k|;fb zdf{ stfaf6 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'u] . pxL xFl;nf] v'zLnf] r]x/f, ee{/fpFbf] pHjn d'vfs[lt h;nfO{ b]Vb} ;a} ;Gtfk la;]{/ dg k|km'lNnt x'G5Ù pgnfO{ e]6\bf v'zL nfUg' :jfefljs} ef] . pgL ef/tLo jfo';]gfdf hflu/] lyP . To;tfsf pgsf] kf]l:6ª lbNnLdf lyof] . c;ndf pgsf efOsL ;f;" klg 7
xdLl;t} lbNnL cfPsL lyOg\ / xl/ pg}nfO{ lng cfPsf /x]5g\ . dnfO{ b]v]kl5 xl/n] eg] …tkfO{+ lx+8\gf];\ d]/f] 8]/fdf Û efiff ;ldltsf ;a} sfo{qmd d]/f] 8]/faf6 ;lhn} Eofpg'x'G5 .Ú lji0f' afa' e"tk"j{ ljwfos . pxfFn] c;d xfp;df 7fpF kfOxfNg' x'G5 . To;}n] pxfF pt} nfUg'ef] . rGb| ljgf]b rfln;] efiff ;ldltsf] lzlj/d} hfg] eP . pgsf] Onfsfaf6 cfPsf ;]gfd]gf klg pt} lyP . cGtdf cg'/fu / d xl/sf] 8]/fdf hfg] lgwf] eof] . Pp6f c6f] 7Ls kfl/of] . …slt lnG5 c6f]n] tkfO{+sf] 8]/f;Dd <Ú ;f]w]+ d}n] . …ToxL !) –!@ ?lkofF p7\5 ld6/dfÙ To:t} !) –!@ lsnf]ld6/ k5{ oxfFaf6 eg]/ xl/n] c6f]jfnfnfO{ xkf/] – …b]vf] efOÙ ld6/ ;] rNgf Û ld6/ 7Ls x} tf] <Ú …7Ls x} ;fxjÙ cfk v'b b]v nLlhP ÛÚ eGof] c6f]jfnfn] . d}n] o;f] lrofPF . ld6/ sfnf] sk8fn] 9fs]sf] lyof] . dgdf cln ;Gb]x nfUof] . xl/ lbNnLdf k'/fgf eO;s]sf JolQm . To;df klg kmf}hL dflg; . xfdL pgs} e/df lyof}+Ù s]xL eGg cfjZos 7fg]gf}+ . 8]/f /x]5 l;4fy{ dfu{, em08} kfnd xjfO{ c •fs} 5]p . nx/} k+lQmdf plePsf Psgf;] tLg tNn] ejgÙ ToxL dWo]sf] Pp6f ejgdf b'O{ tNnf dfly /x]5 xl/sf] ˆn]6 . c6f]af6 cf]n]{/ slt ef] ef8f ;f]Wof}+ . c6f]jfnfn] ld6/ b]vfof]Ù kRrL; ?lkofF p7]sf] 5 . …ptgf s};] x'cf < k;f]{+ xL tf] xd cfof :6]zg ;] . !@ ?lkofF lnof yf c6f]jfnf g] ÛÚ xl/n] cfklQ bzf{P . ld6/ sf xL af]n /xf x} ;fxaÙ cfks] ;fdg] x} b]v nLlhP .Ú ToxfF af]Ng] 7fpF lyPg . d}n] @% ?lkofF lems]/ v'q'Ss c6f]jfnfsf] xftdf /flvlbPF . …;fn]n] 7luxfNof]Ù xfdLn] klg klxn] ld6/ x]/]gf}+ ÛÚ xl/n] v]b k|s6 u/] . d}n] dgdg} cfkm}+df eg]+Ù …cflv/ lbNnLsf] n •' g xf] rfVt} hfpF g ÛÚ efiff ;ldtdf efu lng cfpg] k|ltlglwx¿sf] lglDt g]x? kfs{ eGg] 7fpFdf Pp6f :s"nnfO{ cfwf/ kf/]/ lzlj/ 7Ls kfl/Psf] /x]5 . xfdL a]n'sL ToxfF k'Ubf efiff ;ldltsf ;efklt k|]ds'df/ cfn] efO wdfwd tDa" 6fª\gdf Jo:t lyP . …k|ltlglwx¿ w]/} x'g] eP, 7fpF ;fF3'/f] ef] bfh' Û lqkfn 6fFu]/ ePklg sfd rnfpg' k/]sf] 5 .Ú cfn] efOn] eg] . …wGbf gdfGgf];\ Û xfdL ;fyLsf] 8]/fdf a;]sf 5f}+ . otf lji0f' afa', kbd rf}xfgx¿ c;d xfp;df a:5g\ . To;/L lgs}h;f] k|ltlglwx¿ lzlj/ aflx/ al;xfN5g\ . ePg c? s]xL Joj:yf ldnfpFnf ÛÚ d}n] eg]+ . …l7s} 5 lg Û t/ e/]sf] ;df/f]xdf tkfO{+x¿ /xg'k5{ x} Û cf;fdaf6 af]Ng]df tkfO{+ / lji0f'nfn afa'sf] gfpF /fv]sf] 5' d}n] .Ú To;} a]n'sL dfafnfÍ/ xndf k|yd pb\3f6g ;df/f]x lyof] . Tolt 7"nf] xn vrfvr el/Psf] lyof] . cf;fdaf6 hfg]dWo] lji0f'nfn afa', kbd axfb'/ rf}xfg / d klg k|]ds'df/ cfn] efOsf] ;f}hGon] d~rdf lyof}+ . d~raf6} d}n] b]v]+ 5fq afx]s cf;fdsf leqL ufpF a:tLdf a:g] v]tL ls;fgLdf nfu]sf g/gf/Lx¿ klg k|z:t cfPsf lyP To; ;df/f]xdf . ge]Da/sf] dlxgf cf;fdlt/ o;a]nf wdfwd wfg sf6\g] a]nf ePsf] 5 . s[ifsx¿sf] lglDt dfgf] vfP/ d'/L le œofpg] a]nf xf] of] . t/ d'/L dfof df/]/ dfgf] vfFb} efiff cFufNg lbNnL s'b]sf 5g\ pgLx¿ . o:t} s] s] ljrfb}{ lyPF d]/f] af]Ng] kfnf] cfOk'u]5 / cf ˆgf] jQmJodf klg em08} log} s'/fx¿ eGg k'u]5' d . ef]lnkN6 cf;fdsf kl/lrt w]/} r]x/fn] dnfO{ b]Vtf xfF;f] ub}{ of] y]uf] bf]xf]¥ofPÙ …s] ug'{ ;/ Û dfgf] vfP/ d'/L yGSofpg] of] a]nfdf lbNnLsf] n •' vfg kf] cfOof] ÛÚ 8
;df/f]xsf] csf]{ efudf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd klg lyof] h;df bflh{lnª lt/af6 cfPsf] ;f+:s[lts 6f]nLn] /fd|f] k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg s]Gb|Lo u[xdGqL k|0fj d'vhL{ pkl:yt ePsf] d ;DemG5' h;n] g]kfnL efiff dfGotf ;DaGwL pT;fxjw{s cfZjf;g k|bfg u/]sf lyP . ef]lnkN6 h'n'; lgsfNg] sfo{qmd lyof] / Tof] h'n'; uP/ af]6 Snasf] ¥ofnLdf kl/0ft x'g] ePsf] lyof] . cg'/fu / d laxfg} a;af6 cfP/ h'n';df ;fd]n eof}+ . lbNnL h:tf] 7fpFdf g]kfnLx¿sf] ana'tfn] lgsfn]sf] of] h'n'; ;fFRr} g} ce"tk"j{ dfGg'k5{ . efS;', b]x/fb"g, lxdfrn k|b]z, k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf ;ft}j6f /fHo nufot klZrd a+ufn / l;lSsdaf6 k|z:t k|ltlglwx¿ k'u]sf lyP . To; lbg ePsf] af]6 Snasf] ljzfn ¥ofnLsf] klg g]kfnL efiffsf] ;+j}wflgs dfGotfsf] cfGbf]ngdf Pp6f P]ltxfl;s dxTj 5 . efiff ;ldltsf tTsfnLg ;efklt k|]ds'df/ cfn]s} zAbdf eGg'kbf{ …!# j6f k|fGtdf /x]sf g]kfnL efifL ef/tLox¿=====clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] cfXjfgdf !# xhf/ eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf lbNnLsf] af]6 Snadf ======g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ef/t ;/sf/n] cljnDa ;+j}wflgs :jLs[lt lbg'k5{ eGg] dfusf] kIfdf ljzfn ¥ofnL ug{ cg]sf}+ si6sf] ;fdgf ub}{ lbNnL k'u]sf lyP .Ú o:tf] eJo ¥ofnLdf, To;tfsf u'jfxf6L, egf}+ cf;fddf /x]sf clg o; e]ssf] efiff cfGbf]ngsf] t km]bb]lv 6'Kkf;Dd h] x'F d} x'F cyjf xfdL xf}+ eGg vf]Hg] t/ ;j{;fwf/0f s;}n] tkfO{+ elg glbPsf]n] cfkm" ;fx|} xf]lrPsf] xLg efjgfn] u|l;t eO{ clUnP/ dkfO{+ aGg lstfa} 5fk]/ cfTdk|rf/ ug]{ :jo+e" g]tfx¿sf] r]x/f eg] d]/f] :d[ltn] ;dfTg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g / d~rdf st} jQmJo lbPsf] klg ;Demgf x'Fb}g . xf] t Û hflu/sf] s'/f k¥of] xf]nf . cyjf d]/f] :d[ltn] wf]sf lbPsf] klg x'g;S5 . To; ;df/f]xdf t/ d w]/h;f] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] pkl:ylt g} ;DemG5' h;sf] cfh gfpF lgzfg} x/fPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf pgLx¿ cGt/ b]lv g} efiff dfGotfsf] cfu|x lnP/ efu lng lbNnL k'u]sf lyP . cfkm" clUnP/ lrlggsf] lglDt xf]Og . d d~rsf] lgs} 6f9f af]6 Snasf] xl/of] rp/df a;]/ jQmJo ;'Gb} lyPF / dgdf stf s] s] u'Gb} klg lyPF . 5]pd} ;+;b ejgsf] uf]n rSs/ b]lv+b} lyof] . …;+;b ejgsf] 5]pd} a;]/ xfdL efiff dfGotfsf] lglDt s/fO/x]sf 5f}+ . ca xfd|f] of] cfjfh Tof] ;+;b ejgleq l5/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . tadfq xfdL xfd|f] nIo lt/ cl3 a9\g]5f}+ .Ú o:t} ljrf/x¿ dgdf v]ln/x]sf lyP . PSsfl; cln k/ a;]sf Pshgf ;fyLn] eg]Ù …nLnaxfb'/ hL Û tkfO{+nfO{ d~rdf af]nfpFb}5g\ ÛÚ lxhf] a]n'sL d dfjfnÍf/ xndf af]lnxfn]sf] lyPF . To;}n] cfh oxfF af]Ng'knf{ eGg] 7fg]sf] lyOFg / d~raf6 cln 6f9} lyPF . d~raf6 lgb]{z ePkl5 t hfg} k¥of] Û ;+;b aflx/ kvf{nsf] 5]p;Dd NofOk'¥ofPsf] xfd|f] cfjfh kvf{nleq l5/fpg] dgdf v]ln/x]sf] s'/f ToxfF JoQm u/]sf] clxn] ;Demgf x'G5 . ¥ofnLsf] cGtlt/ u[xdGqLaf6 e]6sf] lglDt kfFr hgf k|ltlglwnfO{ af]nfOP5 . ca kfFrhgf leq sf] sf] hfg] < ;ldltsf sfo{stf{ dfem lgs} xfgyfk b]lvof] . cf;fd t cln k5f}6] g} 7xl/of], kfFrhgf leq kg]{ s'/} ePg . ;fFem kl/g} xfNof] . cg'/fu / dnfO{ k'Ug' 5 !$ –!% lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f l;4fy{ Û kfs{ lbNnLdf a; r9\g] Pp6f 7"nf] ;d:of 5 . klxn] t cfkm" hfg] 7fpFsf] a; gDa/ yfxf kfpg' k¥of] . bf];|f] Tof] a; sxfFaf6 hfG5, s'g ?6df lx+8\5 To;sf] lgwf] ug'{k¥of] . t];|f] cfkm" sxfF cf]n{g'kg]{ cfkm}+ 7x¥ofP/ cf]n{g'k5{ . ;fgf] zx/sf] a; h:tf] …cd's 7fpF cfof] cf]n{g';\ ÛÚ eg]/ lrRofpFb}g s08S6/ . p t kl5Nnf] ;L6df l6s6sf] d'7f cr]6]/ uhwDd a;]sf] x'G5 . ofqL cfkm}+n] 9
sxfF;Ddsf] lglDt slt k};fsf] l6s6 lng'kg]{ xf] lgwf] u/]/ lng'k5{ . l6s6 glnP klg s'g} vf]hL 5}g, t/ u:tL nfpg] l6s6 hfFrsn] km]nf kf¥of] eg] x'd{t sf9]/ 5f]8\5 . oL ofjt ;d:ofnfO Wofg /fv]/ d}n] cg'/funfO{ eg]+Ù …a; r9\g] emd]nflt/ nfUg ;ls+b}g, Pp6f c6f] ;dftf}+ Û cfkm"nfO gofF ofqL rflx+ bzf{pg' ePg x} Û c6f]jfnfsf] ;fd' lbNnLsf] vUu' x'F eGg] kfg'{k5{ . gq 7luxfN5 ÛÚ Pp6f c6f]jfnfnfO{ ;f]Wof}+Ù …l;4fy{ dfu{ OP/ kmf];{ s]Dk hfgf x}, Sof nf]u] <Ú …jf] tf] ld6/;] xf]uf ;fa Û ld6/d] hf] cfo]uf b] b]gf ÛÚ xfdL b'j} r9\g] lalQs} c6f]jfnfn]] 3'OFSofOxfNof] . lbNnLdf jfxgx¿ / ˆtf/df rNb}gg\ . / ˆtf/ o:tf] x'G5 ls 3'DtL sf6\bf e]p gkfPsf] JolQm pl5l§P/ k/ k'U5 cyjf cf ˆgf] 5]pdf a;]sf] ;xofqLdfly vlK6g k'U5 . c6f] / ˆtf/n] s'b\b} 5 t/ af6f]eg] b'j}lt/ 3gf ?v ePsf] hËnsf] af6f]h:tf] 5 . l;4fy{ dfu{sf] af6f] t of] xf]Og, sxfF nfFb}5 of] c6f]jfnfn] < ;fFemsf] a]nf, lg:k§ cFWof/f] 5 . otf dl;t ;fydf Pp6f d"Nojfg s]d]/f 5, k};f klg lgs} af]s]sf 5g\ . ptf c6f]jfnfl;t csf]{ Pp6f ;fyLklg a;]sf] 5 . af6fdf r9]sf] . 5fF6 ultnf] gePsf] b]v]/ eg+] …l;4fy{ dfu{sf] af6f] t of] xf]Og, sxfF nfFb}5;\ t}+n] xfdLnfO{ <Ú …;6{ sf6{sf] afa";fj, of] af6f] l56f] k'luG5 .Ú af6f] eg] emg\emg\ 3gf hËnleq k:t}5 . xf]Og o;n] latfn kf5{ Sof/ xfdLnfO{ Û stf Nofof] o:tf] hËndf < cg'/fun] klg z+sf JoQm u/] . …P Û c6f]jfnf t}+n] xfdLnfO{ l;4fy{ dfu{ nfg'kb}{gÙ xfdLnfO{ hxfFaf6 NofPsf] ToxL+ k'¥ofOb], ToxfF ;fyLsf]df d]/f] Pp6f ;fdfg 5'6]5 ÛÚ d}n] Pp6f rfn rn]+ . …tkfO{+x¿ 8/fpg'ef], ca cfOxfN5 l;4fy{ dfu{Ú eGb} lyof] p . t/ d}n] s8\s]/ eg]+Ù …d h] eG5' ToxL u/ geP glthf /fd|f] x'g]5}g .Ú s] ;f]Rof] c6f]jfnfn], geGb} c6f] kmsf{of] / xfdLnfO{ /fdnLnf d}bfg 5]p NofP/ 5f]l8lbof] . k};f b'O{ u'0ff cr]6]/ lnof] eGg] s'/f oxfF bzf{O/xg' kb}{g . lbNnLsf dflg;x¿ ;fwf/0ftM enfb\dL x'G5g\ eg] ToxfFsf k|x/Lx¿ klg ;xof]uL kfOPsf 5g\ . ;+of]un] Ps hgf k|x/L km]nf k¥of] . p;nfO{ xfdLn] ;a} j[QfGt eGof}+ . p;n] eGof]Ù …tkfO{+x¿ hf]lug'eP5 . lbNnLdf tkfO{+x¿ gf}nf] x'g'x'G5, c6f]df t r9\b} gr9\gf];\ Û a? a;af6 hfg'xf];\ .Ú p;}n] wf}nfs'jf hfg] Pp6f a;df xfdLnfO{ r9fOlbof] . wf}nfs'jfaf6 l;4fy{ dfu{ k|foM 8]9 lsnf]ld6/ k5{ . ToxfF l;4fy{ dfu{lt/} hfg] Pshgf kmf}hL dflg; km]nf k¥of] / p;}sf] ;fy nfu]/ xfdL Oo/ kmf];{ s]Dkdf cfOk'Uof}+ . kmf}hL ;fyL Psflt/ nfUof] . xfdL jfo';]gfsf Sjf6/ ePlt/ nfUof}+ . nfUg t nfUof}+, t/ nx/} ;a} Ps}gf;] tn] ejg 5g\, ;a} af6f p:t} 5g\ . xfdL a;]sf] ˆn]6 ePsf] ejg s'g xf] < laxfg ejgsf] 5]psf] af6f] hxfFaf6 a; r9]sf lyof}+, ToxfF nx/} af6fsf] 5]pdf df5fsf k;n lyP ., cGo lvlr/ldlr/ ;fdu|Lsf k;n klg lyP . ejgsf] cl3 cfFugdf b'O{ j6f uf8Lx¿ lyP . clxn] ;a} ;'g;fg 5 . g k;n 5g\ g uf8Lx¿ . xfdL b'O{hgf af6fdf kmgkmgL 3'd]sf 5f}+, xf] t xfdL a;]sf] ejgs} slt rSs/ dfl/;Sof}+ t/ cf ˆgf] Sjf6{/ k}Nofpg ;Qm}gf}+ . Pshgf kmf}hL efOnfO{ xfd|f] ldq xl/sf] gfpF lnP/ ;f]Wof}+ . p;n] 6fOk g+=, ejg g+=, ˆn]6 g+=c? s] s] gDa/ ;f]Wof] hf] xfdLnfO{ s]xL yfxf 5}g . …P Û dfG5]sf] gfpF dfq eg]/ sxfF kQf nfU5 < oxfF ;q;o Sjf6{/ 5g\ . s;n] s;nfO{ lrG5 <Ú eg]/ p af6f] nfUof] . ca k¥of] km;fb 10
/flt P3f/ alh;Sof] . af6fdf dflg; b]vf kg{ 5fl8;s] . xfdL ysfOn] r"/ eO;Sof}+Ù t/ 6'Ëf] eg] a]6'Ëf] 5 . lgs} rSs/ dfl/;s]kl5 Ps 7fpF Pp6f ejgsf] 5]p cfP/ pleof}+ stf lrg]h:tf] nfUof] 7fpF . o;f] larf/ u¥of}+ –xfd|f] ejg 5]psf] cfFug oxL xf] . laxfg uf8L lyP clxn] 5}gg\ . laxfg oxL af6f]sf] 5]p df5fsf k;n lyP . xfd|f] Sjf6{/ ePsf] oxL+ x'g'k5{ . lgs} ud]/ 7DofPkl5 l;+9Laf6 dfly r9\of}+ / 9f]sfsf] 306L ahfof}+ . xl/nfO{ l9nf] ePsf] c;n sf/0f eg]/ lsg xf:osf] kfq aGg' < To;} 6fn6'n kf¥of}+ . pgsf] …vfgf vfg' ef] <Ú eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/df xfF;f] km':sg glbO{ d}n] eg]+ …cfh lbNnLsf] ld7fO{ vfg] dg ef]Ù To;}n] l3pdf tf/]sf] lbNnLsf] n •' k]6el/ vfof}+ b'j} efOn] ÛÚ xfdL yfs]/ r"/ lyof}+ / em§ cf]5\ofg ;dfTof}+ . efiff ;df/f]x ;dfKt ef] . cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿ sf]xL lbNnL 3'Dg yfn], sf]xL tfhdxn x]g{ cfu/flt/ nfu] . sf]xL xl/of0ff uP/ ;:tf]df ;fdfg lsgL c;d k'¥ofO{ gfkmfdf a]Rg] ;'/ s:g yfn] . …kz'kltsf] hfqfdf l;b|fsf] Jofkf/Ú tfs]sf /x]5g\ sltn] . xfdLnfO{ eg] ca kms{g] ;d:of lyof] . 6«]gdf cf;g cf/If0fsf] ;d:of . ;f+;bx¿sf] cf/If0f sf]6f x'G5 eGg] xfdLn] ;'g]sf lyof}+ . To;tfsf l;lSsdsf ;f+;b kxnjfg ;'Aaf x'g'x'GYof] . xfdL, cyf{t\ d ;lxt cg'/fu / rGb| ljgf]b gy{ Pe]Go" ;'AafhLsf] Sjf6{/ klxNofpFb} k'Uof}+ . ;'AafHo"l;t d]/f] ;fIffTsf/ gePsf] ePklg pxfF d]/f] gfpFl;t kl/lrt x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . cf/If0fsf] lglDt xfdLnfO{ ;+;b ejg lnP/ hfg'ef] . ;+;b ejg To;a]nf;Dd d}n] aflx/af6 dfq b]vs ] f] lyPF . cyf{t\ ;]n/f]6Lsf] yfs nfPh:tf] ejg} ejgsf] yfs nfu]sf] uf]nf] rSs/leq k;]/ x]/]sf] lyOFg . -clxn];Dd t ;ef rNb} /x]sf] ;+;bleq klg bz{s ¿kdf pkl:yt eO;s]sf] 5' ._ leq k:tf yfxf ef], Tof] uf]nf] rf/kfFr tn] ejgsf] rSs/ t ljleGg sfof{non] el/e/fp /x]5 / c;n tLg j6f ;+;b ejg t ToxL rSs/ dfemdf /x]5g\ . Pp6f nf]s;ef ejg, dfemdf ;+o'Qm ;ef ejg / csf]{ /fHo;ef ejg . ;'AafHo"n] xfdLnfO{ ToxL rSs/ leqsf] tLgtnf dfly l:yt /]n cf/If0f sfof{nodf k'¥ofpg'eof] / cf/If0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ef] . ToxL rSs/ leqsf] Pp6f xndf Pd=kL=x¿sf] s]lG6g /x]5 hxfF xfdLn] lbpF;f]sf] ef]h u¥of}+ . vfgf Hofb} :t/Lo t/ ;/sf/åf/f ;f+;bx¿sf] lglDt s6f}tL ul/Psf] x'Fbf df]n Hofb} yf]/} . lznfª lgjf;L >L s0f{ l;+x 5]qL hf] xfn lbNnLd} x'g'x'G5, To;tfsf lbNnL ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ ljefudf ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs x'g'x'GYof] . w]/} jif{ pxfF lbNnL /]l8of] :6]zgsf] ;Djfbbftf klg x'g'x'GYof] / cjsfz u|x0f u/]kl5 l;lSsdsf d'VodGqLsf] ;Nnfxsf/ /xg'ePsf] s'/f ;a}df 1ft} 5 . s0f{l;+x ;/ afNosfnsf d]/f u'? x'g'x'GYof] clg kl5 pxfFl;t em08} d]/f] kfl/jfl/s ;Dks{ hlQs} ag]sf] lyof] . lbNnLaf6 lznfª cfpFbf pxfF u'jfxf6L d]/f]df gk;L hfg' x'GgYof] / d]/f] lglDt klg lbNnL k'u]kl5 pxfFnfO e]6\g sfo{qmd tf]lsPs} x'GYof] . ;kl/jf/ d pxfFsf] lbNnL lgjf;df sltv]k a;]sf] klg 5' . cf/If0fsf] 606faf6 d'Qm ePkl5 dg cln xn'Ëf] ef] . s0f{l;+x ;/nfO{ e]6\g] ljrf/ u¥of}+ . cg'/fu / rfln;] klg pxfFnfO{ e]6\g hfg] eP . ca xfdLnfO{ ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f s]Gb|sf] ;dfrf/ ;]jf k}Nofpg' lyof] hxfF s0f{l;+x ;dfrf/ ;Dkfbs x'g'x'GYof] . lbNnLjf;L Pshgf a6'jfnfO{ ;f]Wbf p;n] em08} Ps lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] Pp6f ljzfn ejg cf}+NofOlbof] . lx+8]/} ToxfF;Dd k'uL ejgdf cg';Gwfg sfpG6/df a;]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;dfrf/ ljefu sxfF eg]/ ;f]Wbf p lgs} emSof]{ / s8\Sof] klg . p;n] eGof]Ù …oxfF sxfF ;dfrf/ 11
ljefu vf]Hg'x'G5 < of] t nfn axfb'/ zf:qL ejg xf] . Go"h ;le{; l8lehg t oxfFaf6 b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 5 .Ú d]/f] w]/}rf]l6sf] cg'ej s] 5 eg] lbNnLsf dflg;nfO{ s'g} 6'ª\uf] ;f]Wof]eg] p;n] ghfg]sf] ePklg d hflGbg eGb}g / cg'dfgd} Psflt/ b]vfOlbG5 / cl3 a9\5 . To;/L p t cf ˆgf] c1fgtfnfO{ 5f]k]/ 7"nf] dfG5] aG5Ù t/ e'Qmdfg ;f]Wg] JolQmn] vKg'k5{ . lbNnL ofqfsf] o:t} csf]{ Pp6f ltQmtf d}n] ef]u]sf] 5' . dnfO{ Pshgf 8fS6/ e]6\g cfo'lj{1fg gu/ k'Ug'kg]{ . PshgfnfO{ ;f]Wbf p;n] h'g 7fpF atfof]Ù ToxfF k'Ubf yfxf nfUof] Tof] cfo'{lj1fg gu/ geO cG;f/L gu/ /x]5 . cG;f/L gu/sf] Pshgfn] cfo'lj{1fg gu/ eg]/ hxfF b]vfof] ToxfF k'Ubf yfxf eof] Tof] t d]l8sn OlG:66\o"6sf] 5fqfjf; kf] /x]5 . o;/L lbgel/ cfo'lj{1fg gu/sf] 6'Ëf] gnfu]kl5 8fS6/ e]6\g] sfo{qmd :ylut /fv]/ d cf ˆgf] xf]6n kms]{sf] 5' . clxn] klg em08} ToxL bzf x'g nfu]sf] 5 xfd|f] . t/ tLg tLg hgf lyof}+ ;xh} xfg]{ s'/f] ePg . w]/} ;f]wvf]hkl5 aNnaNn sfof{no aGb x'g nfUbf xfdL ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] ;dfrf/ ljefudf k'Uof}+ . wGg s0f{l;+x ;/ sfof{noaf6 lgl:s;Sg' ePsf] /x]g5 / e]6 eof] . ;/n] 3/ hfg] cfu|x ug'{ef] . eGg'eof] – …df]tLafu ;fpyaf6 -;/sf] Sjf6{/ ePsf] 7fpF_ l;4fy{ kfs{ glhs} 5Ù vfgf vfP/ hfpnf Ú rfln;] lzlj/d} kms{g] eP . cg'/fu klg …tkfO{+ ;/sxfF k'u]/ cfpg'xf];\Ù d ;f]em} 8]/fdf kms{G5'Ú eg]/ jf;lt/ nfu] . ;/n] dnfO{ 5f]8\g'ePg . :6fkm a;åf/f xfdL df]tLafu ;fpy k'Uof}+ . efpHo"sf] -;/sL >dtLsf]_ dfOt lbNnLd} x'gfn] dfOt k'u]/ ev{/ cfpg'ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] pxfFnfO{ ;f]w]+, …slt 6f9f 5 efpHo"sf] dfOtÙ s] df cfpg'ef] clxn] <Ú …oxL+ kf; d} t xf]Ù slZd/L u]6 Û oxfFaf6 b; lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fÙ xfdL w]/}h;f] lx+8]/} cfgfhfgf u5f}+{ .Ú dgdg} ljrf/]+, …of] klg lbNnLs} n •'sf] s/fdt xf]Ù hxfF b; lsnf]ld6/ 6f9fsf] af6f] glhs} 7xl/G5 / lx+8]/} cfjthfjt ug{ ;lsG5 .Ú dflg; klg otfsf cUnf cUnf / uf]/f . b]Vt} /x/nfUbf x'G5g\ . ptf k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf u'OF7]x¿ klg kf] oxfF cfP/ lgs} clUnPsf] b]V5' d . /fltsf] vfgf vfPkl5 ;/n] eGg'ef]Ù …ltdL ls ot} a;Ù hfG5f} eg] 5f]/fn] :s'6/df k'¥ofOlbG5 . dgdg} ljrf/]+, …:s'6/df t hfpFnfÙ e/] l;4fy{ kfs{ k'u]/ lxhf]sf] h:tf] cf ˆgf] 8]/f klxNofpg ;lsg eg] nfh dg'{ x'G5 . To;}n] eg]+Ù …e}uf] cfh ot} a:5'Ù ef]ln ot}af6 lzlj/ uP/ cg'/funfO{ ToxL+ e]6f}+nf ÛÚ ef]lnkN6 cg'/ful;t e]6 ePkl5 ljrf/ cfof]Ù …ljr/f cg'/fun] oxfFsf bz{gLo :yn s]xL x]g{ kfPgg\ Û oxfFsf] ;a}eGbf glhs kg]{ /]8 kmf]6{ -nfnlsNnf_ b]vfOlbg' k¥of] . Pp6f c6f]nfO{ eg]+ – …/]8kmf]6{ rnf]u] <Ú …rn]+u] ;fÚa ÛÚ eg]/ xfdL r9\g] lalQs} c6f] s'bfof] . /]8kmf]6{ ToxfFb]lv b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ klg 5}g . t/ c6f] eg] rf/ lsnf]ld6/ hlt s'lb;Sof] t/ /]8kmf]6{sf] gfpFlgzfg 5}g . …/]8kmf]6{ olt 6f9f t 5}g, sxfF nUb}5;\ t}+n] <Ú ;f]w]+ c6f]jfnfnfO{ . …Po/ kf]6{ ;fÚa Û oxL af]nf yf gf cfkg] <Ú kf] eG5 c6f]jfnf Û …d}n] t /]8kmf]6{ kf] eg]sf] lyPFÙ Po/ kf]6{ sxfF eg]+ <Ú …cf] xf]Ù xdg] tf] Po/ kf]6{ ;'gf, xjfO{ c •f Û nfnlsNnf af]nt] x} gf Ow/ xdnf]u /]8kmf]6{sf] . ca Otgf b"/ cfuP tf] s't'a ldgf/ 5f]8 b]t] x}+ hf] oxfF ;] ghbLs x}, jxL b]v nf] ÛÚ rf/ ?lkofF ef8fsf] 7fpFdf afO; ?lkofF lt/]/ s't'aldgf/ x]g'{ afx]s csf]{ pkfo s] lyof] / < cflv/ lbNnLsf] n •' vfg g} t lx+8]sf 5f}+ Û lbNnLaf6 kms{g] lbg cf ˆgf ;a} ;fdfg l;4fy{gu/l:yt xl/sf] 3/af6 efiff ;ldtsf] lzlj/df cf];f/]+ . cg'/fusf] l6s6 Ps lbg kl5sf] 12
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k"jf{]Q/ ef/tdf :jtGqf]Q/ g]kfnL syf –;flxTosf] ljsf; 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo
g]kfnL syf –;flxTosf] Pp6f xfFuf] ef/tsf] k"jf{]Q/ e]sdf df}nfPsf] dfq} xf]Og lgs} l5lKkPsf] klg 5 . To;}n] o; ljifoaf/] 5'§} ax; x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . oxL ;Gbe{df k|:t't n]vsf] zLif{s tLg s8Ldf tf]lsPsf] 5 . klxnf] s8L xf] …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tÚ . oL zAbåon] ef/tjif{sf] pQ/ k"j{ lbzfdf /x]sf cfª\u /fHox¿nfO{ a'emfpFb5g\ . tL /fHox¿ x'g\ –dl0fk'/, lqk'/f, c;d, gfufNof08, d]3fno, ldhf]/d / c?0ffrn k|b]z . pQm ;ft /fHox¿nfO{ Ps}rf]l6 …;ft alxgLÚ cyjf …;]j]g –l;:6;{Ú sf /fHox¿ eGg] rng klg 5 . plxn] dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f afx]ssf cGo afFsL kfFr /fHox¿ cv08 …c;dÚ cyjf …cf;fdÚ leq} kb{y] . bf];|f] s8L …:jtGqf]Q/Ú zAbn] O{=!($& df ef/tjif{ la|l6; pklgj]zaf6 :jtGq eP pk|fGtsf] ;do cjlwnfO{ hgfpg] dfGg' kb{5 . To;f] x'Fbf ljut O{;jL aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] cw]{s clg clxn] O{;jL PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] klxnf] bzsnfO{ klg yk]/ df]6fdf]6L rNbf] 5 –bzs sfn JoflKtnfO{ lnOPsf] a'lemG5 . o;nfO{ – …:j/fh –pQ/ sfnÚ eg] klg x'G5 . t];|f] s8L …syf ;flxToÚn] d"nt M syf / pkGof;Ù oL b'O6f ljwfnfO{ lgb]{z ub{5Ù h;nfO{ xfdLn] …uBfVofgÚ klg eGg] u/]sf 5f}+ . cª\u|]hLdf o;}nfO{ …lkmS;gÚ eGb5g\ . t;y{ pQm zLif{ssf] tfTko{ xf] – …:j/fh –pQ/ o'usf] pQ/ –k"j{ ef/tdf ef/tLo g]kfnL uBfVofg cyjf lkmS;gsf] qmd ljsf;Ú . g]kfnL ;flxTo Oltxf;sf] l;nl;nfdf k"jf]{Q/ cyjf pQ/ k"jL{o ef/tnfO{ PsfO e" – v08sf] bfo/fleq ;d]6\g] k/Dk/f 5Ù clg To;sf] cf}lrTo /x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . :j/fh –pQ/ o'usf] ;flxTo cfw'lgstf / cfw'lgstfjfb –oL b'O ;|f]tdf au]/ cfpFb} u/]sf] x'G5Ù clg To;df g]kfnL 13
uBfVofgn] cf ˆg} Ps k|:6 7fpF cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] jf:tljstf g]kfn Pj+ ef/t –c;d ;a}lt/ Ps5q ePsf] kfOG5 . d"n zLif{ssf] ljj]rg o;/L g} x'g]5 . x'g t cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf –;flxTosf] k|:yfg laGb' hxfFaf6 b]lvG5, To; ;do cufl8 klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf …syf –s'y'ª\u|LÚ / …ls:;f –sxfgLÚ cyjf …cfxfgÚ eGg] / ;'Gg] rng /x]s} lyof] . t/ cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTon] cfVofgx¿sf] ljwfdf syfgs / syfj:t' tyf kfq / kl/j]zdf gf}nf] z}nL, :j¿k / efjgfsf] cfofd ylklbof] . 5f]6f ls:;f –sxfgLx¿ n3'syf ePÙ nfdf pkGof; sxnfOP . g]kfn –ef/t cfGtM/fli6«otf}/df ljj]rgf ug'{kbf{ of] kxn sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt …zf/bfÚ -!(#%_ dfl;s klqsfdf -O{=!(#^ otf_ n3'syfx¿ lg:sg yfn]b]lv ;'? ePsf] 5 . k"jf{~rn ef/tdf klg To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 g} lznfªaf6 lg:sg nfu]sf] …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ -!(#^_ klqsfdf -O{=!(#&_ b]lv o:tf g]kfnL n3'syfx¿ k|sflzt x'g yfn] . To:f dWo]sf] klxnf] n3' syf xf] /fdk|;fb 1jfnLsf] …snÍÚ . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ df pgsf c¿ klg n3'syfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . wg axfb'/ /fO{sf] …gog ldngÚ gfdsf] syf klg oxL klqsfdf lgl:sPsf] lyof] . h'g'dfof /fO{gLn] c;daf6 k7fPsf] …b'Mvdo Oltxf;Ú gfdsf] syf …zf/bfÚdf O{=!(#( df k|sflzt ePsf] xf] . csf]{ jif{ cyf{t\ O{=!($) df t]hk'/ laxfnLaf6 6Ígfy pkfWofon] n]v]sf] …k'8\s] xanbf/Ú gfpFsf] n3'syf klg …zf/bfÚ d} k|sflzt eof]] . To;kZrft\ pQ/ –k"jL{o ef/tdf Pp6f, b'O{6f ub}{ lgs} klqsfx¿ k|sfzgdf cfpg yfn]Ù clg g]kfnL uBfVofgn] klg ltgLx¿d} cfTdk|sfzsf] nfdf] af6f] to u/] . …zf/bfÚ / …uf]vf{ –;]jsÚ afx]s klg sflnDkf]ªaf6 lg:sg] clvn ef/tLo uf]vf{ nLusf] d'vkq …uf]vf{Ú -!($%_, bfhL{lnªaf6 lg:sg] …ef/tLÚ -!($^_ / …xfd|f] syfÚ -!($^_, agf/;af6 lg:sg] …o'ujf0fLÚ -!($(_ cflb klqsfx¿df k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf syfsf/x¿n] cf ˆgf syfx¿ k|sfzgsf] nflu k7fpg yfn] . To;}u/L …t?0f uf]vf{Ú, …uf]vf{nL, …rlGb|sfÚ, …k|eftÚ, …lxdflb|Ú, …a|Xdk'qÚ, …lbofnf]Ú, …dw'jgÚ, …;'dgÚ, …cfzfÚ, …af8'nLÚ, …h'g]nLÚ, …dfbnÚ, …piffÚ, …syfd~rÚ, …laGb'Ú, …xfd|f] ;okqLÚ, …uf]/]6f]Ú, …¿k/]vfÚ, …xfd|f] WjlgÚ, …xfd|f] cfF6Ú, …;kl/jf/Ú, …b]zjftf{Ú, …xfd|f] k|hfzlQmÚ, …xfd|f] cfjfhÚ cflb y'k|} kq –klqsfx'Fbf] g]kfnL syf –;flxTo emg\emg\ emfFlËb} / df]6fpFb} cfO/x]5 . :jtGqtf k|flKtsf] bz jif{ cufl8af6} pQ/ –k"j{ ef/tdf cfw'lgs g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf] ;'?jft ePsf] ul/dfnfO{ a]Un} /fVt} s]jn :j/fhf]Q/ sfnsf] syf –n]vg Oltxf;nfO{ dfq} oxfF ;xL ¿kdf k|ltkflbt ug'{kbf{ Tof] Oltxf; O{=!($( b]lv ;'? ePsf] yfxf nfU5 . clg To;df klxnf] syfsf/sf ¿kdf xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{nfO{ >]o lbg'k5{ . k|;Ëdf eGg'kbf{ bfhL{lnªaf6 !($^ b]lv …xfd|f] syfÚ / …ef/tLÚ klqsf lg/Gt/ lg:sg nfUb5g\ . …uf]vf{Ú /fO{sf syfx¿ qmdzM …wg]sf] y]l;;Ú, / …lj;]{sf] s'/fÚ …xfd|f] syfÚdf Pj+ …Pp6f ;nfdÚ / …uf]vf{nLsf] d8]nÚ …ef/tLÚdf lgl:sP/ Ps gofF o'usf] ;"rgf ub{5g\ . km]l/ !(%) df pgsf …dg leqleq}Ú, …j}/fuL cf>dÚ / …Pp6f sfuhsf] vf]:6fÚ klg ToxL klqsfdf k|sflzt x'G5g\ . kl5 km]l/ !(%@ df …g]kfnLsf] dfofÚ zLif{s syf …uf]vf{Údf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . nx/} lg:sg nfu]sf oL syfx¿n] g} k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL syf ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df /f]dflG6s k|j[lQsf] nx8 af]s]/ NofpF5g\ . !(%@ ;g\b]lv k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] syf –;flxTosf] cfsfzdf csf{ Pshgf pHjn tf/f em'lNsG5g\ . ltgL x'g\ nLn axfb'/ 5]qL . cf ˆgf leGg} kf/fsf …sQ{JoÚ -o'ujf0fL, !(%@_, …cfzfsf] lbof] lgef]Ú / …uf]7fnfsf] ;kgfÚ -uf]vf{, !(%$_ h:tf syf dfkm{t\ pgL oyfy{jfbL k|j[lQ le œofpg] kxn rfN5g\ . 14
km]l/ oxL krf;sf] bzsd} syf –;flxTosf] d}bfgdf a]Un} lbs\b[li6 lnP/ cf]n{G5g\ csf{ Pshgf k|ltefjfg\ syfsf/ b'jf{;f pkfWofo . t]hk'/ e]saf6 lg:sg] …k|eftÚ / …aXdk'qÚ gfdsf :t/Lo b'Oj6f ;flxlTos klqsfx¿df pgsf …cfpg] ;dfhsf] e]6LdfÚ -k|eft, !(%%_, …l/Qf] sfvÚ -a|Xdk'q, !(%(_ h:tf syfx¿ k|sflzt x'G5g\ . tL syfx¿sf dfWodaf6 pkfWofon] h'g rf~rNo dRrfOlbPsf lyPÙ Tof] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf k|ultjfb / dgf]ljZn]if0fsf] gf}nf] wf/f aGg k'u]sf] lyof] . Tof] bzs g;ls+b} k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf csf]{ Pp6f ul/dfdo Oltxf; ylkG5 . Tof] xf] pkGof; ljwfsf] yfngL . x'g t o;cl3 klg pkGof; ¿kL uBfVofg s[ltx¿ glgl:sPsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ nLn axfb'/ 5]qLn] …a;fOFÚ -!(%&_ pkGof; n]v]/ o; ljwfdf 7f]; b[i6fGt v8f u/]Ù h;df ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbnfO{ km/flsnf] 7fpF ldNb5 . pgsf …lsk6Ú / …k'/:sf/Ú syfx¿ klg bzssf] clGtdlt/ lg:s]sf x'g\ . o:f k|sf/n] :j/fhf]Q/ o'usf] k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo uBfVofgdf xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{ k|yd cfw'lgs g]kfnL syfsf/ x'g'sf ;fy} /f]dfl06s k|jt{s ;d]t eP/ em'lNsG5g\ . cv08 c;dsf Pj+ cfhsf] gfufNof08 /fHosf] /fhwfgL zx/ sf]xLdfsf afl;Gbf x'g\ pgL . oyfy{jfbnfO{ rflx+ nLn axfb'/ 5]qLn] uBfVofgdf k|j]z u/fP . pgL cw'gf c;dsf] /fhwfgL ;x/ u'jfxf6Lsf afl;Gbf x'g\ . b'jf{;f pkfWofo c;d /fHosf] g]kfnL afx'No If]q t]hk'/ e]sdf j;f]jf; u5{g\, h;n] k|ultjfb / dgf]ljZn]if0fnfO{ Ps}rf]l6 To; k|fGtsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf :jfut u/] . nIdLk|;fb k/fh'nL Psrf]l6 krf;sf] clGtd bzsdf / csf]{rf]l6 ;f7Lsf] bzsdf …k|eftÚ df syf lnP/ pbfpF5g\ clg c:tfpF5g\ klg . ;f7Lsf] bzs otf k"jf{~rnsf ljleGg k|fGtaf6 ljleGg kqklqsfx¿df cf ˆgf syfx¿ k|sflzt u/fpg] c¿ y'k|} syfsf/ b]vf kb{5g\ . …piffÚ / …cfzfÚ -lznfª\_ dfkm{t\ ef]nfgfy u'?ª, s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL, 8L=cf/=;'Aaf, dfof 7s'/L, kß axfb'/ yfkf, nfn'k|;fb pkfWofo, /fdrGb| pkfWofo, g/axfb'/ k|wfg clg …sf]lknfÚ -l8uaf]O{_ cflb dfkm{t\ clUg axfb'/ IfqL h:tf syfsf/ b]vf k5{g\ . o;} bzsn] syf –;ª\sngsf] Oltxf; klg ;'? ub{5 . o; e]ssf] To:tf] klxnf] syf ;Íng xf] …sxfgL ;ª\u|xÚ -!(^)_Ù h;df nLn axfb'/ 5]qL, /fhfl;+ lnDa', 8Da/ g]kfnL, kß 9sfn, nIdL ltdl;gf, ;L=aL u'?ª / xl/k|;fb pkfWofox¿sf syf ;ª\slnt 5g\ . To;sf] nuQ} csf]{ jif{ …P]ltxfl;s syf ;ª\u|xÚ -!(^!_ k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . o;df xl/eQm s6'jfn, b'uf{ l/hfn / sfzL/fd l/hfnsf syf ;ª\u|lxt 5g\ . To;}u/L rGb|snf g]jf/sf] …ddtfÚ -syf ;ª\sng_ !(^% df k|sflzt x'G5 . o;df pgsf cf ˆgf dfq} syfx¿ ;ª\slnt 5g\Ù h;nfO{ To; bzssf] k"jf{~rnsf] csf]{ Pp6f gf}nf] Oltxf; dfGg'k5{ . o;df gf/L ljjztfx¿ oyfy{jfbL wf/fdf kf]lvPsf 5g\ . !(^$ b]lv n]Vt} cfPsf csf{ Ps ;zQm syfsf/ x'g\ ch'{g lg/f}nfÙ h;sf] :yfg km]l/ 5'§} 5 . …sfldgLÚ, k|ltåGåLÚ, …s'v'/] j}+zÚ h:tf syfx¿ k|sflzt u/]/ l;4x:t ePsf lg/f}nf …;fg'sf] ;fgf] cGtå{GåÚ -;'dgÙ!(^(_ dfkm{t\ cl:tTjjfbL k|j[lQnfO{ d"n syfgsdf 9fn]/ k"jf]{Q/ ef/tdf gofF Oltxf; /rgf ug{ /dfpF5g\ . pgsf] of] k|j0ftf ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf klg lg/Gt/ /xG5 . ;g\ !(^* sf] csf]{ Pp6f pNn]vgLo s'/f s] xf] eg] lznfªaf6 lbn ;fxgLsf] ;Dkfbgdf syfdfq k|sflzt x'g] klqsf …syfd~rÚ lg:sg yfN5 . 15
cl:tTjjfbL wf/fnfO{ g} klxNofpFb} syf –;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ csL{ syfsf/ x'g\ dfof 7s'/L . O{=!(^( b]lv !(&( ;Dddf …k]g k|m]08Ú, …uf]kmnLÚ, …/]zds"nÚ, …lat]sf s'/fÚ, lk/fld8Ú cflb cg]s /f]rs syf /rgf u/]/ pgL k"jf{~rnsf] g]kfnL syf –;flxTodf cf ˆgf] 5'§} :yfg cf]u6\g ;dy{ x'lG5g\ . o;}aLr 8Da/ vgfn, xl/eQm s6'jfn, nId0f af]xf]/f, ;Gtnfn ;8Í/x¿ klg syfsf/sf ¿kdf b]vf k5{g\ . o:tf+ k|sf/n] pQ/ –k"jL{ ef/tdf g]kfnL syf n]vgsf] 7"nf] af9L cfpFg yfN5 .Ù lgs} syfsf/ /fli6«o :t/df ;d]t kl/lrt x'g yfN5g\ . pkGof; n]vgsf] /x/ klg ;dfGt/ ¿kdf ylkG5 . c;dsf] gf}ufpF lhNnf cGtu{t nª\sfaf6 xl/k|;fb zdf{sf] …k|]dkqÚ -!(^)_, nfdl8ª\af6 s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] …d]/f] 3/ d]/f] ;+;f/Ú -!(^%_, …;dk{0fÚ -!(^%_ clg nLn axfb'/ 5]qLsf] csf]{ s[lt …ct[KtÚ -!(^(_ ;f7Lsf] bzss} pknlAw x'g\ . ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf klg lgs} pkGof; k|sfzgdf cfpF5g\ . vf;u/L lznfªaf6 ch'{g lg/f}nfsf] …3fd 8'a]kl5Ú -!(&!_ / …lzlz/ atf;Ú -!(&@_, s]=aL= g]kfnLsf] …t:jL/ Ps xftsf]Ú !(&#_, sfzL/fd ;'j]bLsf] …k|ltbfgÚ -!(&$_ clg l8uaf]Oaf6 uxLg pkfWofosf] …vf]hLdfÚ -!(&(_ cflbn] o; ljwfnfO{ emgemg ;d[4 kfb}{ n}hfg yfN5g\ . k'/fgf / k|ltli7t syfsf/x¿sf] xf/df gofF k|hGdsf syfsf/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof a9\b} cfpF5 . syfsf/x¿sf] l9s'6L 7"nf] x'Fb} hfG5 . dfgs syfx¿ klxrfg ul/G5g\ . k|;Ëdf lbn ;fxgL, kf]v/]n kLtfDa/, nId0f af]x/f, lbn axfb'/ g]jf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, cljgfz >]i7 cflb syfsf/x¿nfO{ ljleGg ;flxlTos / P]ltxfl;s kl/k|]Ifdf oxfF pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . ljleGg k|fGtaf6 k':tsfsf/ ¿kdf syfsf/x¿sf syf ;ª\sngx¿ k|sflzt x'g] qmd ylkG5 . tL dWo]sf …sNkgfÚ -s]=aL=g]kfnL, !(&)_, …o'u k'?ifÚ -lbn ;fxgL, !(&!_, …Pp6f /ft lat]kl5Ú -ch'{g lg/f}nf, !(&#_, …:ki6Ls/0fÚ -xl/eQm s6'jfn, !(&#_, …oxfF abgfd x'G5Ú -xl/k|;fb …uf]vf{Ú /fO{, !(&$_, …gh'/]sf] hf]8LÚ / …udnfsf] km"nÚ -dfof 7s'/L, !(&$ / !(&&_, …c3]{nf]Ú -aL=Pd=k|wfg, !(*)_, …tLg bzs aL; cleJolQmÚ -nLn axfb'/ 5]qL, !(*)_ cflb pNn]Vo 5g\ . c;Lsf] bzsb]lv otf cfh;Dd …OGb|]0fLÚ -z]/dfg yfkf_, …pT;u{Ú -lji0f'nfn pkfWofo_, …cfljisf/Ú -8Da/ bfxfn_, …¿k k|lt¿kÚ / …syfb]lv k/Ú -v8u/fh lu/L_, …cf;fd] HjfOFÚ -uf]kfn sf}lzs_, …Ps laxfgMPs a]n'sLÚ -nId0f af]xf]/f_, …aL;f}+ ztfAbLsL dgfln;fÚ -ljqmd jL/ yfkf_, …;fOtÚ -nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+_, …df6f], dfG5] / dfofÚ -df]xg ;'j]bL_, …d s'Gtnf x'FOgÚ kLtfDa/ u'?ª_, …z"Go ljsNkÚ -v8u/fh lu/L_, …syf~hlnÚ -uLtf pkfWofo_, …c;d]nL g]kfnL syfofqfÚ -;+=8f=zflGt yfkf_ cflbsf gfdx¿ oxfF ljz]ifu/L cfpF5g\ . o;} k/Dk/fdf cGo w]/} syfsf/dWo] pNn]vgLo gfd x'g\ –l8NnL/fd vgfn, OGb|sfGt sfsL{, ;'dg ;'Aaf, /fwf 1jfnL, h'4jL/ /fgf, af]u] g]jf/, gL¿ zdf{ k/fh'nL, x]d hf]zL, sdn rDnfufOF, gofb]jL n'OF6]n, b]j]g ;fksf]6f, xl/ n'OF6]n, rGb| n'OF6]n, lzj s'df/ g]jf/, nlnt ;'Aaf, d}gf yfkf, ldqb]j zdf{ cflb . c;Lsf] bzssf …kTy/ af]N5Ú -z]/dfg yfkf, !(*!_, …;fgL cfdfsf] 5f]/f]Ú -df]xg s'df/ >]i7, !(*%_, …8f]ax¿Ú -k|sfz ;'a]bL, !(*^_, …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ -nLn axfb'/ 5]qL, !(*^_, …l6:6fb]lv ;tnh;DdÚ -ljqmdjL/ yfkf, !(*&_, …d'6'sf] lt;{gfÚ -xl/ clwsf/L_, …bf];fFwÚ -¿k gf/fo0f kf7s_, …cfFwLÚ -nf]sgfy rfkfufO{+_, …clUg:gfgÚ -/f]lxt uf}td_, …;kgfsf] dfofd[uÚ -/f]lxt uf}td_, …df6f] af]Nbf] xf]Ú -ljqmdjL/ yfkf_, …o'u;lGwÚ -g}ofb]jL_ cflb klg dfgs pkGof;sf ¿kdf ulgG5g\ . 16
hLjgsf lg:;f/tf / ;+zo, lj;ªult / lj8Dagf, s'07f / åGå, dfgJfLo d"Nojf]wsf] :vng, hftLotfdf k|ZglrGx, /fli6«otfdf ljjztf h:tf s'/fx¿ pNn]lvt uBfVofgx¿sf d"ne"t k|j[lQ / cfwf/ x'g\ . oL ;a} cfw'lgstfjfbsf cGotd j}lzi7o ePsf pkGof; x'g\ . To;}n] kl5Nnf bzssf uBfVofgdf k|:t't ul/Psf syfgs / rl/q lrq0fx¿n] klg ;fdflhs hLjgsf] bfz{lgs kf6f], j}1flgs / of}lSts b[li6eËL, lgDg dWod ju{sf ;d:ofx¿, kfl/jfl/s åGå, ;fdflhs ktg, pu|jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] kl/k|]If, kl/jlt{t ;dfh >[ª\vnf cflbnfO{ cu|flwsf/ lbP/ a]Un} lsl;dn] k|Toflot ug{ nfu]sf b]lvG5g\ . k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL uBfVofgdf cg'jfb kIfsf] klg Pp6f cxd e"ldsf 5 . c;dLof – lxGbL –cª\u|]hLaf6 g]kfnLdf clg g]kfnLaf6 c;dLofsf cg'lbt syf / pkGof;x¿n] o; e"ldsfsf] af6f] klxNofPsf 5g\ . DoflS;d uf]sL{sf] …cfdfÚ pkGof;nfO{ xl/k|;fb zdf{n] g]kfnLdf …cfdfÚ gfddf cg'jfb u/]kZrft\ zflGt yfkfn] …gfd3/]Ú -ct'nfgGb uf]:jfdL, gfd3/Lof÷c;dLof_, rGb|dl0f pkfWofon] …dª\un;"qÚ -k|]drGb, dËn;"q÷lxGbL_, 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qLn] …dg k/]sf syfx¿Ú cª\u|]hLaf6_ k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf c? lgs} syfx¿ cg'lbt eO/x]sf 5g\ . oxL wf/fdf xf]d]g a/uf]xfl`sf c;dLof pkGof;x¿ qmdz M …pRrfsfª\IfÚ nfO{ k'ikw/ zdf{n] ToxL gfpFdf, …cg'/fuÚ nfO{ 8f=zflGt yfkfn] pxL gfpFdf, …xfnwLof r/fo] afp wfg vfoÚ nfO{ tf/flglw pkfWofon] – …af3sf] 5fnfdf :ofnsf] /hfOFÚ gfpFdf, ck"j{ zdf{sf] c;dLof pkGof; …af3] 6fk'/ /fltÚ nfO{ rGb|dl0f zdf{n] …af3] 6fk'sf] /ftÚ df cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ . o; afx]ssf cGo efiffx¿af6 klg cg'jfb eO/x]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] ljZjgf/fo0f zf:qLsf] …cljgfzLÚ nfO{ ;+:s[taf6 g]kfnLdf ToxL gfpFdf cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ 8f= v]d/fh g]kfnn] . To:t} aª\ufnLaf6 z/trGb| r§f]kfWofosf] …kl/0fLtfÚ nfO{ ToxL gfpFdf /]jtL df]xg ltdl;gfn] / aª\lsdrGb r§f]kfWofosf] …cfgGb d7Ú nfO{ klg pxL gfpFd} tf/fklt pkfWofon] g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/ k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} lbg]z zdf{sf] c;dLof syf ;ª\u|x …uNk/ u5k]/fÚ nfO{ g]kfnLdf b'uf{ vltj8fn] …aXdk'qsf 5fnx¿Ú, clg nLn axfb'/ 5]qLsf] g]kfnL pkGof; …aXdk'qsf 5]p5fpÚ nfO{ clUg axfb'/ IfqLn] …a|Xdk'q/ cfz]kfz]Ú gfpFdf c;dLofdf cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ . xfn} c;dLofaf6 uLtf pkfWofon] …df dO kmfi6{ xnf]FÚ gfpFsf] pgsf] cf ˆg} syfnfO{ …cfdf d km:6{ ePFÚ gfpFdf g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]sL 5g\ . 8f= s]zj /] •Lsf] t]n]u' pkGof;nfO{ ldqb]j zdf{n] g]kfnLdf …hGde"ldsf] ;'jf;Ú clg c;dLofdf klg …hGde"ld/ ;'jf;Ú gfd lbP/ cg'jfb u/L gofF Oltxf; sfod u/]sf 5g\ . nLn axfb'/ 5]qLsf] …a;fOFÚ nfO{ bnaxfb'/ 5]qLn] pxL gfpFd} c;dLofdf pNyf u/]/ lgsfn]sf] x'gfn] Tof] lgs} ;dfb[t ePsf] 5 . xfn} xf]d axfb'/ 5]qLn] cg'lbt syfx¿ g]kfnL efiffdf ;'b"/ b'aO{af6 k|sfzg u/]/ csf]{ yk cjbfg hf]8]sf 5g\ . cGTodf eGg'kg]{ s] eg] ;f7Lsf] bzsdf v"a} rlr{t cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngsf] k|efj k"jf{~rnsf] uBfVofg ;+/rgfdf plta]nf gk/]tfklg clxn] eg] pQ/ –cfw'lgstfjfbsf] k|efj oxfFsf syfx¿df klg k|s6 x'g yfn]sf] 5 . gf/LjfbL ;flxTo wf/f eg] otfsf] k"jf{~rndf cem} b]lvPsf] 5}g . w]dflh -c;d_
pQ/ –k"jL{ ef/tLo g]kfnL lgaGw M Ps ;++lIfKt ¿k/]vf 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL
17
ef/tsf] pQ/ –k"jf{~rn eGgfn] c;d, d]3fno, c?0ffrn k|b]z, ldhf]/d, gfufn]08, dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f oL ;ft /fHox¿nfO{ ;d]6]/ ul7t e"v08nfO{ a'lemG5 . Ps ;dodf dl0fk'/ / lqk'/f afx]s cGo /fHox¿ c;d leqsf Ps jf Psflws lhNnfsf ¿kdf lyP . cf ˆgf] hftLo kl/ro cIf'00f /fVg] Wo]on] ljleGg ;dodf c;daf6 5'l§P/ k[ys\ /fHosf ¿kdf /x]klg ;'bL3{ ;do Pp6} /fHosf ¿kdf /x]sfn] cfk;L ;b\efjgfsf] k|of; ;a} /fHon] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;ft} /fHox¿nfO{ …;ft a}gLÚ -c;dLof efiffdf …;ft egLÚ_ elgG5 . oL /fHox¿dWo] c;d, d]3fno, dl0fk'/ / ldhf]/ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] ;+Vof k|z:t x'gfn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] klg tL :yfgdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . k|yd r/0f M kqklqsfx¿M pQ/ k"jf{~rndf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] z'?cft sljtfaf6 ePsf] xf] . uf]vf{ /fOkmN;sf n]G; gfos t'nfrg cfn]n] ;g\ !*(# df …dl0fk'/sf] wfjfsf] ;jfO{Ú n]v]/ k"jf{~rn ef/tdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] hu a;fn]sf x'g\ . o;/L x]bf{ k"jf{~rn ef/tdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Ps ;o ;q jif{sf] ;'bL3{ uf}/jdo Oltxf; 5 . of] nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] klxnf] r/0fdf pQ/k"j{ ef/taf6 km6Øfs km'6's g]kfnL ;flxTox¿ /lrP eg] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf -!(*) b]lv otf_ xhf/f}+sf ;+Vofdf l;h{gfTds ;flxTosf k':tsx¿ /lrPsf 5g\Ù To;/L g} k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ cgluGtL kq –klqsf / :d[ltu|Gyx¿ klg . o; cjlwsf ljz]if u/L :jfwLgtf kl5 b]lv -$& otf_ dfq g]kfnL efiffdf lgaGw n]Vg]] :j:y k/Dk/f z'¿cft ePsf] a'lemG5 . ;g\ !(*) b]lv otf eg] k"jf{~rn ef/taf6 ztflws lgaGw u|Gy k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . uf]vf{ ;]js ;g\ !(#^ sf] hgj/L dlxgfdf afa' dl0f l;+ u'?ªsf] ;DkfbsTjdf To; ;dosf] c;dsf] /fhwfgL lznfª\af6 -xfn d]3fnosf] /fhwfgL_ k"jf{~rnsf] klxnf] ;fKtflxs …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ k|sflzt eof] . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ df k|sflzt dl0f l;+ u'?ªsf] ;DkfbsLo n]vnfO{ k"jf{~rnaf6 k|sflzt klxnf] lgaGw dfGg ;lsG5 . -To; cl3sf] b;L km]nf k/]sf] 5}g ._ pQm ;fKtflxsdf ;DkfbsLo snd eGg] pNn]v gePklg tTsfnLg ;d;fdlos ljifodf n]lvPsf] …O6nL / caL;Llgofsf] o'4Ú zLif{ssf] n]v ;DkfbsLo n]v xf] eg]/ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 -k[=@_ . k[=$ df …;DkfbsLo l6Kk0fLÚ cGtu{t …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ sf] p2]ZonfO{ c+u|]hL efiffdf bzf{OPsf] kfOG5 . To; cg';f/ …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ sf p2]Zox¿ lyPM
1.To foster and promote unity, solidarity, the spirit of mutual co-operation and the spread of edeucation amongst the Gorkha population now lying scattered througout India and Burma by emphasing their absolute need with a new to the progressive amelioration of their existing conditions. 2.To publish news of the day, topics of general interest as well as all such articles and writings as are conducive to the attainment of the good and welfare of the Gorkhas. o;/L enf] lrtfpg] (attainment of the good) / uf]vf{ hfltsf] lxt efjgf (Welfare of Gorkhas) lnP/ em'lNsPsf] …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ n] tLg jif{leq c:tfpg' k¥of] . t/ k"jf{~rn ef/tdf
lgaGw n]vgsf] hu a;fNg] >]o …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ nfO{ g} hfG5 . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚsf] k|sfzgdf g]kfnL k|];sf dflns tyf d'b|s lbn' /fO{sf] e"ldsf la;{g ;ls+b}g . ;du|df pQ/ –k"jf{~rn ef/t]nL ;flxTosf] sfn ljefhg ub}{ k|f=b'uf{ k|;fb l3ld/]n] tLg r/0fx¿sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . k|f=l3ld/]sf cg';f/ !(^) ;g\ cl3sf] sfnnfO{ k|yd r/0f,
18
!(^) –!(*) sf] ;dofjlwnfO{ låtLo r/0f / !(*) otf t[tLo r/0f dflgG5 . pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf] lgaGw ;flxTosf] rrf{ ubf{ of] sfn ljefhgnfO{ ;+ut dfGg ;lsG5 . lsgeg] ;g\ !(^) df k"jf{~rnaf6 klxnf] lgaGw u|Gy lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Ú k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] clg !(*) b]lv c;ddf ljb]zL gful/s alxisf/ cfGbf]ng rls{gfn] oxfF a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnLx¿df hftLo r]tgf k|v/ ePsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfnL efiffdf esfes kq –klqsf / k':tsx¿ k|sflzt x'g yfn]Ù h;df hftLo cl:dtf / cl:tTjsf s'/fx¿n] k|fwfGo kfPsf lyP . k"jf{~rn ef/tdf klxnf] ;fKtflxs g]kfnL klqsf …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ ;g\ !(#^ df k|sflzt x'g'eGbf cl3 bfhL{lnª, agf/; / g]kfnsf kqklqsfx¿df Toltv]/sf] a[xQ/ c;d -xfn pQ/ k"jf{~rn ef/t_sf n]vsx¿sf lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt x'g] uy]{ . kf/;dl0f k|wfg ;Dkflbt …rlGb|sfÚ df dl0fl;+x u'?ªusf] …;Rrl/q g} pGgltsf] d"n xf]Ú, …dxf/fgL :j0f{doLÚ h:tf lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt ePsf lyP . o;kl5 !(@* ;g\df …t?0f uf]vf{dfÚ …s'k|yf / P]gÚ, …;/sf/ cf} ;dfhÚ, …lgisfd ;]jfÚ, …;fOdg sdL;g;Fu s] dfUg] <Ú h:tf lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt u/fpg] dl0fl;+x u'?ª k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL lgaGw ;flxTosf hgs x'g\ . klxnf] r/0fsf s]xL pNn]vgLo lgaGw o; k|sf/ 5g\ M lgaGw n]vs klqsf pGgltsf] r]i6f eLid k|;fb pkfWofo czf]sn] ef/tnfO{ s] l;sfPsf lyP e"kfn l;+x 5]qL kl/>d cf} cWoj;fo v8\uaxfb'/ 5]qL t?0f uf]vf{ :jf:Yo /Iff eLid k|;fb pkfWofo t?0f uf]vf{ qmf]w cf} g]kfnLsf] cj:yf xf]dgfy pkfWofo t?0f uf]vf{ uf]vf{ gf6sfefj cf} d]/f] laGtL xif{axfb'/ /fO{ uf]vf{ ;+;f/ xfd|f] b]z cf} hfltsf] jt{dfg cj:yf v8\u axfb'/ 5]qL uf]vf{ ;+;f/ …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚn] k|sfzdf NofPsf s]xL lgaGw / lgaGwsf/ o; k|sf/ 5g\M ljho ;Gb]z – u+ufw/ pkfWofo hob]jL e}/jL – u+ufw/ pkfWofo j}1flgs ;do – h+u axfb'/ 5]qL ;s\;s\ – w/0fLw/ zdf{ a'9Lah"sf] uGyg – wgaxfb'/ /fO{ g]kfn / ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿ – g/klt pkfWofo a|Xdk'q / g]kfnL – df]xg pkfWofo g}lts lzIff / snf – ef]h/fh gu/sf]6L /fdk|;fb 1jfnL, xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo, a+bgl;+x /fO{, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, ldqnfn zf:qL, dxGt pkfWofo, 8Da/ g]kfnL, uf]kLgfy pkfWofo, 3gZofd vgfn, k'iknfn pkfWofo, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, eLd k|;fb pkfWofo, g/l;ªu yfkf, r"8fdl0f zf:qL cflb klxnf] r/0fsf pNn]vgLo lgaGwsf/ x'g\ . oL lgaGwsf/x¿dWo] s;}sf lgaGw …k|eftÚdf 5flkPsf lyP eg] s;}sf …a|Xdk'qÚ / …lxdflb|Ú cflbdf 5flkGy] . 19
…uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ nueu tLg jif{ rn]/ aGb eof] . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ ljn'Kt eof] t/ o;sf] aLp eg] dfl;Pg . w]/} lbg kv{g' k/]g, x:tlnlvt ¿kdf ePklg ;g\ !($^ df …k|eftÚ pbfof] . oxL x:tlnlvt …k|eftÚ sf] ldld{/]df …lxdflb|Ú sf] ;'gf}nf] r'r'/f b]lvof] . o;sf s]xL jif{ kl5 …a|Xdk'qÚ -!(%(_ sf] n]p kfP/ c;dsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo If]q dlnnf] eof] . ;g !(%% b]lv …k|eftÚ 5flkg yfNof] . klxnf] r/0fdf k|sflzt lgDgf]Qm klqsfx¿sf] g]kfnL lgaGw ;flxTodf 7"nf] cjbfg 5 . qm=;+= klqsfsf] gfd k|sfzg jif{ ;Dkfbs != uf]vf{ ;]js !(#^,hgj/L ! b]lv dl0fl;+x u'?ª @= k|eft -x:t lnlvt_ !($^ b]lv g/klt pkfWofo, df]xg e§/fO{ / 6+s e§/fO{ -;Dkfbs d08n_ #= lxdflb| !($* g/l;ª\u yfkf $= k|eft -5fkf_ !(%% k'iknfn pkfWofo, g/klt pkfWofo, ljZjgfy pkfWofo / 6+s e§/fO{ ;Dkfbs d08n_ %= a|Xdk'q !(%( k'iknfn pkfWofo, lzj k|;fb pkfWofo, cd/gfy pkfWofo, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, 3gZofd vgfn ^= lkmlnªuf] !(%% w|'jgfy hf]zL &= Hof]lt !(%^ xs{axfb'/ ;'Aaf *= cf;fd uf]vf{ !(%& ef]nfgfy u'?Ë (= piff !(%( dl0fl;+x yfkf ;g !(^) df lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] lgaGw ;+sng …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Ú k|sflzt x'G5 . g]jf/sf] of] u|Gy g} o; e]saf6 k|sflzt klxnf] g]kfnL lgaGw s[lt dflgG5 . ljsf;sf] of] df]8df cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL lgaGwsf] ;]/f]km]/f] lgs} km/flsnf] ePsf] x'G5 . oxL+b]lv z'¿ x'G5 bf];|f] r/0f . ef/tsf] k"jf{~rn e]saf6 ;of}+ klqsfx¿ lg:s] . t/ ;a}h;f] aGb eP, ljqmL ljt/0fsf] ;'Joj:yf gx'gfn] . oL klqsfx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;ls+b}g . lsgeg] k':ts k|sfzg ug{ ;s]sf cyjf g;s]sf oL b'j} y/Lsf n]vsn] ltg} klqsfsf] dfWoddf ;flxTo l;h{gf ug'{sf ;fy} o; e]sdf ;flxlTos jftfj/0f ;[li6 u/]sf x'g\ . ;fy} o; e]ssf ;flxlTos, ;fdflhs tyf 5fq ;+u7gx¿sf d'vkqx¿, clwj]zg pknIodf k|sflzt ljz]iffÍx¿ / :d[ltu|Gyx¿df w]/} pTs[i6 lgaGw k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/ kfl/Psf] of] ;fgf] n]vdf ;a}sf] pNn]v ug{ ;Dej gx'gfn] Tof] sfd eljiosf zf]wstf{nfO{ 5f8]/ oxfF k"jf{~rn /fHox¿af6 k|sflzt s]xL k|d'v klqsfx¿sf] pNn]v dfq ul/G5 . d]]3fno dfbn, ;'dg, o'ufGt/, l;d;fª, t?0f cflb . c;d k|eft, a|Xdk'q, lxdflb|, xfd|f] Wjlg, :kGbg, ;kl/jf/, kfg;, kl/ifb –kq, laGb', ;dsfnLg g]kfnL ;flxTo, d'xfg, ljZjgfy, b]zjftf{, xfd|f] k|hf zlQm cflb . ldhf]/d lgufnf], sf]lknf, ;'gfv/L, ;okqL, uxgf cflb . gfufNof08 ;/:jtL, kz'klt, jL0ff, hfu[lt, OGb|]0fL, sNof0fL cflb dl0fk'/ g]tL, ;ldwf, ;Gb]z cflb . 20
c?0ffrn k|b]z k|of; xfnsf] kl/k|]Ifdf eGg'kbf{ u'jfxf6Laf6 k|sflzt …xfd|f] WjlgÚ -;Dkfbs kßw/ kf}8]n_ ;g\ !(&$ b]lv lg/Gt/ k|sflzt eO/x]sf] 5 eg] t]hk'/af6 k|sflzt ;dfrf/ k|wfg ;fKtflxs …b]zjftf{Ú -;Dkfbs s';'dfs/ pkfWofo_ klg ;g\ !(() b]lv lg/Gt/tf sfod /fVg ;Ifd ePsf] 5 . To;/L g} ljut b'O jif{b]lv …;kl/jf/Ú -;Dkfbs x]dGt s'df/ zOsLof, ;+o'Qm ;Dkfbs /f]lxt uf}td_ lgs} hglk|o ePsf] 5 . pNn]lvt klqsfx¿df ;d;fdlos cfy{ –;fdflhs –/fhg}lts / g]kfnL efiff –;flxTo –;+:s[lt ljifosf dxTjk"0f{ lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt eO/x]sf 5g\ . c~hg pkfWofosf] ;DkfbsTjdf t]hk'/af6 @))( b]lv …xfd|f] k|hfzlQm b}lgs vj/ sfutÚ k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf] 5 . c;dsf] kl/k|]Ifdf pNn]vgLo s] 5 eg] c;dsf g]kfnL n]vsx¿df s]xL n]vsn] c;dLof efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] b}lgs cvaf/ kqx¿df cf ˆgf lgaGw k|sflzt u/fP/ Voflt a6'n]sf 5g\ . c;dLof efiffdf n]lvP klg ltgsf ljifoj:t' g]kfnL efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt x'gfn] ;f]em} g]kfnL hghLjg;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . o;/L tL lgaGwx¿n] g]kfnL efiff –;flxTo / hghLjgsf s'/f cGo eflifs ;d'bfodf k|rf/ u/]/ dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL lgaGw ;flxTosf] s'/f ubf{ o;/L k/f]If ¿kdf g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] ;]jf ug]{x¿nfO{ la;{g'\ x'Fb}g . -1ftJo M c;dLof efiffdf b}lgs va/ sfut nueu aL;j6f k|sflzt x'G5g\ clg ltgsf] ljqmL ljt/0f nfvdf x'g] u5{ ._ c;dLof efiffdf lgaGw u|Gy k|sflzt u/fpg] clg cvaf/x¿df k|z:t dfqfdf n]vx¿ k|sflzt u/fpg] s]xL n]vsx¿ x'g\ –xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;f]gf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, uLtf pkfWofo, 8f=?b|dfg yfkf, 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL, 8f= v]d/fh g]kfn, 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo, kß 9sfn, tf/fklt pkfWofo, lg¿ zdf{, 8f=hoGt s[i0f zdf{, ldqb]j zdf{, OGb' k|ef b]jL, bnaxfb'/ 5]qL, 8Da/ bfxfn, xl/ uh'/]n cflb . c;dLof efiffdf g]kfnL hghLjg, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf ljifodf lgaGw n]v]/ Voflt kfPsf k|foM ;a}h;f] n]vs g} g]kfnL efiffdf klg lgaGw n]vssf ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf 5g\ . tL afx]s lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt s]xL lgaGwsf/x¿ x'g\ –k|f=uf]kL gf/fo0f k|wfg, ch'{g lg/f}nf, 8L=6L lhDaf, w|'jgfy hf]zL, kf]v/]n kLtfDa/, k|]dnfn h};L, dl0fl;+x yfkf, k|f=g/axfb'/ /fO{, z/b 1jfnL, x]d hf]zL, 6]sgf/fo0f pkfWofo cflb -;a} d]3fnosf_Ù k|f=v]dfgGb ld>, ejfgL clwsf/L, cfnf]s uf}td, clg?4 uf}td, d'lSt uf}td, xl/df]xg kf]v|]n, sLlt{dl0f vltj8f cflb -;a} dl0fk'/sf_Ù b|f]0f s'df/ c6n, lgd{n s'df/ k'g, ;L=sfdnf}jf, nIdL ldg' cflb -;a} ldhf]/dsf_Ù j+zL e§/fO{, gf/fo0f zdf{ uf}td, ¿aL Gof}kfg], ldng af]xf]/f cflb -;a} c?0ffrn_ k|f=hogf/fo0f n'OF6]n, lanf;L 5]qL, sfzLgfy pkfWofo, gj ;fksf]6f, uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnL, 8f= zflGt yfkf, d}gf yfkf, 8f= vu]Gb| zdf{, k|f=ejfgL zdf{, k'ikw/ zdf{, cg'/fu k|wfg, eljnfn nfld5fg], v8u/fh lu/L, b]jL ;]+9fO{+, ldqb]j zdf{, df]xg ;'j]bL, cljs]z/ zdf{, k|f=huGgfy pkfWofo, b]jsL ;]9fO{+, 3gZofd ltlD;gf, 8f=xs{ axfb'/ 5]qL, /f]lxt uf}td, OGb| g]kfn, 8f=sflnbf; zdf{, lji0f' zf:qL, s'n zdf{, la|hnfn zdf{, gf/b pkfWofo, b'uf{ vgfn, ¿k gf/fo0f kf7s, lzjgfy zdf{, b|f]0f pkfWofo, tf/flglw pkfWofo, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, s[i0faxfb'/ /fjt, s;'dfs/ pkfWofo, s]=aL g]kfnL cflb . ;g\ !(^! df k|sflzt nLnaxfb'/ 5]qLsf] k'l:tsf …c;ddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú ljifoj:t'sf] b[li6n] bf];|f] r/0fsf] Pp6f pNn]vgLo lgaGw s[lt dflgG5 . Pp6f lgaGw eGg ;'xfpg] dfq afx| k[i7sf] o; k'l:tsfdf 5]qLn] c;ddf g]kfnL efiffdf k7g –kf7gsf 21
;d:ofx¿nfO{ klxnf] k6s ku]{Ng] hdsf]{ u/]sf 5g\ . k'l:tsfdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ c;dsf w]/} :s"n / sn]hx¿df k|z:t dfqfdf g]kfnL 5fq –5fqf 5Fbf 5Fb} klg kf7Øk':ts / lzIfssf] cefjdf g]kfnLdf kf7bfg ;Dej x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ljifodf Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFb} c;ddf a;f]af; u/]sf !% nfv g]kfnLx¿nfO{ Psh'6 eP/ sfd ug]{ ;Nnfx lbPsf 5g\ n]vsn] To; k'l:tsf dfkm{t\ . …k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[Q -!((&_, … ‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ -!(((_ / k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ -@)))_ 5]qLsf pNn]vgLo lgaGw s[lt x'g\ . oL afx]s pgsf w]/} lgaGwx¿ c;d tyf c;d aflx/ bfhL{lnª, l;lSsd / g]kfnsf kq –klqsfx¿df k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . 5]qLn] ljifosf] cfwf/df k"jf{~rn ef/tsf lgaGwnfO{ ljefhg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] bzf{P cg';f/sf] ljefhg o; k|sf/ 5M –-s_ cfTdk/s cyjf lghfTds lgaGw -v_ hLjgL -u_ P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/sf ;flxlTos, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts lgaGw -3_ ;d:ofk|wfg lgaGw ª_ ;dLIffTds lgaGw -r_ ofqf ;+:d/0f, cfTdsyf -hftLo_ -5_ cg'jfb ;DaGwL -h_ ljljw . 5]qLsf] of] juL{s/0f 8f=bof/fd >]i7 / k|f=df]xg/fh zdf{n] bzf{Psf] juL{s/0f -g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, kfFrf}+ ;+:s/0f, k[=!!^_ eGbf leGg 5 . ljsf;sf] t[tLo r/0fdf cfOk'Ubf pQ/ k"jL{ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTodf ;dfnf]rgf, lgofqf, cg'jfb cflb ljwfut ¿kdf ljsl;t eO;s]sf]n] 5]qLsf] pQm juL{s/0f jt{dfgsf] ;Gbe{df ;xL b]lv+b}g . s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnLåf/f lnlvt …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ -!(&%_ k"jf{~rn ef/taf6 k|sflzt Pp6f pNn]vgLo lgaGw ;+u|x xf] . 1jfnLsf] klxnf] lgaGw …cfTd ;dk{0fÚ ;g\ !(%^ df …lkmlnËf]Ú gfdsf] klqsfdf 5flkPsf] lyof] eg] pgsf] csf]{ pTs[i6 lgaGw …k/]jfsf] sn/jÚ …;'dgÚ klqsfdf k|sflzt eof] . pgsf lgaGwx¿ …ef/tLÚ, …lbofnf]Ú, …efg' pboÚ, …piffÚ, …cfzfÚ, …uf]/vfkqÚ, …dw'ks{Ú, …k|eftÚ, …;f]leot e"ldÚ, …k|s[ofÚ, …jf0fL ;fwgfÚ, …xfd|f] WjlgÚ clfb kq –klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ lgaGw ;+sngdf ;+slnt lgaGwx¿df st} lqkmnfsf] dfWodaf6 kmnd"nsf] pkof]lutfdfly /f]rs rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} st} nfnL u'/fF;, 5x/f kfgL, kLkn h:tf k|fs[lts j:t'x¿;Fusf] cflTds ;DaGwnfO{ ;'JoQm ul/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ k/]jf, sf]OnL, qmf}~rh:tf Ot/ k|f0fLsf dfWodaf6 dfG5] / k|s[ltsf] ghLssf] ulx/f] ;DaGwnfO{ bzf{OPsf] 5 . ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt ljifodf n]lvPsf pgsf lgaGwx¿nfO{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lgaGw eGg ;lsG5 . 1jfnLsf] lgaGw z}nL nofTds x'gfn] s;}s;}n] 1jfnLsf] uBnfO{ …kf]yL uBÚ eg]sf 5g\ . k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] Pshgf ;kmn lgaGwsf/ x'g\ . t]hk'/sf] b/Ë dxfljBfnodf g]kfnL ljefu k|d'vsf ¿kdf sfo{ lgjf{x u/]/ ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf l3ld/]sf lgaGwsf] efiff z}nL ul/dfdo 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf k|foMh;f] cJojÅt 7]6 zAbx¿nfO{ 7Ls 7fpFdf r6Ss ldnfP/ /fVgdf l3ld/]n] 7"nf] ;Lk b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnLsf pvfg t'Ssf –jfUwf/fx¿sf] k|of]udf klg pgL l;4x:t 5g\ . …;ldwfÚ -!(*^_ / …;fwgfÚ -@))#_ k|f=l3ld/]sf pNn]vgLo lgaGw u|Gy x'g\ . l3ld/]sf w]/}h;f] lgaGwx¿ efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt g} kfOG5g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf pvfg – t'Ssfx¿sf] k|of]udf l;4x:t csf{ lgaGwsf/ x'g\ kß 9sfn . 9sfnsf lgaGwx¿df a]hf]8sf] Joª\Uo x'gfn] tL kf7sju{df ;dfb[t ePsf 5g\ . …gf} b'jf/ lbuGt;DdÚ -!((*_ pgsf] pNn]vgLo lgaGw s[lt xf] . pQ/ k"jL{ g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf zf]wsfo{ u/]/ ljBfjfl/lw xfl;n u/]sf 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL klg k"jf{~rn ef/tsf Pshgf lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf k|ltli7t ;|i6f x'g\ . …pQ/ –k"j{ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;dfh / ;flxToÚ -!((%_ / …b[li6kftÚ -!((#_ 8f= k/fh'nLsf rlr{t\ s[lt dflgG5g\ . 22
sd{e"ld bfhL{lnª\ lhNnfsf] lznu8L x'\gfn] ToxL+ :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]jf; u/]klg 8f= eLdsfGt pkfWofonfO{ c;dsf g]kfnLx¿ c;ds} 7fGb5g\ clg pgsf s[ltx¿nfO{ klg k"jf{~rns} s[lt eGg rfxG5g\ . 8f= eLdsfGt pkfWofosf w]/}h;f] n]vx¿nfO{ vf]h – cg';Gwfgd"ns lgaGwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 eg] sltko n]vx¿ ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf k5{g\ . pgsf k|sflzt s[ltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ –-!_ …;/;tL{ k9\bfÚ -!(*#_ -@_ …cfFvL ‰ofnaf6 x]bf{Ú !(($_ -#_ …s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿Ú -@))^_ c;dsf ljlzi6 ufGwLjfbL g]tf :j=lji0f'nfn pkfWofonfO{ :jfwLg b]zsf] ;/sf/n] :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdLsf] :jLs[lt k|bfg u/]/ ;Ddflgt u¥of] . c;d ljwfg ;efdf rf/k6s ljwfos r'lgPsf lji0f'nfnn] ;lqmo /fhgLltaf6 cjsfz lnP/ c;Lsf] bzsdf ;flxTo If]qdf kbfk{0f u/] clg cd[To'\ ;flxTo ;fwgfdf a|tL /x] . c;dLof / g]kfnL efiffdf snd rnfP/ pgn] c7f/ j6f u|Gyx¿ /rgf u/]Ù h;df lgaGw ;+sngsf ¿kdf oL u|Gyx¿ k5{g\ –-!_ …d]/f 8fo/Lsf k[i7x¿Ú @_ …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú -#_ …eQm axfb'/ k|wfgÚ -$_ …cf]em]ndf k/]sf g]kfnL gf/L/TgÚ -%_ …5lanfn pkfWofoÚ -;+slnt_ -&_ …l6kg6fkgÚ . k|f=rGb| zdf{sf lghfTds z}nLsf lgaGwx¿ xf:o/;n] el/Psf x'g'sf ;fy} ljrf/ k|wfg b]lvG5g\ . s'g} ljifonfO lnP/ To;dfly ;"Id ljZn]if0f ug{df vlKk; zdf{sf lgaGw ;+sng b'O6f dfq k|sflzt ePklg pgn] cfkm"nfO{ ;kmn lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf bzf{Psf 5g\ . = …d]/f af/Lsf eft] s/]nfÚ / …l5d]sLÚ pgsf k|sflzt lgaGw s[lt x'g\ . o;/L x]bf{ bf];|f] r/0fdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lgaGwx¿ k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ eg] t[tLo r/0fdf k|z:t dfqfdf lgaGw ;+sngx¿ k|sfzdf cfP clg ltgdf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ cFufn]/ ;f/f ljZjnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oxfF låtLo / t[tLo r/0fdf 5flkPsf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lgaGw s[ltx¿ pNn]v ul/G5g\ . :dt{Jo M of] g} ;Dk"0f{ ;"rL eg] xf]Og .
qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ &
låtLo r/0f -!(^) –!(*)_ s[ltsf] gfd / k|sfzg jif{ …ljrf/df 8'j]sf dfG5]Ú -!(^)_x …c;ddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú -!(^!_ …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú -!(&!_ …k/z'/fd If]q dxfTDoÚ -!(&%_ …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ -!(&%_ …d]/f lat]sf lbgx¿Ú -!(&&_ …ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿Ú -!(&*_
n]vs lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/ nLnaxfb'/ IfqL lji0f'nfn pkfWofo /fdrGb| zf:qL s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnL lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/ k'?iff]Qd pkfWofo
x
p=k"= ef/tsf] klxnf] lgaGw s'g xf] eGg] s'/fdf n]vsx¿ Psdt ePsf b]lv+b}gg\ . g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dsf] d'vkq …kl/ifb kqÚ -k[=!$#_ df lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Ú sf] k|sfzg jif{ lj=;+=@)@& b]vfOPsf] 5 . tbg';f/ k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]sf] …;fwgfÚ -k[=#$_df pQm u|Gysf] k|sfzg sfn ;g\ !(&) elgPsf] 5 . 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofosf] …s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿Ú zLif{s u|Gy -k[=!_ df s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnLsf] …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ nfO{ p=k"=ef/tsf] klxnf] lgaGw ;+sng eGg] pNn]v kfOG5 . d]3fnosf zf]wstf{ uf]ljGbl;+x /fjtsf] zf]wkq …g]kfnL ;flxTodf d]3fnosf] cjbfgÚ -k[=^#_ df …ljrf/df 8'a]sf dfG5]Úsf] k|sfzg !(^) ;g\ pNn]v 5 t/ ;f] u|GynfO{ klxnf] u|Gy elgPsf] 5}g . 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn eg] g]jf/sf] u|GynfO{ g} p=k"=ef/tsf] klxnf] lgaGw s[lt dfG5g\ -sf]z]9'Ëf jif{ % c+s !), k[=%%, ;+=lbg]z kf}8]n, O6x/L_ 23
t[tLo r/0f -!(*) b]lv otf_ qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @# @$ @% @^ @& @* @( #) #! #@ ## #$
s[ltsf] gfd / k|sfzg jif{ …;/;tL{ k9\bfÚ -!(*$_ …cfFvL ‰ofnaf6 x]bf{Ú -!(($_ …s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿Ú -@))^_ …k"jf{~rn ef/tLo syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[QÚ -!((&_ … ‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ -!(((_ …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ -@)))_ …d]/f af/Lsf eft] s/]nfÚ -!(*%_ …l5d]sLÚ -@))#_ …:d[ltsf lrGxx¿ -!(*)_ …d]/f b[li6sf ;]/f]km]/f]df a"9f 5k8L -!(*#_ …;ldwfÚ -!(*^_ …;fwgfÚ -@))#_ …k'iknfn pkfWofo M JolQmTj / s[ltTj …xfd|f] kl/ro g]kfnL ls uf]vf{nLÚ -!(*&_ …cf;fddf g]kfnLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldÚ -!(()_ …xfdL s;sf b}nf cl3 pleg] <Ú -!(*&_ …dl0fk'/df g]kfnL hghLjgÚ -!(((_ …c;db]lv dl0fk'/;DdÚ -!(**_ …nf]s lgaGwÚ -@))!_ …efiff k|bLkÚ -@))!_ …lgaGw u'R5Ú -@))@_ …;fwf/0f g]kfnL ;fdflhs hghLjgÚ -@))@_ …cfhsf] lbUe|fGt ;dfhzf:qÚ -!((!_ …cfkm"nfO{ cf ˆg} P]gfdf x]bf{Ú -!(*$_ …dfgj ofqfÚ -@))@_ …xfd|f] ;+:s[lt xfd|f] cl:tTjÚ -@))^_ …cfhLjg ;+u|fdL eQmaxfb'/ k|wfgÚ -!(()_ …5ljnfn pkfWofoÚ -;+slnt_ -!(*%_ …cf]em]ndf k/]sf g]kfnL gf/L /Tgx¿Ú -!(*&_ …dfemufpF g]kfnL lyP6/ kf6L{Ú -@)))_ …d]/f 8fo/Lsf k[i7x¿Ú -!(($_ …l6kg6fkgÚ -@))@_ …t'/fsf g]kfnLx¿Ú -!((#_ …hflt ;d:of / g]kfnL hfltÚ -!(*(_
n]vs 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo nLn axfb'/ IfqL nLn axfb'/ IfqL nLn axfb'/ IfqL k|f=rGb| s'df/ zdf{ k|f=rGb| s'df/ zdf{ rf]s axfb'/ yfkf b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] Zofd /fh h};L Zofd /fh h};L k|]dl;+x ;'j]bL d'lQm uf}td lbn ;fxgL nf]sgfy pkfWofo tf/fklt pkfWofo tf/fklt pkfWofo tf/fklt pkfWofo lzj cfrfo{ 6'6' yfkf o'4jL/ /f0ff o'4jL/ /f0ff lji0f'nfn pkfWofo lji0f'nfn pkfWofo lji0f'nfn pkfWofo lji0f'nfn pkfWofo lji0f'nfn pkfWofo lji0f'nfn pkfWofo kbd 5]qL 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo 24
#% #^ #& #* #( $) $! $@ $# $$ $% $^ $& $* $( %)
…ha lj1fg af]N5Ú -@))#_ …c;dsf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+:yfx¿Ú -@))$_ …cjnf]sgÚ -@)))_ …;h{s / l;h{gfÚ -@)!)_ …ef/tLo ;flxTosf lgdf{tf k'iknfn pkfWofoÚ @))& …g]kfnL nf]s ;flxTosf] ¿k/]vfÚ -@))#_ …;flxTo csfb]dL k'/:sf/ ljh]tf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/ @))@_ …c;dLof ;flxTosf] kl/rofTds Oltxf;Ú …;flxTo ljdz{Ú -@))$_ …dxfk'?if z+s/b]j M hLjg / sd{ -@))#_ …uf]kfn l;+x g]kfnLÚ -!(($_ …gf}b'jf/ lbuGt;DdÚ -!((%_ b[li6kftÚ -!((#_ …pQ/ –k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;dfh / ;flxToÚ !((%_ …g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf pQ/ –k"j{ ef/tsf] of]ubfgÚ @))! …;DkfbsLoÚ -@)))_
8f=hdblUg pkfWofo 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn / 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL ab|L u'/fufOF ljBfklt bfxfn uLtf pkfWofo 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo kß 9sfn 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL
8f=nfn' k|;fb pkfWofo %! …l6k6fkÚ -@)))_ k|]d l;+x ;'j]bL %@ …lxª afFw]sf] 6fnf]Ú -@))!_ hulGglw bfxfn %# …cg':d[ltsf nx/x¿Ú -@))&_ k|hfklt zf:qL %$ …xfd|f s]xL dfu{bz{sx¿Ú -@))*_ 8Da/ bfxfn %% …;h{s / l;h{gfÚ -@)!)_ 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL %^ …a'Fbf M g[zf:q, efiff, ;+:s[ltÚ -@)!)_ ldqb]j zdf{ %& …ldq ljljwfÚ -@)!)_ ldqb]j zdf{ %* …k[i7e"ld x]bf{Ú ejfgL k|;fb zdf{ ef/tsf] k"jf{~rn e]ssf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|;Ëdf s'/f ubf{ ljz]if u/L g]kfnsf n]vs÷kf7s em'lSsg] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . lsgeg] ef/tLo ;Gbe{df g]kfnL ax'n If]qsf] ¿kdf c;d, bfhL{lnª / l;lSsdnfO{ Ps} ¿kdf x]g]{ k|j0ftf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ c;d tyf pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf c¿ /fHox¿sf] cfotg bfhL{lnª lhNnf jf l;lSsd /fHo eGbf s]xL u'0ff a9L clg g]kfnL hg;+ªVof -c;ddf dfq_ klg bfhL{lnª –l;lSsdsf] eGbf w]/} ePklg g]kfnLx¿ ljleGg 7fpFx¿df 5/k§ eP/ a;]sf x'gfn] dft[efiffdf k7gkf7gsf] ;'Joj:yfaf6 al~rt 5g\ . u'jfxf6L, l8uaf]O, df3]{l/6f, lznfª cflb s]xL :s"nnfO{ 5f8]/ c¿ ;a} 7fpFsf g]kfnLx¿n] /fHoefiffsf dfWoddf k9\g'k5{ -h:t} c;ddf c;dLof, dl0fk'/df dl0fk'/L===_ . t/Ù cyjf x'g;S5 dft[efiffdf k9\g gkfPsf] wf]sf]n] ubf{ pQ/ k"jf{~rn] g]kfnLx¿df efiffk|]d k|v/ 5 . pgLx¿n] a'em]sf 5g\, 25
efiff –;+:s[ltaf6 cnu eOof] eg] cf ˆgf] kl/ro g} u'dfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] a]Rg] k;n 5}g eGg] hfgL hfgL klg oxfFsf n]vsn] cf ˆgf] uf]hLsf k};f vr]{/ k':ts 5kfpF5g\, klqsf aGb x'G5 eg]/ hfg]klg lgsfNg 5f8\b}gg\ . c;ddf hlGdof}+Ù oxL+ a;f]af; ul/Psf] 5 . oxL+sf] cGg – hnn] x'ls{of}+ klg . ;a}yf]s krfof}+Ù s]xL zAbx¿ clg s]xL ;+:s[lt klg . bfhL{lnª, l;lSsd cyjf g]kfnsf n]vsn] c;dsf] g]kfnL efiffdfly g/fd|f] l6Kk0fL ubf{ lrQ b'Vg' :jfefljs xf] . aL; nfv g]kfnLn] krfO;s]sf cfuGt's zAb xfd|f] zAbsf]zdf le œofpg ;lsGg / < lgrf]8df, aL; nfv hg;+Vof elgPsf] clg Ps;o ;q jif{sf] nfdf] ;dofjlwsf] pQ/ k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] g]kfnL ;flxTodf lgaGw ljwf ;Gtf]ifhgs eg] b]lv+b}g . ljZj:t/, cyjf cGo ef/tLo efiffdf h'g dfqfdf clg h'g :t/df lgaGwx¿ w]/} cl3b]lv g} /lrPsf kfOG5g\Ù Tof] :t/;Dd xfd|f g]kfnL lgjGw k'Ug ck]Iff ug'{ l;jfo c? pkfo b]lv+b}g . t/ w]/} sdLx¿ x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ljutsf s]xL jif{x¿df b]lvPsf] k|ultn] w]/} cfzf b]vfPsf] 5 . o; e]ssf g]kfnLx¿sf] ljvl/t a;f]af;f], k|sfzg / ljt/0f ;~hfn gx'g', g]kfnLdf k7g –kf7gsf] Joj:yf gx'g' cflb jfws tTjx¿nfO{ em]Nb} jt{dfg l:Yflt;Dd cfOk'Ug' nt{/f] s'/f xf]Og . :yfg –sfn –kfqsf] cfwf/df x]bf{ ;xL lbzflt/ ;xL ¿kd} ultzLn b]lvG5 cfhsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿M – != ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;,c;Lt /fO{, ;femf k':ts k|sfzg, bfhL{lnª @= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf;, 8f=bof/fd >]i7, k|f=df]xg/fh zdf{, ;femf k|sfzg, sf7df8f}+ #= s]xL ;dLIffTds lgaGwx¿, 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo, af]ws'df/L :d[lt k|sfzg, l8uaf]O, c;d $= pQ/ k"j{ ef/tLo ;dfh / ;flxTo, 8f=nIdL k/fh'nL, g]kfnL ;flxTo k|rf/ ;ldlt, l;nu8L %= k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{g, nLn axfb'/ IfqL, k+sh –kNnj k|sfzg, u'jfxf6L, c;d ^= ;fwgf, b'uf{k|;fb pkWofo -l3ld/]_ &= g]kfnL ;flxTodf d]3fnosf] of]ubfg, uf]ljGb l;+x /fjt -ck|sflzt zf]wkq_ *= kl/ifb –kq jif{ ! c+s !, ;Dkfbs –cljgfz >]i7, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;d (= sf];]9'Ëf, jif{ %, c+s !), ;Dkfbs –lbg]z kf}8]n, ;flxTo ;~rf/, O6x/L, g]kfn
rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;d, &*$))! kmf]gM ($#%)*$$((
ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng / c;d] g]kfnLx¿ k|f=hogf/fo0f n'OF6]n
ef/tsf g]kfnLx¿sf nflu ef/t sd{e"ld dfq geP/ dft[e"ld / k'0oe"ld klg xf] . ul/dfdo ef/te"ldsf ;Gtfg x'g'nfO{ pgLx¿ uf}/j 7fGb5g\ . To;/L g} c;ddf k':tf}+b]lv a;f]af;f] ul/ cfPsf g]kfnLx¿ c;dnfO{ cf ˆgf] 7fGb5g\Ù hGde"ld dfGb5g\ . oxL+sf] jftfj/0fdf leh]sfÙ oxL+sf] kl/j]zdf x's]{sf a9]sfÙ oxL+sf cGghnn] kl/k'i6 ePsf clg oxfFsf /}yfg] hg;d'bfo;Fu gftf hf]8]sf 5g\ oxfFsf g]kfnLx¿n] . 8fo:kf]/fsf] kl/efiffb]lv pgLx¿ d'Qm eO;s]sf 5g\ . ef/tnfO{ ljb]zL zf;gaf6 d'Qm u/fpg ePsf] ;'bL3{ tyf Jofks cfGbf]ngdf g]kfnLx¿ plQs} ;+nUg eP hlt c? ef/tLox¿ ;+nUg lyP . c;dsf g]kfnLx¿ klg To; cfGbf]ngdf a8f] pT;fxn] ;l/s ePsf lyP . ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng ;fFRr} g} clåtLo / clegj lsl;dsf] lyof] . cfGbf]ng ljleGg ¿kdf klxn]b]lv g} rln/x]sf] lyof] . tfklg dxfTdf ufGwLsf xftdf g]t[Tj cfPkl5 Tof] qmdzM 26
;j{JofkL of ;xL cy{df hgcfGbf]ng x'g yfNof] . To;df c;d klg k|efljt geO{ /xg ;s]g . c;dLofx¿ klg s] ;f]Rg afWo eP eg] dxfg\ ef/tLo /fli6«otfdf ufleP/ g} c;dLof hftLotfsf] hu]8f x'g;S5 . ef/tsf] :jfwLgtfdf g} c;dsf] :jfwLgtf lglxt 5 . pgLx¿ ha ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf cjtL0f{ ePÙ g]kfnLx¿sf klg sfgdf kg{ nfu] …ufGwL dxfTdfÚ sf jf0fLx¿ clg cfGbf]ngsf ljifodf oqtq x'g nfu]sf rrf{ / s'/fsfgLx¿ . …ufO{ vfg] uf]/fÚx¿sf] s'zf;g / b'Jo{jxf/b]lv pgLx¿ klxn]b]lv g} ljt'i6 lyP . sflh/Ëfsf] 36gfn] pgLx¿nfO{ emg\ ljt'i6 kf¥of] . pgLx¿sf dgdf a[l6; lj/f]wL efjgf knfpg nfUof] sflh/Ëfsf] pR5]b 36gf g} c;d] g]kfnLx¿nfO{ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf hf]8\g] tfTsflns sf/0f aGg uof] . sflh/Ëfsf] pR5]b kj{ c;dsf] /fhg}lts Oltxf;sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ 36gf xf] . sflh/Ëf a|Xdk'qsf] blIf0f t6df cjl:yt Pp6f lj:t[t If]qsf ;fy} ;'/lIft jgf~rn xf] . k|z:t 3fF; kfOg] x'gfn] To; 7fpFdf g]kfnLx¿ ;/sf/L cg'dlt lnP/} ufO{ e}+;L kfn]/ w]/} cl3b]lv a;]sf lyP . lgoldt ¿kn] pgLx¿ ;/sf/nfO{ 6ofS; klg ltl//x]sf lyP . Pslbg cs:dft\ …rf}aL; 306fleqdf sflh/Ëfaf6 uf]7 x6fP/ nfg' ÛÚ eGg] x's'd cfof] . uf]7fnfx¿n] lrtfpFb} glrtfPsf] s'/f] lyof] Tof] . x's'd -gf]l6;_ hf/L u/]sf ef]lnkN6} km/]:6 uf8{ / ;z:q k'ln;x¿ cfP/ xKsL – bKsL ug{ nfu] clg uf]7x¿df cfuf] nufOlbP . påf:t' eP ;f]emf uf]kfnsx¿ clg plQv]/} x6\g'k¥of] bzsf}+ cl3 j}w ¿kn] a;]sf 7fpFaf6 . uf]kfnsx¿df ld/L hghfltsf dflg; klg lyP . ;a}n] cGofosf] lj/f]wdf sfg"gL n8fO{+ n8\g] c7f]6 u/]/ …5lanfn dxfhgÚ -5lanfn pkfWofo_ nfO{ cl3 ;f/] . 5lanfn afa"n] t]hk'/ uP/ rGb|gfy zdf{ gfdsf Pshgf gfdL jsLn;Fu ;Dks{ :yfkg u/] . rGb|gfy zdf{ lyP pbf/ tyf ;j{ef/tLo efjfkGg JolQm / sd{7 g]tf . sflh/Ëfsf uf]kfnsx¿nfO{ Gofo lbnfpg pgn] cËLsf/ u/] . 5lanfn afa" / rGb|gfy zdf{sf] e]6 Pp6f P]ltxfl;s 36gf ;flat eof] . sflh/Ëfsf] pR5]b 36gfnfO{ rGb|gfy zdf{n] /flHos :t/df nu]/ o;sf] n8fO{+nfO{ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] cGotd sfo{qmd agfP . a;\ s] lyof] < z'¿ eof] c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf ;xeflutf . To; lbgb]lv 5lanfn pkfWofo ag] :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdsf cfFl6nf ;]gfgL . Tof] lyof] !(@) ;g\sf] s'/f] . $ ;]K6]Da/ !(@) sf lbg sf+u|]; clwj]zgdf ufGwLhLsf] c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf] k|:tfj u|x0f x'gf;fy z'? eof] ufGwLo'uÙ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] ;j}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ sfn . klxnf] ljZjo'4df la|l6;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ g/dkGyL ufGwLhL klg hflnofgjfnfafusf] xTofsf08 -!# ck|}n, !(!(_ kl5 s7f]/ efjfkGg eO;s]sf lyP . ;/sf/;Fu ;xof]u gug]{ …cyf{t\ c;xof]u cfGbf]ngÚsf] k|:tfj To;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] . t/ pgsf] c;xof]u cfGbf]ng lyof] clx+; . c;ddf klg ufGwLhLsf] k|efj oy]i6 kg{ nfUof] . clg c;dsf dflg;x¿ x'gnfu] cfGbf]ngd'vL . t/ c;ddf sf+u|]; sld6L algPsf] lyPg . oxfF lyof] …cf;fd P;f]l;P;gÚ eGg] Pp6f 5'§} ;+u7g . !& ck|}n, !(@! sf lbg hf]/xf6 zx/df a;]sf] …cf;fd P;f]l;P;gÚsf] clGtd ;efn] To; ;+:yfnfO{ …cf;fd k|b]z sf+u|]; sld6LÚdf ¿kfGt/ u¥of] . To; ;efdf ;efkltsf] cf;g cnª\s[t ug]{ ;f}efUo xfd|f 5lanfn pkfWofonfO{ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . of] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] g]kfnLx¿sf nflu . ef/tsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo p2]Zo c+u|]hL zf;g x6fpg] g} lyof] . tfklg o;sf] cfg'iflËs p2]Zo klg sd dxTjk"0f{ lyPg . cfly{s zf]if0f / ;fdflhs ljifdtfsf lj?4 27
hghfu/0f ;[li6 ug'{ klg cfGbf]ngsf] cGotd nIf lyof] . c:k[Zotf lgd"{n ug]{, ljb]zL j:q jh{g ug]{, sflg -clkmd_, efª\ h:tf dfbs kbfy{sf] qmo –ljqmo /f]Sg,] u|fDo :jfjnlDatfsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf rvf{df wfuf] sfTg] cflb /rgfTds sfo{qmd g]kfnL ufpFx¿df -ljz]if u/L laxfnL e]sdf_ a8f] pT;fx;fy lqmoflGjt ePsf lyP . sf+u|]; ;b:o agfpg] / ltns :j/fh km08sf nflu k};f ;+u|x ug]{ sfddf klg g]kfnLx¿n] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . rGb|gfy zdf{sf] 8fo/Lsf k[i7x¿df 5lanfn afa"sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnLx¿n] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf ;f]T;fx ;xof]u u/]sf s'/f å}y{xLg efiffdf lnlka4 ePsf 5g\ . !(@! sf] lb;Da/df cxdbfafb sf+u|]; clwj]zgdf hfg nfUbf 5lanfn afa" / pgsf efO /fdnfn lu/ ˆtf/ ul/P . h]ndf 5lanfn afa"nfO{ c;dsf klxnf] bhf{sf g]tfx¿sf] ;+ut k|fKt ePsfn] pgL cem 1fgL, cg'ejL, b[9k|lt1 / ;fxl;nf eP/ lg:s] . !(@( –#) sf] sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ng (Civil Disobedience Movement) df klg g]kfnLx¿sf] ;xof]u k"/} lyof] . Tof] a]nfsf g]kfnL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdL g]tf x'g\ l8uaf]O{sf eQm axfb'/ k|wfg / l8a|'u9sf bnaL/ l;+ nf]xf/ . l8uaf]O t]n sDkgLsf dhb"/ 7]s]bf/ hLt axfb'/ k|wfgsf 5f]/f eQm axfb'/ xfO{:s"n k9\b}b]lv g} :jfwLgtf cfGbf]nglt/ cfs[i6 x'g nfu]sf lyP . Tof] lyof] :j/fh cfGbf]ngsf lqd"lt{ …nfn –afn –kfnÚ -nfnf nfhkt /fo, afn uËfw/ ltns / ljlkg rGb| kfn_ sf] af]njfnfsf] ;do . ltnssf] :j/fh dGq …:jfwLgtf d]/f] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf], d lnP/} 5f]8\5'Ú b]zsf s'gf s'gfdf k'u]/ ;j{q t/lËt x'g yfln;s]sf] lyof] . To; a]nfsf csf{ Pshgf 7"nf g]tf lrQ/~hg bf;n] u/]sf] efif0f ;'g]/ 5}6f}+ sIffdf kl9/x]sf -v/;fªdf_ eQm axfb'/sf dgdf klg c+u|]hL zf;gk|lt ljb|'k efjgf knfpg yfn]sf] lyof] . s]xL sf/0fjz eQm axfb'/ k9\g 5f]8]/ 3/ -l8af]O_ kms]{/ cfP / uf8L s'bfpg]÷d/Ddt ug]{ ljBf l;s]/ hLljsf ug{ nfu] . pd]/ a9\b} uPkl5 pgnfO{ vfgLdf sfd ug]{ …s'NnLÚx¿sf] b'b{zfsf] s'/f] cg'ej x'g nfUof] . sDkgLn] pgLx¿nfO{ u/]sf] zf]if0f, b'Jo{jxf/ / cTofrf/ emNemnL b]Vg yfn] . To:tf] cGofo / cdfg'lifs Jojxf/sf] lj/f]w ug]{ zlQm of ;fx; bf;;b[z tL dhb"/x¿df lyPg . To:t} lyof] cj:yf ln8"sf] sf]Onf vfgL / 5]p5fpsf lrofaufgsf dhb"/x¿sf] klg . eQm axfb'/ dhb"/x¿nfO{ cGofosf] lj/f]w ug{ k]|l/t ug{ yfn] . To;a]nf :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] xfjf rn]s} lyof] . dhb"/x¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'gsf nflu klg ljb]zL zf;g b]zaf6 x6\g'k5{ eGg] ljZjf;n] eQm axfb'/ :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg eP . !(@^ df kf08" -u'jfxf6L_ df cg'li7t sf+u|]; clwj]zgdf ufGwLhLsf] bz{g\ k|fKt ePkl5 pgL k"/} cfGbf]ng ;dy{s eP . !(@( –#) sf] sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg sfo{;"rLx¿df ;xof]u ug'{sf] ;fy} pgL l8uaf]O t]n vfgLsf dhb"/x¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/fpg nfu] . eQm axfb'/ / sltko pT;fxL Pj+ ;fx;L JolQmx¿sf] cx/x k|r]i6fsf] kmn lyof] …l8uaf]O{ t]n dhb"/ ;+3Ú (Digboi Oil Labour Union)Ù hf] x'g uof] c;ds} ;j{k|yd k~hLs[t o"lgog . o; o"lgogsf] cfXjfgdf dhb"/x¿n] clglb{i6sfnLg wd{36 -x8tfn_ z'¿ u/] !(#& df . dhb"/x¿nfO{ sfa" kfg{ ;/sf/sf] bdgrqm ljkmn eof] . eQm axfb'/nfO{ Ps jif{sf nflu sf/fb08 eof], pgsf] sf/ hkmt ePsf] eo} eof]Ù lkmtf{ kfPgg\ . h]naf6 lg:s]kl5 klg eQm axfb'/n] zflGt kfPgg\ . pgnfO{ c;daf6} lgisf;g ul/of] . To; qmddf pgn] lqk'/f, a+ufn / laxf/df s]xL dlxgf ehg sLt{g u/]/ ;do s6fP clg To;kl5 km]l/ c;d kmls{P 5ß e]ifdf . ;fw'sf] e]if wf/0f u/]/ c;dsf] cf]Nnf] 5]pb]lv kNnf] 5]p;Dd 8'n]/ dxfTdf ufGwLsf] clx+;f gLlt k|rf/ u/L lx+8] . :jfwLgtfsf] clGtd n8fOF -!($@ sf] ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ng_ df klg pgL ;lqmo ¿kn] ;+nUg /x]sfn] sf/faGbL x'g'k¥of] . 28
bnaL/l;+ k|wfg x'g\ tL; / rfnL; bzssf csf{ Pshgf g]kfnL :jtGqtf ;+u|fdL . bnaL/l;+ afa"nfO{ xfO{:s"n k9\b}v]l/ :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] xfjfn] e]6]sf] lyof] . kl5 sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ng cGtu{t slgª\3d ;s'{n/ lj/f]w u/] afkt\ pgn] tLg dlxgf ;>d sf/fjf;sf] b08 ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyof] . h]naf6 lg:s]kl5 ufGwL cfGbf]ngs} c+z ljz]if c:k[Zotf lgjf/0f ug]{, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kn] kl5 k/]sf, zf]lift, cjx]lnt dflg;x¿sf] pTyfg / ;d'lrt ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{ cleofgdf pgL ;+nUg eP . sf+u|];sf ljleGg cfGbf]ngfTds sfo{qmdx¿ lqmoflGjt ub}{ lx8]sfn] pgnfO{ c;d -uf]jfnkf8f lhNnfnfO{ 5f8]/_ Tofu ug]{ x's'd eof] . pgL c;daf6 t lgisfl;t eP, t/ vfg] d'vnfO{ h'F3fn] s] 5]Sg ;SbYof] / < uf]jfnkf8f lhNnfd} /x]/ pgL ;lqmo ¿kn] sf+u|];sf] sfd ug{{ yfn] . kl/0ffdtM pgnfO{ Ps jif{sf] sf/fjf;sf] b08 eof] . ufpg', gfRg' / xF;L –7§f u/]/ cf ˆgf jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f /dfOnf] kfg{ ;Sg] bnaL/ l;+ ;':jf:Yojfg / sQ{Jos7f]/ lyP . xfO{:s"nsf] clGtd sIff k'Ug' cl3g} cfGbf]ngdf nfu]/ k9\g 5f8]sf bnaL/ l;+ 1fg, cg'ej / efif0fbIftfdf c;dsf tTsfnLg s'g} g]tfeGbf sd lyPgg\ . c;dLof, g]kfnL, a+ufnL / lxGbL afx]s pgL lrof aufgsf dhb"/x¿n] af]Ng] efiffx¿df klg wf/fjflxs efif0f 5fF6\g ;Sby] . ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ngsf l;nl;nfdf klg pgL y'gfdf k/]sf x'g\ . k"j{ ljwfos ;flxTosf/ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo 5fqfj:yfd} ufGwL bz{glt/ cfs[i6 ePsf lyP . 5lanfn afa"sf ;flGgWodf /x]sfn] pgn] 5fqfj:yfd} lhNnf tyf /flHos :t/sf g]tfx¿sf ;Dks{df cfpg] df}sf kfPsf lyP . c;xof]u cfGbf]ngsf a]nf t pgL afnv} lyP -hGd !(!&_, t/ P]g cj1f cfGbf]ngsf sfo{qmdx¿sf pgL k|ToIfbzL{ lyP . tL;sf] bzsdf eg] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg /rgfTds sfo{qmdx¿df pgL k"0f{tof ;+nUg /x] . To; ;dofjlwdf lji0f'nfn 5lanfn afa"sf kSsf cg'ofoL / bflxg] xfth:tf ePsf lyP . t]hk'/ ;/sf/L xfO{:s"naf6 klxnf] ljefudf Dofl6«s kf; u/]/ u'jfxf6Lsf] s6g sn]hdf k9\g nfu]sf lji0f'nfn u'jfxf6Ldf cg'li7t eO/xg] hg;efx¿df b]zsf 7"nf7"nf g]tfx¿ cfP/ u/]sf efif0f ;'Gg k'Uby] clg cf ˆgf] 7fpF laxfnL nufot b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;lNs/x]sf] d'lQm ;+u|fdsf] bfjfgnsf s'/f pgL dgdf v]nfO/xGy] . * cui6, !($@sf] /flt aDaO{df a;]sf] sf+u|]; a}7sn] dxfTdf ufGwLsf] …ef/t 5f]8f]Ú (Quit India) k|:tfj u|x0f ugf{;fy dxfTdf ufGwL nufot cfGbf]ngsf ;fgf7"nf xhf/f}+ g]tf lu/ ˆtf/ ul/P . cfGbf]ngsf] x'/L rNof] ;j{q . …u5'{ ls d5'{Ú (Do or Die) k|0f lnP/ cfGbf]ngdf cf]ln{P c;ª\Vo hgtf . sof}+ ljBfyL{ k9\g 5f]8]/ cfGbf]ngdf nfu] . cfGbf]ngsf] cy{ / dxTj a'lem;s]sf lji0f'nfn r'k /xg ;s]gg\ . pgL klg sn]h 5f]8]/ 3/ cfP . cf ˆgf] If]qdf cfP/ pgL ufGwLhLsf] clx+;f gLlt k|rf/ ug]{, sf+u|];sf ;b:o ;+Vof a9fpg] cflb sfddf cfTdlgof]u ug{ nfu] . @) ;]K6]Da/, !($@ laxfnLsf nflu Pp6f P]ltxfl;s lbg ;flat eof] . laxfnL yfgfdf la|l6;sf] em08f cf]x|fn]/ lq/Ë em08f kmx/fpg] lbg lyof] Tof] . dfemufpF, xfQLaGwf, /fª\;fnL, lghlaxfnL, cflb ufpFsf xhf/f}+ k'?if dlxnf -w]/}h;f] g]kfnL_ lg:s]sf lyP To; k'gLt sfo{df ;xefuL aGg . b[9k|lt1 ;x;|f}+ hgtf >[ª\vnfa4 / zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] k|f];];g ub}{ yfgflt/ uO/x]sf lyP . yfgf k'Ugf;fy pgLx¿dfly k'ln;x¿ n¶L a;f{pg nfu] . s}of}+ cfGbf]ngsf/L 3fOt] eP . t/ k'ln;sf] jj{/tfn] hgtfsf] ;ª\sNk tf]8\g ;s]g . laxfnL yfgfdf a[l6; em08f o"lgog Hofs e"n'l07t eof] clg pQf]lnt eof] lq/Ë ktfsf . laxfnL yfgfsf] pko'{Qm 36gfkl5 cfGbf]ngsf g]tfx¿nfO lu/ ˆtf/ ug]{ kj{ z'? eof] . cl3kl5 u/L c;dLof –g]kfnL b'j} ;Dk|bfosf lgs} g]tfx¿ kqmfp kb}{ uP . kqmfp kg]{ 29
g]kfnLx¿df lyP –5lanfn pkfWofo, lai0f'nfn pkfWofo, /fdnfn pkfWofo, xl/k|;fb pkfWofo, s'd'b zdf{ / b]jLk|;fb zdf{ . ljleGg sf/0fdf c?n] l5§} 5'6sf/f kfP klg lji0f'nfn pkfWofo / sltko c;dLof g]tfx¿nfO{ 5'6sf/f ldn]g . lji0f'nfn afa"nfO{ cfGbf]ngdf gnfUg' eg]/ ;/sf/n] w]/} kmsfof], w]/} yf]ssf] nfnr b]vfof] klg . t/ pgn] la|l6;sf] kmsfO{ –nf]EofO{nfO{ k|TofVofg u/] h;/L PSsfO; jif{ cl3 5lanfn afa"n] u/]sf lyP . t]hk'/ cbfntdf Doflhi6«]6sf cufl8 …d of] cfGbf]ngdf k/]sf] dfq} x'F, hfgLhfgL nfu]sf] x'OFgÚ eGg :jLsf/ u/]sf eP lji0f'nfnn] h]nsf] oftgf ef]Ug'kg]{ lyPg . ;/sf/af6 sltko ljz]if ;'ljwf klg lng;Sg] lyP . t/ b]zk|]dsf] gzfdf 8'a]sf lji0f'nfnn] cf ˆgf] :jefjfg';f/ ljgd|tfk"j{s t/ ufGwLjfbL b[9tf;fy elglbP …d hfgL hfgL clg ;f]rljrf/ u/]/} of] cfGbf]ngdf nfu]sf] x'F .Ú pgnfO{ 5 dlxgfsf] ;>d sf/fb08 eof] . pgL sf/f?4 ePsf a]nf pgsf 3/df w]/} lsl;dsf ;d:of / ;ª\s6 cfOnfu]sf b]v]/ pgsf sltko z'efsf+IfLx¿n] pgnfO{ …af]08 ;fOgÚ u/]/ lg:sg] ;'emfp lbPsf lyP . t/ Tof] ;'emfp pgnfO{ u|fXo lyPg . pgsL ;xwld{0fL cGgk"0ff{ b]jL klg ;f/f ;ª\s6 / ;d:of PSn} a]xf]/]/ al;g\, cf ˆgf :jfdLnfO{ af]08 ;fOg u/]/ h]naf6 lg:s]/ cfpg' elggg\ . t]hk'/ zx/b]lv nueu rfln; lsnf]ld6/ klZrd t]lnof ufpF eGg] 7fpFsf k|hfklt l/hfn x'g\ csf{ Pshgf j/]0o :jfwLgtf ;]gfgL . cf ˆgf] e]ssf g]kfnL, s5f/L / c;dLof ;a} y/Lsf dflg;x¿nfO{ d'lQm o'4df +;+nUg u/fpg pgL ;kmn ePsf lyP . 9]sLofh'ln yfgfdf lq/Ëf em08f pQf]ng u/fpg xhf/f}+ dflg;sf] h'n'; lgsfn]/ n}hfg] g]tfx¿df k|hfklt l/hfn lyP cGotd . Tof] lyof] …ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ngÚ -!($@_ sf] a]nfsf] s'/f] . la|l6;n] k|hfklt l/hfnsf 6fpsfdfly kfFr;o ?lkofFsf] Ogfd 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . ef/tsf] :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ngdf c;dsf g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfg klg pNn]Vo ljifo xf] . cfGbf]ngsf /rgfTds sfo{qmdx¿df ;+nUg x'g' afx]s dlxnfx¿ -ljz]if u/L laxfnL e]ssf_ cfGbf]ngdf k'?ifx¿ ;Fu;Fu} h'n';df ;fd]n x'Gy] . pgLx¿ ;ef cfof]hg ug]{, efif0f ug]{, ;Tofu|xdf efu lng] h:tf s[ofsnfkx¿df k'?ifx¿nfO{ k|]l/t uy]{, pgLx¿sf] xf};nf a9fpFy] . xs{dfof b]jL, cGgk"0ff{ b]jL, dgdfof b]jL / u'Xo]Zj/L b]jL To; ;dosf cu|0fL dlxnfx¿ x'g\ . ef/t Tofu cfGbf]ngsf] l;nl;nfdf laxfnL yfgfdf em08f kmx/fpg] lgZrt sfo{qmdsf s]xL lbg cl3 -!& ;]K6]Da/, $@_ dfemufpFdf sltko ljlzi6 g]tfx¿sf] pkl:yltdf Pp6f 7"nf] hg;ef ePsf] lyof] . To; ;efdf c;dsL Voftgfdf ljb'ifL dlxnf k'ikntf bf;sf] efif0fn] >f]tfx¿nfO{ lgs} k|efljt kf/]sf] lyof] . :yfgLo dlxnfx¿sf tkm{af6 cGgk"0ff{ b]jL af]n]sL lyOg\ . cf ˆgf] hf]lznf] / uxlsnf] efif0fdf pgn] dlxnfx¿nfO{ :jtGqtf ;+u|fdsf cfuGt's sfo{qmdx¿df lg;+sf]r efu lng cfXjfg ub}{ cGTodf slj u'? /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] …gfhflun] ef/t nngf, P ef/t cf/ hfu]gf hfu]gf ÛÚ eGg] uLt ufPsL lyOg\ . of] t Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq} xf] g]kfnL gf/Lx¿n] b]zsf] :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf ;3fPsf s'/fsf] . :jfwLgtf ;+u|fddf efu lng] c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg] xf] eg] lgs} nfdf] x'G5 . Jofks tf}/df vf]hL gu/] w]/} :jfwLgtf ;]gfgLx¿ c1ft /lx/xg] 8/ 5 . cgGtnfn zdf{ / b]pr/g pkfWofo x'g\ b'O{hgf lgeL{s of]4f h;sf af/]df cg';Gwfg ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L 5 . logLx¿sf] af/]df slt;Dd dfq} hfGg kfOPsf] 5 eg] cgGtnfn zdf{nfO{ pgn] uf]vf{ ;]gfx¿nfO{ sfg"g cj1f cfGbf]ngdf ;xof]u u/fpg vf]h]sf]df d[To'b08 lbOof] eg] b]pr/g pkfWofonfO{ b]zb|f]xL eg]/ sf/f?4 ul/of]Ù hxfF pgsf] d[To' eof] . 30
:jtGqtf cfGbf]ngdf k|ToIf ¿kn] hl8t cGo sltko JolQmx¿df k|;fb l;+ ;'Aaf, g/klt l3ld/], g/klt ltdl;gf, sfzLgfy n'OF6]n, hogf/fo0f g]kfn, /fdhL 1jfnL, sdnfklt bfxfn, lgTofgGb ltdl;gf, tf/fgfy zdf{, g/axfb'/ 5]qL, g/klt n'OF6]n, kß k|;fb 9'Ëfgf cflb kb{5g\ . clvn ef/tLo uf]vf{ nLusf] rf}yf] clwj]zg t]hk'/ zx/df cg'li7t ePsf] lyof] ck|}n !($& df . To; clwj]zgn] c;dnfO{ ;L=u|'kdf ;fd]n x'gaf6 arfpg cfjZos k/] …c;dsf kGw| nfv g]kfnLsf tL;nfv v's'/L t}gft x'g]5g\Ú eGg] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . k|:tfljt ;L=u|'k (C-Group) df kg'{sf] cy{ lyof] cb"/ eljiod} c;d kfls:tfgsf] cË aGg' . c;dnfO{ d'l:ndax'n k|fGt agfP/ eljiodf ;Defljt\ kfls:tfgdf ufEg] if8oGq rln/x]sf] a]nf g]kfnLx¿sf] pQm 3f]if0ff slt dxTjk"0f{ lyof] Tof] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . c;dsf] cl:tTj / :jfledfg /fVg] lbzfdf lnPsf] pko'Qm kbIf]k eGg'k5{ To; lg0f{onfO{ . To;nfO{ klg :jtGqtf cfGbf]ngsf] Ps cË 7fGg ;lsG5 . n]vsf ;Danx¿M – of] n]vdf k/]sf w]/} s'/fx¿ :jtGqtf ;]gfgL lji0f'nfn pkfWofo hLljt 5Fbf pxfFsf d'vaf6 ljleGg ;dodf ;'lgPsf x'g\ . cGo ;|f]t lgDg lnlvt ;xfos u|Gyx¿af6 lnOPsf 5g\M – -s_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo s[t M – -!_ …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú -@_ …5lanfn pkfWofoÚ -#_ …cfhLjg ;+u|fdL eQm axfb'/ k|wfgÚ -$_ …cf]em]ndf k/]sf gf/L/Tgx¿Ú -%_ …:jfwLgtf ;+u|fdL >lds g]tf bnaL/l;+ nf]xf/Ú -c;dLofdf ;+sng_ -v_ Zofdnfn h};L s[t M – …c;ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ldÚ jnluitel@yahoo.co.in g]kfnLkl§, t]hk'/, c;d –&*$))! df]afOnM (!($#%)*@**$
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dflg;sf] k|j|hg k|j[lQ cyf{t\ a;fOF ;g]{ afgL Pp6f P]ltxfl;s ;To xf] . To; s'/fnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ s'g} klg hguf]i7L of hflt ;d"x Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf uPsf] ;do s'g xf] eGg] s'/f ;Djt –ldlt tf]s]/ eGg h;/L ufx|f] kb{5 To;/L g} g]kfnLx¿ cf;fddf cfPsf] lglb{i6 ;doaf/] lgs} cg';Gwfg kZrft klg ls6fg u/L eGg ;ls+b}g . jt{dfg ;ft a}gLdf afFl8Psf] k"j{sf] j[xt\ c;ddf ;j{q g} g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] 5 . k|fu\ P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g]kfn / k|frLg sfd¿k -k"j{sf] c;dnfO{ a'emfpg] gfd_sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . cf7f}+ ztfAbLk"j{ g} g]kfnsf /fhf hob]j dNn / sfd¿ksL /fhs'df/L /fHodtL b]jL j}jflxs ;DaGwdf ufFl;Psf lyP eg] sf]r /fhj+zsf k|lti7ftf ljZj l;+xsf] ljjfx g]kfnsf /fhf k|tfk dNnsL k'qL /TgsfGtL;Fu ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] tyf c;dsf sf]r /fhfsL sGof ¿kdtLsf] ljjfx g]kfn g/]z;Fu ;DkGg ePsf] P]ltxfl;s ;DaGw cflbn] b'O{ b]z aLrsf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s ;DaGw /x]sf] s'/f k'li6 ub{5 . ptf sfd¿ksf of]uL dl5Gb|gfy g]kfndf k'lhPsf, sfd¿k sfdfVof dlGb/ g]kfNfLx¿sf] k|d'v tLy{:yn dWo]sf] Ps ePsf] / g]kfnåf/f sfdfVofdf 31
nfndf]xl/of k08f lgo'lSt ePsf] OToflb k|;Ën] g]kfn / c;d -ef/t_ aLr ulx/f] cfWoflTds tyf wfld{s ;Dks{ /x]sf] s'/f ;d]t k'li6 ub{5 . o:tf ;Dks{x¿ dflg;sf] ;3g cfjthfjt ljgf ;+ej x'Fb}gg\ . To; pk/fGt cf;fd / g]kfnsf] g[uf]i7Lo 9fFrf ldNbf] h'Nbf] /x]sfn] g]kfnLx¿ oxfFsf /}yfg]x¿;Fu ;xh ¿kn] ldn]/ l5d]sL eO{ a;f]jf; ug{ cK7\of/f] gdfg]sf] cg'dfg x'G5 . o;/L k|fUf\P]ltxfl;s ;dob]lv cfjfudg ePsf dflg;x¿dWo] slt t oxL+sf] xfjf kfgLdf leh]/, ldl;P/ 5'§ofOg;Sg' eO;s]sf xf]nfg\ . sf/0f k'/ftg ;dosf] ky b'u{dtfn] ubf{ PskN6 k|a|lht eO{ cfPsfx¿n] afSn} x'n afFw]/ d"ne"ld uP/ eflifs ;f+:s[lts ;Dks{ /fVg k|foM c;Dej g} x'g] uYof]{ . ef/tdf a[l6; cfudgkl5 ljz]if u/L a[l6; g]kfnsf] n8fO{+kl5 ;Dkflbt !*!% –!^sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw kZrft\ g]kfnsf s]xL e"If]q ;d]t b]x/fb'g, efS;', bfhL{lnªdf ufleg cfP . a[l6; kmf}hdf uf]vf{ l;kfxL egf{ ug]{ sfo{ z'¿ eof] . o;/L hldg;Fu} ufFl;P/ ef/t lelqPsf s[ifs uf}kfns g]kfnLx¿ /fd|f] hLjgsf] vf]hLdf c;dlt/ klg cfpg yfn] . a[l6; kmf}hdf g]kfn leqaf6 egf{ ePsf kmf}hL klg sf]xL :jOR5fn] sf]xL a[l6; ;/sf/s} k|f]T;fxgdf c;ddf :yfoL ¿kn] a;f]jf; ug{ yfn] . !*@^ sf] Oyf08fj' ;lGwkl5 c;d b]z adL{ d'Qm eO{ a[l6; zf;gleq k:of] . uf]vf{ kmf}hsf ;]gfx¿ hf] adL{;Fu n8fO{+ ug{ c;d cfPsf lyPÙ tL dWo] cjZo s]xL oxfFsf /}yfg] eO{ /x] xf]nfg\ . o; k|sf/ o; If]qdf g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]jf;f] km}lnof] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] –t];|f] bzsb]lv c;d k;]sf g]kfnLx¿n] cf ˆgf] dft[efiff g]kfnL;Fu} cf ˆgf lghL ;+:s[lt ;d]t af]s]/ cfP / To;nfO{ hu]8f u/L /fVg k|oTgzLn eP . nueu oxL ;donfO{ o; If]qdf g]kfnL ;flxTo ;[hgf / ljsf;sf] c+s'/0fsf] ;do xf] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf . ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;df k"jf{~rn -h'g k"j{sf] a[xt\ c;dleq lyof]_ sf] pNn]vgLo cjbfg /x]sf] 5 . dl0fk'/sf] n8fO{+df of] If]qdf cfPsf kmf}hL n]G; gfos t'nfrg cfn]n] !*(# df …dl0fk'/sf] ;jfOÚ /rgf u/] . o;nfO{ g} pQ/k"jL{ ef/tsf] klxnf] k|sflzt k':ts dflgG5 . !*($ df /lrPsf] wgjL/ eF8f/Lsf] …cAa/ kfxf8sf] ;jfOÚ ;jfO 5Gbdf /lrPsf] bf];|f] k':ts xf] . To;kl5 s[i0f axfb'/ pbf;n] …cR5fdsf] ;jfOÚ -!()*_, uhjL/ /f0ffn] …gfuflxN;sf] ;jfO{Ú -!(@#_ /rgf u/] . o;kl5 klg s]xL ;do oxfF ;jfO ;flxTog} b]vf kb{5g\ . h:t} !()% sf] cfTdf/fO{ /lrt …e'O{+rfnfsf] ;jfOÚ, /fdrGb| zdf{ 9'Ëfgf /lrt …sflgofFsf] ;jfOÚ -!(#)_ 5Gbd} /lrP . b]x/fb"gdf …uf]vf{ ;+;f/Ú -!(@(_, …t?0f uf]vf{Ú clg bflh{lnªsf] …uf]vf{Ú, sf7df8f}+sf] …zf/bfÚ h:tf klqsfdf uB n]vg k|f/De eO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ o; e]sdf klqsf k|sfzg x'g eg] cem} s]xL ;do klv{g' k¥of] . j[xt c;dsf] k"j{ /fhwfgL lznfª -jt{dfg d]3fnosf] /fhwfgL_ af6 k"jf{~rnsf] klxnf] klqsf …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ !(#^ df k|sflzt eof] . o;sf ;Dkfbs lyP o; c+rnsf k|yd g]kfnL :gfts dl0fl;+x u'?ª . bf];|f] klqsf …lxdflb|Ú !($@ df u'jfxf6Laf6 g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt eof] eg] t];|f] klqsf …k|eftÚ !(%% df slj k'iknfn pkfWofo, g/klt pkfWofo / 6+s e§/fO{sf] ;+o'Qm ;Dkfbgdf 5flkof] . To;k"j{ !($( b]lv !(%$ ;Dd g/klt pkfWofo, df]xg e§/fO{, wgaxfb'/sf] qmlds ;Dkfbgdf lgl:sPsf] x:tlnlvt klqsf …k|eftÚ nuftf/ k|sfzg e}/x]sf] x'Fbf dflg;x¿df ;flxTo r]tgf / hfu¿stf cfpg'sf ;fy} s]xL n]vsx¿ ;d]t hGdg ;kmn eP . tLdWo] w]/}h;f]df kl5 ;Dd n]vg sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf g/x] klg jxfFx¿sf] cjbfgnfO{ 32
d"Nojfg\ dfGg'kb{5 . tL dWo] s]xL pNn]vgLo gfd x'g\ –b'jf{zf pkfWofo, gjs'df/L b]jL, cd/ pkfWofo, 3gZofd vgfn, df]xg e6/fO{, ldqnfn zf:qL, uf]kLgfy pkfWofo cflb . o;kl5 l8uaf]O{ nufot w]/} 7fpFaf6 klqsfx¿ k|sfzg x'g yfn]Ù Tof] qmdn] cfh;Dd lg/Gt/tf kfO/x]5 . bL3{hLjg gkfPklg tL klqsfx¿sf] e"ldsf o; e]ssf] ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf nflu pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . c;ddf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|f/De 5Gb of sljtfaf6} x'G5 . xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo ljBfe"if0fsf] …uLtdfnfÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ !(!) lt/ / …;+uLt rGb|f]boÚ !(@& lt/ k|sflzt eof] . k"jf{~rnsf] ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] k|f/lDes sfnsf s]xL ;flxTosf/ tyf pgsf s[ltx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ – xl/gf/fo0f ljBfe"if0fsf] …uLtdfnfÚ -!(!)_ …;+uLt rGb|f]boÚ -!(@&_, /fdrGb| zdf{ 9'Ëfgfsf] …ufGwLsf] ;jfO{Ú / lxtf]kb]z -;jfO{_ !(#), dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] …dgnx/LÚ -!(@#_ / …ck'Ëf]Ú . /Tg axfb'/ sfsL{sf] …ljj]s /TgfjnLÚ !(#^, kbd k|;fb 9'Ëfgfsf] …st{Jo lzIffÚ -!(#&_, …wg'if eËÚ -!(#^_ / …/fdfo0f ;Kt/TgÚ !($! . To;}u/L xl/ k|;fb zdf{sf] …1fg ;fu/Ú -!(#(_, huGgfy u'/fufO{+sf] …gd| lgj]bgÚ -!($)_ / …u'0f/Tg dfnfÚ -!($)_, lgTofgGb ltdl;gfsf] …slno'uL j[4 ljjfxsf] dxf ;+sNkÚ -!($#_, eLd axfb'/sf] …hLjg rl/qd\Ú -!(%!_ …dg'io j+zfjnL cyf{t\ g]kfnLsf] k'Vof}{nLÚ -!(%#_, r"8fdl0f zf:qLsf] …ljZjf]4f/s ;Gdfu{ /IffÚ -!(%$_, uf]s'n k|;fb hf];Lsf] …g]kfnsf] eljioÚ -!(%$_ / …jfFr / afFRg b]pÚ -!(%*_ . To:t} k|]d l;+x ;'j]bLsf] …tLhsf] d}bfgdf jlxgLsf] cfF;'Ú -!(%%_ k|sflzt x'G5 . k|]d l;+x ;'j]bLn] cf ˆgf] n]vg sd{sf] lg/Gt/tf /fVt} s]xL gf6s / cGo s[lt /rgf ug'{eof]Ù h:t} …cfd|kfnLÚ -!(((_, …s'df/L cfdfÚ -@)))_ …3fd em'Ns]kl5Ú -@))!_ cflb . k+=t]hk|;fb lg/f}nfsf] …1fgf]boÚ, ufljGb zdf{ uf}tdsf] …lxdfnsf] km"nÚ -!(%&_, slj/fh zf:qLsf] …st{Jo sd{ k|sf/Ú k|f/lDes sfnsf s[lt x'g\ . k"jf{~rndf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes sfn}df …a;fFO{Ú pkGof; -!(%&_ lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u/]sf nLnaxfb'/ IfqL cem;Dd lg/Gt/ ljleGg ljwfdf pRr:t/Lo ;flxTo ;[hgfdf Jo:t eP/ nfu]sf 5g\ . pgsf cGo pkGof; x'g\ – …ct[KtÚ -!(^*_, …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ -!(**_, …k|ltWjlg lj:d[ltsfÚ -@))$_, pgsf syf ;+sng oL x'g\ – …tLg bzs aL; cleJolQmÚ !(*#_, …nLnaxfb'/sf syfÚ -@))$_, …gf6sdf …Psf8dL –bf]af6f]Ú -!(*#_, …;'?sf] z'? / dfFuÚ !(&*_ . pgsf lgaGws[ltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ – …c;ddf g]kfnL efiff / To;sf] ;fx|f] ufx|f]Ú -!(^(_, …k"jf{~rn ef/tLo syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[QÚ -!((&_, … ‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ -!(((_, …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ -@)))_, …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ gfds pgsf] pkGof;n] …;flxTo csf8dLÚ k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L o; c~rnsf g]kfnLsf] lz/ 7f8f] kf/]sf] 5 . !(&@ df …lzlz/sf] atf;Ú / !(&% df …3fd 8'a]kl5Ú -b'j} pkGof;_ k|sfzg u/L ;flxTodf kfOnf xfNg] ch'{g lg/f}nfsf] n]vgLn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g . !(^% df …sfd¿kfÚsf] ;+o'Qm ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf jlni6 snd lnP/ n]vglt/ nDs]sf kß 9sfn jlni7 n]vssf ¿kn] lrlgPsf 5g\ . s[lt ¿kdf w]/} k':ts k|sfzg gePklg ljljw ;d;fdlos ljifodf pgsf y'k|} n]v –/rgf, Joª\Uo cflb kq –klqsfx¿df k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf] k|sflzt s[lt …gf}b'jf/ lbuGt;DdÚ -!((%_ xf] . !(^% df …ddtfÚ syf ;+u|x lnP/ c;dsf] ;flxTo jfl6sfdf km'Ng] gf/L x:tfIf/ rGb|snf g]jf/n] …rqmJo"xÚ / …olznfnfO{ d]/f] cfhÚ -sljtf ;+u|x_, …;fF3'/f] w/ftnÚ - syf ;+u|x_, …uLt 33
;+u|xÚ h:tf s[lt k|sfzg u/]/ cf ˆgf] ;flxlTos bIftf b]vfPsL 5g\ . jt{dfgdf sf7df8f}sL+ jfl;Gbf eP klg pgL cf;fdsL k|yd syf ;+u|x k|sflzt ug]{ n]lvsfsf ¿kdf lrlglG5g\ . t];} u/L dfof 7s'/Ln] !(&$ df …gh'/]sf] hf]8LÚ / …udnfsf] km"nÚ syf ;+u|x lnP/ oxfFsf] ;flxTo If]qdf k|j]z u/]sL x'g\ . pgL klg clxn] sf7df8f}+ lgjf;L jl/i7 syfsf/ ¿kn] lrlglG5g\ . lbn ;fxgLsf] sfJos[lt …gf}nf] df6f] rflxPsf] 5Ú / …o'u –k'?ifÚ -syf ;+u|x_ !(&) df k|sflzt x'G5 . logL klg xfn g]kfns} jfl;Gbf ePsf 5g\ . ;g\ !($) df sf7df8f}+sf] …zf/bfÚ klqsfdf …k'8\s] xjnbf/Ú zLif{ssf] syf k|sfzg ug]{ syfsf/ 6+sgfy pkfWofon] :jtGqtf k"j{ /rgf u/]sf] pkGof; …jlnbfgÚ pgsf] d/0ff]k/fGt k|sfzg x'G5 . cf ˆgf] hLjgsfndf pgsf] c+u|]hL gf6ssf/ ;]S;lko/sf gf6s …h'lno; l;h/Úsf] g]kfnL cg'jfb !(%@ df k|sflzt x'G5 eg] …j]lg;sf] ;f}bfu/Ú / …/fhf t[tLo l/r8{Ú d/0ff]k/fGt k|sflzt x'G5 . jt{dfg d]3fno, lznªsf s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL …kLknsf] 5xf/LÚ lgjGw ;+u|x, !(&^ dfkm{t\ vfl/Psf lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf k|lti7f kfpg ;kmn x'G5g\ . pgL slj¿kn] klg lrlGfG5g\ . d]3fno, lznªs} ljqmdjL/ yfkf syf / pkGof; b'j} ljwfdf snd rnfpg] pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf jlni6 n]vs x'g\ . pgsf] …ljutsf] kl/j]z leqÚ pkGof; -!(*@_ k|sflzt 5 . To:t} pgsf] …la;f}+ ztfAbLsL df]gfln;fÚ -!((&_ …csf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt syf xf] . o; cltl/Qm pgsf …/ftf] 8fo/Lsf x/fPsf k[i6x¿Ú -!(($_ h:tf s[ltx¿ klg k|sflzt 5g\ . ;f7Lsf] bzssf] k|f/Dedf ;flxTo hut\df k|j]z u/L lg/Gt/ snd rnfO/x]sf xl/k|;fb zdf{ vgfnn] …d s] u/f}+Ú, …ltd|f] hLjgÚ cflb pkGof;sf ;fy} c+u|]hL, /l;og pkGof;x¿ cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ . !(() ;Ddsf /rgfsf/x¿sf k|fo M /rgf k'/fgf kl/kf6Lsf kb{5g\ . slj xl/eQm s6'jfnsf] …;+emgfÚ !(^) / …leqL dfG5] af]Ng vf]H5Ú af6 k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfw'lgstfsf] 5fk b]lvG5 eGg] ;dfnf]rsx¿sf egfO{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;f7Lsf] bzs / To;kl5 ;flxTo If]qdf b]vf kg]{x¿dWo] 68\sf/f] lrGxf/L /fVg] n]vs x'g\ xl/eQm s6'jfn . pgL o; e]ssf dfq} geP/ l;Ëf] g]kfnL jfª\do ;+;f/leq}sf Ps k|ltli7t slj x'g\ . pgsf s]xL s[ltsf] pNn]v o; k|sf/ 5 – …;+emgf uLt ;+u|xÚ -!(^)_, …leqL dfG5] af]Ng vf]H5Ú -!(^@_, …;'wfÚ v08sfJo !(^$_, …of] lhGbuL v} s] lhGbuLÚ -!(&@_, …abgfd d]/f oL cfFvfx¿ -lj=;+=@)$$_ !(^) df …gjc>'Ú v08sfJo lnP/ ;flxTo hut\df b]vf k/]sf s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] snd lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 . sljtf, gf6s, pkGof; OToflb k|fo M ;j} ljwfdf snd rnfO/x]sf g]kfnLsf …lj/xLÚ -!(^%_, …eTs]sf] 3/, sljtf ;+u|xÚ -!((%_, …d]/f] 3/ d]/f] ;+;f/Ú h:tf s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf cGo s[ltx¿ x'g\ – …;dk{0fÚ, …t:jL/ Ps /ftsf]Ú, …sNkgfÚ -syf ;+u|x_, …ef]s d[To' ;+3if{Ú, …Kn]6kmfd{Ú -P]ltxfl;s sfJo_, …cleofqLÚ -sljtf_, …cg'/fuÚ -uLt ;+u|x_, …dxf;tL uf]dfÚ -gf6s_ . …d]3b"tÚ sfJo cg'jfb u/]/ cg'jfbdf …;flxTo Psf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt ug]{ slj s]=aL=g]kfnL !(^! b]lv …ljGb'Ú q}dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg / ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!! df of] klqsf :j0f{ hoGtL kfngsf] t/v/df 5 . !(^) d} …ct[KtÚ -v08 sfJo_ lnP/ lj/xL ;'Aaf b]vf k5{g\ . dft[efiff g]kfnL gePklg lg/Gt/ g]kfnL ;flxTo ;]jfdf hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ k"jf{~rnsf Pshgf ;Rrf g]kfnL efiff ;flxTok|]dL lyP rGb]Zj/ b'j] . pgsf] k|yd s[lt …efg'eQm / 3fF;LÚ xf] . !(^@ df …d]rL aUb} lyof]Ú, !(&% df v08sfJo …nfx'/]Ú, !(&* df …b]zsf] df6f] / lhGbuLsf] af6f]Ú pkGof; / 34
…k"jf{~rn ef/tsf] g]kfnL ;flxToÚ, …Pl:sn;, z]nL / b]jsf]6fÚ / !(*! df …t];|f] cfofdsf] zj k/LIffÚ h:tf lgaGw k|sfzg u/]/ g]kfnL ;flxTo e08f/ ;d[4 kf/]sf 5g\ pgn] . zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{tsf] t]hk'/sf k'iknfn pkfWofon] k|eftsfnLg ;dob]lvg} sljtf ljwfdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfO /x] . …piffd~h/LÚ -!(*&_ sljtf s[ltsf nflu ;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/L o; e]snfO{ pgn] uf}/jflGjt t'NofPsf 5g\ . pgsf] csf]{ k|sflzt s[lt xf] …k'ikf~hlnÚ -!(^@_ . ;f7Lsf] bzsdf cf ˆgf s[lt lnP/ em'Nsg] cGo s]xL n]vsx¿ x'g\ – …dgsf] k|sfzÚ -!(^%_ ;bfgGb zdf{, ejfgL z+s/ pkfWofo …lzjuLtfÚ -!(^%_, slj/fh zf:qL …st{Josd{ k'sf/Ú, k|]d gf/fo0f kf]v|]n …slnsfnsf] cfjfhÚ, s'naxfb'/ If]qL …lrGtg dfnfÚ, rf]s axfb'/ yfkf …Åbosf] pb\uf/ -!(^^_, o1k|;fb ;'j]bL …sNkgfÚ, dxf/fh j;Gt lu/L …j;Gt d~h/LÚ -!(^(_ . ;Q/Lsf] bzsdf …gf}nf] df6f] rflxPsf] 5Ú -!(&)_ lnP/ lbn ;fxgL, …r]tgfÚ, …jlnbfgsf k|ltof]lutfÚ -v08sfJo_ / …nDs] kfOnfx¿Ú -sfJo _ h:tf s[lt lnP/ t'n axfb'/ 5]qL b]vf k/]sf 5g\ eg] …o'usf] 3]/fleq dlng cg'xf/x¿Ú -!(&!_ wd{nfn e";fn, …tyfutÚ -!(&@_ xL=8L= lhDafÙ To:t} 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo lgeL{ssf] …rDkfÚ -v08sfJo_ / …/fu cg'/fuÚ -uLlt ;+u|x_ !(&@ df k|sflzt x'G5 . pgL cem;Dd lg/Gt/ snd rnfO /x]/ …k'l:sgsf s]xL sljtfÚ h:tf cg'jfb / cGofGo s[ltx¿ dfkm{t\ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ ;d[4 kfb}{ 5g\ . xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{sf] !(&$ df …afa/LÚ / … …d]/f] Pp6f …gfuf x'sLÚ dgr/Lsf] af]nLÚÚ k|sflzt ePkl5 klg snd /f]ls+b}g . df}lns s[ltsf ;fy} cg'jfb sd{ ;d]tåf/f g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfP/ b'O{ efiffaLr ;fF3' lgdf{0f ug]{ k|yd JolQmsf ¿kdf lrlGxb} pgn] kl5sf lkF9LnfO{ klg cfd[To' cg'k|fl0ft ul//x] . o;} e]ssf] lznfª -jt{dfg d]3fno_sf uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg !(&% df cf ˆg' sljtf ;+u|x …;fO{ns cfO{/x]5Ú lnP/ g]kfnL ;flxTo hut\df k|j]z u5{g\ . pgsf …P:tf] kf] e"n u/]5'Ú, …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]hL/x]5Ú -@))&_ h:tf s[lt klg k|sflzt 5g\ . d"ntM slj ¿kn] lrlgPsf k|wfg @)!) sf] …;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/Ún] klg ;Ddflgt ePsf 5g\ . c;Lsf] bzsdf y'k|} slj ;|i6fsf] gj k|j]zn] oxfFsf] ;flxlTos au}+rfnfO ;d[4 kfb}{ n}hfG5 . !(*) df …o'lSnk6; cfpg] kL9LnfO{Ú zLif{s sljtf lnP/ gj ;fksf]6fsf] k|j]z x'G5 . cf ˆg' sljtf n]vgnfO{ lg/Gt/ pFrfOdf n}hfFb} ;fksf]6f !((^ df …sfJofGt/Ú clg @))* df …dlb/f xf]Og d]/f] kl;gfÚ k|sfzg u/L Ps :yflkt sljsf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpF5g\ . !(*# df …w'sw'sLÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ k|sfzg u/L n]vg hut\df kfOnf xfNg] k|f=b'uf{k|;fb pkfWofo l3ld/] ToxL jif{ …a'8f 5k8LÚ / …;ldwfÚ df}lns lgaGw ;+u|x k|sfz u5{g\ eg] …ztleiffÚ -!((#_ / …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ -@))*_ sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzg u/]/ sljsf ¿kdf ;d]t lrlgG5g\ . …slj k'iknfn pkfWofo –JolQmTj / s[ltTjÚ -@))!_ / ;flxlTos lgaGw ;+u|x …;fwgfÚ -@))#_ pgsf] pNn]vgLo b]g xf] . clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL c;dLof / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf a/f]a/ snd rnfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . …b'O rSs] uf8LÚ, …lsl;ª\usf sGt ljhf]sÚ h:tf afn ;flxTo / cg'jfb s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ug]{ k|yd k+lQmsf n]vssf ¿kdf pgsf] gfd cfpF5 . !(*! df …;Dj]bgf cf] ;Dj]bgfÚ / …k/]jf ;]tfsfnfÚ h:tf sfJos[lt dfkm{t\ oxfFsf] ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ cljgfz >]i7 jt{dfg sf7df8f}+df a:5g\ . cf ˆgf w]/} syf, sljtfx¿ g]kfnL jfª\do ;+;f/nfO{ k|bfg u/]/ cf ˆgf] klxrfg 68\sf/f] kfg{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ cljgfz >]i7 . …lrxfg 35
gkfPsf tSdfx¿Ú zLif{ssf] sfJos[lt cl3 ;fb}{ cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f jlni7 sljsf ¿kdf pEofPsf o'4jL/ /f0ff snf ;+:s[lt ljifodf cg';Gwfgd"ns /rgf / cg'jfb n]vgdf ;d]t lg/Gt/ ;lqmo 5g\ . pgsf] cjbfgn] klg oxfFsf] ;flxlTos km"naf/LnfO{ dlnnf] kfg{ d2t k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . eljnfn nfld5fg] !(*$ df …cgfutÚ sljtf ;+u|x k|sfz u/L Pshgf jlni7 slj ¿kn] lrlGfP . …zAb x'g\ oL d]/fÚ -@))@_, …c;dfKt kfOnfx¿Ú -@))@_, …zLif{sxLgÚ h:tf sfJos[lt / syf ;+u|x, uhn, jfn sljtf cflb k|sfzg u/L cf ˆg' n]vs slj kl/ronfO{ cem prfOdf k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ nfld5fg] . c;Ls} bzsdf syf ;+u|x lnP/ ;flxTo hutdf kfOnf 6]Sg]dWo]sf v8\u/fh lu/L Pshgf :yflkt syfsf/sf ¿kdf snd rnfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . pgsf syf ;+u|x …¿k k|lt¿kÚ -!(*^_, …syfb]lv k/Ú, …cefjÚ -!(*&_ / cg'jfb s[ltx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . uxLg pkfWofo eg] …vf]hLdfÚ pkGof; -!(*)_ /rgfkl5 cf ˆgf] sndnfO{ lj/fd lbG5g\ . csf{ syfsf/, pkGof;sf/, gf6\osf/ x'g\ z]/dfg yfkf . pgL pkGof; …kTy/ af]N5 -!(*@_, syf ;+u|x …nx/Ú, gf6s …kfFrkft]Ú nufotsf s[lt l;h{gf ;lxt cf ˆgf] snd rnfO /x]sf 5g\ . nId0f af]xf]/fsf] syf ;+u|x …Ps laxfg Ps a]n'sLÚ !(*% df k|sflzt x'G5 . To;}u/L nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+sf] syf ;+u|x …;fOtÚ !(*@ df k|sflzt x'G5 . pgsf] pkGof; …cfFwLÚn] pgnfO{ pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf klg :yflkt ub{5 . syf, sljtf, pkGof;, lgaGw cflb ljleGg ljwfdf pgsf] snd rln/x]sf] 5 . :jtGqtf ;+u|fdL Pj+ /fhg}lts g]tf lji0f'nfn pkfWofo cf ˆg' sd{ hLjgsf] cflv/L r/0fdf ;flxTo If]qdf k|j]z u/] . pgL syfsf/, hLjgLsf/, lgaGwsf/ ¿kn] lrlgG5g\ . pgsf] syf ;+u|x …pT;u{Ú -!(($_ df k|sflzt x'G5 . To;}u/L rGb|s'df/ zdf{n] …d]/f] af/Lsf] eft] s/]nfÚ -!(*%_ / …l5d]sLÚ lgaGw ;+u|x k|sfz u/]/ cf ˆg' dggzLn /rgf z}nLsf] lrGff/L lbPsf 5g\ . of] k|aGw n]lvsf uLtf pkfWofon] Pg k|m]Gssf] 8fo/L c+u|]hLaf6 g]kfnLdf !(&@ df cg'jfb u/]kl5 g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf snd rnfpFb} cfPsL 5g\ . afn pkGof; …cfdf d kmf:6 ePFÚ -@)))_, e|d0f syf …dGbflsgLÚ / …cnsgGbfsf] tL/}tL/Ú, …dxfk'?if z+s/b]j M hLjg / sd{Ú / df}lns syf ;+u|x …syf~hnLÚ -@))%_ k|sfz u/]sL 5g\ eg] …b/af/sf] ;';f/]Ú / …cleofqLÚ cg'lbt k':ts klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . To:t} c;dLof efiffdf cg'jfb ul/Psf] pgsf] …efg'eQm /fdfo0fÚ !(*& df c;d ;flxTo ;efn] k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 . 5ljnfn pkfWofon] cf ˆgf 5Gbf]j4 sljtf / v08sfJo …kjgb"tÚ, …ljjt{gÚ -!(((_, …b]jsf]6f dxfsfJoÚ -@))@_ cflb s[ltaf6 ;flxTonfO{ ;d[4 kfb}{ cfPsf 5g\ . pgsf] cg'jflbt gf6s …rGb|u'KtÚ -lxGbLaf6 g]kfnL_ n] …;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . pgsf] snd ljleGg ljwfdf cBflk rln/x]sf] 5 . !((@ df …cf}+;Lsf /ftx¿ k"l0f{dfsf /ftx¿Ú sfJos[lt lnP/ b]vf kg]{ v8u axfb'/ sf}lzssf] …lugLlkuÚ sfJo / …l/dfngL 3f6Ú -@))^_ syf ;+u|x k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . …d]/f] b]z lxhf] cfh ef]lnÚ v08sfJoaf6 ;flxTo If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf v]d/fh g]kfnsf] csf]{ dxfsfJo …;[li6Ú -@))^_ klg k|sflzt 5 . ;+:s[lt / cGofGo ljifos cg';Gwfgd"ns uxlsnf s[ltx¿ klg pgsf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . …hflt ;d:of / g]kfnL hfltÚ zLif{s dggzLn s[lt lnP/ !(*! df n]vg\ hut\df k|j]z u/]sf 8f=hdblUg pkfWofo j[lQn] lrlsT;s ePklg zf]wk"0f{ dggzLn /rgfsf/sf ¿kdf ;d]t\ lrlgG5g\ . pgsf …zAbfjnLÚ -@))#_, zAbsf]z / lj1fgd"ns k':ts, k|jGwx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . 36
o;}u/L 8f=Zofd/fh zdf{sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns u|Gy …pQ/ k"jf{~rnsf g]kfnLsf] Oltj[QÚ pNn]vgLo cjbfg xf] . c;dLof / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf n]Vg] 1fg axfb'/ 5]qL ;dfnf]rs / lgjGwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf n]vs x'g\ . pgsf] ;dfnf]rgf u|Gy …cjnf]sgÚ @))) df k|sflzt x'G5 . sljtf tyf syf ljwfdf snd rnfpg] log} n]vssf] cg'jfb s[lt …dg k/]bf syfÚ -@))#_ / hLjgLd"ns k':ts …k'iknfn pkfWofo hLjg / s[ltÚ -@))&_, …;h{s / l;h{gfÚ -@)!)_ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . …>4f~hlnÚ zf]ssfJo -!(*#_, …d'6'sf cfufsf lemNsfx¿Ú -!(*%_ lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u/]sf lzj cfrfo{ lgaGw ljwfdf snd rnfpF5g\ . pgn] …cfhsf] lbse|fGt ;dfhzf:qÚ h:tf] s[lt klg /rgf u/]sf 5g\ . 8f=nIdL k|;fb k/fh'nLsf] ;dLIffTds lgaGw …g]kfnL syf ;flxTodf pQ/k"jL{o ef/tsf] of]ubfgÚ @))! df k|sflzt x'G5 . pgL sljtf, lgjGw cflb ljwfdf snd rnfpFb} 5g\ . tf/fklt ljljw ljifosf s[lt lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ Pshgf lrGtgzLn n]vs x'g\ . pgsf …efiff k|bLkÚ, …bz dxf/yLÚ -@))!_ …lgaGw u'R5Ú -@))@_ / cGo w]/} s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ . To:t} ljBfklt bfxfn lgaGwsf/ - …;flxTo ljdz{Ú !((*_, v08sfJo /rgfsf/ - …piffx/0fÚ_sf ;fy} zf]w cg';Gwfgd"ns /rgfsf/sf ¿kdf klg lrlGfG5g\ . pgsf] sfJo u|Gy …sfDofÚ @))! df k|sflzt 5 . xl/ uh'/]n n]vs, lgaGwsf/ ¿kn] k|l;l4 k|fKt n]vs x'g\ . pgsf] k|sflzt s[lt xf] – …zAb a6'Nb}Ú -@))!_ . ¿kgf/fo0f kf7ssf] …lkmlnËf]Ú @))@ df, pkGof; …bf];fFwÚ !((@ df k|sflzt x'G5 . pgL slj / lgjGwsf/sf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . sljtf kmfF6df snd rnfpg] csL{ Ps ;|i6f x'g\ uf]df zdf{ . …ltd|f] lglDtÚ -!(*^_, …ltd|f] k|]/0ffn]Ú -!(**_ pgsf b'O{j6f k|sflzt s[lt x'g\ . uLt /rgf;Fu} g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf snd rnfpg] oL n]lvsfsf] …a|Xdk'q/ k/f jfudtLÚ sljtf ;Fufnf] klg k|sflzt 5 . To;}u/L d}gf yfkf cfzfn] klg b'O{j6f sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzdf NofPsL 5g\ . lxGbLdf a/fa/ n]Vg] d}gfsf] lxGbL sljtf ;+u|x …/hgLuGwfÚ !(^% df k|sflzt ePsf] yfxf nfu]sf] 5 . pgsf] g]kfnL sfJo s[lt …s:t'/LÚ @))) df k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . 8Da/ bfxfn lgjGw n]vs, syfsf/ Pj+ afn ;flxTosf/ klg x'g\ . pgsf] syf ;+u|x …ofqf qmddfÚ / lzz' k':ts …xfd|f dfu{bz{sx¿Ú cflb k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . 8f=zflGt yfkfsf] k|yd k|sflzt k':ts …gfd3/]Ú @))@ sf] …csf8dL cg'jfb k'/:sf/Ú yfKg ;kmn eof] . of] c;dLof efiffaf6 cg'jfb ul/Psf] -!((&_ s[lt xf] . 8f=yfkf lxGbL / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf snd rnfpFl5g\ . pgsf] uLt ;+u|x …dfofÚ -@))$_, syf ;+u|x …cfjt{gÚ / pkGof; …df]lxgL 86sdÚ -@)))_ n] g]kfnL ;flxTodf ljz]if :yfg cf]u6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 . :j0f{ hoGtL jif{ k'Ug nfu]sf] cf;fdsf] Psdfq dfl;s klqsf …xfd|f] WjlgÚsL ;x ;Dkfbs zflGt yfkf sljtf / ;dfnf]rgf ljwfdf klg snd rnfpFl5g\ . pgn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] k':ts …c;d]nL g]kfnL syf ofqfÚ -@))*_ Ps pNn]vgLo s[lt xf] . c;dsf] g]kfnL pkGof; kmfF6df kfOnf] xfNg] k|yd gf/L ;|i6f gofF b]jL x'g\ . pgsf b'O6f pkGof; …o'u;lGwÚ -@))@_ / …sf}zNofÚ -@))#_ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . pgsf] snd lg/Gt/ rNb} 5 . !((( df cGt/f{li6«o gf/Lk|wfg klqsf k|sfzg / ;Dkfbg ug]{ ;Ltfb]jLsf] sfJos[lt xf] …;+emgfÚ . 37
xf]d axfb'/ 5]qL ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf Ps ;dlk{t ;fwssf ¿kn] lrlGfG5g\ . :s"n] 5fq 5Fbfaf6 ;flxTodf ?lr /fVg yfn]sf logsf Ps bh{gsf] 5]p5fp sljtf, syf, cg'jfb k':ts k|sflzt 5g\ . 5]qLsf s]xL sljtf ;+u|x x'g\ – …cfsf/ /lxtÚ -!(($_, …d]/f sljtfx¿Ú -!((%_, …xfdL kvf}{+Ú -@))$_ . pgsf] …lIflth x/fPsf] 5}gÚ gfds syf ;+u|x klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;'b"/ s'j]taf6 pgL …:kGbgÚ gfdsf] dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg u/L g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;]jf ub}{5g\ . …;;{tL{ k9\bfÚ -!(*$_, …cfFvL ‰ofnaf6Ú h:tf ;dfnf]rgfd"ns s[ltsf ;|i6f jt{dfg\df pQ/aË ljZjljBfnodf sfo{/t\ Pj+ lznu8L lgjf;L ePklg k|f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo oxL+sf pkh x'g\ . nIdL –dLg' ldhf]/daf6 snd rnfpg] ;zQm n]lvsf x'g\ . gf/L klqsf …uxgfÚ sf] ;Dkfbgsf ;fy} gf6s, sljtf ljwfdf pgsf] cjbfg /x]sf] 5 . sljtf, lgjGw ljwfdf snd rnfpg] uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] sfJos[lt …ljZjjf]wÚ !(*& df k|sfzg x'G5 . c;L / gAa]sf] bzsdf Psb'O{ sfJos[lt lnP/ b]vf kg]{x¿ x'g\ b'uf{k|;fb kf}8\ofn …sNkgfsf] km"nÚ -!(*)_, l8NnL k|;fb zdf{ …/utsf] d;LÚ -!(*)_, an/fd kf]v|]n …hLjg ;+3if{Ú !(*@_, clg?b| uf}td …r:df leqsf] 3fon cfFvfÚ -!(*^_, t'Ëgfy g]kfn …oxfF o:t} 5Ú -!(*#_, /g axfb'/ 5]qL …o'uuLtÚ -!(*#_, …gf}nf] uLt –gofF sljtfÚ -!(*^_, …sljtfÚ -!(*$_, …zxLb bk{0fÚ -!((%_, df]tL l;+x 5]qL …cFWof/f] pHofnf]Ú bfdf]b/ 9sfn …kfv]Ú -!(*&_, /fhfl;+x lnDa' …Pp6f gofF ljxfgsf] k|tLIffdf Åbosf] pbuf/Ú -!((^_, rf]saxfb'/ yfkf …d]/f kL/ d]/f uLtÚ -!(*@_, u'?eQm lwtfn …d]/f kL/ d]/f d]/f uLtÚ -!(**_, …6fpsf] vf]Hb}Ú -!((@_, /d]z bjf8Lsf] sfJos[ltTj, …oxfF 9'Ëf / df6f]n] eG5Ú uLt ;+u|x -!((!_, …cleJolQmÚ -!((@_, OGb| axfb'/ sfsL{, c;dLof efiffdf klg snd rnfP/ afn ;flxTo ;d[4 kfg]{ n]vssf ¿kdf lrlGfG5g\ . …s'?If]qÚ !((^_, …k"jf{¿kÚ -!((&_, uf]ljGb zfl08Nosf] …d'7LbfgÚ -!(*@_ sljtf ;+u|x, s0f{ axfb'/ 5]qL . …xfd|f] w'sw'sL h/fx¿Ú sljtf ;+ux| af6 ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ k'ikw/ zdf{n] cg'jfblt/ klg nDs]/ …c;dLof slj lx/0o s'df/ e§frfo{sf] lgjf{lrt sljtfÚ !((( df k|sfzg u/L cg'jfbdf …;flxTo csf8dL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . cf]em]ndf k/]sf sljtf -@)))_, nfn' k|;fb pkfWofo, …cfdfzLjf{bÚ -@))@_ / …tLtfld7f d'Qmsx¿Ú, kbd 5]qL …cflbd ;8sÚ -!(@%_, xl/ clwsf/L …d'6'leqsf lt;{gfÚ -!(($_, aLPd k|wfg …c3]{nf]Ú syf ;+u|x -!(@)_ k|sflzt 5g\ . c;dLof dWo o'uLg slj dfwj sGbnLsf] …/fdfo0fÚ g]kfnLdf c'g'jfb u/L ;flxTo jfl6sfdf k|j]z ug{] OGb' k|efb]jLsf] df}lns k|sflzt sfJos[lt xf] …;kgfsf] h/f k}nfpFb}Ú -@))^_ . c;dLof efiffdf klg snd rnfpg] lg? zdf{ k/fh'nLsf sljtf, syf, kq –klqsfdf k|;:t b]vPklg k|sflzt sfJo xf] …ef]sdf sf]l/Psf zAbx¿Ú . pgsf] …r]tgfÚ syf ;+u|x k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 . Pp6} kl/jf/sf cfdf, 5f]/f –5f]/L g]kfnL ;flxTo km"naf/Ldf k|j]z ub}{ cfdf jL0ff zdf{ c;dLof / lxGbLaf6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ul5{g\ . 5f]/L /lZd /]vf / /f]hL/fgL klg cg'jfblt/ nDs]sf 5g\ eg] 5f]/fn] cg'jfb ;fy} df}lns sfJos[lt …;+;bsf] dem]/Ldf df6sf] jf;gfÚ ;flxTo j]bLdf r9fO ;s]sf 5g\ . @))@ df …clUg:gfgÚ pkGof; lnP/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf b]vf kg]{ /f]lxt uf}td …;kl/jf/Ú dfl;s klqsfsf ;Dkfbs / :jo+ n]vssf ¿kdf klg ph]lnPsf 5g\ . pgL dggzLn lgaGwsf/ klg x'g\ . dggzLn k|aGw n]vs k|f=hogf/fo0f n'OF6]nn] e|d0f ;+:d/0f …b'aO{ x'Fb} cd]l/sfÚ -@))!_ df k|sfzg u/L ;flxTodf k|j]z u/L pkGof; n]vgdf kfOnf] xfn]sf 5g\ . pgsf] k|sflzt pkGof; 38
xf] …cw{lj/fdÚ . e|d0f ;+:d/0f dfkm{t\ ;flxTodf k|j]z ug]{ cGo n]vs x'g\ –r"8fdl0f pkfWofo – …s]lnkmf]/gLofsf] sofnaf6Ú -@))!_ . ldqb]j zdf{ b'O{ efiffdf snd rnfpFb} c;dLof e|d0f ;+:d/0f lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u5{g\ eg] …cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL sfJoÚ -@))^_ c;dLofdf cg'jfb u5{g\ . pgn] t]n]u'af6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb …hGde"ldsf] ;'jf;Ú -@))@_ k|sfz ub}{ cfO{k'Ubf g]kfnLdf lgjGw ;+u|x …ldq ljljwfÚ, …a'Fbf efiff g[zf:q ;+:s[ltÚ k|sfz u/L yf]/} ;dofjlw leq w]/} cjbfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . nfj0ob]jLn] cf ˆgf klt huGgfy pkfWofosf ;fy e|d0f ;+:d/0f …la|6]gdf s]xL lbgÚ @))@ df k|sfz u/]sL 5g\ . df]xg ;'j]bL syfsf/, slj / lgaGwsf/sf ¿kdf lrlGfG5g\ . pgsf] syf ;+u|x …k[lyjL h;/L ef]Ub} 5'Ú !(*^ df k|sfzg ePsf] 5 / pgsf] n]vg lg/Gt/ rln/x]5 . Ps ldg]6sf syf n]vgsf] gf}nf] kl/kf6L z'? ug]{ kLtfDa/ u'?ªsf k|sflzt syf x'g\ – …d s'Gtnf af]N5'Ú -@))!_, …s'Gtnf afFRg vf]H5]Ú -@))&_ . l8NnL/fd vgfnn] kq klqsfdf syf sljtf k|sfz ub}{ @))( df syf ;+u|x …clezKt o'usf] cfTdsyfÚ k|sfz u/]sf 5g\ . d'GgL ;fksf]6f lzz' ;flxTo lnP/ k|j]z ul5{g\ . km'6s/ sljtf, syf sf]g]{ ul//x]klg pgsf] k|sflzt s[lt …xfd|f] km"naf/LÚ, …aNn a'l4 knfof]Ú -afn syf k':ts_ x'g\ . k"0f{ zdf{ 6flS;Psf] gf6\o ljwfnfO{ psf:b} gf6s lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z ub{5g\ . gf/fo0f k|wfgsf b'O6f sljtf s[lt k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . ab|L u'/fufO+{ g]kfnL / j8f] efiffdf snd rnfpF5g\ . pgsf sfJos[lt k|sflzt 5g\ . rGb|dl0f pkfWofo cg'jfb lnP/ ;flxTodf k|j]z u5{g\ . pgsf] klxnf] k|sfzg lxGbLaf6 g]kfnL cg'jfb …d+un;"qÚ -@))#_, bf];f| ] …af3]6fk'sf] /ftÚ -@))*_ x'g\ . sf]lknfd} emg{ afWo ePsf ;+efjgfk"0f{ slj lyP …cGt/fnÚ -!(((_ sf ;|i6f j;Gt s'df/ g]kfn . 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{ ;f7L –;Q/Lsf] bzsdf sljtf /rgflt/ nDs] klg k':ts ¿kdf pgsf] sljtf ;+u|x …nf]lxToÚ Ho]i7 ;'k'q ldqb]j zdf{sf] pBf]udf @))$ df k|sfzg x'G5 . lg/fgJj] / b'O{ xhf/sf] bzsdf cg'jfb / df}lns s[lt lnP/ w]/} ;|i6f ;flxTo pBfgdf k|j]z u/]sf b]lvG5g\ . syf ljwfdf lhtaxfb'/ ;'gf/sf] k|j]z alni6 b]lvG5 . pgsf] syf ;+sng k|sflzt 5 . 8L=aL 5]qLn] …a;fO{+Ú pkGof;nfO{ c;dLofdf cg'jfb klg u/]sf 5g\ . pgL g]kfnLdf lgjGw, zf]wd"ns n]vg ljwfdf snd rnfpF5g\ . …cf}+;Lsf] rGb|dfÚ syf ;+u|x -@))&_, sljtf ;+u|x …j/ kLknÚ -@))@_ lnO{ l/h' b]jLsf] ;flxTo k|j]z ePsf] 5 eg] cg'jfbdf ;'Gb/ 5]qLsf] gfd b'j} efiffdf bx|f] ePsf] 5 . tf/flglw pkfWofosf] …af3sf] 5fnfdf :ofnsf] /hfO{+Ú -@))#_ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . …xfOs' sfJoÚ -@)))_ lnP/ gf/fo0f pkfWofo cfPsf 5g\ . k'?iff]Qd e08f/Ln] …k[YjLÚ klqsfsf s]xL c+s ;Dkfbg ug'{sf ;fy} ef/tsf] :jtGqtf ;+u|fddf of]ubfg ug]{ g]kfnL ;k"taf/] c+u|]hLdf cg';Gwfgd"ns k':ts k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ . ljhof zdf{sf] …lrof rd]gfÚ / cg'jfb …a'9L cfd}sf] bGt] syfÚ k|sflzt 5 . ;dfnf]rgf n]vg ;fy} sljtf n]Vg] b]jsL b]jLsf] sfJo …ltd|f] :yfg sxfFÚ -@)!)_ k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . lji0f'nfn zdf{ cf ˆgf cg';Gwfgk"0f{ k':ts …cf;fd] g]kfnLx¿Ú lnP/ lrlGfPsf 5g\ . lji0f' zdf{sf] …u'Gof}rf]nf]Ú / cGo s]xL pkGof; k|sflzt 5g\ . /]jtL df]xg ltdl;gfsf] cg'jfb s[lt …kl/0fLtfÚ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;~hLj pkfWofosf] cg'jfb …a'9f] dfG5] / ;fu/Ú -@)!)_ k|sflzt 5 . c;dLof efifL g]kfnL n]vs e'jg]Zj/ a?cfsf sfJos[lt …u'nfaÚ, …Pp6f o:tf] dfG5]ÚÙ …csf]{ Pp6f gfpÚ k|sflzt x'g' cfgGbsf] s'/f xf] . hulglw bfxfnsf] …lxª gePklg lxª afFw]sf] 6fnf]Ú 39
onlinesahitya.com !(*&_, …pvfg 6'Ssfsf] k':tsÚ k|sflzt 5 . xf]dgfy ;'j]bLsf] sfJos[lt k|sflzt 5 . a[hnfn s6]nsf] JoªUo sfJo …kf]nvf]nÚ @))& df k|sfzg x'G5 . v8\u axfb'/ 5]qLsf] cg'jfb s[lt …:jlKgn h'g]nLÚ, …jlGbtfÚ / …ofqf ljj/0fÚ k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . an/fd pkfWofo Pshgf Joª\Uo n]vssf ¿kn] Joª\Uo sljtf …5]8sfÚ lnP/ @))^ df ;flxTo cfFugdf lelqPsf 5g\ . pgLaf6 of] v8]/L nfu]sf] kmfF6df w]/} cjbfgsf] cfzf 5 . s[lt k|sfz gu/]klg ;3g sljtf, syf, lgaGw cflb ljwfdf snd rnfpg] s]xL gfdx¿ x'g\ –sdnf b]jL, d'Qmfb]jL, j;'Gw/f zdf{, j;'dtL b]jL, 8f= b]j]g ;fksf]6f, h]n 8fo/L lnP/ hgfb{g ;fksf]6f, rDkf b]jL, dGh' b]jL, uLtf b]jL, 8f=?b|dfg yfkf . 8f= lzjgfy zdf{sf ljleGg ljifodf zf]wd"ns k|jGw / lgjGw ;+u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . /Ltf l;+x ;h{g/ lxGbL / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf snd rnfpFl5g\ . b]j/fh ;fksf]6fn] dxfk'?if z+s/b]jsf] sLt{g …3f]iffÚ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]sf 5g\ . hfgsf/L pknAw gx'Fbf oxfF pNn]v ug{ g;lsPsf c? w]/} ;h{s ;|i6f ;flxlTossf] gfd 5'6\g uPsf] 5 . ;f] ;Dk"0f{ clgR5f s[t xf] / n]vs To;df Ifdf k|fyL{ 5 . c? s;}n] c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;flxTo rrf{ ljifodf ;Dk"0f{ s[ltx¿sf] ljj/0f ;lxt lj:t[t kl/rrf{ ug]{5g\ eGg] cfzf / ljZjf; /fvL of] ljifo oxL+ 6'ª\UofpF5' . ;Gbe{ ;"lrM – != ;fwgf –n]=k|f=b'uf{k|;fb pkfWofo l3ld/] @= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pTyfgdf pQ/k"jf{~rnsf gf/Lsf] cjbfg, uLtf pkfWofo, xfd|f] Wjlg dfl;s klqsf, u'jfxf6L, jif{ 5 *( cÍ o @$& a}zfv –h]7, @)^& –c+=dO @)!)
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c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; slxn]b]lv c;ddf k|f/De eof], ;f] hfGgsf] nflu xfdLn] Oltxf;sf kfgf kN6fpg'k5{ . Oltxf; eG5, c;d / g]kfnsf] ;DaGw P]ltxfl;s xf] . sf]xL otf cfP, sf]xL ptf uP . sf]xL km]l/ otf / ptf u5{g\ . of] k|j|hgsf] k|lqmof xf] . c;dsf b'O k|frLg u|Gy – …sflnsf k'/f0fÚ / …of]lugLtGqÚdf klg c;d / g]kfnsf] ldqtf ePsf] s'/f pNn]v 5 eg]/ c;dsf ljåfgx¿ eGb5g\ . /fhlif{ hgssf kf]iok'q g/sf;'/ c;d cfP . /fhf xif{ ad{gsL r]nL /fHodtLnfO{ g]kfnsf /fhf låtLo hob]jn] ljjfx u/] / pgL pt} uOg\ . oxfFsf] Oltxf;n] eG5Ù /fHodtLn] sf7df08'sf] kz'klt dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnL /fhsGof /TgsfGtLnfO{ sf]r /fhf ljZjl;+xn] lax] u/]/ otf cfOg\ . g]kfnsf /fhf k|tfk dNnn] sf]r /fhsGof ¿kdtLsf] kfl0fu|x0f u/]/ pgL klg pt} uOg\ . of] cfjthfjtdf klg w]/} nfafn:s/ cfpg] hfg] u/] xf]nfg\ . jln /fhfsf] s'/f klg oxfFsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt nf]suLtdf k|fKt x'G5 . cxf]d /fhf uf}/Lgfy l;+xsf ;dodf df]jfd/Lof ljb|f]x eof] . of] bdg ug{ Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLn] sKtfg j]N;sf g]t[Tjdf Pp6f ;]gfsf] bn k7fPsf] lyof] . of] bndf g]kfnL ;]gf klg lyP eGg] k|df0f Zofd/fh h};L lj/lrt …Oltxf;sf cfwf/df c;dsf] g]kfnL ;dfhÚ df kfOG5 . o:tf P]ltxfl;s tYon] xfdLnfO{ lglZrt u/fpF5 ls oxfF g]kfnL dfG5] cfP t/ cfP/ sf] sxfF a;] < s;/L a;] < ;f] k|i6 kfg]{ ;fwg clxn] kfOFb}g . 40
o; pk/fGt wfld{s s'/f klg cfpF5g\ . dT:o]Gb|gfy / uf]/vgfysf] sxfgL klg ;j{ljlbt 5 . uf]/vgfysf cg'ufdLx¿ of]uL x'g\ clg dT:o]Gb|gfy x'g\ af}4 of]uL . c;d / g]kfn b'O{ /fHo g} b'O ;Gtsf] sd{:yn xf] . oL b'O{hgf ;Gt cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ubf{ r]nfx¿ klg ;Fu;Fu} lyP xf]nfg\ . sf]xL t cjZo g} oxfF a;] xf]nfg\ . wfld{s s'/fdf ;+nUg 5g\ – …k/z'/fd s'08Ú, …u/d kfgLÚ / …a|Xdk'q :gfgÚ klg . To;kl5 cfpF5 sfdfIff dlGb/sf] s'/f . oL s'/fx¿sf nflu klg g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfpFYf] . t/ ;a} g} g]kfn kmls{Gy] eg]/ xfdL ls6]/ eGg ;Sbf}+g . s;}n] t oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL / hghLjgsf] ;/ntfdf dVv k/]/ ot} 8]/f 8fn] xf]nfg\ . of] wfld{s s'/fsf] cf}lrTo / k|efj cem} klg h:tfsf] t:t} 5 . !*!^ ;g\sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw kl5 klg j[l6z sDkgLn] …uf]vf{Ú ;]gfsf] gftfdf w]/}nfO{ otf k7fof] . gf]s/Laf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 5fjgLsf 5]j}df ;/sf/n] hdLg lbGYof] / clwsf+z ot} a;] . !*@% ;g\df c;ddf t]n cfljisf/ ePkl5 ldlxg]t ug]{ >lds –dhb"/sf] vfFrf] x'Fbf ;:tf] dh'/Ldf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL dflg;nfO{ c;d NofOPsf] lyof] . !*$) ;g\df lrof v]tL z'¿ ePkl5 bflh{lnªsf] ldl/saf6 lrof aufgdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL dfG5] NofOPsf lyP . c;ddf ePsf xhf/f}+ gbL –pkgbLsf] lsgf/df ePsf nxnx /d0fLo 3fF; kz'kfngsf nflu ;fx|} kf]lifnf] x'gfn] klg g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfpg cg'k|fl0ft ePsf lyP . km]l/ w]/}n] c;d cfP/ wfg / pv' v]tLdf tNnLg eP/ wg sdfP, 3/ la;]{ . t/ sf] sltv]/ c;d cfP < sxfF a;] < To;sf] Oltxf; k|fKt ug]{ clxn] s'g} ;fdu|L 5}g . k'Vof}{nL sxg ;Sg] dflg; klg ;a} k/nf]sufdL eO{ ;lsP . o; avt xfdL oltdfq eGg ;S5f}+ ls g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfP, hxfF dg nfUof] pxL+ a;]Ù 5/k§ eP/ km/flsnf] 7fpFdf a;]/ hLljsf rnfP . dfpm ynf]df ePsf] ;+3if{do hLjgnfO{ Tofu]/ ot} 9'Ss k/]/ a;] . /}yfg] 5/ –l5d]sLx¿;Fu cftfhftf eof]Ù dfofdf]x nufP . o;f] ubf{ub}{ ;do w]/} laTof] . o'un] kN6f vfof] . c+u|]hsf] x's'dt z'¿ eof] . /fhg}lts ultljlw yfngL eof] . o; k|sf/n] ;/sf/L tf}/df klg sltko ;|f]t kfOG5g\, h:t} –;]gf, /]n nfOg lgdf{0f, lrof aufg, l8uaf]O{ t]n sDkgL, ln8'sf] sf]Onf vfgL cflb . oL sfdsf nflu klg s;}nfO{ ;/sf/n] Nofof], sf]xL cfkm}+ cfP . JolQmut÷kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf klg g]kfnLx¿ c;d cfPsf lyP . of] s'/f ;fFrf] xf]Ù t/ Oltxf; 5}g . clxn] xfdL c+u|]hsf] hdfgfdf n]lvPsf sltko k':tssf] cf8df dfq} af]Nb} 5f}+ . oxfFsf wgL –dfgL dflg;nfO{ …tkfO{+x¿ oxfF a;]sf] slt jif{ eof]Ú eg]/ k|Zg ubf{ k|To'Q/df …tLg k':tfÚ ePsf] s'/f ug'{x'G5 t/ /]s8{ eg] ()÷!)) jif{ ;Ddsf] u|]lh|ª k/ld6 dfq 5 . c;d ;q dxf;ef / >LdGt kmfp08]zgsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df cfof]lht hguf]i7Lx¿sf] …efpgfÚ* ;df/f]xsf] pknIodf k|sflzt :df/s u|Gy …;]t'aGwÚ df c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf af/]df ;Dkflbsf 8f=gldtf 8]sfn] o;/L n]Vg'ePsf] 5Ù M – … …c;dsf] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt c;dLof ;+:s[ltsf] Ps c+u :j¿k xf] . w]/} o'ub]lv g} g]kfnL hg;Dk|bfo c;ddf a;f]af; u/L c;dLofx¿ ;Fu} ldln;s]sf 5g\ . ctLtsfndf g]kfn / c;dsf] Ps ulx/f] ;Dks{ lyof], Tof] s'/fsf] ;fIfL :j¿k cfh klg ljBdfg 5 dLg dT:o]Gb|gfysf] dlGb/ . dLggfy lyP k|frLg sfd¿ksf ;fws . Ps v]k g]kfndf cgfj[li6 x'Fbf cf ˆgf] ;fwgfn] a[li6 u/fO{ pgLn] ;a}sf] k|f0f /Iff u/]sf lyP . g]kfnLx¿sf] c;ddf k|j|hg ePsf] d"n sf/0f xf] k|frLg sfd¿k clg c;dsf hg;fwf/0f;Fu ePsf] d]nhf]n / ;b\efj . of]lugLtGqdf 5 M
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s]xLn] klg sfd ub}{g . of] b[li6n] x]bf{ xfdL w]/} kl5 kl/;Sof}+ . dfpmynf]df k'u]/ cfpg]x¿ eG5g\ – …pxfF w]/} ;'lw|Psf] 5 .Ú 5/l5d]sLx¿sf] bfFhf]df k'Ug xfdLnfO{ cem} krf; ;f7L jif{ nfU5 xf]nf M h:t} d? d/fpaf6 plS;g] Joj:yfdf clnslt klg ab\nfj cfPsf] 5}g . ;fnfvfnf eGg' xf] eg] oxfFsf] g]kfnL ;dfh vf; u/]/ u/La –u'?af rflx+ d¿ –d/fp, rf8af8, k"hfcfhf / k'/f]lxtsf] sd{sf08, lax] j|taGw, tLy{jt{ / wfdL –Hof]ltifLsf] lgb]{zgdf ?lvPsf] 5 . o;/L ;fdflhs g]kfnL hghLjgdf cfw'lgstf / k|ultzLntfn] :kz{ ug{ cem} w]/} o'u nfU5 xf]nf . wd{ –cy{ –sfd –df]Ifsf] lglDt g]kfnLx¿ h;/L t}gft eO{ /x]sf 5g\, To;/L g} hfltsf] cl:tTj arfpgsf] nflu ;dlk{t x'GYf] eg] g]kfnL hflt cfh sxfF k'lu;Sg] lyof] Û cy{gl} ts hLjgdf eg] w]/} gofF lrGtf rrf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . kz'kfng g]kfnLx¿sf] d"n k]zf lyof] . ;/sf/n] Grow more food sf] Znf]ufg lgsfn]/ ufO{ –e}+;Lsf] r/g df:of]Ù u|]lhª l/he{ vtd kf¥of] / g]kfnLx¿n] klg kz'kfngsf] k]zf 5f]8] . clxn] cf]ngsf] clgsfn 5 . xfn o'jf – o'jtLx¿ gf]s/L –rfs/L / Jofkf/ –jfl0fHosf] w'gdf nfu]sf 5g\ . dh'/L ug{] dflg;sf] sdL ePsfn] ubf{ v]tLkftLdf nQf] 5f8] . sf]xL rflx+ c¿ /fHodf hfFb}5g\ . t/ oxfF Pp6f s'/f pNn]v ug}{k5{Ù ;f] s] eg] xfd|f dfG5] ufpF –j:tL, zx/ –jhf/ hxfF a;]klg 3/ rflx+ cfw'lgs 9fFrfdf agfpFb} 5g\ . sf]xL eGbf sf]xL ;fgf] x'g vf]Hb}gg\ . 3/ agfpgdf tF5f8 / d5f8sf] efjgf 5 . ;f+:s[lts hLjg klg kmNbf]km'Nbf] 5}g eGbf ;fx|} a9L x'Fb}g xf]nf . oxfF c;ddf g]kfnL ;flxlTos ;+:yf b'O 5g\ . g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb c;d / c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef . oL b'O /flHos ;+:yf xfn lgis[o h:t} 5g\ . sltko lhNnfdf klg ;flxlTos ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ . t/ ;lqmo 5}gg\ . g]kfnL dfWodsf k|fylds ljBfno cl3 kfFr lyPÙ clxn] b'O dfq} /x]sf 5g\ . sn]hdf kfOnf] xfn]kl5 dfq g]kfnL MIL (Major Indian Language) sf] ¿kdf cWoog ug{ kfOG5 . cl3 cl3 t bz}+, ;Dd]ng, b]p;L e}nf] ;Dd]ng, st} st} tLh ;df/f]x, efg' hoGtL, b]jsf]6f hoGtL clg st} st} n]vgfy / df]tL/fd hoGtLx¿ x'GYf] . clxn] o'js –o'jtLx¿ JolQm s]lGb|t eP, ;flxTo –;+:s[ltsf] JofVofg ;'Gbf tGg]/Lx¿nfO{ PnhL{ x'g yfNof] / rf;f] lng] dfG5] lanfpFb} uP . g]kfnL efiff :jLs[ltsf] nflu oxfF c;ddf h:tf] hf]8bf/ cfGbf]ng ePsf] lyof], h;/L ;fwf/0f eGbf ;fwf/0f dflg;sf] of]ubfg lyof], To;/L g} c;dsf g]kfnLx¿n] ;flxTosf] ;]jf ug'{ xf] eg] c;ddf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] 38]/L alnof] x'g]lyof] . ;flxTosf/x¿ klg oltv]/ lg:tfP . k'iknfn pkfWofo / nLnaxfb'/ 5]qL cflbn] w]/}lbg cl3 ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf lyP . clxn] rsdGg 5 . kfl/jfl/s hLjg÷af]nrfndf g]kfnL zAb x/fpFb} 5g\Ù g]kfnL hghLjgdf c;dLof zAb e/df/ Jojxf/ x'Fb}5g\ . c;dsf] k|wfg pT;j …lax'Ún] g]kfnLx¿sf 9f]sf 3r3Rofpg yfn]sf] 5 . sltko kl/jf/n] lax' / lax' ;+:s[ltnfO{ :jfut u/]sf] b]Vg] df}sf kb}{5 . cBfjlw c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; / hghLjgdf 3'gk'tnL nfu]klg lbpn t ;xL g} 5 . t/ of] ztfAbLsf] z]iflt/ :yfgLo ;]kdf lbpn g} dlSsG5 xf]nf . o;sf] /f]syfdsf] nflu sf]xL cl3 ;b}{gg\ . DofpF ug]{ 7fpFdf ;dfTg ;a} 8/fpF5g\ . lsgeg] PSnf] j[x:klt em'6f] x'G5 c/] Û v6'jfn ufpF ;f]l7of, zf]l0ftk'/, c;d kmf]g -df]_ **&^*!$%^)
cljeQm c;dsf] g]kfnL kqsfl/tf / cg'/fu k|wfg zflGt yfkf
43
u0ftGqsf] rf}yf] :tDesf ¿kdf kqsfl/tfnfO{ dfGotf k|fKt 5 . h'g;'s} hflt, ;dfh cf} /fi6«sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df kqsfl/tfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . kq –klqsfs} cfwf/df g} 7"n7"nf qmflGtx¿ 3l6t ePsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt 5 . ;f/f ;G;f/d} 36fOPsf qmflGtx¿ ;kmndl08t kfg{df kq –klqsfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . b]zsf] hgdt JoQm ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] – kqsfl/tf . o; 3/L kqsfl/tfsf klg b'O ¿k km]nf k5{g\ –d'lb|t kqsfl/tf cf} >Jo÷b[Zodfg kqsfl/tf . clg d'lb|t kqsfl/tfsf klg b'O{ leGfleGg} ¿k x'G5g\ –;dfrf/ k|wfg kqsfl/tf cf} ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf . ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfsf klg b'O leGg ¿k b]vf k5{g\ –n3' ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf clg hg ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf . n3' ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf vf; ju{sf lglDt cf} vf; p2]Zosf lglDt x'G5 eg] hg ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfdf ;a} ju{sf ;flxlTos n]vg k|sflzt ul/G5 . kqsfl/tf eGgfn] oxfF rrf{sf] ljifo c;ddf k|sflzt ;d –;fdlos kq –klqsfnfO{ pNn]v ug'{ xf] clg c;d]nL g]kfnL ;d –;fdlos ;flxlTos kqsfl/tfdf :juL{o cg'/fu k|wfgsf] cjbfgdfly rrf{ o; n]vsf] ljz]if p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o;} t kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df kTy/dfly vf]lkPsf 3f]if0ffx¿nfO{ klg ;dfrf/sf] k|frLg ¿k dflgG5 / of] k|yf k|frLg a]aLnf]gdf k|f/De ePsf] lyof] eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] egfO /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ sfuhdfly ;dfrf/ n]Vg] tyf kq –klqsfsf] jf:tljs o'u ^( v[i6 k"j{df PS6; l8pgf{ Acts Dyrana_ cyjf PskGg] ;+jfbkq af6f3f6fdf 6fF;]/ hgdfg;nfO{ k|ltlbgsf 36gf tyf vf;u/L o'4af/] ;"rgf lbg] rng h'lno; l;h/sf] kfnfdf a;]sf] lyof] clg o;} sfndf …PS6 klAnsfÚ / …PS6 l;g]6Ú gfdsf kqx¿ klg /f]ddf lg:sGy] . ;g\ ^!* df rLgdf klg dfl;s ¿kdf …k]ls+u kqÚ cf} …k]ls+u Go"hÚ eGg] sfut kq lg:sGy] . d'b|0f snfsf] hu klg rLgd} a;]sf] elgG5 . !$&^ df a]nfotsf] Go"hfOl6ª\ -Newseitting_ xNof08df lg:s]kl5 !%$! df d]lS;sf]df ;dfrf/ zL6x¿sf] k|sfzgsf ;fy} Ho"l/r, :jLh/Nof08, e]lg;df klqsfx¿ 5flkg yflnP . e]lg;df Uofh]6f -e]lg;sf] k};f_ lt/]/ dflg;x¿n] …gf]lthL:s[t]Ú gfds klqsf k9\g yfn] . sfnfGt/df oxL Uofh]6f zAb …Uofh]6Ú eP/ ;dfrf/kqsf] kof{o aGg k'Uof] . ;g\ !^%^ sf] * hgj/Lb]lv …s/f06Ú gfds klxnf] Jofj;flos ;dfrf/kq xNof08b]lv k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . k|yd b}lgs cvaf/ eg] !! dfr{ ;g\ !&)@ df …n08g 8]nL s/]06Ú gfdn] n08gaf6 k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . ef/tdf ;dfrf/ n]vgsf] hGd d'un ;fd|fHodf ePtfklg o;sf] ultzLntf Oi6 Ol08of sDkgLsf] zf;gsfndf ePsf] xf] . ef/tsf] k|yd ;dfrf/kq ;g\ !&*) df k|sflzt …a+ufn uh]6Ú nfO{ dflgG5 . !*!* df a+ufnL efiffdf …;dfrf/ bk{0fÚ, ;g\ !*@^ df lxGbL efiffdf …pbGt dft{08Ú, clg g]kfnLdf lj=;+= !(%% df -g]kfndf_ …;'wf;fu/Ú gfds dfl;såf/f kqsfl/tfsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 hf] df]tL/fd e§sf] k|]/0ffn] kl08t g/b]j df]tLs[i0f clg k+=slknb]j zdf{n] kz'klt k|];, sf7df8f}+af6 lgsfn]sf lyP . o;/L g} lj=;+=!(%* df g]kfnaf6} ;fKtflxs …uf]/vfkqÚ b]vf k/]sf] lyof] hf] w]/} kl5 c4{ ;fKtflxs, ;Ktfxdf tLgj6f 5flkg] x'Fb} b}lgs ag]sf] xf] . ef/t]nL g]kfnL dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL kq –klqsfsf] cfwf/lznf ;g\ !**& df k|sflzt …uf]/vf ef/t hLjgÚ nfO{ dflgG5 . o;sf] hGdn] Ps ztfAbL cfo' gfl3;s]sf] 5 h;sf] ;Dkfbg df]tL/fdn] u/]sf lyP eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] egfO{ 5 . t/ o; klqsfsf k|ltx¿ pknAw 5}gg\Ù dfq lxGbL klqsf …ef/t hLjgÚdf ul/Psf] lj1fkgs} e/df of] klqsf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v ljåfgx¿åf/f ePsf] kfOG5 . To;y{ pgLx¿aLr w]/}hgf kfb|L u+ufk|;fb k|wfgåf/f 44
;Dkflbt cf} ;g\ !()! df bfhfL{lnªb]lv k|sflzt …uf]v]{ va/ sfut\ÚnfO{ k|yd g]kfnL klqsf dfGgsf kIfw/ 5g\ . of] vf]hLsf] ljifo xf] . hlxNo} klg …k|ydÚnfO{ lnP/ ljåfgx¿df dte]b g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . ef/t]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ ef/tsf] :jtGqtf k|flKt jif{nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ b'O{ r/0fdf ljeQm u/L x]g]{ rng ljåfgx¿n] rnfPsf 5g\ . :jtGqtfk"j{ / :jtGqtf pQ/ . :jtGqtfk"j{sf] sfnnfO{ k"jf{4{ cf} pQ/f4{ elg klxnf] sfnnfO{ ;g\ !**& b]lv !(!^ ;DdnfO{ k"jf{4{ cyjf pTyfg sfn dflgPsf] 5 cf} !(!& b]lv !($^ ;DdnfO{ pQ/f4{sfn dflgPsf] 5 . k"jf{4{ sfndf hDdf cf7j6f klqsfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ M qm=;+= kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF k|sfzg k|sfzg ;Dkfbg ;g\ :yfg ! uf]/vf ef/t hLjg !**& agf/; df]tL/fd e§, afa" /fds[i0f adf{ @ uf]v]{ va/ sfut\ !()! bfhL{lnª kfb|L u+uf k|;fb k|wfg # pkGof; t/+lu0fL !()@ agf/; kl08t zbflzj zdf{ $ ;'Gb/L !()^ agf/; k+=b]jLbQ k/fh'nL / ;f]dgfy l;UbØfn -kl5 rqmkfl0f rfln;]_ % dfwjL !()* agf/; /fddl0f bLlIft -5b\d gfd dft[ k|;fb zdf{ gfpFn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf]_ ^ uf]vf{ ;fyL !(!@ snsQf xl/l;+x yfkf & rGb| !(!$ agf/; dfwf] k|;fb * uf]vf{nL !(!^ agf/; ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL ;g\ !**& b]lv !(!^ ;Dd c;d]nL g]kfnL hutdf kq –klqsf k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v kfOFb}g . ef/t]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] :jtGqtfk"j{sf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfnfjlw !(!& b]lv !($^ ;Dd dflgPsf] 5Ù h;df ;g\ !(!* df sflnDkf]ªaf6 k|sflzt …rlGb|sfÚnfO{ :jtGqtf k"j{ sfnsf] pQ/f4{sf] dfOnv'F6L dflgPsf] kfOG5 . To;kl5 ef/t]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf au|]NtL kq – klqsfx¿ k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf kfOG5g\ . qm=;+
kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF
k|sfzg ;g\ k|sfzg :yfg !*!* v/;fª !(@@ agf/; !(@$ snsQf !(@^ agf/;
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45
& * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !*
cfbz{ -dfl;s_ g]=;f=;Dd]ng klqsf uf]vf{nL /lj uf]vf{ ;]js -;fKtflxs_ g]a'nf -dfl;s_ -kl5 …kl/jt{gÚ gfpFn] k|sflzt_ pbo -dfl;s ;lrq_ ufpF ;'wf/ klqsf -låeflifs_ ;j{ lxt}ifL klqsf -dfl;s_ vf]hL -dfl;s_ t?0f -x:tlnlvt_
!(#) !(#@ !(## !(#^ !(#%
sflnDkf]ª bflh{lnª bflh{lnª lznfª bflh{lnª
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z]ifdl0f k|wfg kb\d k|;fb k|wfg cudl;+x lu/L dl0fl;+x u'?ª s]=8L=k|wfg, dbg s'df/ k|wfg sfzL axfb'/ >]i7 z]ifdl0f k|wfg t]haxfb'/ u'efh' ¿kgf/fo0f l;Gxf bnaxfb'/ nfdf, lzj s'df/ /fO{
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sflnDkf]ª - k|yd ;Dkfbs kl5 /0fjL/ ;'Aaf bflh{lnª_ !( sdn -x:tlnlvt kl5 jflif{s !($^ cR5f /fO{ /l;s c+ssf] ¿kdf d'lb|t_ !(%# bflh{lnª ;Dkfbsåo cd[tf b]jL 5]qL / cudl;+x lu/L ef/tLo g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] Oltxf;df cljeQm c;daf6 ;g\ !(#^ df …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ k|sflzt u/]/ afa" dl0fl;+x u'?ªn] cljeQm c;ddf g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] hu a;fn]/ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . :jtGqtf k"j{ sfndf cljeQm c;daf6 clxn];Ddsf] cg';Gwfg cg';f/ oxL uf]vf{ ;]js dfq k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . :jtGqtf –pQ/ sfndf cljeQm c;dsf ;]/f]km]/f]df kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; x]g]{ xf] eg] nueu 8]9;o hlt klqsf k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . …xfd|f] WjlgÚsf] k|sfzg sfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL :jtGqtf pQ/ sfnsf] sfn ljefhg o; k|sf/ ug{ ;lsG5 M – -o;af/] ljåfgx¿df dtfg}So x'g ;S5Ù sf/0f, …xfd|f] WjlgÚ cBfjlw k|sflzt eO/x]sf] kfOG5 / g} cg'/fu k|wfgsf] ;Dkfbg – sfnnfO{ dfq} oxfF cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 _ xfd|f] Wjlg k"j{ sfn -pTyfg sfn_ !($* –!(^(, xfd|f] Wjlg sfn -ljsf; sfn_ !(&) –@))!sf] hgj/L ;Dd xfd|f] Wjlg pQ/ sfn –@))! sf] km/j/Lb]lv cfh;Dd …xfd|f] WjlgÚ k"j{ sfn …xfd|f] WjlgÚ k"j{ sfndf c;d]nL g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf ;g\ !(#^ d} uf]vf{ ;]js ;fKtflxs_ klqsf k|sflzt u/]/ afa" dl0fl;+x u'?ª\n] h'g pj{/ aLp /f]k]sf lyP, Tof] aLp c+s'l/t eO{ :jtGqtf pQ/ sfnsf] k|yd r/0f cyf{t\ !($* b]lv !(^( ;Ddsf] sfnv08df lgs} 46
‰oflËPsf] kl/nlIft x'G5 . / g} o; sfn v08nfO{ pTyfg sfn cyjf …xfd|f] WjlgÚ k|sflzt x'g' cl3sf] ultljlw ePsf]n] …xfd|f] WjlgÚ k"j{ sfn klg dfGg ;lsG5 . ;g\ !($* df u'jfxf6Lb]lv g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf …lxdflb|Úsf] k|sfzgb]lv :jtGqtf pQ/ sfnsf] k|yd r/0f cyf{t\ pTyfg sfn k|f/De x'G5 / o; sfnfjlwdf x:tlnlvt, lnyf], d'lb|t u/L nueu @) –@% j6f hlt klqsf÷d'vkq cflb k|sflzt ePsf yfxf nfU5 h;df …lxdflb|Ú nufot …k|eftÚ, …lkmlnËf]Ú, …a|Xdk'qÚ, …d'lQmÚ, …sf]lknf]Ú, …piffÚ, …lxdfnoÚ, …laGb'Ú, …cfzfÚ, …xfd|f] cfzfÚ, …:d[ltÚ, …;'dgÚ, …;Dd]ng a'n]l6gÚ cflb dxTjk"0f{ gfd x'g\ . :jtGqtf pQ/ sfn cyf{t\ ;g\ !($* b]lv !(^( ;Ddsf] sfnfjlwdf k|sflzt kqklqsfx¿sf] ;"rL o; k|sf/ 5 M – qm=;+= kq÷klqsfsf] gfpF k|sfzg k|sfzg ;Dkfbg ;g\ :yfg ! lxdflb| -dfl;s_ !($* u'jfxf6L g/l;+x yfkf @ k|eft -d'lb|t_ !(%% b/+u ;Dkfbs d08nL # lkmlnËf] -q}dfl;s_ !(%^ lznfª w|'jgfy hf]zL $ cf;fd uf]vf{ -;fKtflxs, !(%& lznfª ;dfrf/ k|wfg_ % a|Xdk'q -q}dfl;s_ !(%& t]hk'/ ;Dkfbs d08nL ^ d'lQm -c4{jflif{s_ !(%( l8uaf]O{ xl/eQm s6'jfn, clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL & piff -jflif{s_ !(%( lznfª xs{ axfb'/ ;'Aaf / dl0fl;+x yfkf * sf]lknf] -jflif{s_ !(^) l8af]O{ eLdk|;fb hf]zL / uf}/f b]jL ( lxdfno -dfl;s_ !(^! nlvdk'/ h]=h]=/f]sf !) laGb' -q}dfl;s_ !(^@ nfdl8ª s]=aL=g]kfnL !! cfzf -q}dfl;s_ !(^$ lznfª uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg !@ xfd|f] cfzf -q}dfl;s_ !(^% lznfª uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg !# sfd¿kf låeflifs÷kflIfs_ !(^% u'jfxf6L kb\d 9sfn / 8d¿ bf; !$ :d[lt -jflif{s_ !(^% u'jfxf6L cg'/fu k|wfg / cf]d k|sfz ;'j]bL !% ;'dg -dfl;s_ !(^$ –^% lznfª s[i0f k|;fb 1jfnL !^ l;:g' !(^& lznfª slkn u'?ª !& cleofg -;dfrf/ k|wfg_ !(^* lznfª lbn ;fxgL !* syf d~r !(^( lznfª lbn ;fxgL !( t?0f q}dfl;s÷lnyf] kl5 !(^( lznfª s'n k|;fb pkfWofo d'lb|t tyf cGo @) xfd|f] ;okqL -x:tlnlvt_ !(^( u'jfxf6L P;=s]=u'?ª tyf cGo 47
@!
;Dd]ng -a'n]l6g_
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k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;ofqf 8f=v]d/fh g]kfn
53
k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtf ofqfsf] rrf{ ug'{kbf{ oxfFsf] ;fdflhs l:ylt –kl/l:ylt, hgcfjfbL cflb ljleGg s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg] ;flxTo ;dfhsf] bk{0f xf] / ;flxTosf/ cyjf slj –snfsf/x¿ ;dfhsf k|ltlglw x'g\ . P]ltxfl;s ljleGg sfndf cljeQm c;d k"jf{~rndf k|frLg g]kfn / cGo k|fRo cyjf dWo ef/tLo clg rLg, ltAat, e"6fg, a|Xdb]z Dofgdf/_ cflbsf ;fy} o'/f]k, Pl;of cflbsf hg;d'bfosf] cfjfudg ePsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L o; If]qsf a8f] –s5f/L, vfDtL, ldl;ª, gfuf, ldhf], vf;L, uf/f], /fef, dl0fk'/L cflb ljleGg hg;d'bfosf ;fy} O{;fsf] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cflb efub]lv ePsf] cª\u|]h cfudgsf] ;fy} g]kfnL, lrof dhb'/, afª\nfefifL, df/af8L, laxf/L cflb cGofGo hg ;d'bfosf] cfjfudg x'G5 / cfh logLx¿ klg o; e]usf cljR5]B cË dflgG5g\ . k"jf]{Q/ ef/t eGgfn] cfhsf] ef/tjif{sf] dl0fk'/, lqk'/f, c;d, gfufNof08, d]3fno, ldhf]/d / c?0ffrn k|b]z ;ft /fHonfO{ a'lemG5 . tfklg /fdfo0f -/fdf=$=$@ –@(_, dxfef/t -@ – @# –!&, !*, !(_, ljleGg k'/f0f cflb k|frLg cfwf/ u|Gy nufot lznfn]v, tfd|kq / sflnbf;sf] /3'j+z -$ –*#, *$_, jf0fe§sf] xif{rl/t cflb s]xL sfJou|Gyx¿df o; If]qnfO{ ;fdlu|s ¿kdf sfd¿k cyjf k|fUHof]ltifk'/ eg]sf] kfOG5 . sfd¿kem}+ g]kfn klg ef/tjif{sf k|frLg /fi6«x¿df pNn]vgLo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . j/fxldlx/sf] jf/fxL;+lxtf -$ –@@_ df ef/tLo k|frLg /fHox¿df duw, g]kfn, db|, ;'/fi6«, ojg cflbsf] pNn]v kfOG5 eg] sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q -jfr:klt u}/fnfåf/f ;Dkflbt, ;g\ !((^, k[=!#$_ df g]kfnsf] pNNf]v dggLo 5 . e/t d'lgsf] gf6Øzf:q cg';f/ cª\u, aª\u, slnª\u, duw, kf}08«, g]kfn cflb b]z cyjf /fHonfO{ ;fdlu|s ¿kdf k|fRo ef/t elgPsf] 5 -b|=gfØozf:q !$ –$#_ . To;/L g} ;d'b|u'Ktsf] kfnfdf ;g\ #&# sf] Oltxf; k|l;4 Pnfxfjfb :tDe n]vdf sfd¿k, g]kfn, ;dt6, 8afs / st{/Lk'/ u/L kfFr l5d]sL /fHosf] pNn]v kfOG5 . ptf O{;fsf] gjf}+ ztfAbLdf c;ddf /lrPsf] sflnsf k'/f0fdf sfd¿ksf] lj:t[t j0f{g kfOG5 eg] ;f]x|f}+ ztfAbLdf /lrt of]lugLtGq -k|=v08 !! –!&_ df oL b'O{ l5d]sL /fHosf] j0f{g kfOG5 . log} tYox¿sf cfwf/df Oltxf;sf/ 8f=kL==;L=rf}w'/Ln] …/fhf eubQsf /fhTjsfndf k|fUf\Hof]ltif /fHosf] ;Ldf jt{dfg aª\usf] pQ/k"JfL{ / g]kfnsf] lj:tL0f{ e" –efu;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . (Dr.P.C Choudhuri : Assam Bengal Relation (from the Beginning to the 12th Century AD, 1988, Spectrum Publication, New Delhi, p.43, 317) 8f=hXg lk6/ j]8sf dtfg';f/ k|frLg c;dsf k/fqmdL /fhfx¿n] o; /fHosf] klZrd ;Ldf s/tf]of gbL;Dd lj:tfl/t ug'{sf ;fy} e"6fg / g]kfndf klg clwsf/ hdfPsf lyP . (J.P.Wade : An Account of Assam : Edtd.by Benudhar Sarma 2nd Edn.1972, p.IV &207) sf]r /fhf g/gf/fo0fsf ;dodf sfd¿ksf] klZrd ;Ldf g]kfnsf] sf]zL gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] -vfg rf}w'[/L cfdgt'Nnf cfxd]bMsf]rljxf/]/ Oltxf;M v08 !, !(#^, k[=$( –%)_ ptf, uf]vf{ /fhfsf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] k"j{ ;Ldf klZrd aª\usf] lt:6f gbL;Dd km}lnPsf] s'/f] k|mflG;; x]ldN6gn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . (Francis Hemilton : An Account of Assam (1808-1814) Edtd.by Dr.Surya Kr.Bhuyan,2nd Edn.1963,p.67) . O{;fsf] ci6d\ ztfAbLsf sfd¿ksf zfn:tDe j+zsf /fhf xif{b]jsL 5f]/L
/fHodtLnfO{ g]kfnsf /fhf hob]jn] lax] u/]sf lyP / kz'klt dlGb/df pTsL0f{ lnlkdf /fHodtLnfO{ eubQ –/fh –s'nhf egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -vfg rf}w'/L cdgt'Nnfsf] k"jf]{Qm u|GyMk[=!% –!*_ . o;/L ljrf/ Pj+ ljdz{ ubf{ s] b]lvG5 eg] rlr{t b'O e" –efudf k|fuP]ltxfl;s / P]ltxfl;s ljleGg o'u;lGwdf ;Ldfgfsf] 36L –a9L x'g'sf ;fy} hgtfsf] cfjfudg / ;f+:s[lts 54
cfbfg –k|bfg eO cfPsf] kfOG5 . oxfFg]/ dggLo s'/f] s] 5 eg] O{;fsf] bzf}+ –Psfbz ztfAbLb]lv dfq cfw'lgs ef/tLo cfo{ efiffx¿sf] ljsf;sf] ult cf/De ePsf] s'/f] ljåfgx¿n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . Pp6f efiffsf] ljsf;sf nflu Pp6f e" –v08sf] klg cfjZostf x'G5 . o;/L dWoo'ub]lv Pp6f e"efudf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf] efiffn] kl5 uP/ To; e" –efusf] gfdfg';f/ g} cf ˆgf] / ToxfFsf hg;d'bfo cyjf hfltsf] kl/ro jxg u/]sf pbfx/0f w]/} kfOG5g\ . c;dLof cyjf cf;fdL, g]kfnL, afª\nf, pl8of, d/f7L, u'h/ftL, k~hfaL cflb o;} tYosf kl/rfos x'g\ . ef/tjif{sf ljleGg k|fGtdf efiffsf cf8df hftLo klxrfg kfPsf] ;fdlu|s k|lqmof kGw|f}+ cyjf ;f]x|f]}+ ztfAbLleq ;DkGg ePsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . lsgeg] ;g\ !&&! df /f]daf6 k|sflzt s]l;ofgf] a]lnu]6\6L (Cassiano Beligatti) sf] …Pnkmfa]6dÚ (Alphabetum) eGg] efiffx¿sf] ;"rLdf g]kfnL efiffsf] pNn]v o; k|;Ëdf :d/0fLo 5 . (Dr.Kumar Pradhan : A history of Nepali Literature, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1984,p.10) g]kfnL efiff / g]kfnL hfltn] O{;fsf] c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWo efudf k|lti7f kfO;s]sf] csf]{ pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf /ltsfGt ljk|nfO{ lng ;lsG5Ù h;n] dxfk'?if zª\s/b]jsL gfltgL a'xf/L sgsntfaf6 wd{k|rf/ssf ¿kdf ;qflwsf/sf] kbef/ kfPsf lyP . 8f= lgTofgGb uu}åf/f ;Dkflbt …7fs'/ rl/tÚ eGg] u|Gydf /ltsfGtnfO{ …g]kfnL kf]Ú cyf{t\ g]kfnLsf k'q eGg' tfTko{ k"0f{ dflgG5 . -8f=lgTofgGb uu}M;Dkf, >L 7fs'/ rl/t @))! ljZjgfy rf/fnL kb;+Vof $#*_ k|frLg sfnsf sfd¿k / g]kfnsf /fh kl/jf/sf aLrdf ePsf] j}jflxs ;DaGwsf ;fy} /fHo lj:tf/, tLyf{6g, wd{k|rf/ cflbsf Psfw pbfx/0f kfOPklg pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLcl3sf] k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL hgfjfbL / ;flxTo –;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf] wf/fjflxs Oltxf;rflx+ cfh vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf; k}Nofpg' kbf{ oxfFsf] g]kfnL hghLjgdfly cjnf]sg ug}{ kb{5 hf] P]ltxfl;s tj/df a[l6;sf] k"jf{~rn k|j]z;Fu ;Dkls{t 5 . clg Tof] P]ltxfl;s jif{ xf] ;g\ !*@^, h'g Oi6 Ol08of sDkgL;Fu jdL{ kmf}hsf] of08a' eGg] 7fpFdf ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . o;} ;lGwkq cg';f/ k"jf]{Q/ ef/tdf a[l6; zf;gsf ;fy} pgLx¿sf bflxg] xft :j¿k uf]vf{ ;}Go pgLx¿sf kl/hg / cGofGo >lds –dhb"/x¿sf] cfudgsf] >Lu0f]z ePsf] dflgG5 . of08a' ;lGwsfnsf] k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL hghLjg ;fdlu|s ¿kdf ef/tLo hghLjg eGbf 5'§} lyPg . cfly{s sl7gfO, lzIffsf] cefj cflbn] ubf{ cfd hgtf s[lif, uf]kfng, dhb'/L cflbd} Jo:t lyP . To;}n] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{;Dd o; e]ssf] g]kfnL ;flxTo nf]s;flxTosf ljleGg pkfbfg –nf]suLt -;FlugL, dfFun, /Tof}nL, l;nf]s, sljQ cflb_, nf]sufyf -;jfO, b]p;L, e}nL cflb_, nf]sgf6s -afn'g, df?gL cflb_ d} ;Lldt lyof] . t/ ;dosf] k|jfxsf ;fy} dflg;sf] dg dlitisdf k|jflxt r}tGo –r]tgfsf] k|jfxnfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Qm}g, ;s]g . Pp6f n8fs' ;}Gon] ef]u]sf], b]v]sf] o'4sf] ljeLlifsfsf] kl/0ffd g} Pp6f l;kfxLsf] dg –dlyËndf k|]/0ff;|f]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n], p;n] hfgL –ghfgL /lrlbof] nf]sno ;jfO{df Pp6f l;Ëf] sfJo – …dl0fk'/sf] n8fO{+sf] ;jfO{Ú . h;nfO{ cfh;Ddsf] k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf] g} cfwf/ s[lt dflgPsf] 5 . o; s[ltsf /rgfsf/ x'g\ n]G; gfos t'nrg cfn] / o;sf] /rgfsfn xf] ;g\ !*(# . k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfsf] sfn ljefhg t'nrg cfn]sf] …dl0fk'/sf] n8fO{+sf] ;jfO{Ú nfO{ yftL /fvL 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo, nLnaxfb'/ IfqL, b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] cflb k"j{ –;"/Lx¿n] o; e]ssf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] sfnljefhg ug]{ 55
r]i6f u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ k|foM ;d;fdlos g} b]lvG5 / To;}sf cfwf/df lgDgf]Qm tLg r/0fdf efu ug{ ;lsG5 – -s_ klxnf] r/0f -cflbb]lv ;g\ !(%) ;Dd_ -v_ bf];|f] r/0f -;g\ !(%! b]lv !(*) ;Dd_ / -u_ t];|f] r/0f -;g\ !(*! b]lv jt{dfg ;do;Dd_ k|yd r/0fsf s[lt / ltgsf] ljj]rgf clxn];Dd kfOPsf s[ltsf cfwf/df t'nrg cfn]nfO{ k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtf dfq xf]Og ;flxTos} euL/y eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnLsf] nf]s –no ;jfO{df ;g\ !*(# df /lrt o; ;jfO{df hDdf c6\7fO;cf]6f kb cyjf l;nf]s 5g\ . ;jfO{sf] cGtdf /rgfsfn / /rgfsf/sf] pNn]v o;/L kfOG5 M –
… …t[ofgAa] ;Gdf ;QfO; tfl/v lyof] . To;}lbg x's'd ;anfO{ lbof] ..@&..=== ===gfd d]/f] n]G; gfos t'nrg cfn] . hfgL ghfgL cnLstL syf hf]/Lxfn]+ ..@*..ÚÚ k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfsf] cf/De jL/ /;k"0f{ ;jfO{ sfJoaf6 yflnPsf] 5 / o; sfJon] cGofGo s]xL ;jfO{ sfJonfO{ g} 8f]¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . o; kl5sf cGofGo s[lt x'g\ –wgjL/ e08f/Lsf] …cAa/ kxf8sf] ;jfO{Ú -!*($_ . o; s[ltdf hDdf !@& l;nf]s 5g\ . of] ;jfO{sf/sf] kl/ro o;/L kfOG5 –
…lznfª\sf] 5fpgLdf l;kfxLsf] uLbf{ . ;jfO{ afFWg] wgjL/ lgwf{ .Ú o; ;jfO{df c?0ffrn k|b]zsf] cAa/ kxf8sf] /fd|f] ef}uf]lns j0f{g kfOG5 . wgjL/ e08f/Lsf] csf]{ s[lt xf] ;g\ !*(& sf] …e}+rfnfsf] ;jfO{ –klxnf] efuÚ . df]7 Pszo kbsf] o; ;jfOdf To;} ;g\df lznfª\df uPsf] e}+rfnfsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . of] ;jfO{sf] yfngLdf Ps pNn]vgLo ljz]iftf b]lvG5, ;f] s] eg] o; cl3sf ;jfO{x¿ ;fwf/0ftM …;'g ;'g k~r xf]Ú eGg] jfSoaf6 cf/De ePsf] kfOG5 . tfklg o; sfJosf] yfngL –u0f]z, ;/:jtL cflbsf] jGbgf cyjf dª\unfr/0faf6 ePsf] 5 . o;kl5 cfpF5 cfTdf/fd du/sf] …e}+rfnfsf] ;jfO{Ú bf];|f] efu -!()%_, hxfF lxdfrn k|b]zsf] efU;' If]qdf uPsf] e}+rfnfsf] ljzb ljj/0f kfOG5 . uhjL/ /f0ffsf] …gfuflxnsf] ;jfO{Ú -!(!#_ csf]{ pNn]vgLo ;jfO s[lt xf] . o; sfJodf s'n Pszo PstL; Znf]s 5g\Ù hxfF uf]vf{ kmf}h / gfufaLr ePsf] wfjfsf] j0f{g kfOG5 . s[i0faxfb'/ pbf;sf] …c5fdsf] ;jfO{Ú !()* lt/sf] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5Ù hxfF tbfgLGtg c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjgdfly k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . o;kl5 bfhL{lnªlt/af6 nx/L sfJosf] nx/ rNb5 . 1fglbn bf; -!*@! –!**#_ sf] …pbo nx/LÚ, ;'/jL/ /fO{ –!*() sf] …pkb]z nx/LÚ -!()*_, /tggf/fo0f k|wfg -!**^ –!(!&_ sf] k|]d nx/L, cf7hgf n]vssf] …cfgGb nx/LÚ !(!# –!& leqsf], k|;fb l;+x /fO{ g]rfnL -!(!(_ sf] …k|Llt nx/LÚ, dxfgGb ;fksf]6fsf] …dg nx/LÚ -!(@!_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . -b|=8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo ;Dkf=;jfO{ / nx/L sfJo_ . tfklg, c;d k"jf{~rnaf6 eg] nx/L sfJo /rgf ePsf] pNn]v kfOPsf] 5}g . ;jfO{ sfJokl5 k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfs'~hdf yk ;xof]u ug]{ sljx¿sf] s'/f] ug'{eGbf cl3 o; If]qdf ul7t s]xL ;+:yf –;ª\u7gx¿sf] pNn]v k|f;lËs x'g hfG5Ù h;df lznfªsf] gfpF ;jf]{kl/ 5Ù hxfF !*&@ –&^ df ;fd"lxs ¿kdf uf]vf{ hjfgx¿n] b'uf{k"hf cfof]hg u/]sf] pNn]v 56
kfOG5 . To;} 7fpFdf kl5 !*(^ df uf]vf{ nfOa|]/L / !(!% df uf]vf{ kf7zfnf :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . To; ;dodf oL cg'i7fgx¿sf cf8df g[To, uLt / gf6s cflb cfof]hg u/]sf] / ToxfFsf pBdL JolQmx¿n] uLt –sljtf –gf6s cflb /rgf u/]sf] s'/f] cfh vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . k"jf{~rnLo sljtf –sfggdf dnhn ug]{ JolQmx¿df uËfw/ kf}8]n -!*^* –!(#%_ pNn]vgLo 5g\ . pgn] sfzLdf lzIff lnO{ c;dsf] laxfnL –al6ofdf/Ldf !()@ df …;j]{Zj/ b]jfnoÚ / !(@! df …;fª\uj]b ;+:s[t kf7zfnfÚ :yfkgf u/]sf] / w]/} uLt –sljtf –gf6s cflb n]v]sf] kfOG5 . -b|=;fËj]b ul/df M Kn]l6gd hoGtL :d[ltu|Gy @))@ al6ofdf/L –zf]l0ftk'/ k[=@$ – @(_ . xl/gf/fo0f pkfWofo ljBfe"if0f -!*** –!(#(_ n] uLt, sljtf / gf6s cflb /rgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf] klxnf] s[lt xf] !(@& lt/sf] …;ª\uLt rGb|f]boÚ . -b|=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/], ;fwgf –@))^ k[=$_ / !(%& sf] …uLtdfnfÚ xf] . (Dr.Kumar Pradhan : A history of Nepali Literature, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1984,p.61, 71,114,190) . k+=hgfb{g s6\6]n !*() lt/, pgn] !(@! df c;dsf] uld/Ldf …/fsfrGb| ;+:s[t ljBfnoÚ :yfkgf u/]sf lyP hf] cfhklg v8f 5 . pgsf] sljtf b]x/fb"gaf6 k|sflzt …uf]vf{ ;+;f/Ú df !(@( df 5flkPsf] kfOG5 -;fwgf, k[=$_ . To;/L g} lzjlglw hf]zLsf] …cflzsf cf} uLt ef/tÚ, /fdrGb| zdf{ 9'Ëfgfsf] …ufGwLsf] ;jfO{Ú –lxtf]kb]z – !(#) lt/sf] xf] elgPsf] 5 -;fwgf –k[=$_ . k"jf{~rnLo sljdf cGotd x'g\ kb\dk|;fb 9'Ëfgf !()@ –!($$_ . pgsf s[lt x'g\ – …st{Jo lzIffÚ -!(#&_, …/fdfo0f lzIff kb\dk|sfz ;Ktv08Ú !(#*_, wg'ifeª\u -!($)_ / …/fdfo0f ;Kt/Tg !($! . !*(% lt/ hGd]sf laxfnL –al6ofdf/Lsf uª\ufw/ vltj8fn] klg uLt –sljtf –gf6s cflb /rgf u/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5 . -8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofo –;/;tL{ k9\bf,k[ (* / Dr.Kumar Pradhan : A history of Nepali Literature, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 1984,p.190) . blw/fd pkfWofosf] hGd !()^ lt/ elgG5 tfklg pgsf] Hof]ltif ;DaGwL sljtf s[lt !(^% df k|sflzt x'G5 . k"jf{~rnLo sf]OnL ¿kdf Voft k'iknfn pkfWofo -!()^ –!(*(_ sf sljtf k|fs\ –:jfwLg sfnb]lv g} ljleGg kq –klqsfdf kfOG5g\ . tfklg pgsf] klxnf] s[lt …k'ikf~hnLÚ !(^* df la/f6gu/af6 / bf];|f] ;ª\sng …piffd~h/LÚ !(*& df ufGtf]saf6 k|sflzt x'G5 . …piffd~h/LÚdf pgnfO{ !(** sf] ;flxTo csfb]dL k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/G5 . lgTofgGb ltdl;gf -!()* –!(&)_ klg Ps k|ltefzfnL slj tyf Joª\Uosf/ x'g\ . pgsf s[ltx¿df …bfgjL/ eLdaxfb'/ >]i7sf] hLjgLÚ -!($&_, …g]kfnLsf] k'v]{pnL / uf]vf{ P6d adÚ -#@ Znf]ssf] ck"0f{_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . eLidk|;fb pkfWofosf …ljjfxÚ, …xfd|f] rIf'/TgÚ, …k|Lltsf] ;jfn –hjfkmÚ cflb s]xL km'6s/ sljtf !(@& lt/ …uf]vf{ ;+;f/Údf k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v 5 . /Tgaxfb'/ sfsL{sf] …ljj]s /TgfjnLÚ !(#& lt/ k|sflzt x'G5 eg] xl/k|;fb zdf{ afF:tf]nf – !(!! sf] …1fg ;fu/Ú -!(#(_ df k|sfz x'G5 . gfufn]08sf ljqmds'df/ lg/f}nfsf] …g]kfnÚ gfdsf] sljtf k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v 5 . k+=/fdhL 1jfnL –!()* / wgaxfb'/ ;'gf/n] klg sljtfdf snd rnfPsf] s'/f] hfGg kfOG5 . k+=huGgfy u'/fufO{+sf b'O{ s[lt …u'0f/Tg dfnfÚ / …gd| lgj]bgÚ !($) lt/ k|sflzt clt g} hglk|o / lzIffk|b s[lt x'g\ . lznfªsf s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnLsf 5Gbf]a4 sljtf ljleGg kq –klqsfdf b]lvG5g\ . tfklg pgsf sljtfx¿sf] ;Fufnf] d[To'kl5 dfq k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{ -!(!$ –!((#_ o; r/0fsf cGo Ps Voft slj x'g\ . pgsf] klxnf] k|sflzt sljtf …dfwj jGbgfÚ xf]Ù hf] !(#& lt/ …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚdf b]lvG5 . o;kl5 ljleGg kq – klqsfdf ljleGg jfl0f{s 5Gbdf /lrt pgsf sljtf au|]NtL b]Vg kfOG5g\Ù tfklg hLljt sfndf 57
pgsf] s[lt k|sfzdf cfpg ;s]g . pgsf] d[To' kl5 !((^ df …nf}lxToÚ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt x'G5 . kqklqsf k|yd r/0fsf s]xL x:tlnlvt / k|sflzt kq –klqsfdf klg k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfs]f lhnf] kfOG5 . t/, oxfFg]/ dggLo s] 5 eg] o; e]sdf rflx+ cGofGo x:tlnlvt klqsf eGbf dl0fl;+x u'?ªåf/f ;Dkflbt ;fKtflxs klqsf …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ g} h]7f] b]lvG5 hf] !(#^ sf] klxnf] hgj/Lb]lv k|sflzt x'G5 . o; klqsfsf] klxnf] cª\ssf] klxnf] k[i7df s]jnk|;fb pkfWofosf] …laGtLÚ zLif{s cf7 k+lQmsf] sljtf b]Vg kfOG5 . To;}n] o;sf ljleGg ;+Vofdf ljleGg JolQmsf sljtf k|sflzt ePsf] / sljtf ljwfdf Psdfqf ylkPsf] s'/f] ;xh} cg'd]o 5 . …uf]vf{ ;]jsÚ kl5 u'jfxf6Laf6 g/l;+x yfkfsf] ;Dkfbgdf !($* df …lxdflb|Ú k|sflzt x'G5 . o; afx]s} t]hk'/af6 !($^ df g/klt pkfWofo, df]xg e§/fO{ / 6Í e§/fO{sf] ;Dkfbgdf …k|eftÚ / dfhufpF laxfnLaf6 6Lsfk|;fb zdf{sf] ;Dkfbgdf !($& df …k|ultÚ x:tlnlvt klqsf lg:sG5g\Ù hxfF ljleGg :jfbsf sljtfsf] /;kfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ljrf/ Pj+ ljdz{ ubf{ oL klqsfx¿n] klg sljtfsf] ljsf;ofqfdf 6]jf nfPsf] 5 eGg} kb{5 . k|yd r/0fsf sljtfsf ljz]iftf ;jfO{ sfJoaf6 yflnPsf] klxnf] r/0fdf gLltlzIffd"ns, cfbz{jfbL / ;'wf/jfbL sljtfsf] k|fwfGo b]lvG5 hf] ;dofg's"n 5 . To; afx]s} /fdfo0f, dxfef/t, k'/f0f cflbsf cfwf/df cg'lbt / df}lns s[lt tyf km'6s/ sljtf klg o; ;dodf b]lvg cfpF5g\ . ;jfO{ h:tf] nf]snosf ;fy} jfl0f{s 5Gbsf] k|of]u o; r/0fsf] pNn]vgLo ljz]iftf xf] . låtLo r/0f !(%! –!(*) k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfsf] ljsf;ofqf låtLo r/0fdf cfOk'Ubf lgs} af6f] cltqmldt u/]sf] cg'ej x'G5Ù tfklg bfhL{lnª, g]kfn cflbsf] / l5d]sL cGofGo efiff –;flxTosf] t'ngfdf eg] Tof] ofqf yf]/} g} b]lvG5 . cjZo, o;sf klg s]xL sf/0f gePsf xf]Ogg\ . 5l/Psf] a;f]af;f], lzIffk|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf, bl/b|tf, k|sfzg ;+:yf / laqmL –ljt/0f cflbsf] cefj g} d'Vo ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . t}klg ef/tjif{ :jfwLg ePsf] / gofF cfzf –pdË lnP/ cl3 a9]sf ;du| b]zjf;Lem}+ ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿df klg o;sf] cjkfb lyPg . To;}n] o; r/0fsf sljtfx¿df of] gf}nf] cfzf –pdËsf ;fy} k|yd r/0fsf] cfbz{jfbL Wofg wf/0ffsf] emns kfOG5 . o; ;dofjlwdf b]lvPsf s[ltx¿df r"8fdl0f zf:qLsf] …ljZjf]4f/s ;Gdfu{ lzIffÚ -!(%$_, uf]s'nk|;fb hf]zLsf] …g]kfnsf] eljioÚ -!(%$_ / …afFr / afFRg b]p -!(%*_, k|]d l;+x ;'j]bLsf] …tLhsf] d}bfgdf alxgLsf] cfF;'Ú -!(%%_, ejfgLzÍ/ pkfWofosf] …;Gt dgf]/~hgL sljtfjnLÚ -!(%%_, g/gfy zdf{ bFufnsf] …af]w/Tg r]tfjgLÚ -!(%%_, t]hk|;fb lg/f}nfsf] …1fgf]boÚ -!(%^_ lt/, g/Wjh lnDa"sf] …1fgHof]ltÚ -!(%^_, uf]ljGb;fb zdf{ uf}tdsf] …lxdfnsf] km"nÚ -!(%&_, uf}td k|;fb uf}tdsf] …kxf8L ukmÚ -!(%*_, slj/fh zf:qLsf] …st{Jo sd{ k'sf/Ú -!(%(_ lt/, xl/eQm s6'jfnsf] …;DemgfÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ -!(^)_, …leqL dfG5] af]Ng vf]H5 -!(^@_, …;'wfÚ -v08sfJo_ !(^$_, …of] lhGbuL v} s] lhGbuLÚ -!(&@_, …abgfd d]/f oL cfFvfx¿Ú -lj=;+=@)$$_, lj/xL ;'Aaf cyjf h;' ;'Aafsf] …ct[KtÚ -v08sfJo_ -!(^)_, s]=jL=g]kfnLsf] …gj c>'Ú uLt ;ª\u|x -!(^)_ …lj/xLÚ -^%_, …Kn]6kmd{ -*$_, …clgolGqt dgÚ, …eTs]sf] 3/Ú -(%_, dgaxfb'/ kf}8]nsf] …lxtflxt 1fg sdnÚ -!(^!_, xl/k|;fb zdf{ vgfnsf] …cfF;'sf yf]kfÚ -!(^@_, …ltd|f] ofbdfÚ -^$_, …z]if 58
hLjgdfÚ -^%_, rGb|]Zj/ b'j]sf] …efg'eQm / 3fF;LÚ -!(^@_, …;Demgfsf] 8f]sf]Ú -&)_, …d]rL aUb} lyof]Ú -v=sf_ -&%_, …nfx'/]Ú -&*_, …;+o'Qm jQmJoÚ -*^_, ;bfgGb zdf{sf] …dgsf] k|sfzÚ -!(^%_, s'naxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …lrGtg dfnfÚ -!(^%_, …uLt d~h/LÚ -*#_, k|]dgf/fo0f k]v/]nsf] …slnsfnsf] cfjfhÚ, rf]s axfb'/ yfkfsf] …Åbosf] pb\uf/Ú -!(^^_, o1 k|;fb ;'j]bLsf] …sNkgfÚ -^(_, dxf/fh j;Gt lu/Lsf] …j;Gt d~h/LÚ -^(_, lbn ;fxgLsf] …gf}nf] df6f] rflxPsf] 5Ú -&)_, …gf}nf] dfG5]Ú *#_, wd{nfn e";fnsf] …o'usf] 3]/fleq dnLg cg'xf/x¿Ú -&!_, t'naxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …dfn]dfsf] r]tgfÚ -v=sf=_ -&@_, …alnbfgsf] k|ltof]lutfdf nlDsPsf kfOnfx¿Ú -*#_, l6=8L=lhDafsf] …tyfutÚ -&@_, l6sf/fd pkfWofo lgeL{ssf] …rDkfÚ -v=sf=_ -&#_, …/fu cg'/fuÚ -uL=;+=_ -&#_, cn]sh]08/ k'l:sgsf] …lhK;LÚ -v=sf=_ -&&_, …k'l:sgsf s]xL sljtfÚ -&&_, …sNkgfÚ -&&_, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{sf] …afa/LÚ -&$_, …dgr/Lsf] af]nLÚ, uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfgsf] …;fOns cfO/x]5Ú -&%_, …o:tf] e"n kf] u/]5'Ú -&*_, …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]lh/x]5Ú -@))&_, /0fjL/ lu/Lsf] …r/L e//===Ú -&%_, ;Ltf/fd nD;fnsf] …nf]s lzIff d~h/LÚ -!(&^_, e"k]g lgiffbsf] …cg'e"ltx¿ oL d]/fÚ -&&_, dgaxfb'/ yfkfsf] …gf}nf] dfG5] hGdb} 5Ú -&*_, v8\uaxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …lznfªsf] ;DemgfÚ, gogbQ zdf{sf] …lxdfnsf] cd[tjf0fLÚ, gj ;fksf]6fsf] …o'lSnK6; cfpg] lk+9LnfO{ cfzLjf{bÚ -*)_, …sfJofGt/Ú -(^_, b'uf{k|;fb kf}8]nsf] …sNkgfsf] km"nÚ -*)_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . oL s[ltx¿ afx]s} ljleGg kq –klqsfdf nLnaxfb'/ IfqL, kb\d 9sfn, b'uf{ k|;fb pkfWofo, Zofd lnjfª\, clUgaxfb'/ 5]qL, u'?eQm lwtfn, /fdrGb| zf:qL, 5ljnfn zf:qL cflb w]/} k|ltefx¿sf sljtf k|sfzdf cfpF5g\ . ;fd"lxs sljtf ;+sng o; r/0fsf] Ps pNn]vgLo cjbfg xf] ;fd"lxs ;ª\sngsf] k|sfzg . o:tf s]xL ;ª\sng x'g\ – …tLgtf/f k|sfzg u'jfxf6LÚåf/f k|sflzt sljtf ;Íng -!(^)_ hf] klxnf] ;+o'Qm ;+sng dflgG5 . hxfF kb\d 9sfn, nIdLk|;fb ltdl;gf / 8Da/ g]kfnLsf sljtf 5g\ . o;kl5 !(^% df sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt …k"j{ls/0fÚ zLif{s ;Íng b]lvG5Ù hxfF xl/eQm s6'jfn, lj/xL ;'Aaf, xl/z k'/L, u'?eQm lwtfn, k'iknfn pkfWofo, nIdLk|;fb ltdl;gf, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL, uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg, kb\daxfb'/ yfkf, hutaxfb'/ k|wfg / uh]Gb| IfqL u/L s'n afx|hgf sljsf c7f/ sljtf ;dflji6 5g\ . o;kl5 !(&( df k|sflzt …sljtf ;ËdÚdf sdn rDnfufO{+, s'nk|;fb zdf{, s[i0f 5]qL, uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnL, hok|;fb bfxfn, t'Ëgfy g]kfn, aL=Pd=k|wfg / x]ds'df/ n'OF6]n u/L s'n cf7hgf sljsf tL;cf]6f sljtf 5g\ . låtLo r/0fsf] o; ;dofjlwdf lznfª, u'jfxf6L, t]hk'/, l8uaf]O{, l8a|'u9, b'lnofhfg, nfdl8ª cflb ljleGg 7fpFaf6 k|sflzt ePsf kq –klqsfdf o; e]ssf sljtf –ofqfsf] uf]/]6f] k}Nofpg ;lsG5 . låtLo r/0fsf sljtfsf] ljz]iftf ef/tn] :jtGqtf kfPsf] ;lGwsfnb]lv cf/De ePsf] o; r/0fsf cflbsfnsf sljtfdf cefjx¿ k"lt{ x'g] cfzf cfsf+Iff, ;xh –;/n hLjg z}nLk|ltsf] cfbz{jfbL rfxgf emlNsG5 eg] ;f7Lsf] bzsb]lv ljz]iftM xl/eQm s6'jfnsf sljtfdf eg] cfzf –cfsf+Iff cefj cflb k"lt{ gePsf]df u'gf;f] dfq xf]Og k|ltjfbsf] :j/ klg ;'Gg kfOG5 . ;du| ef/tjif{d} g]kfnL efiffsf] ;f+j}wflgs dfGotfsf] cfGbf]ng tLj| x'Fb} cfPsf]df o; e]ssf sljtfdf klg Tof] :j/ 68\sf/f] x'Fb} cfpF5 . o;} ;dodf !(&( b]lv c;ddf cf/De ePsf] ljb]zL alxisf/sf] cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ o; kl5sf sljtfx¿df hftLo cl:dtf k|v/ x'g'sf ;fy} sljtfx¿ k|tLsfTds klg b]lvG5g\ . 59
t[tLo r/0f -!(*! –jt{dfg;Dd_ M låtLo r/0fsf cGtaf6} k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdflhs lj>[ª\vntf, xs –clwsf/ k|flKtsf] cefj, cdLdf+l;t ;d:ofsf] 8Ë'/ cflbsf] k|tLsfTds cleJolQm ePsf] s'/f] xfdLn] pNn]v ul/ cfPsf 5f}+ . ljleGg hg;d'bfosf xs –clwsf/ dfusf cfGbf]ngx¿n] klg g]kfnL hftLo efjgf Psfkl§ tLj| ePsf] kfOG5 eg] csf{kl§ ljleGg hflt – hg;d'bfosf aLrdf ePsf] dgf]dflnGo, bËf –km;fb cflbsf] gsf/fTds kl/0fltnfO{ x6fO{ zflGt – d}qLsf] efjgfdf :j –cl:tTjsf ;fy} ;x cl:tTj sfod /fVg] cfXjfg klg Wjlgt ePsf] kfOG5 . o; r/0fsf sljx¿df sf]xL k|yd / låtLo r/0fb]lv g} ;lqmo 5g\ eg] sf]xL kq –klqsfd} ;Lldt /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o; r/0fsf s]xL slj / pgLx¿sf s[lt o; k|sf/ 5g\ –cljgfz >]i7sf] …;Dj]bgf cf] ;Dj]bgfÚ -!(*!_, …k/]jf ;]tf sfnfÚ -*$_, l8NnLk|;fb zdf{sf] …/utsf] d;LÚ -*!_, an/fd kf]v|]nsf] …hLjg ;+3if{b]lv 8/fPsf] dfG5]Ú -*@_, o'4jL/ /f0ffsf] …lrxfg gkfPsf tSdfx¿Ú -*@_, clg?4 uf}tdsf] …rZdfleqsf 3fon cfFvfÚ -*#_, c1ft zAbsf kl5kl5 -v=sf=_ -*^_, eljnfn nfld5fg]sf] …cgfutÚ -*#_, …zAb x'g\ oL d]/fÚ -(^_, …c;dfKt kfOnfx¿Ú -@))!_, …zLif{sxLgÚ -@))#_, …afbn kf/Lsf] b]zÚ -afn sljtf_, …Pp6f 3/ o:tf]Ú -@))%_, b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]sf] …w'sw'sLÚ -*#_, …ztleiffÚ -(#_, t'Ëgfy g]kfnsf] …oxfF o:t} 5 -uLt=;+=_ -*#_, …dfw'/LÚ (!_, lzj cfrfo{sf] …>4f~hnL -zf]=sf_ -*#_, …d'6'sf cfufsf lemNsfx¿Ú -*%_, /0faxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …o'u uLtÚ -uL=;+=_ -*#_, …gf}nf uLt gofF sljtfÚ -*^_, …g/a'ªsf] ;jfO{Ú -*(_, …cfdfsf] k'sf/ 5f]/fsf] x'Íf/Ú -*(_, …of] sljtf ltd|f] gfpFdfÚ -($_, …6'qm}6'qmfÚ -($_, …s6';ToÚ -v=sf=_ -((_, …tLg bzs tL; cleJolQmÚ -@))) lt/_, df]lt l;+x 5]qLsf] …sljtfÚ -*$_, …zxLb tk{0fÚ -*^_, …:d[lt j]bgfÚ -(%_, kbd 5]qLsf] …cflbd ;8sÚ -*%_, …pHofnf]sf] bldt cfsf+IffÚ -@))%_ lt/, bfdf]b/ 9sfnsf] …cFWof/f] pHofnf]Ú -*%_, /fhfl;+x lnDa"sf] …kfv]Ú -*%_, q}nf]Sogfy uf}tdsf] …zlbofsf] emnsÚ -*%_, v8\uaxfb'/ sf}lzssf] …lugLlkuÚ -*^_, …cf}+;Lsf /ftx¿ k"l0f{dfsf /ftx¿Ú -(@_, uf]df zdf{sf] …s]jn ltd|f] lglDtÚ -*^_, …ltd|f] k|]/0ffn]Ú -*^_, v]dnfn kf]v/]nsf] …ljZjzflGtÚ -*^_, afns[i0f pkfWofosf] …sf]nfhÚ -*^_, uf]kfn axfb'/ g]kfnLsf] …ljZjjf]wÚ -*&_, …Ps d'7L hLjg vf]Hb}Ú -(&_, df]xg ;'j]bLsf] …k[lyjL h;/L ef]Ub}5'Ú -*&_, rf]saxfb'/ yfkfsf] …Pp6f gofF laxfgsf] k|tLIffdfÚ -**_, gj/fh 5]qLsf] …d]/f s]xL uLt / s]xL sljtfx¿Ú -*(_, 5ljnfn pkfWofo vltj8fsf] …kjgb"tÚ -()_, …cl:tTj af]wÚ -(!_, …sfd¿kfÚ -v=sf=_ -(%_, …5lj sljtf ;+u|xÚ @)))_, …b]jsf]6fÚ -dxfsfJo_ -@))@_, …slj / sljtfÚ -@))*_, nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+sf] …ljjt{gÚ -v=sf=_ -()_, …cGt/fnÚ -(#_, s[i0fk|;fb sf ˆn]sf] …dgsf v'6\sf -uLlt sfJo_ -(!_, …>4f d~h/LÚ -(@_, lbnaxfb'/ g]jf/sf] …OGb|]0fLÚ -(!_, OGb| k|;fb e§/fO{sf] …oxfF 9'Ëf / df6f]n] eG5 -uL=;+=_ -(!_, /d]z bjf8Lsf] …6fpsf] vf]Hb}Ú -(@_, OGb|sfGt sfsL{sf] …cleJolQmÚ -(@_, dl0fl;+x yfkfsf] …sljtf s'~hÚ -(@_, b]j/fh cfrfo{sf] …a|Xds'08 / k/z'/fd dxfTDoÚ -(@_, x:t ;'Aafsf] …sljtf s'~hÚ -(@_, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] …aGbL sf/fuf/df of] lhGbuLÚ -(#_, …km]l/ lsg of] s'?If]qÚ -(^_, v]d/fh g]kfnsf] …lxhf] cfh / ef]lnÚ -v=sf=_ -(#_, …;[li6Ú -dxfsfJo_ -@))(_, rGb|snf g]jf/sf] …rqmJo"xÚ -(#_, xf]daxfb'/ 5]qLsf] …cfsf//lxtÚ -($_, …kvf}{+ xfdLÚ -@))$_, k'ikw/ zdf{sf] …xfd|f] w'sw'sL h/fx¿Ú -(%_, …xL/]g e§frfo{sf …lgjf{lrt sljtfÚ -cg'jfb_ -((_, sdn aufn]sf] …d]/f] o'4 ef]lnsf nfluÚ -(%_, uf]ljGb zfl08Nosf] …s'?If]qÚ -(^_, …k"jf{?0fÚ -(&_, …d]/f] d'6'df d]/f] b]zÚ -@))@_, …ufGwf/ uhnÚ -@))^_, …km"n lkmlnËfx¿ -xfOs'_ -@))*_, ;Ltf b]jLsf] …ltd|f] :d[ltdfÚ -(&_, k"0f{ 5]qLsf] …;"of]{bo x'g'eGbf cl3Ú -(&_, lzj zf:qLsf] …vfuf]Ú -(*_, 60
s0f{axfb'/ 5]qLsf] …d'7LbfgÚ -(*_, …k|ltbfgÚ -@))#_, 8f=nfn'k|;fb pkfWofosf] …lj:d[ltsf sljtfx¿Ú -(*_, …cf]em]ndf k/]sf sljtfÚ -@)))_, zlzs'df/ zdf{sf] …cleJo~hgfÚ -(*_, s[i0faxfb'/ /fjtsf] …tf/f g/f]Psf] /ft 5}gÚ -((_, gf/fo0f k|wfgsf] …o;} a|Xdk'qsf] au/dfÚ @)))_, d}gf yfkfsf] …s:t'/LÚ -@)))_, nLnfgGb pkfWofosf] …nfnL kf]ltPsf] cf]7Ú -@)))_, ¿kgf/fo0f kf7ssf] …lkmlnËf]Ú -@)))_, ab|L u'/fufO{+sf] …uLtfog -uL=;+=_ -@)))_, xl/ uh'/]nsf] …zAb a6'Nb}Ú -@))!_, hoGts[i0f zdf{sf] …;bgsf] dem]/Ldf df6fsf] af:gfÚ -@))!_, ljBfklt bfxfnsf] …sfDoÚ -v=sf_ -@))!_, …piffx/0fÚ -dxfsfJo_ -@))^_, s]bf/sNk nD;fnsf] …cfw'lgs ef/tLo vfF8f]Ú -@))!_, /fd bfxfnsf] …nlRsPsf cg'ejÚ -@))!_, k|bLk uh'/]nsf] …kf]sf]Ú -@))@_, sLlt{dl0f vltj8fsf] …dÚ -nfdf] sljtf_ -@))#_, zflGt yfkfsf] …dfofÚ -uL=;+=_ -@))$_, gf/fo0f pkfWofosf] …;okqLÚ -xfOs'_ -@))$_, …Hof]lt d~h/LÚ -@))&_, tf/fgfy zfl08Nosf] …z}njtLÚ v=sf=_ -@))%_, OGb'k|ef b]jLsf] …;kgfsf] h/f] k}Nofpb}Ú -v=sf=_ -@))&_, an/fd pkfWofosf] …5]8sfÚ -@))*_, cfnf]s uf}tdsf] …dfG5] leqsf] dfG5]Ú -@))*_, ?b| 9'Ë]nsf] …cg'/fu cIf/x¿Ú @))*_, v8\u/fh lu/Lsf] …SofS6;sf xftÚ -@))(_, nId0f clwsf/Lsf] …df6f] / dflg;sf] sljtfÚ -@))(_, uLtf lnDa"sf] …laxfgLÚ -@))(_, cgfldsf /fO{sf] …cGtå{GåÚ …gLns07Ú, df]tL/fd ltdl;gfsf] …lj:d[lt, OGb| clwsf/Lsf] …sfJodfnfÚ, lbnLk l;6f}nfsf] …hLjgfbz{Ú, tf]of rfkfufO{+sf] …cfhsf] laxfgÚ, sdn rDnfufO{+sf] …cfFvfÚ cflb . ;fd"lxs ;Íng / kq –klqsf M låtLo r/0fsf em}+ o; r/0fdf klg s]xL ;Ílnt s[ltx¿ k|sflzt ePsf b]lvG5g\ . tL s[lt x'g\ – …lxdfnL ;flxTo ;ldlt, gnaf/LÚsf] …sljtf s'~hÚ -!((#_, …zªv k|sfzg, u'jfxf6LÚåf/f k|sflzt / uf]kfnaxfb'/ g]kfnLåf/f ;Dkflbt …k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfÚ -($_ -slj %&, sljtf !@)_, xf]dgfy ;'j]bLåf/f ;Dkflbt / …zª\v k|sfzgÚaf6 k|sflzt …zª\vgfbÚ -(%_, …jf0fL k|sfzg, lj/f6gu/Úaf6 k|sflzt / u0f]z e08f/L tyf uf]kfnaxfb'/ g]kfnLåf/f ;Dkflbt …c;d]nL g]kfnL sljtfÚ -(&_ -slj !(, sljtf %&_ . oL afx]s c;dLof efiffaf6 cg'lbt s[lt x'g\ – …c;d n]lvsf ;+:yfÚåf/f k|sflzt tyf uLtf pkfWofo Pj+ dL/f 7fs'/åf/f ;Dkflbt …c;dLof gf/L sljsf sljtfÚ -@))@_, 8f=eLdsfGt pkfWofoåf/f ;Dkflbt Pj+ ;flxTo csfb]dLaf6 k|sflzt …s]xL cg'lbt c;dLof sljtfÚ -@))$_ cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . o; r/0fdf klg w]/} kq –klqsfx¿ k|sfz ePsf 5g\ hxfF sljtf ljwfsf] ljsf;sf] Ps 5'§} Oltxf; n's]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . t[tLo r/0fsf sljtfsf] ljz]iftf M låtLo r/0fsf cGtlt/} t[tLo r/0fsf sljtfsf] ljjIffsf] k"jf{ef; kf7s ;dfhnfO{ yfxf eO;s]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . ;fdlu|s ¿kdf pQ/ cfw'lgs sfndf kg]{ o; r/0fsf s]xL ;Íngsf gfds/0faf6 g} xfdLnfO{ of] s'/f kQf] nfUb5 eg] o; r/0fsf sljtfx¿ clws hl6n k|tLsfTds / ;dfh ;r]tg 5g\ . sNklrq cyjf 5foflrq (Image), ljDa –k|ltljDa cyjf k|tLs (Symbol) cyjf nIf0ff –Jo~hgf, slj;do cyjf nf]sk|l;l4 tyf ¿ksflb cfnÍfl/s k|of]un] ubf{ sljtf clws hl6n ePsf] / of] hl6ntfsf] leQf e]b ug{ kf7s –;dfhsf] dfgl;s lbuGtsf] kl/lw km/flsnf] x'g' kg]{ s'/f] klg oxfF ljj]Ro 5 . slj sNkgf ljnf;L dfq geP/ pm ;dfhsf] b|i6f / ;|i6f klg x'gfn] p;sf ;[li6 ¿k oL s[lt klg sfJo –ljgf]bsf ;fwg dfq geP/ ;dfhsf w/f]x/ x'g k'u]sf 5g\ eGg'kb{5 . To;}n] o; r/0fsf sljtfdf dfgjtfjfb, /fi6«jfb, gf/L :jtGqtf cflbsf] ;dy{g kfOG5 eg] e|i6frf/, Jolerf/, cftÍjfb, pu| hftLojfb cflbsf] lj/f]w pgLx¿sf] 61
sljtfsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] 5 . cGofGo :yfgLo ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] cfzo JoQm ug'{sf ;fy} ;dfhsf] pQ/f]Q/ pGgltsf] rfxgf klg pgLx¿sf sljtfdf Wjlgt ePsf] cg'ej x'G5 . pk;+xf/ M -s_ ;flxTo cyjf sfJo cnf}lss ;[li6 xf]Og, o;sf] ;DaGw df6f;Fu x'G5 . cyf{t\ df6f] / dflg;sf] ;Dks{ g} ;flxTosf] ljifoj:t' xf] . lsgeg] ;flxTo –;|i6f dflg; klg ToxL df6f]d} x'ls{Psf x'G5g\ . o; r/0fsf k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfdf klg oxL df6fsf] af:gf kfOG5 . -v_ ;flxTo ;[li6sf] k|tLs xf] . Wj+;sf aLrdf, lj;Ëltsf dfemdf Jolerf/sf cGt/fndf g}/fZosf] Hjng cflbdf klg ;flxTon] ;[li6sf] ;+s]t lbPsf] x'G5Ù sxL+ jfRofy{df / sxL+ nIofy{ Joª\Uofy{df . k"jf{~rnLo g]kfnL sljtfdf klg oxL ;[li6 tTjsf] zª\v3f]if ;'lgG5 . ;jfO{b]lv cfh;Ddsf] sljtf ofqf o;}sf] kl/rfos xf] . -u_ ;flxTo o'u k|ltlglw cyjf ;dfhsf] bk{0f xf] . rlr{t sfJoofqfdf oxL o'u ;r]ttf klg k|ltkmlnt ePsf] 5 . -3_ ;flxTo ;'s'df/ snf klg xf] . To;}n] o;df cfgGbbfos tTj cyf{t\ /l;stf klg lglxt x'g'kb{5 . xfd|f] o; e]ssf] sfJo –jfl6sfdf of] gfGblgs tTjsf] klg lgj{xg ePsf] kfOG5 . cGtdf, k"jf{~rnLo o; sljtf ofqfdf s]xL ;jfO{, c;+Vo JolQmut sljtf ;ª\sng, uLt ;ª\sng, v08sfJo, dxfsfJo tyf df}lns / cg'lbt ;fd"lxs ;ª\sngx¿ k|sfzdf cfPsf 5g\ . …xfd|f] WjlgÚ dfr{ –ck|}n @)!)
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gfpF 5g\ . df}lns / cg'jfb s[lt lbg]x¿sf] gfpF bf]xf]¥ofOPg . c;dLof syf, sljtf ;+:d/0f cflb k|sfz ug]{ au|]NtL c;d]nL g]kfnL k'?if dlxnf b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . uLt, gf6\oflego, ;+uLt, jfBjfbg, /]l8of] / b"/bz{g snfsf/x¿dWo] g]kfnL efifLx¿ w]/} 5g\ . b'j} efiff, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltn] d'l5Psf c;d]nL g]kfnLx¿n] cf ˆgf] af]nL / ;+:s[ltsf ;fy} lzIff lj:tf/sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k of] /fHosf rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df dof{bfk"0f{ e"ldsf kfng u/]sf] ;j{q b[Zodfg 5 . ;Gbe{ – != k"jf{~rn klqsf, !(*! …dxfgGb ;fksf]6fÚ n]vsM lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, ;Dkfbsåo nIdLk|;fb zdf{ / s'df/ kf]v|]n @= The History and culture of Assamese Nepali-published by Dept of Historical studies, Assam Article by Sri Abikeshar Sarma, 2009
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dnfO{ g;f]w sxfF b'V5 3fp d h] 5' 7Ls} 5' ljyf]Ng gcfpm . d'6'el/ o:tf] cb[Zo 3fp af]s]/ dfgl;s oGq0ff / zf/Ll/s oftgfn] 56k6fpFb} l8a|'u9 c:ktfnsf] /f]uzøofdf To; lg:tAw /ftdf lgtfGt PSnf] / a]jfl/;] eP/ d[To'nfO{ cFufNg] xl/eQm s6'jfnsf] ;Demgfdfqn] klg leq d'6'df cftÍsf] l;of]n] r:; 3f]Rg k'Ub5 . Psflt/ 6L=aL=/ Uofl:6«s cN;/n] ylnPsf s6'jfnsf] dlSsO;s]sf] ;'s]gf;] hLpsf] ;Demgf clxn] dlyËndf cfO/x]5 eg] csf{lt/ sf7df8f}+sf ;8s / uNnLx¿df a'9f] pmgL :j]6/ of sf]6, w';|]km';|] kfOG6 le/]/ rKkn l3;fb}{ s'g} Rof k; M cyjf jf; k;Mdf 3';]/ k|f0f wfGgsf lglDt …hLjghnÚ r':t} u/]sf s6'jfnsf tL …abgfd cfFvfÚ klg emnemnL ;Demgfdf cfO/x]sf 5g\ . s6'jfnsf] hLjgsf] ljlzi6 / zfZjt kIfrflx+ xf] pgsf] k|ltefzfnL slj JolQmTjÙ pgsf dfld{s uLt clg k':ts / kq –klqsfdf 5l/Psf pgsf d"Nojfg\ s[ltx¿ . s6'jfnsf] hLjg / s[ltTj b'j}sf] 5'§f5'§} kl/ro 5g\ . pgn] cf ˆgf] hLjg -vf; u/]/ pQ/f4{ kIfrflx+_ w]/}sf lgDt clk|o ¿kn] afFr] . pgsf cfkmGtx¿df To; hLjgsf] s'g}klg ;f/ lyPg . sxfF;Dd eg] s6'jfnsf kl/jf/ ;d]t pgaf6 l56f] d'lQm rfxg nflu;s]sf lyP . ;s] g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿df o:tf] pbfx/0f xDd]l; cGt st} kfOFb}g xf]nf Û o;/L s6'jfnn] cf ˆgf] hLjg clk|o / s6' ¿kdf 72
afFr] eg] To; s6' / clk|o kIfnfO{ cf]em]n kfg{ ;+Unf, ;'lsnf sljtf / uLtx¿ g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ lbP . geGb} s6'jfnsf tL sljtf / uLtn] pgsf] hLjgsf cFWof/f kIfnfO{ wf]P/ qmdzM pgnfO{ nf]slk|otfsf] r'nLdf x'TofpFb} nlu/x]sf 5g\ . afFr'Gh]n la6'nf] 7fGg]x¿ ;d]t d/]kl5 pgsf] k"hf ug{ yfln;s]sf 5g\ . s6'jfnaf/] oL k+lQm sf]g{ nfUbf cf ˆgf] dgdf kmlqmPsf pgL;Fusf] ;Demgfsf s]xL y'Ëf l6Kg] k|of; d oxfF ul//x]sf] 5' . @) –& –^@ sf] ldltdf P=cf]=;L=g]kfnL :s"n l8uaf]O{ cf;fdsf] 7]ufgfaf6 k7fPsf] Pp6f v'nf kf]:6sf8{ lr7Lx¿s]f y'k|f]df d]/f] cufl8 b]vf kb{5 . … …/rgf x]g]{ ;f}efUo kfPF . ca eg] xfdLklg of]Uo klqsfsf clwsf/L eof}+ eGg] ljZjf; …/rgfÚn] cgfof;} d]/f] dgdf Nofof] .ÚÚ log} kª\ltaf6 yflnPsf] To; kf]:6sf8{n] ;j{k|yd xl/eQm s6'jfn …k|jf;LÚ sf] kl/ro d sxfF af]s]/ NofPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 lr7Lsf cf]xf]/Lbf]xf]/L rNb} u/] . …/rgfÚnfO{ pgn] sljtf klg k7fP . cf;fddf …/rgfÚnfO{ lrgfpg s6'jfn lgs} nfluk/] . @)@# ;fnlt/} x'g'kb{5Ù s6'jfn l;nfª\sf s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL;Fu} sf7df8f}+ cfPsf lyP . To;}a]nf pgsf] cg'xf/;Fu} klg ;fIfft kl/rosf] df}sf d}n] kfPF . Tof] a]nf s6'jfnn] k|l;l4sf] v'8\lsnf] 6]ls;s]sf lyPgg\Ù t/ cf ˆgf] sljtfn] >f]tfsf] Wofg ;xh} cfkm"lt/ tfGg] ;fdYo{ eg] s6'jfndf cfO;s]sf] lyof] . Ps ;zQm slj JolQmTjsf] ;Defjgf pgdf 68\sf/} b]lvO;s]sf] lyof] . @)@^ ;fndf s6'jfn c;daf6 sfdsf] hf]xf]df g]kfn k;] / …k|jf;LÚ pkgfdnfO{ lems]/ yGSofOlbP . Tof]a]nf pgL …g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+:yfgÚ sf] clkm;df /flt ;'Tg] uy]{ eg] lbpF;f] Ps]8]dLdf hflu/ ksfpg hfGy] . kl5 s6'jfnn] cf ˆgf alxgLHjfO{+ snfsf/ an/fd yfkfnfO{ klg sf7df8f}+ lemsfP . yfkf …;dLIffÚ df sf6'{g n]Vg] uy]{, pgnfO{ c¿ 7fpFdf ;d]t sfd vf]Hg s6'jfn dgUu] ldlxg]t ub}{lyP . oxL a]nf /S;Lsf] r:sf]df cfkm"nfO{ cln a9L 8'afpglt/ klg s6'jfn la:tf/} cl3 ;b}{ lyP . e}/j cof{nsf] 8]/f Tof] a]nf gofF ;8sdf ToxL+ glhs} lyof] . e}/j / d s6'jfnnfO{ e]6\g a/fa/ hfGYof}+ . Pslbg laxfg} hfFbf h]7fg –HjfO{+ - s6'jfn / yfkf_ b'j}n] df}g j|t lnPsf] b]v]/ xfdL lhNn k¥of}+ . kl5 kf] yfxf ef] b'j}df /fltsf] ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdn] 7"nf] /8fsf] dRrfPsf] /x]5 . Unf; / af]tnsf em6f/f xfgfxfg\ eP5g\Ù To;}sf] k|efj cem sfod /x]5 . e}/jn] b'j}df ;Demf}tf u/fPsf] / b'j}hgf kZrfQfksf] e'ª\u|f]df lklN;Psf] Tof] b[Zo slxNo} la;{g ;ls+b}g . @)@( sf] df3df s6'jfn dnfO{ vf]Hb} hgsk'/ cfOk'U5g\ . pgL …¿k –/]vfÚsf] u|fxs cleofgdf cfPsf /x]5g\ . hgsk'/df tTsfnLg c~rnfwLz ab|Llaqmd yfkfn] …¿k –/]vfÚsf lgs} u|fxs agfOlbg'eof], t/ pxfF s6'jfnsf] sljtfsf] k|z+;s dfq xf]Og pgsf] …;'/f –k|]dÚ af6 klg kl/lrt x'g'x'Fbf] /x]5 . yfkfhLn] …tkfO{+ otfaf6 c;d hfg] dfG5], k};f kl5 d pxfFnfO{ sf7df8f}+ hfg] a]nfdf lbG5'Ú egL dlt/ ;ª\s]t ug'{eof] . s6'jfnn] kl5 d;Fu 7"nf] u'gf;f] kf]v] . ;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ ab\gfd u/fP eg]/ pgL lbSs lyP . ;s] o;}sf] v08gsf nflu xf] ls % –^ lbg;Dd hgsk'/df dsxfF a:tf pgL k"/f ;flTjs / ;fw' e}lbP . pgsf] ;Ddfgdf /f=/f=SofDk;n] Pp6f eJo uf]i7L u¥of] . tTsfnLg SofDk;lrkm /fdrGb| axfb'/ l;+xsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] To; uf]i7Ldf s6'jfnn] cf ˆgf] k|efj s:tf];Fu hdfOlbP eg] pgL hgsk'/ a;'~h]n pgsf k|]dL kf7sx¿sf] w'O/f] dsxfF nflu g} /Xof] . hgsk'/df agfPsf u|fxssf k};f ;fFRr} g} s6'jfnsf] xftdf k/]gg\ . kl5 ab|L laqmdHo"n] dnfO{ g} lbg'ef] / d}n] pQd s'Fj/nfO{ sf7df8f}+df a'emfOlbPsf] lyPF . 73
@)## ;fndf s6'jfn ;femf k|sfzgdf sfd ub}{ lyP . ToxfF klg s]xL lbgsf nflu dfq sfd lyof] . d;Fu Pslbg pgn] …/rgfÚnfO{ ;3fpg] dg;fo b]vfP . Pp6f of]Uo ;xof]uLsf] vf]hLdf d klg lyPF, t/ st}klg cf;g l:y/ gx'g] s6'jfnsf] afgL a]xf]/af6 d kl/lrt lyPF . To;}n] pgsf] cg'/f]w dfGg wd{;Í6 kl//x]Yof] . o:f}a]nf …cleJolQmÚ sf] ;Dkfbgdf gu]Gb|hLn] pgnfO{ ;xof]uL /fVg'ePkl5 Tof] k|;Ë ;lhn} 6/]sf] lyof] . kl5 efpkGyLnfO{ …/rgfÚ ;Dkfbgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} k|;ËnfO cf}+NofP/ s6'jfn Tof] a]nf dL7f] 5]8 xfGb} dnfO{ eGy], … …elthn] gkTofP/ s] ef] t < sfsf -gu]Gb| /fh zdf{_nfO{ kmF;fOxfn]+ . ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;+3sf] Pp6f agef]h Û -;s] @)#^ ;fns} xf] ls Û_ afnfh'df y'k|} ;flxTosf/ / ;flxTok|]dLx¿sf] e]nf 5 . dw'kfgsf] klg Joj:yf 5 . s6'jfn lgs} klxn] g} ToxfF k'lu;s]sf x'G5g\ . pgsf] …;jf]{RrfgGbÚ df s'g} nufd 5}g Û nuftf/ Pskl5 csf]{ Unf; l/TofO/x]sf 5g\ . bf}ntljqmd lji6 klg pgnfO{ ;fy lbO/x]sf 5g\ . sljtf kf7sf] qmd klg rln/x]5 . s6'jfn nj{/fpFb} p7\5g\, s]xL sljtf a]6'Ëf];Fu k9\5g\, la;{G5g\ / km]l/ bf]xf]¥ofpF5g\ . To; a]nf x7ft\ pgsf cfFvf sljtf ;'lg/x]sf bLks hËdlt/ kb{5g\ clg pgL d':sfpF5g\ / 3f]if0ff u5{g\, … …ca bLks hËdaf6 uLt ;'gf}+ÚÚ bLks hËd 6fg{ ;Qm}gg\ / ;fhafh lagf g} cf ˆgf] dw'/ s07 vf]lnlbG5g\ s6'jfns} uLtaf6 o;/LM –
j]bgfsf] cfFz'el/ ?lemlbg] sf] 5 / Û leqL dg lsg /f]of] a'lemlbg] sf] 5 / Û d'v n'sfO{ kL/ ?g Pp6f Gofgf] sfv 5}g Û olt w]/} dflg; 5g\ cf ˆgf] sf]xL ;fv 5}g Û
bLks hËdsf] ;'dw'/ s07af6 km'6]sf s6'jfnsf tL uLtn] aftfj/0f g} ljiffbk"0f{ kfl/lbG5g\ . cfFvfaf6 alnGb| wf/f aufpFb} s[ts[To ePsf s6'jfn bLks hËdsf ufnfdf DjfOF vfO/xG5g\ / eG5g\, …efO, ltdLnfO{ d s] lbpmF < of] u/La slj s] lbg ;S5 / <Ú bf}ntljqmd klg ?Fb} na{/fpFb} eG5g\, … …tF dxfg\ xf];\ s6'jfn, tF slxNo} db}{g;\, slxNo}===g/f] Û g/f] ÛÚÚ bLks hËdsf] :j/sf tL uLt ;'Gbf cr]n hlxn] klg d afnfh'sf] Tof] sf?l0fs / Åbo:kzL{ b[Zo ;DemG5' clg d]/f] dg pbf; x'G5 . hf8f] dlxgfsf] s'g} /ft, & –* ah]sf] a]nf . ljgf]b bLlIft / d gofF ;8slt/af6 kmls{/x]sf x'G5f}+ . /Tgkfs{ k'u]kl5 b]V5f}+ k]6Lsf] 5]pdf dfG5] em'lDd/x]sf Û pT;'stfn] x]g{ k'U5f}+ ToxfF, s6'jfn nv{/fpFb} s] s] aa{/fO/x]sf x'G5g\ . k]6Lsf] 808L ;dft]/ pleg vf]H5g\, t/ ;Qm}gg\ . of] qmd rln/xG5 . pgn] b]Vnfg\ eGg] 8/n] xfdL c;d~h;df kb}{ lyof}+ . Tof] xfntdf s6'jfn;Fu ;fj{hlgs ¿kn] kl/lrt x'g xfdLnfO{ ;ª\sf]r nflu/x]Yof] . xfdL klG5g vf]lh/x]Yof}+ . x7ft\ s6'jfnsf cfFvf xfdLdf kl/xfn] Û pgL xfdLlt/ nDsg vf]h]Ù t/ n8] . xfdLn] p7fpg afWo x'g}k¥of] . pgnfO{ n}hfg 6\ØfS;L /f]Sg vf]Hof}+, t/ Tof] xfnt b]v]/ s;}n] /f]s]gg\ . aNntNn Pp6f 8«fOe/n] /f]Sof]Ù t}klg hfg eg] dfg]g . s6'jfnn] na{/fpFb} eg] – … …kf]lvP/ 3fdsf] em'Nsf=====eGg] uLt n]Vg] d} x'F, d slj x'F, dnfO{ k'¥ofOb]p efO ÛÚÚ geGb} rdTsf/} eof] –To;n] s6'jfnnfO{ n}hfg dfGof] Û xfdLn] pgnfO{ k'tnL;8ssf] 8]/fdf k'¥ofof}+ . dfly pSng dfg]gg\ ., d cfkm}+ hfG5' eg]/ c •L lnP . clg xfdL 3/ kms]{sf lyof}+ . @)#& j}zfv ;'?s} s'g} lbg . s6'jfn gofF;8s kLknaf]6df e]l6G5g\ . xfdL df]tLdxndf lrof vfg hfG5f}+ . vNtLaf6 s'g} sfuh lemSt} pgL eG5g\, … … …/rgfÚsf] e}/j cÍnfO{ d]/f] of] Pp6f ;fgf] ;Demf}6f] ÛÚÚ clg e}/j;Fu lat]sf] ctLt ;Demb} pgL eG5g\, … …d[To'nfO{ p;}n] h:tf] 74
cFufnf}+ em}+ nfU5 slxn]sfxL+, t/ afUdtLdf x}g, afUdtLn] t dnfO{ c6fpg} rfx]g . d]/f] lgoltdf a|Xdk'q g} /x]5 Sof/ ÛÚÚ pgL la/fdL k/]/ c;d hfg] a]nf d sf7df8f}+ aflx/} lyPF . df]tL dxnsf] Tof] e]6 g} pgL;Fu clGtd e]6 x'g uof] . geGb} s6'jfn cfkm"nfO{ la;fpg a|Xdk'qlt/} nfu] Û ;+of]u s:tf] kg{ uof] eg] e}/jsf] d[To'af/] s6'jfnn] n]v]sf] ;+:d/0f pgsf] klg d[To' e};s]kl5 lg:s]sf] …/rgfÚ e}/j cÍ @ df k|sflzt eof] Û uxgfkf]v/L, 6Ëfn, sf7df8f}+
c;dsf g]kfnL dlxnf ;flxTosf/ nLnf n'OF6]n
!= kl/ro M ljifok|j]z 1fg, lj1fg, k|ljlw, ljrf/ / lrGtgsf If]qdf ljZj knkn kl/jt{g x'Fb} PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf clwsf+z blIf0f Pl;ofnL dlxnfx¿ ce}m dWoo'uLg aa{/tf / kfzljstfsf] l;sf/ alg/x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf k|rlnt sltko wfld{s, ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts lqmofsnfkx¿ dlxnfx¿nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kn] cjd"Nog ug{] vfnsf b]lvG5g\ . PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf k|rlnt dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ r'gf}tL lb+b} dfgjLo d"Nosf] ;d]t pkxf; ul//x]sf sltko dlxnf lj/f]wL lqmofsnfkx¿ lzlIft tyf ;Eo sxlnPsfx¿sf] ;dfhdf clxn] klg h/f] uf8]/ al;/x]sf 5g\ . n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf cf/If0f / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f s]xL ;do otf o; If]qdf ;jf{lws rrf{df /x]sf zAbx¿ x'g\ . wtL{sf] cfwf cfsfz cf]u6\g] dlxnfx¿sf] kIfdf clu ;fl/Psf ljZj:t/Lo o:tf cjwf/0ffx¿ o; If]qdf rflx+ g]tfx¿sf efif0f, tf/] xf]6nsf uf]i7L, 8n/sf] v]tL, ;8s cfGbf]ng, kqklqsfsf :tDe, r'gfjL cleofgsf d;nf tyf ljkIfL bnx¿n] ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w ubf{ dfq p7fOg] ;Gbe{df ;Lldt kfl/Psf 5g\ . o; If]qdf ;/sf/L :t/af6 ;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf dlxnf ljsf;;DaGwL clwsf+z sfo{x¿ b]zsfn ;fk]If geP/ cGt/f{li6«o hut\df ;/sf/L OHht wfGg'kg{] afWotfsf] pkh b]lvG5 . dlxnf lj/f]wL sltko cjwf/0ff o; If]qsf] ;femf ;d:of eP klg ef/tLo g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ cem yk ;d:ofaf6 u'lh|/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . pgLx¿n] a]nfa]nfdf hftLo klxrfgsf] ;ª\s6 klg ef]Ug'k/]sf] oyfy{ ;a}sf ;fd' 5n{ª\u 5 . o:t}o:tf cg]sf}+ r'gf}tLk"0f{ cj:yfx¿s} dfemaf6 ef/tLo g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ JolQmut k|of;d} ;dfhdf cf ˆgf] kl/ro k|:t't ug{ / cGt/f{li6«o hut\df ;d]t cf ˆgf] 5ljnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;Ifd b]lvPsf 5g\ . cf ˆgf] kl/ro k|:t't ug{] qmddf sltko ef/tLo dlxnfn] ;flxTo l;h{gfnfO{ klg dfWod agfPsf] kfOG5 . ;Lldt 1fgsf] If]q, cgfjZos / emGeml6nf kfl/jfl/s tyf ;f+:sfl/s bfloTjx¿n] dlxnfsf] l;h{gwld{tfnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfg{] 68\sf/f] l:ylt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ef/tLo g]kfnL dlxnf ;h{sx¿af6 lg/Gt/ ¿kn] ljleGg ljwfsf j[mltx¿ l;h{gf x'g' :jfutof]Uo / k|z+;gLo sfo{ xf] . @= ljifolj:tf/ M c;d If]qsf dlxnf ;flxTosf/ k|:t't n]vdf c;d eGgfn] k|zf;lgs b[li6n] ljeflht jt{dfg c;d /fHo geP/ ;Dk"0f{ pQ/k"jL{ ef/tnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . /fhg}lts Pj+ k|zf;lgs ljefhgsf b[li6n] xfn c;d If]qdf c;d, d]3fno, gfufNofG8, dl0fk'/, c?0ffrn, lqk'/f / ldhf]/d u/L ;ft /fHosf] ;d"x /x]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnLx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] a'lemG5 . o;} If]qdf a;f]af; u/L g]kfnL 75
efiffdf snd rnfP/ sDtLdf Pp6f k':ts k|sflzt ePsf dlxnf ;flxTosf/sf] ljj/0fd"ns kl/ro j0ff{g'qmdsf cfwf/df o; n]vdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cgfldsf cgfldsf /fO{sf] hGd ;g\ !(^@ d] !! df bflh{lnªdf ePsf] xf] . logn] Pd\=P=, aL=P8\= ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . s]xL ;do bflh{lnª ;/sf/L dxfljBfnodf lzIf0f u/]sL cgfldsfn] kl5Nnf] ;dodf d]3fnosf] dbfg njfg g]kfnL :s'ndf cWofkg u/]sf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . ljleGg ;dodf cfof]lht lgaGw k|ltof]lutfdf b'O{k6s k'/:s[t ePsL logn] l;lSsddf cfof]lht syf n]vg k|ltof]lutfdf t];|f] k'/:sf/ klg k|fKt u/]sL x'g\ . cgfldsf /fO{sf cGtå{Gå -;g\ @)))_ / gLns07 -;g\ @))!_ u/L b'O{j6f sljtf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ eg] syfofqf -;g\ @))@_ zLif{ssf] syf ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt 5 . o'uLg ljs[lt, lj;ª\ultk|lt Joª\Uo k|xf/ ul/Psf cgfldsfsf sljtfdf jt{dfg ;dodf dfgjLo d"No vl:sb} uPsf]df lrGtf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg ljZjdf JofKt xTof, cftª\s tyf o'4sf] lj?4df cfjfh p7fOPsf logsf sljtfdf zflGtsf] rfxgf d'vl/t 5 . gf/Lsf ljljw ¿ksf] rrf{ ub{} pgLx¿k|lt >4fefjsf] k|s6Ls/0f kfOg] logsf sljtfdf gf/L cl:dtfsf] vf]hL klg ul/Psf] 5 . k"j{jtL{ ;flxTosf/k|lt ;Ddfg efj k|s6 ul/Psf logsf sljtfdf efg'eQm, n]vgfy, b]jsf]6f, ;d, ljqmdjL/ yfkf, cudl;+x lu/L cflb cu|h ;flxTosf/k|lt >4fefj cleJol~ht 5 . cem efg'eQmnfO{ cfnDag agfP/ n]lvPsf logsf y'k|} sljtfdf o'uLg a]lylt, ljs[lt cflbnfO{ xf:oJoª\UofTds kf/fn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cfzf/fgL /fO{ ;g\ !(#% h'nfO{ !# df dl0fk'/sf] ODkmfndf hGd]sL cfzf/fgL /fO{n] aL=P= ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . cf;fd /fOkmN;df cWofkg sfo{df ;+nUg /x]sL logsf] clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo pkfWoIf, dl0fk'/ /fHo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] ;efklt, ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifb\sf] jl/i7 k|ltlglw ;b:o, dl0fk'/ g]kfnL dlxnf ;ª\3sf] ;~rfns, dl0fk'/ g]kfnL 5fq ;ª\3sf] pkb]i6f cflb ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfdf ;lqmotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfzf/fgL /fO{sf /rgfx¿ @)@) sf] bzsb]lv g} kqklqsfdf k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf x'g\ . logsf] od låtLof -;g\ !(((_ gfds syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . o;sf cltl/lQm logn] …lj/f6;efÚ zLif{ssf] Psfª\sL klg n]v]sf] kfOG5 . gf/Lsf] ;xgzLn k|j[lQ, Tofu, cufw kltelQmsf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf syfx¿df k'?ifsf] bDeL, x7L / :j]R5frf/L k|j[lQsf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhdf JofKt cGwljZjf; / hftLo lje]bsf] cGTo tyf ;dfh ;'wf/ / hftLo ;Ddfgsf] hu]gf{ ug'{kg]{ efjgf d'vl/t ePsf logsf sltko syfdf cfbz{jfbL :j/ klg cleJol~ht 5 . ef/tsf] ;'b"/k"j{ dfl0fk'/sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df n]lvPsf logsf syfdf k|o'Qm efiffdf sxL+ sxL+ Jofs/0fut q'l6 klg kfOG5 . OGb' k|efb]jL OGb'k|efb]jL ;g\ !(^( clk|n ! sf lbg zf]l0ftk'/, c;ddf hGd]sL x'g\ . logn] c;dLofdf Pd\=P= u/L kL=Pr\=8L= pkflw klg xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . !((* b]lv aL= a?jf sn]h c;ddf c;dLof efiff;flxTo k|fWofkg/t logL c;d n]lvsf ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf] ;b:osf ;fy} ;flxTo ef/tLdf klg ;+nUg b]lvlG5g\ . cf ˆgf] ;flxTo ofqfdf xl/eQm s6'jfn :d[lt k'/:sf/åf/f k'/:s[t Pj+ ;Ddflgt logsf] ;kgfsf] h/f] klxNofpFb} -@))&_ zLif{s sljtf s[lt k|sflzt 5 . o;sf 76
cltl/Qm logn] rf}wf}+ ztfAbLsf c;dLof slj dfwj s8fFlnhsf] /fdfo0f -cof]Wofsf08_ sf] cg'jfb klg u/]sL 5g\ . 5f]6f5f]6f ;+/rgfsf sljtf l;h{gfdf ?lr /fVg] OGb'k|efb]jLsf sljtfdf dft[Tjsf] dlxdfufg ul/Psf] 5 . gf/Lsf ljljw ¿kn] ef]Ug'kg{] kL8fsf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf sljtfdf gf/L zf]if0f / pTkL8gsf] lj/f]w Joª\UofTds kf/fn] ul/Psf] 5 . hLjg / d[To'sf] bf];fFwdf ;ª\3if{/t dfG5]sf] lg/LxkgnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf sljtfdf k|s[lt / dfgjsf aLrsf] cGt;{DaGwnfO{ klg s]nfOPsf] 5 . c;dLof hghLjgsf] kl/j]z lrlqt logsf sljtfdf c;d]nL ;+:s[lt, nf]ssyf, bGTosyf, nf]sf]lQm cflb ;Gbe{x¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf 5g\ .. uLtf pkfWofo ;g\ !(#( k]ma|'c/L !$ df c;dsf] zf]l0ftk'/df hlGdPsL uLtf pkfWofon] /fhgLlt zf:qdf Pd\=P= u/]sL 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd lzj;fu/ sn]h, c;ddf k|fWofkg ;]jfdf ;+nUg logn] g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dsf] cWoIf kbdf /x]/ sfo{ ul/;s]sL 5g\ . c;dLof n]lvsf ;+:yfsf] cWoIf, ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3, c;d zfvfsf] cWoIf, c;d ;flxTo ;efsf] ;b:oh:tf kbdf /x]/ logn] ;flxTosf] ;]jfdf cfk"mnfO{ ;lqmo /fv]sL 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} logL c;dLof efiffsf] k|ultzLn dlxnf klqsf hf]gfsf] sf6sf] cfhLjg ;b:o klg /x]sL 5g\ . ;flxlTos ;+:yfafx]s ;j{ef/tLo /fhgLlt lj1fg, ;]jf ;fwgf, xl/x/ wfd pGgog ;ldlt cflb u}/;flxlTos ;+:yfx¿df klg logsf] ;lqmotf plQs} ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv l;h{gf tyf cg'jfbsf If]qaf6 ;flxTo ;fwgfdf nflu/x]sL uLtf pkfWofo ljleGg k'/:sf/ Pj+ ;Ddfgaf6 k'/:s[t tyf ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . kb\dk|;fb 9'ª\ufgf ;flxTo k'/:sf/ -@))!_ af6 k'/:s[t logL !% cu:6 @))# b]lv c;d ;/sf/åf/f ;flxlTos k]G;g k|fKt JolQmTj x'g\ . o;sf ;fy} l;lSsd csfbdLsf] ;DdfgLo ;b:o -@))&_ sf ¿kdf dgf]gLt logL kfl/hft :d[lt ;flxTo ldt]/L ;Ddfg -@))&_, k'mnrGb| v08]njfn ;+xlt k'/:sf/ @))(_, 8f= gLlndfbQ :d[lt cg'jfb k'/:sf/ -@))(_, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL ;Ddfg -@)!)_, nfndfg ;~r/fgL :d[lt ;flxlTos k'/:sf/ -@)!)_ h:tf ljleGg k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t Pj+ ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv ;flxTo ;fwgfdf nfu]sL uLtf pkfWofosf] xfn;Dd cfVofg cGtu{t syf~hnL -;g\ @))%_ zLif{s syf ;ª\u|x / cfdf d kmf:6 ePF -;g\ !((*_ zLif{s, afnpkGof; k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . logsf dGbflsgL / cnsgGbfsf] tL/}tL/ s]bf/ ab|L;Dd -;g\ @))#, ofqf ;+:d/0f_, dxfk'?if zª\s/b]j hLjg / sd{ -;g\ @))#_ Pg k|]mGs afNosfndf -;g\ @))(_ gfds s[lt klg k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . l;h{gfTds n]vgsf cltl/Qm cg'jfb sfo{df logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . logn] Pg k|]mGssf] 8fo/L -;g\ !(&@_, b/af/sL ;';f/] -;g\ @))*_, cleofqL -;g\ @)!)_ h:tf ljleGg efiffsf s[ltnfO{ g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb u/]sL 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm logn] c;dLof gf/L sljsf c;dLof sljtf -;g\ @))#_ tyf 6ª\sgfy pkfWofosf] df}lns /rgfh:tf s[ltsf] ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . dfly pNn]v ul/Pafx]s uLtf pkfWofosf c;dLof efiffdf ljleGg ljwfsf P3f/j6f k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . logsf] cfdf d kmf:6 ePF ;Gt'lnt ef]hgsf ljifodf afnaflnsfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] p2]Zoåf/f clek|]l/t s[lt xf] . logsf] ofqf ;+:d/0f dGbflsgL / cnsgGbfsf] tL/}tL/ s]bf/ ab|L;Dddf g]kfn, ef/t / cGo b]zdf ul/Psf] e|d0f –;+:d/0fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf b]vfkg{] ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf syfdf dgf]lj1fgsf] :kz{ klg 77
kfOG5 . c;dsf] ;xl/of kl/j]zsf] lrq0f kfOg] logsf syfdf tT;d zAbsf ;fy} c;dLof zAbsf] k|of]u ;xh ¿kdf ul/Psf] 5 . uLtf lnDa" uLtf lnDa"sf] hGd !$ clk|n !(^$ df c;dsf] uf]nf3f6 eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . aL=P= ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL logsf laxfgL -;g\ @))*_ sljtf ;ª\u|x tyf a'9fafsf] 5ftf -;g\ @))#_ zLif{s syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . uf]df zdf{ ;g\ !($@ d] @$ df c;dsf] u'jfxf6Ldf uf]df zdf{sf] hGd ePsf] xf] . c;d uf]vf{ ;Dd]ngsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o tyf g]kfnL ;ª\uLt laGb', phfg ahf/sf] kl/rfnssf] ¿kdf /x]/ sfd u/]sL logL s6'jfn :d[lt u|Gy k|sfzg ;ldlt Pj+ clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldltsf] /flHos ;ldltsf] pk;efg]qL klg ePsL x'g\ . g]kfnL dlGb/ k|aGws ;ldltsf] ;efg]qLsf ;fy} chGtf cf6{ P;f]l;P;g, u'jfxf6Lsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:osf ¿kdf ;lqmo logL c;dLof dlxnf ;ldlt phfgahf/sf] pk;efg]qL tyf u'jfxf6L lax' ;lGdngsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o klg ePsL lyOg\ . g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ c;dsf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;efsf] pk;efg]qLh:tf kbdf /x]/ klg sfd ug'{sf cltl/Qm logn] g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tg / g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf] pk;efg]qL eP/ cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3, c;dsf] dlxnf k|sf]i7sf] cWoIf, zdf{ efUof]bo g]kfnL rnlrq lgb{]lzsf l;lnu'9Lsf] k|ltlglw ;b:o klg /x]sL x'g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv uLt n]vg tyf ufogdf ;+nUg logsf ltd|f] lglDt -!(*^_ sljtf ;ª\u|x tyf ltd|f] k|]/0ffn] -!(*^_ uLt ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . o;sf cltl/lQm efg':d[lt u|Gy -!((#_ sf] ;Dkfbgdf klg logsf] ljz]if ;lqmotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] c;dLof efiffdf k|sflzt a|Xddk'q/ k/f afUdtLnf]O{ -!((&_ klg logn] ;Dkfbg u/]sL 5g\ . ;'eb|fs'df/L rf}xfg hGdztfAbL ;Ddfg, ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifb\åf/f efiff ;]gfgL ;Ddfg, u'~hg kl/jf/ -sf7df8f}+_, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ -lj/f6gu/_ a[xQ/ u'jfxf6L efg' hoGtL ;df/f]x ;ldlt, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ -c;d_, g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tg -u'jfxf6L_, g]kfnL dlGb/ k|aGw ;ldlt, chGtf cf6{ P;f]l;P;g, g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tg, c;dL lax' ;ldlt -u'jfxf6L_, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL ;Ddfg sf7df8f}+_, ldt]/L :jfut ;Ddfg -sf7df8f}+_, jf0fL k'/:sf/ -lj/f6gu/_ h:tf g]kfn / ef/t b'j}tk{msf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 logL ;Ddflgt Pj+ cleglGbt klg 5g\ . rGb|snf g]jf/ lj=;+= !((( kf}if !^ ut], l8uaf]O{, c;ddf hGd]sL rGb|snf g]jf/n] cfO{=P= cWoog k"/f u/]sL 5g\ . P=cf]=;L=:s"n, l8uaf]Odf s]xL ;do cWofkg u/]sL logn] cn OlG8of /]l8of]df k|z:t uLtx¿ klg ufPsL x'g\ . o'y sfª\u|]; l8uaf]O{ zfvfsf] HjfOG6 ;]qm]6/Lsf] sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]sL logL g]kfnL efiff cfGbf]ngdf cToGt ;lqmo ¿kn] nfu]sL JolQmTj x'g\ . ef/tLo hggf6Ø ;+:yfsf] ;]qm]6/L;Dd /x]sL logL xfn g]kfndf a;f]af; ul//x]sL 5g\ . logL ldt]/L g]kfnsf] cWoIf, jfz'zlz k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] ;b:o, 8S6;{ jfOE; P;f]l;P;gsf] ;b:o x'gfsf ;fy} u'~hgsf] ;+:yfks pkfWoIf klg ePsL x'g\ . clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;ª\3af6 cfof]lht syf k|ltof]lutfdf ddtf syfdf k|yd k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sL rGb|sfnf g]jf/ c;d k|ultzLn ;flxTo snf ;+udåf/f ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm nf]slk|of k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t logL ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfåf/f ;Ddflgt Pj+ cleglGbt klg eO;s]sL 5g\ . 78
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf snd rnfpg] rGb|snf g]jf/sf ddtf -lj=;+=@)@@_ / ;fF3'/f] w/ftn -lj=;+=@)^@_ u/L b'O{ syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ eg] rqmJo"x -lj=;+=@)%)_ / oflznfnfO{ d]/f] cfh -lj=;+=@)^@_ zLif{s b'O{ sljtf ;ª\u|xsf ;fy} t[i0ffsf] nx/L -lj=;+=@)^@_ uLt ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt 5g\ . logsf ;Ltfsf] jgjf; / g]kfnL hLjg gfds gf6s /]l8of]af6 k|;fl/t x'g'sf ;fy} Pp6f uLlt PNad klg ;fj{hlgs ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . n]vgofqfsf] k"jf{w{df c;ddf a;f]af; u/]sL / kl5 g]kfn cfP/ ;flxTo l;h{gfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sL x'gfn] rGb|snf g]jf/nfO{ ef/tLo g]kfnL / g]kfnL b'j}lt/sf ;flxTodf rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . logsf syfdf d"ntM gf/Ldfly k'?ifn] ug]{ cGofo, cTofrf/, b'/frf/, zf]if0f cflbnfO{ ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] 5 . ljwjfdfly lu2]b[li6 /fv]/ of}gzf]if0f ug{] tyf gf/LnfO{ ef]usf] ;fwg dfq 7fGg] k'?ifsf] :jfyL{, cf8Da/L / kfv08L rl/qnfO{ logsf syfdf :jfefljs 9ª\udf b]vfOPsf] 5 . logsf syfdf gf/Lsf b'/j:yf, kL8f, c;Gt'li6, ljjztf cflbsf] k|:t'ltsf qmddf k'?ifsf] k|ltj"mn rl/qnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . gf/Lleq /x]sf] zfZjt rLh dft[Tjsf] lrq0f klg rGb|snfsf syfdf kfOG5 . ;GtfgljxLg gf/Lk|ltsf] ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf syfdf k'?ifsf jf;gfsf] kl/0fltn] ubf{ cfdf aGg k'u]sL kLl8t gf/Lsf] lrTsf/ / tgfjnfO{ klg b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;/L gf/Ln] ef]Ug'kg]{ ljljw k|sf/sf kL8fnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf cf ˆgf syfx¿df logn] kL8faf6 cfxt ePsf gf/Lx¿sf] r]tg tyf cjr]tg dgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]sL 5g\ . gf/L dgf]ljZn]if0fsf qmddf logn] k|j[mltsf] ;xf/f lnO{ cyf{t\ k|j[mltlrq0f u/L syfnfO{ yk dfld{s, k|efjsf/L / hLjGt t'NofPsL 5g\ . o; qmddf logn] cf ˆgf sltko syfdf hLjg;DaGwL cfTdb[li6sf]0f;d]t k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . rGb|snf g]jf/sf syfdf gf/Lsf kL8f dfq geO{ k|]ldsfsf] d[To'af6 cfxt o'jssf] JoyfnfO{ k|:t'ltsf ;fy} kTgLaf6 kLl8t kltsf] klg lrq0f dfld{s 9ª\un] ul/Psf] 5 . logsf ;'?sf syfdf c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjgsf] kl/j]z lrlqt 5 eg] kl5Nnf] ;dosf syfdf sf7df8f}sf] kl/j]z lrlqt 5 . d'VotM k'?ifsf] cTofrf/ ef]u]/ kL8fo'Qm hLjg afFRg ljjz gf/Lsf sf?l0fs oyfy{nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 logsf syf clek|]l/t b]lvG5g\ . k/Dkl/t z}nLdf syf n]Vg] g]jf/sf syfsf] efiffz}nLo ljGof; sltko 7fpFdf Jofs/l0fs b[li6n] q'l6k"0f{ eP klg ;/n 5 . b}jsLb]jL ltdl;gf /f}tf, c;ddf hGd]sL b}jsL b]jLn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf :gftsf]Q/ u/]sL 5g\ . lq=lj= df cWoog/t /xFbf ef/tLo ljBfyL{ ;ª\3sf] sf]iffWoIf ePsL logL c;d g]kfnL ljBfyL{ ;ª\3 b/ª lhNnf zfvfsf] ;efg]qL klg ePsL x'g\ . ;ltof dxfljBfno zf]l0ftk'/sf] g]kfnL ljefudf k|jQmfsf ¿kdf sfo{/t logL ;]jf ;fwgf ;+:yf rfFbdf/Lsf] ;b:o, gf/L ;flxTo ;+:s[lt ljsf; d~r rfFbdf/L zfvfsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIf, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\ t]hk'/ zfvfsf] pkfWoIf, g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ;'/Iff kl/ifb\, c;dsf] ;flxTo ;lrj klg eO;s]sL 5g\ . of]u k|lzIfssf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt logn] ;+:s[lt ;'ifdfsf] ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . lj=;+= @)^^ sf] ldt]/L ;Ddfgaf6 ;Ddflgt logsf] ltd|f] :yfg sxfF 5 < -;g\ @)!)_ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . gof b]jL gof b]jLsf] hGd ;g\ !($@ d] ! df laxfnL, c;ddf ePsf] xf] . logn] aL=P= ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd laxfnL xfO{ :s'n tyf t]hk'/ ;/sf/L pRrt/ dfWolds aflnsf ljBfnodf cWofkg sfo{df ;+nUg logL xfn ;]jflgj[Q hLjg ofkg ul//x]sL 5g\ . 79
k'iknfn cWoog uf]i7L tyf dlxnf ;ldlt g]kfnLkl§ tyf lji0f'nfn pkfWofo :d[ltu|Gy k|0fog ;ldltdf logsf] ljz]if ;lqmotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . logsf o'u;lGw -;g\ @))@_ tyf sf};Nof -;g\ @))^_ gfds b'O{j6f cf}kGofl;s s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ eg] cGgk"0ff{ zLif{s s[lt klg k|sflzt 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm logsf k'm6s/ syfx¿ ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . kfl/jfl/s j[Qdf n]lvPsf gof b]jLsf pkGof;df c;dembf/Lsf sf/0f x'g] kfl/jfl/s lj36gnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . kfl/jfl/s ;dembf/Ln] kl/jf/ / ;dfh ;'vb / cfgGbbfoL x'G5 / c;demfbf/Ln] b'3{6gf x'g uO{ kl/jf/ ktgsf] vf8ndf hflsP/ cToGt b'vb / qf;b l:yltsf] l;h{gf x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff cleJoQm logsf pkGof;df gf/L lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . d"n ¿kdf cg's"n ;xefuLsf] ;dfj]z kfOg] gof b]jLsf pkGof;df k|lts"n ;xefuLx¿ ktgsf] vf8ndf k/]/ c ˆgf] aaf{bL ef]Ug k'u]sf 5g\ . juL{o ;xefuLsf] pkl:ylt kfOg] logsf pkGof;df c;d]nL u|fdL0f kl/j]z lrlqt 5 . lgDg dWodjuL{o kfl/jfl/s j[Qdf 3'd]sf logsf pkGof;df b'vfGt / ;'vfGt b'j} jftfj/0fsf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . c;dembf/L tyf dgd'6fjsf] cGTo ub{} ;'vL / cfbz{ kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0fsf] rfxgfsf ;fy gf/L lzIffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ b]vfpg' logsf] cf}kGofl;s ceLi6 xf] . t[tLok'?if b[li6laGb' / j0f{gfTds z}nLdf ;+/lrt logsf pkGof;sf] efiff ;/n tyf c;d]nL g]kfnL eflifsfaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] 5 . dfof 7j'm/L lj=;+= @))$ c;f/ !* ut] ef/tsf] nvgpdf hGd]sL dfof 7s'/Ln] aL=P= ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/L zf:qLo ;ª\uLtdf h'lgo/ l8Knf]df klg u/]sL 5g\ . cf ˆgf] ;flxTo ofqfsf] cluNnf] ;dodf d]3fnosf] l;nfªdf ;lqmo /x]sL logL kl5Nnf] ;dodf g]kfndf /xL ljz]if ¿kn] syf l;h{gfdf lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sL 5g\ . ljleGg ljBfnodf cWofkg u/]sL logL xfn g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] k|f1 ;efdf ;b:o tyf ;dsfnLg ;flxTo klqsfsf] ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;b:o klg /x]sL 5g\ . /Tg>L :j0f{ kbs, d}gfnL syf k'/:sf/, lzIff k'/:sf/, lvn zdf{ –/fhLjnf]rg hf]zL :df/s k'/:sf/, d}gf k'/:sf/, cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfhåf/f ;jf{]Ts[i6 k':ts k'/:sf/ cflb ljleGg k'/:sf/åf/f k'/:s[t logL y'k|} ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 ;Ddflgt Pj+ cleglGbt klg ePsL 5g\ . logsf gh'/]sf] hf]8L -@)#)_, udnfsf] k"mn -@)##_, ;fF3' t/]kl5 -@)#(_, rf}tf/f] ;fIfL 5 @)$^_, dfof 7j'm/Lsf syfx¿ -@)$*_, cfdf Û hfg'xf];\ -@)^$_ h:tf syf ;ª\u|xsf cltl/Qm OGb|wg'if gfds uLt ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt 5 . logn] afnsyfsf k"mnaf/L tyf gfgLx¿nfO{ sf];]nLsf] ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . ;dfhdf JofKt /f]u, ef]s, ul/aL, cGwljZjf;, zf]if0f, k|0fo h:tf ljljw JolQmut, kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhsh:tf ljljw kIfsf] oyfy{d"ns k|:t'lt kfOg] dfof 7j'm/Lsf syfdf gf/Lsf ljleGg ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ljz]if :yfg lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljleGg pd]/, cj:yf / ju{sf gf/Lx¿n] ef]Ug'k/]sf b'/j:yf, cGofo, cTofrf/, b'/frf/, kL8f, cefj, c;Gt'li6, ljjztf, j'm07f, lg/fzf, tgfp, lj;ª\ult cflb cg]s kIfx¿sf] lrq0f logsf syfdf ul/Psf] 5 . logn] o:tf zf]if0f lj?4 cfjfh p7fpgfsf] ;§f gf/Lsf] b'v ;xg;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sL 5g\ . d"ntM gf/L;'ne ;/n, sf]dn, s?0f Pj+ efj's kIfx¿sf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf s]xL syfdf o'uLg kl/l:yltcg';f/ gf/Lx¿ cf ˆgf] cl:dtfk|lt s]xL dfqfdf ;r]t eP klg clwsf+ztM ;xgzLn k|j[lQtkm{ a9L e'msfj /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sltko syfx¿ t knfogtkm{ ;d]t pGd'v ePsf 5g\ . logsf syfdf gf/Lk|lt 3[0ff / ckdfg geP/ ;Ddfg / >4f k|s6 ug'{kg]{ b[li6sf]0f clu ;fl/Psf] 5 . logsf 80
kl5Nnf ;dosf s]xL syfdf rflx+ gf/Lsf] ;xgzLneGbf ljb|f]xL ¿ksf] k|:t'ltsf ;fy gf/L cl:dtfsf] vf]hL ub{} gf/LjfbL cjwf/0ffnfO{ clu ;fl/Psf] 5 . logsf ;'?;'?sf syfdf d'Vo ¿kdf c;dsf] g]kfnL ;dfh / lj=;+= @)#! kl5sf clwsf+z syfx¿df g]kfnleqs} dWodjuL{o ;xl/of kl/j]z lrlqt 5 . d'GgL ;fksf]6f d'GgL ;fksf]6fsf] hGd ;g\ @% gf]e]Da/ !(%) df u'jfxf6Ldf ePsf] xf] . k|j]lzsf;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL logL] lxGbLdf k|af]w, g]kfnLdf ;flxTo e"if0f x'gfsf ;fy} h]=aL=6L= k|fKt JolQm x'g\ . a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfnosf] k|fylds zfvfdf k|wfgcWofkssf] ¿kdf sfd u/]sL logsf] ;xeflutf xfd|f] ;okqL kl/jf/df klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . !(&$ b]lv g} clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt dfnLufpFsf] ;lqmo ;b:o /x]sL logL g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dsf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv ;lqmo ;b:osf ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . b]jsf]6fgu/ dlxnf ;ldltsf] ;+:yfks ;efklt klg ePsL logL g/tg ;f/ly ;ª\uLt ljBfnosf] ;b:o ePsL 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} b]jsf]6fgu/, g]kfnL dlGb/ k|aGw ;ldlt, a8fufpF g]kfnL dfWolds ljBfno ;~rfng ;ldlt, a8fufpF g]kfnL pRr ljBfno ;~rfng ;ldlt, dfnLufpF ljBfno lzIfs s]Gb|, u'jfxf6L !) jf8{ lzIff ;ldlt cflb ljleGg ;+:yfdf ;b:osf ¿kdf logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfno ;~rfng ;ldltsf] ;b:o ;lrj eP/ sfo{ u/]sL logL c;d n]lvsf ;ª\3 tyf g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dsf] cfhLjg ;b:o klg x'g\ . afnklqsf k"mnaf/Lsf] ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg logL /]l8of] u'jfxf6Lsf] g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf lgoldt jftf{sf/sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt 5g\ . clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt, dfnLufpF, ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifb\, l;lSsd, clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt, c;d /fHo zfvf, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, dfnLufpF zfvf, g/tg ;f/yL, g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb\, c;dh:tf y'k|} ;ª\;+:yfaf6 ljleGg ;dodf ;Ddflgt logL c;d ;/sf/af6 sLlt{ lzIfs k'/:sf/ tyf ef/t ;/sf/sf] /fli6«o sLlt{ lzIfs k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t klg ePsL 5g\ . ;flxTo csfbdLsf] n]vg e|d0f cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ ;kmn logL ;flxTo csfbdLsf] cg'jfb k'/:sf/sf lglDt h'/L ;b:odf dgf]gLt klg ePsL x'g\ . d'GgL ;fksf]6fsf syf k"mnaf/L -;g\ @))!_ tyf aNn a'l4 knfof] -;g\ @))%_ u/L b'O{j6f afnsyf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . c;dLof dlxnf sljx¿sf sljtf -;g\ @))@_ df logsf] ;kmn cg'jfbsnf b]lvG5 . logsf s]xL /rgf kf7\ok':tsdf klg ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm ef/tLo g]kfnL gf/Ln]vg, ef/tLo g]kfnL syf, History & Culture of Assamese, Nepali Children literature in Assam df logsf syf / n]vx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ . d}gf yfkf …cfzfÚ ;g\ !(%@ hgj/L @$ df u'jfxf6L, c;ddf hGd]sL d}gf yfkf …cfzfÚ n] :gfts;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd cWofkg ;]jfdf ;+nUg logn] k|wfgfWofkssf] kbdf klg /x]/ sfd ug'{sf ;fy} kqsfl/tfdf klg logsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTo snf lgs]tgsf] cWoIf eP/ sfd u/]sL logL g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef tyf ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3 c;d /fHo zfvfsf] pkfWoIf klg ePsL x'g\ . logL eLd/fj cDa]8s/ k'/:sf/ tyf /flHos lzIfs k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t eO;s]sL 5g\ eg] g]kfnaf6 u'~hg ;|i6f ;Ddfg, dxfslj b]jsf]6f ztfAbL k'/:sf/ tyf ldt]/L :jfut ;Ddfgåf/f ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . logsf] s:t"/L -;g\ @)))_ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt 5 eg] lxGbL efiffdf /hgLuGwf -;g\ !(%%_ sljtf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . 81
lxGbL / g]kfnL efiffdf ;dfg ¿kn] snd rnfpg] d}gf yfkfsf sljtfdf jt{dfg ljZjdf JofKt hflte]b, efiff e]bsf sf/0f x'guPsf] ;ª\3if{sf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . o'4hGo kl/j]zsf sf/0f pTkGg czfGt kl/l:ylt lrlqt logsf sljtfdf zflGtsf] :yfkgfsf nflu cfXjfg ug'{sf ;fy} sljsf] snddf ckf/ zlQm lglxt x'g] efj d'vl/t 5 . sljtfdf bfOhf]sf] lgx'Fdf a'xf/L g} hnfpg] s's[Tosf] lj/f]wdf cfjfh p7fpFb} bfOhf] k|yfsf] lj/f]wdf nfUg ;a}nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] 5 . ljljw k|sf/sf gf/L zf]if0f tyf pTkL8gsf] k|:t'lt kfOg] logsf sljtfdf gf/L lj/f]wL ultljlwsf] lj?4 gf/L ljb|f]xnfO{ ;ª\s]tfTds kf/fn] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} logsf sljtfdf a]/f]huf/L ;d:of tyf hLjgsf] Ifl0fstf klg cleJol~ht 5 . l/h' b]jL l/h' b]jL ;g\ !(&* h'g #) tfl/vsf lbg t]hk'/df hGd]sL x'g\ . logn] c;dLofdf Pd\=P= u/]sL 5g\ . ufog, uLt n]vg / clegodf ?lr /fVg] logL c;d uf]vf{ ;Dd]ng t]hk'/ lhNnf ;ldltsf] pk;efg]ts [ f ;fy} c;d gf6\o ;Dd]ng a8emf/ zfvfsf] ;fª\u7lgs ;lrj klg eO;s]sL 5g\ . logsf] cf}+zLsf] rGb|df -;g\ @))&_ gfds syf ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5 . o;sf ;fy} logsf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf j/ –kLkn -;g\ @))*_ zLif{s sljtf ;ª\u|x klg k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 . jt{dfg dfG5]sf ljjztf, afWotf cflbnfO{ b]vfOPsf l/h' b]jLsf syfdf ¿l9jfbL ;ª\sL0f{tfn] u|:t ;dfhsf] oyfy{ lrlqt 5 . n}ª\lus lje]bsf] lj/f]]wfTds k|:t'lt ePsf logsf syfdf dft[Tjsf] dlxdfufg ub{}{ dft[Tjsf ljljw ¿knfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . dfgjLo ;b\efjnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf logsf syfdf >dsf] ;Ddfg x'g'kg{] efj clJol~ht 5 . c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjg lrlqt logsf syfdf dgf]lj1fgsf] :kz{ klg e]l6G5 . nIdL …dLg'Ú ;g\ !(%^ d] !( tfl/v vTnf, ldhf]/ddf hGd]sL nIdL …dLg'Ú cWofkg k];fdf ;+nUg 5g\ . ldhf]/d uf]vf{ gf/L ;dfhsf] d'vkq uxgf dfl;s tyf ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;+:yfsf] d'vkq o'jf dfl;ssf] ;Dkfbgdf ;+nUg logL ldhf]/d uf]vf{ gf/L ;dfhsf] s]Gb|Lo ;lrj tyf ldhf]/d uf]vf{ gf/L ;dfh vTnf zfvfsf] ;lrj klg ePsL x'g\ . ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3sf] ;b:o tyf ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3 vTnf zfvfsf] ;Nnfxsf/ logL ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3sf] cfhLjg ;b:o klg /x]sL x'g\ . ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3åf/f …cfbz{ o'jtLÚ sf] ;Ddfg k|fKt u/]sL logL ldhf]/d uf]vf{ o'jf ;ª\3åf/f k|bfg ul/g] cg's/0fLo ljlzi6 ;]jf ;Ddfgaf6 ;Ddflgt 5g\ . ldhf]/dsf ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 ljleGg ;dodf cleglGbt Pj+ ;Ddflgt logL xl/eQm s6'jfn :d[lt k'/:sf/, l;lSsdaf6 ;|i6f k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t x'gfsf ;fy} cjd lsgf/ k|sfzg, ufGtf]saf6 ;Ddflgt klg ePsL 5g\ . logsf ldld{/]sf] cg'e"ltx¿ -;g\ @))^_ sljtf ;ª\u|x tyf st{Jo -;g\ @))#_ zLif{s Psfª\sL ;ª\u|x k|sflzt 5g\ . nfj0o b]jL nfj0o b]jLsf] hGd dfhufpF, ufªdf}yfgdf ePsf] xf] . :gfts ;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd lzIf0f k];fdf ;+nUg logL xfn ;]jf lgj[Q hLjg latfO/x]sL 5g\ . s]xL ;do c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\, t]hk'/ zfvfsf] ;efklt kbdf /x]/ sfo{ u/]sL logL c;d n]lvsf ;+:yf, t]hk'/ zfvfsf] klg ;efklt ePsL x'g\ . logsf] la|6]gdf s]xL lbg -;g\ @)!)_ gfds ofqf;+:d/0f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ofqf;+:d/0fsf] klxnf] efu logn] n]v]sL x'g\ eg] kl5Nnf] efu logsf klt huGgfy pkfWofon] n]v]sf x'g\ . ofqf;flxTosf] n]vgdf dlxnfsf] snd cToGt Go"g b]lvPsf] c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;Gbe{df logsf] k|j]z lgs} 82
cfzfnfUbf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljj/0fd"ns –j0f{gd"ns k|:t'lt kfOg] o; ofqf ;+:d/0fdf logsf] n]vfOdf c;dLof efiffsf] k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 . zflGt yfkf zflGt yfkfsf] hGd ;g\ !(^! hgj/L ( df u'jfxf6Lsf] zflGtk'/ eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 lxGbLdf Pd\=P=u/]sL logn] kLPr\=8L= pkflw klg xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . xfn cf/=hL=a?jf sn]hdf lxGbLsf] k|fWofkgdf ;+nUg logL u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnosf] g]kfnL Pd\=P=sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hs klg /x]sL 5g\ . c;ddf ePsf] sf]nfh cfGbf]ngdf klg logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] lyof] . uLt n]vg / ufogdf klg ?lr /fVg] zflGt yfkfsf] dfof -;g\ @))$_ gfds uLt ;ª\u|xsf ;fy} cfjQ{g -;g\ @))&_ zLif{s syf ;ª\u|x tyf df]xgL 86 sd -@))(_ zLif{s pkGof; k|sflzt 5 . l;h{gfTds n]vgsf cltl/Qm logn]] c;dLofaf6 g]kfnL efiffdf gfd3/] / c:t/fu zLif{s b'O{j6f pkGof;sf ;fy} ef/t s] :jfwLgtf cfGbf]ng d]+ kfgjf/L /]nb'3{6gf sf08 gfds s[lt cg'jfb ug'{sf ;fy} c;d]nL g]kfnL syfofqf, nf]lxt 3f6L sL sxflgofF h:tf ;ª\u|x ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . cGt/ª\u klqsfsf] g]kfnL syf ljz]iffª\ssf] cltly ;Dkfbs, /ª\u3/ gfds lxGbL klqsfsf] g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+:s[lt ljz]iffª\s tyf b:tfa]hsf] c;d ljz]iffª\sdf ;xof]uL ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf ;lqmo /x]sL logL d[0do -ax'efifL zf]w klqsf_ / k"jf{sf] ;Dkfbgdf ;+nUg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ ¿kdf c;daf6 k|sflzt x'g] xfd|f] Wjlg klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg sfo{df klg logL ljz]if ;lqmo 5g\ . nfdf] ;dob]lv l;h{gf, cg'jfb Pj+ ;Dkfbgdf ;lqmo /x]sL zflGt yfkf ;~rogf/fo0f k|wfg :d[lt :j0f{kbs -;g\ !((*_, ;flxTo csfbdL cg'jfb k'/:sf/ -@))@_, cfjQ{g syf ;ª\u|xsf nflu 6ª\sgfy :d[lt k'/:sf/ -@))*_, u'~hg k|ltef k'/:sf/h:tf k'/:sf/af6 k'/:s[t klg eO;s]sL 5g\ . zflGt yfkfsf syfdf o'uLg hghLjgsf ljleGg ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lt kfOG5 . logL ljleGg ju{ / cj:yfsf gf/Lx¿n] ;d, ljifd tyf lj;ª\ut kl/l:yltdf ef]Ug'k/]sf dfgl;s ;ª\s6af6 pTkGg ;+j]bgfnfO{ ljljw ;Gbe{sf dfWodaf6 ljifoj:t' agfP/ syf l;h{gf ug]{ syfsf/ x'g\ . logn] d"ntM gf/Lsf b'b{zf, j]bgf, 56k6L, ps';d's';, ;Gtfgk|ltsf] df]x, ;ª\s6df k/]sf] dft[Tj cflbnfO{ syfj:t'sf] ¿kdf cf ˆgf syfdf ;d]6]sL 5g\ . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ logsf syfdf cleJoQm d"n :j/ gf/L ;+j]bgf xf] . ;fdflhs If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ultnfO{ klg cf}+NofOPsf logsf syfdf tyfslyt OHhtsf nflu of}gb'Jo{jxf/nfO{ bafpg' kg{] afWotfdf k/]sf] dft[Tjsf] kL8fbfoL cj:yfsf] lrq0f klg kfOG5 . k'?ifn] gf/Lk|lt u/]sf] zf]if0f b]v]/ ljb|f]xL x'gk'u]sf] dfgl;stfnfO{ klg logn] cfk\mgf syfdf :yfg lbPsL 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;+:sf/, /Lltlylt klg k};fsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\g x'g] ;fdflhs kl/kf6Lk|lt Joª\Uo k|xf/ ul/Psf logsf syfdf sltko k/Dkl/t laDasf dfWodaf6 JolQmsf] Ifl0fs dgf]j]usf] k|:t'lt ul/Psf] 5 logsf] df]xgL 86\ sd gfds pkGof;df c;d]nL g]kfnL hghLjgsf ljljw ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ ljz[ª\vn ¿kdf k|:t't ub{} ;g\ !&&( df c;ddf ePsf] …alx/fut x6fcf]Ú cfGbf]ng / To;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{ s]nfOPsf] 5 . hftLotfsf gfddf ePsf ;ª\sL0f{tf tyf dfgjtflj/f]wL lqmofsnfksf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df dfgjtfjfbL cjwf/0ff d'vl/t 5 . g]kfnL hfltdfly uf}/jaf]w ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df hftLo k|]d klg cleJol~ht 5 . k|s[ltdfly lgjf{w ¿kdf dfgj cltqmd0f ePsf]df lrGtf k|s6 ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df cfk"mdflysf] cfqmd0f k|s[ltn] klg Pp6f ;Ldf;Dd dfq ;xg ug{] s'/fnfO{ efj's kf/fn] cleJoQm ul/Psf] 5 . cu|h ;flxTosf/k|lt cf:yfefj JoQm 83
ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df nf]slk|o g]kfnL slj xl/eQm s6'jfnsf] d[To' k|;ª\usf] pNn]v u/]/ ;flxTosf/sf] lgoltnfO{ oyfy{jfbL 9ª\udf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;Ltf b]jL % d] !(&! df pbfnu'8L, c;ddf hGd]sL ;Ltf b]jLn] Oltxf;df Pd\=P= / lxGbLdf k|jL0f;Ddsf] lzIff xfl;n u/]sL 5g\ . laxk'/Lof aflnsf xfO{ :s'n, nlvdk'/df lzIf0f k];fdf ;+nUg logn] cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL gf/L ljrf/k|wfg klqsf ;Demgf tyf d+unb} ;/sf/L sn]hsf] d'vkq ;Dkfbg klg u/]sL 5g\ . c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ tyf c;d ;flxTo ;efh:tf ;flxlTos ;+:yfdf klg logsf] ;lqmotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL / c;dLof efiffdf ;dfg ¿kn] snd rnfpg ;Ifd logsf ltd|f] :d[ltdf -;g\ !((&_ tyf g]kfnsL 5f]/L -lj=;+=@)^)_ h:tf sljtf ;ª\u|x g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ eg] lbuGt cfsf} ;"o{ -;g\ @))&_ sljtf ;ª\u|x c;dLof efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . dfly pNn]v ul/Pafx]s o; If]qsf ;'lgtf ;'Aaf / /Ltf ;f]gf]jf/sf k':tsfsf/ s[lt k|sflzt ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} c;d If]qsf ljleGg e"efudf a;f]af; ug{] dlxnf ;flxTosf/x¿sf ljleGg ljwfsf n]v/rgf k'm6s/ ¿kdf ljleGg kqklqsfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . oLdWo] cfldof 5]qL, cfzf 5]qL, sdnfb]jL e§/fO{, s';'d yfkf, ufoqLb]jL, uLtf /fO{, uf]df kf}8\ofn, rDkfb]jL, t'n;L b]jL, lbJofb]jL d}gfnL, bLkf zdf{, b'uf{ zdf{, wgdfof 5]qL, lgzf u'?ª, kb\dfb]jL, af;GtL hf]zL, d~h' pkfWofo, d~h' nfdf, /Tgf v8sf, /lZd /]vf zdf{, /fwf 1jfnL, /fds'df/L nfdf, /f]hL /fgL zdf{, nfj0ob]jL, jGbgfb]jL, j;'Gw/f zdf{, ljhof zdf{, j]0f'/fgL /fO{, j]bfb]jL, zlz /fjt, ;/nf lnDa", ;/:jtL ;f]gf/, ;'lgtf yfkf, lxdf hf]zL cflb pNn]vgLo /x]sf 5g\ . pk;+xf/ ax'efifL tyf ax'wdL{ c;d]nL If]qdf cGo hflt;Fu ;b\efjsf ;fy a;f]af; ul//x]sf g]kfnL hfltn] a]nfa]nf cl:tTjsf] ;ª\s6 klg a]xf]g'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf k|fs[lts lhDd]jf/L ;kmntfk"j{s lgjf{x u/L kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs ;ª\sL0f{tfsf] 3]/f tf]8]/ hftLo tyf juL{o cl:tTjsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ub{} ;flxTo l;h{gf ug{] c;d]nL g]kfnL dlxnf ;flxTosf/sf] k|of; Psbd} ;/fxgLo 5 . olt eP/ klg ltgsf] plrt ljZn]if0f / d"Nofª\sg c;d If]q / g]kfn b'j} tk{maf6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . o;} cefjnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|:t't cfn]v tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . kª\lQmsf/sf] lghL ;ª\sngdf ;ª\slnt ;Lldt ;fdu|LnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] o; n]vdf ;fdu|Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f sltko ;Gbe{x¿ 5'6k'm6 x'g uPsf eP ;Da4 ;a}af6 ;'emfj / ;fdu|L k|fKt ePdf o;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] k|oTg ul/Gf]5 . sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]g M )(&&!$##@!&* email : luitel.lila@yahoo.com
pQ/k"jf{~rnaf6 ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ k|fks g]kfnLx¿ tyf k"jf]{Q/ /fHo c;dsf ;flxTos k]G;g/ g]kfnLx¿ bLggfy lg/f}nf
pQ/ k"jf{~rn ef/tsf ;ftcf]6f k|fGtx¿df 5l/P/ a;f]jf; ug]{ g]kfnL efifL hg;d'bfon] cf ˆgf] efiff ;flxTosf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / >Lj[l4sf nflu ;Sbf] k|of; hf/L /fv]sf 5g\ . 84
ef}uf]lns kl/j]zsf] c;dfgtf, lzIff dfWodsf] leGgtf, sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ljifdtf, of]u;"qsf c8rgx¿ cflb w]/} w]/} cfkbfx¿n] em]lnP/ clg 5/kl:6P/ a;f]jf; u/]tfklg hf]z – hfFu/, ?lr / cGtd{gsf] ;fb[Zotfn] g} cf ˆgf] efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgdf k|of;/t 5g\ . o; e]ssf ;flxTosf/, slj, n]vs, lzIffljb\, a'l4hLjL, ;dfh;]js cflb ;j}n] cf –cf ˆgf] tj/n] efiff;flxTosf] ;]jfdf cf ˆgf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;flxTo ;]jfsf] cfu|x / cbDo zlQmn] c;d /fHo:t/ tyf ;j{ef/tLo :t/;Dd k'u]/ jl/i7 ;flxlTos ;+:yf …;flxTo csfbdLÚ k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{ klg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ g]kfnL efifL ;flxTosf/x¿ . o; n]vsf] d'Vo p2]Zo klg ltg} ;flxTok|]dL dxfg'efjx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg' ;fy} pgLx¿sf] ;flxlTos ultljlwaf/] b'Orf/ x/km sf]g{] hdsf]{ xf] . -s_ xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{ xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{sf] hGd !# h'nfO{ !(!@ df gfufNof08sf] sf]lxdfdf ePsf] xf] . pgsf a'afsf] gfd wg/fh /fO{ / cfdfsf] gfd ozf]bf /fO{ xf] . pgn] cfsfzjf0fL, u'jfxf6Lsf] pklgb]{zs kbdf /xL w]/}jif{ cf ˆgf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNf]sf x'g\ . kl5 pl8;fsf] s6sdf ;?jf eP/ !(^^ df ;]jf lgj[Q eP . ;flxlTos s[ltTj – xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{ w]/} efiffsf 1ftf lyP . lxGbL, aËfnL, c;dLof, pl8of, c+u|]hL tyf gfuf pkefiffx¿df klg pgL n]Vg] ;fdYo{ /fVy] . hfkfgL / dl0fk'/L efiffdf klg pgL af]NGf ;Sy] . pgsf b'O{j6f sljtf ;Íng …afa/L … / …dgr/Lsf] af]nLÚ qmdzM !(&$ / !(&& df k|sfzdf cfPsf x'g\ . pgsf] syf ;+sng …oxfF abgfd x'G5Ú klg k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg M ax'd'vL JolQmTjn] ubf{ b]z leqsf / aflx/sf w]/} ;+u7gx¿n] k'/:sf/ k|bfg u/L ;Ddflgt u/]sf 5g\ pgnfO{ . …hubDaf >L k'/:sf/Ú, …km"nrGb v08]njfn ;DfGjo k'/:sf/Ú, …kf/;dl0f k|wfg :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú, …cudl;+x lu/L :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú, …kb\dk|;fb 9'Ëfgf :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú, …c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef k'/:sf/Ú, …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ, …:jtGqtf ;+u|fdL k]G;gÚ h:tf ;Ddfg – k'/:sf/x¿ kfpg ;dy{ ePsf 5g\ pgL . dfgjtfjfbL ljzfn Åbosf wgL oL k'?ifsf] @))% ;g\sf] !$ gf]e]Da/sf lbg gfufNofG8 /fHosf] sf]lxdfdf b]xfj;fg eof] . -v_ slj k'iknfn pkfWofo slj k'iknfn pkfWofo k"jf]{Q/ ef/t c;dsf Pshgf k|ftM:d/0fLo slj x'g\ . c;d k|fGtaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTo ljwfdf …csfbdL k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]/ cf;fd] g]kfnLnfO{ uj{ ug{ ;Sg] :yfg lbnfpg ;kmn ;j{k|yd slj x'g\ pgL . pgsf] hGd lj=;+=!(^# nIdL k"hfsf] cdfjZofsf lbg c;dsf] nlvdk'/ lhNnfsf] nfOdfs'/L eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . n]vgfyLo z}nLdf n]Vg] slj k'iknfn pkfWofosf] n]vgL ;g\ !($% lt/sf] ;dob]lv z'¿ x'G5 . pgsf] klxnf] sljtf bflh{lnªaf6 k|sflzt …ef/tLÚ klqsfdf 5flkG5 . k'iknfn pkfWofosf …piff d~h/LÚ, …hLjg k|eftLÚ, …a;GtÚ, …piff nx/LÚ, …jiff{Ú, …/dfOnf] t]hk'/Ú h:tf sljtfn] k|fs[lts j0f{gdf sljsf] sfJout k|ltefsf] ;Lk 5n{Ë kfb{5 . To:t} 85
…ljr/fÚ, …la;Xof/Ú, …ugugÚ, …u/Lasf] qmGbgÚ, …lwSsf/Ú, …cw'/f] cfzfÚ cflb sljtfdf blnt, zf]lift, cgfy, lgM;xfo, lgd'vfx¿sf] p4f/sf] lglDt sljn] cfXjfg u/]sf 5g\ . …piff d~h/LÚ sljtf ;+u|x ;g\ !(*& df k|sfzdf cfPkl5 ;g\ +!(** df ef/tsf] ;j{>]i7 ;flxlTos ;+:yfg …;flxTo csfbdLÚn] k'/:s[t ub{5 To; ;ª\u|x lglDt slj k'iknfnnfO{ . -u_ >L nLnaxfb'/ IfqL nLnaxfb'/ IfqL k"jf]{Q/ ef/t c;d k|fGtsf g]kfnL ;flxTofsfzsf Pshgf pHjn gIfq x'g\ . dft[efiff g]kfnLsf] ;fwgf clg l;h{gfdf cfOk/]sf s}of}+ x'/L –jtf;nfO{ 86]/ ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\g] ;flxTosf ;hu k|x/L x'g\ pgL . ;g\ !(## df u'jfxf6L, c;ddf hGd u|x0f u/L k|fylds lzIff lznfªsf ljleGg ljBfnox¿df lnP/ :gfts l8u|L u'jfxf6L s6g sn]haf6 ;Dk"0f{ u/L u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfno, c;daf6 cy{zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ pgn] . IfqLn] ;g\ !(%( b]lv !(^& ;Dd cfsfzjf0fL, u'jfxf6Lsf] g]kfnL sfo{qmd tLgjif{ :yfoL / rf/jif{ cf+lzs ¿kdf ;~rfng u/]sf x'g\ . pgL ;g\ !(^@ b]lv !(($ ;Dd u'jfxf6Lsf] cfo{ ljBf kL7 sfn]hdf cy{zf:qdf k|fWofkg/t /xL ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf x'g\ . ;flxlTos s[ltTj – nLn axfb'/ IfqLsf] snd sljtf, syf, pkGof;, gf6s, lgaGw h:tf ;flxTosf ljljw ljwfdf a/fa/ cl3 a9]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . pgsf] …lzj :t'ltÚ sljtf ;g\ !($( df k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . To:t} ;g\ !(%& df …a;fOFÚ pkGof;, !(^* df …ct[KtÚ pkGof;, !(*^ df …a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ / @))* df …k|ltWjlgx¿ lj:d[ltsfÚ pkGof; k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(^! df pgsf] …c;ddf g]kfnL efiffsf] ;fx|f]ufx|f]Ú gfds ;fgf] lgaGw k|sfzg ePsf] 5 eg] !((& df …k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL syf ;flxTo / kqsfl/tfsf] Oltj[QÚ gfds cg';GwfgfTds n]v klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . To:t} ;g\ !((( df pgsf] … ‰ofp/] kf6L{df nfUbfÚ lgjGw k|sfzg eof] eg] ;g\ @))) df …k"jf]{Q/ ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf] P]ltxfl;s lbUbz{gÚ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . gf6s / Psfª\sL ljwfdf lgofNbf IfqLsf] …bf]af6f]Ú gf6s sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . km]l/ csf]{ gf6s …z'¿sf] v]nÚ ;g\ !(*& df sf7df8f}+af6} k|sflzt ePsf] kfOG5 . ;g\ !(&* df …dfqÚ Psf+sL gfds s[lt klg k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg nLn axfb'/ IfqLn] cf ˆgf] sd{do hLjgdf k|fKt u/]sf k'/:sf/ / ;Ddfg o;k|sf/ 5g\ – O{=;+= !(*# df … …g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng, bflh{lnªaf6 …lbofnf]Ú k'/:sf/, !(*% df klZrd a+ufn bflh{lnªaf6 …efg'Ú k'/:sf/, !(*& df gofF lbNnLaf6 …;flxTo csfbdLÚ k'/:sf/, ;g\ !(($ df c;d ;/sf/åf/f …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ / @))! df jf/f0f;Laf6 …dbg :df/s JofVofgdfnfÚ k'/:sf/, sf7df8f}+af6 @))# df …j]blglw k'/:sf/Ú, …l;lSsd ;Ddfg ;Dd]ng @))$Ú, ufGtf]såf/f ;Ddflgt tyf l;lSsd ;/sf/åf/f dfl;s ;Ddfg k]G;g k|fKt . pgn] kfPsf cGo ;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/ x'g\ – …c;d g]kfnL ;flxTo ;ef k'/:sf/Ú -@))^_, cle –hdfg :d[lt 6«i6 s'j]tsf] …:kGbgÚ ;flxlTos clegGbg cÍ -@)!)_ . -3_ ljqmdjL/ yfkf ljqmdjL/ yfkf pQ/k"jL{ d]3fno k|fGtsf Pshgf jl/i7 slj, n]vs, pkGof;sf/, syfsf/ x'g'sf] ;fy} uLtsf/ / lrqsf/sf lx;fjn] klg w]/} Voflt a6'Ng ;Ifd ;h{s x'g\ . pgsf] 86
hGd @ km/j/L !(%) df lznfªsf] afx| kTy/df ePsf] xf] . lktf :juL{o /3'jL/ yfkf / dftf :juL{of sf}zNof yfkfsf ;'k'q ljqmdjL/ yfkfn] ;g\ !(^* b]lv !(&! ;Dd @÷% uf]vf{ /fOkmN;df hflu/ vfPsf lyP . ;flxlTos s[ltTj syf, pkGof;, ;+:d/0f, hLjgL h:tf ljljw ljwfdf snd rnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTo e08f/nfO{ ljqmd jL/ yfkfn] 7"nf] u'g nufPsf 5g\ . pgsf] ;g\ !(*# df …ljutsf] kl/j]zleqÚ pkGof; k|sfzdf cfpF5 . To;kl5 …l6:6f b]lv ;tnh;DdÚ pkGof; !(*^ df / …xTof M /ftf] 8fo/Lsf]Ú gfds ;+:d/0f !(($ df k|sflzt x'G5 . …aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] df]gfln;fÚ syf ;+sng !((& df k|sfzg ePkl5 ;g\ @))) df ef/tsf] ;j{>]i7 ;flxTo ;+:yfg …;flxTo csfbdLÚn] k'/:s[t ub{5 pgnfO{ . pgsf] @))& df k'gM …df6f] af]Nbf] xf]Ú gfds pkGof; k|sfzgdf cfpF5 eg] km]l/ @)!) df hLjgL ;flxTo …dl0fl;+x u'¿ª\Ú k|sfzg x'G5 . k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg ljqmdjL/ yfkfn] g]kfn -sf7df8f}_+af6 ;g\ !(*$ df …/Tg >LÚ k'/:sf/, !((@ df …;|i6f k'/:sf/Ú k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . -ª_ 5ljnfn pkfWofo slj 5ljnfn pkfWofo jt{dfg cf;fd] g]kfnL ;flxTodf 5Gbf]j4 sljtf n]Vg] sljx¿sf aLr cu|Ld :yfg cf]u6\g ;Ifd slj x'g\ . pgL zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t lw/fO+dfh'nL ufpFdf j;f]jf; u/L pRr dfWolds ljBfnodf cWofkg sfo{ ;DxfnL jtd{fgdf ;]jf lgj[Q 5g\ . ;flxlTos s[ltTj – 5ljnfn pkfWofosf] ;g\ !(() df …nLn axfb'/ IfqL tyf pgsf] a|Xdk'qsf] 5]p5fpÚ pkGof;sf] ;dfnf]rgf k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() df g} pgsf] Ps v08sfJo …kjgb"tÚ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . k'gM !((! df …cl:tTj jf]wÚ v08sfJo k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !((@ df lxGbL gf6s …rGb|u'KtÚ sf] cg'jfb k|sfzg ePkl5 ;g\ !((* df ;f]xL s[ltsf nflu pgnfO{ …;flxTo csfbdL cg'jfb k'/:sf/Ú af6 ;Ddflgt ul/of] . To;kl5 ;g\ !((% df pgsf] Oltxf;d"ns sfJo …sfd¿kfÚ k|sflzt x'G5 eg] ;g\ @))) df …5lj sljtf ;+u|xÚ klg k|sflzt x'G5 . oL afx]s pgsf] qmdzM …b]jsf]6f dxfsfJoÚ / …zfs'Gtn dxfsfJo M Ps b[li6Ú -;dfnf]rgf_ k|sflzt eO{ c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . -r_ k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] efiff, ;flxTo, ;+:s[ltsf k'hf/L k|f=b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTofsfzdf Pshgf pHHjn gIfqdf ulgG5g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(#& df cf;fdsf] zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t a"9f 5k8Ldf ePsf] xf] . k|fylds lzIff a"9f 5k8Ld} ;DkGg u/]sf l3ld/]n] t]hk'/ ;/sf/L ljBfnoaf6 pRr dfWolds :t/ ;Dk"0f{ u/L lznfªsf] ;]G6 PGyf]lgh sfn]haf6 :gfts l8u|L xfl;n u/] . To;kl5 c;dsf] u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L Pj+ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+af6 g]kfnL ;flxTodf klg :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . pgL ;g\ !(^* b]lv b/ª sn]hsf] g]kfnL ljefuLo k|d'vsf ¿kdf cWofkg/t e} !((& df ;]jflgj[Q ePsf x'g\ . k|sflzt s[lt – 87
l3ld/]sf] ;g\ !(*# df Olt j[QfTds s[lt …a"9f 5k8LÚ k|sflzt x'G5 eg] !(*# d} uLt ;+u|x …w'sw'sLÚ k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . To:t} ;g\ !(*^ df ;flxlTos lgaGw ;+u|x …;ldwfÚ, !((# df sljtf ;+u|x …ztleiffÚ, @))! df …slj k'iknfn pkfWofo M JolQmTj / s[ltTjÚ k|sflzt x'G5 . ;g\ @))# df ;flxlTos lgaGw ;+u|x …;fwgfÚ / ;g\ @))* df …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ sljtf ;+u|x klg k|sflzt ePsf] 5 . o; afx]s ljleGg ;flxlTos klqsf ;Dkfbgsf] If]qdf klg l3ld/]sf] cjbfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . !(&@ df …cfFvfÚ klqsf, !(*@ df …slj k'iknfn tyf ;dfh;]jL k|;fb l;+x ;'Aaf :dfl/sfÚ clg !(*@ d} …zf]l0ftk'/ g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb klqsf …zf]l0ftk'/Ú clg !(*% df cf;fd uf]vf{ ;Dd]ng klqsf …;Dd]ngÚ, …k|;fb l;+x ;'Aaf :d[lt u|GyÚ, …wgaxfb'/ 9sfn 5]qL :dfl/sfÚ / @))# df …lszf]/ >]i7 :dfl/sfÚ sf] ;DkfbsTjdf pgL ;+nUg /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/ – b'uf{ k|;fb l3ld/]nfO{ ;g\ @))) df c;d ;/sf/n] …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . pgn] …xl/eQm s6'jfn :d[lt k'/:sf/Ú -snf lgs]tg, u'jfxf6L, c;daf6_ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} ;g\ @)!) sf] !) hgj/Lsf lbg g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dn] klg pgnfO{ ;flxlTos cjbfgsf] nflu k'/:s[t u/]sf] 5 . -5_ uLtf pkfWofo cf;fd]nL g]kfnL ;flxTo pTyfgdf k|fM uLtf pkfWofosf] cjbfg dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . pgn] lk5l8Psf] g]kfnL dlxnf ;dfhdf hfu[lt Nofpg cf ˆgf] sndsf] hf]8n] EofP;Dd k|of; u/L w]/} dfqfdf ;Ifd klg ePsL l5g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(#( sf] !$ km/j/Lsf lbg zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfsf] ljxfnL uf+ df}yfgdf ePsf] xf] . k|fylds lzIff uf+ df}yfg aflnsf ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt u/]sL pkfWofon] ljxfnL xfO{:s"naf6 k|j]lzsf pQL0f{ ul/g\ . u'jfxf6L ;lGbs} uN;{ sn]haf6 :gfts l8u|L xfl;n u/]kl5 pgL u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eOg\ . k]zf – k|f=uLtf pkfWofo c;dsf] lzj ;fu/ sn]hdf lgi7f;fy /fhgLlt lj1fg cWoflksfsf] sfo{ ;Dxfn]/ !((( ;gsf] km/j/L dlxgfdf ;]jf lgj[Q ePsL x'g\ . ;flxlTos s[ltTj – k|fWofks uLtf pkfWofosf] ;g\ !(&@ df cg'jfb s[lt …Pg k|m]+ssf] 8fo/LÚ sf] c;dLof cg'jfb k|sfzgdf cfPsf] xf] . To;}u/L pgLåf/f e/t hËdsf] rlr{t g]kfnL pkGof; …sfnf] ;"o{Ú c;dLof efiffdf …sÚnf ;"/hÚ gfd lbP/ cg'jflbt eO{ k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . pgsf] ;g\ !(*& df …efg'eQmsf] /fdfo0fÚ g]kfnLaf6 c;dLof efiffdf cg'jfb eO k|sfzgdf cfpg' dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ ePsf] 5 . ;f] k':ts c;d ;flxTo ;efn] ;g\ !(*& df …efg'eQm/ /fdfo0fÚ gfdn] k|sfzdf NofPsf] 5 . pko'{Qm s[lt afx]s klg lgofqf ;flxTodf k|fM uLtf pkfWofon] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsL 5g\ . pgsf] snd g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf a/fa/ rn]sf] kfOG5 . ;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/ k|f=uLtf pkfWofo ;'bL3{ sfn ;flxTo ;]jf / ;flxTo ;+u7g;Fu ;+nUg /xL ;]jf sfo{df a|tL ePsLn] c;d ;/sf/n] @))# df …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ k|bfg u/]/ ;Ddfg k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 . -h_ lji0f'nfn pkfWofo 88
lji0f'nfn pkfWofosf] hGd O{ !(!& sf] !^ h'nfO{sf lbg zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfsf] ljxfnL dfhufpFdf ePsf] xf] . k|fylds lzIff laxfnL dfhufpFdf ;Dk"0f{ ePkl5 pgsf] pRr dfWolds lzIff t]hk'/ ;/sf/L xfO{:s"ndf ;Dk"0f{ x'G5 . To;kl5 u'jfxf6L O6g sn]haf6 :gfts l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf x'g\ pgn] . lji0f'nfn pkfWofon] cfkm" :gfts låtLo jif{sf 5fq 5Fbf g} ;j{k|yd ljxfnL xfO:s"ndf c:yfoL k|wfg lzIfssf lx;fjdf sfo{ lgjf{x u/] . t/ kl5 :yfoL k|wfg lzIfs lgo'Qm ePkl5 k'gM k9fO{ z'¿ u/L ;g\ !($$ df :gfts e} bf];|f] rf]l6 ljxfnL xfO:s"ndf x]8dfi6/ lgo'Qm eP . ;g\ !(%& df lzIfssf] hflu/ 5f]8]/ c;dsf] uxk'/ ;dli6af6 sf+u|]; bnaf6 ljwfossf] r'gfj lht]/ nuftf/ tLgk6s;Dd sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg ;dy{ eP . pgn] ;g\ !(&* b]lv !(*# ;Dd ljxfnL ;dli6af6 honfe u/L ljwfossf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNf]sf x'g\ . ;flxTo ;]jf – lji0f'nfn pkfWofo g]kfnL / c;dLof efiffdf ;dfg ¿kn] snd rnfpg ;Sg] Pshgf lgi7fjfg\ ;flxTo;]jssf ¿kdf lrlgPsf 5g\ . pgn] hDdf !& j6f s[ltx¿ /rgf u/]sfdf afx|j6f g]kfnL efiffdf / afFsL kfFr c;dLof efiffdf 5g\ . c;dsf dxfk'?if >LdGt z+s/b]j / k|Voft :jtGqtf ;]gfgL 5ljnfn pkfWofosf] hLjgL eg] b'j} efiffdf k|sflzt 5g\ . …l6Kkg6fkgÚ pgsf] kl5Nnf] s[lt dflgG5 . k"jf]{Q/ g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ pgn] u/]sf] cjbfgsf] oy]i7 d"NofÍg eg] cem} x'g afFsL g} 5 . ;Ddfg÷k'/:sf/ – ;g\ !(&# df …ef/tLo :jfwLgtf ;+u|fdL tfd|kq / k]G;gÚ k|fKt ug{ ;Ifd ePsf pkfWofo ;g\ !((# df c;d ;/sf/sf] …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ, …s'nrGb| v08]njfn k'/:sf/Ú / …kbd k|;fb 9'Ëfgf k'/:sf/Ú h:tf ;Ddfg –k'/:sf/n] klg ;'zf]let ePsf 5g\ . -em_ ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTosf] Oltxf;df ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ Pshgf pboL o'jf slj x'g'sf ;fy} ;kmn cg'jfbssf ¿kdf klg bVvn k|fKt u/]sf ;h{s x'g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\+ !(^& sf] !# ;]K6]Da/sf lbg bflh{lnªsf] tse/ lrofaf/Ldf ePsf] xf] . pgL /Iff cg';Gwfg sfof{no, t]hk'/, c;ddf sfo{/t 5g\ . k|sflzt s[lt – pgsf] …cfTd ;Ddf]xg / 3fOt] zAbx¿Ú sljtf ;+sng ;g\ !((% df k|sfzg ePsf] 5 . pgsf] csf]{ u|Gy …zAbl;t ;fOgf] ufF:b}Ú -ef/tLo g]kfnL sljx¿sf] kl/rofTds n]v ;Fufnf]_ n] g]kfnL ;flxTo e08f/nfO{ cem uxlsnf] kfg{ 7"nf] cjbfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . pgsf k|sflzt cg'jfb s[ltx¿ …cw{j[Q hLjgofqfÚ -!((&_, …cEoGt/ blIf0f sfd¿ksf]Ú -@)))_ / …cog bz/yLÚ / …cg'/fwfsf] d'n'sÚ -@))$_ x'g\ . k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg – ;g\ !((# df slj ls/0f s'df/ /fO{ …;|i6fÚdf k|sflzt pTs[i6 sljtfsf] lglDt …;|i6f k'/:sf/Ú a6'Ng ;Ifd ePsf lyP . To;}u/L pgn] ;g\ !((( df …cfwf n]vf b:tfj]hÚ -c;dLof efiff_ sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb …cw{j[Q hLjgofqfÚ sf] lglDt …;flxTo csfbdL cg'jfb k'/:sf/Ú nfe u/L c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTodf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . -`_ z]/dfg yfkf 89
c;d]nL g]kfnL ;flxTodf z]/dfg yfkfsf] gfd lr/:d/0fLo 5 . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !($) sf] km/j/L dlxgfdf zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnf cGtu{t @ g+ lztndf/L lzª\/Ldf ePsf] xf] . pgsf] snd g]kfnL / c;dLof b'j} efiffdf a/fa/ rn]sf] kfOG5 . …z]if /flt k'jfÚ c;dLof efiffdf n]v]sf] gf6sn] c;dLof efiffdf yfkfsf] bvn :ki6 kfb{5 . pgsf] g]kfnL efiffdf …kTy/ af]N5Ú pkGof; !(*@ ;g\df k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . To;kl5 …OGb|]0fL syf ;Fufnf]Ú !(*% df k|sflzt x'G5 . ;fy} …nx/ syf ;Fufnf]Ú !((% df k|sfz e} lg:sG5 . pgLåf/f /rgf ul/Psf] / ;g\ !((* df k|sflzt ePsf] …kfFrkft] Psfª\sL ;+sngÚ sf] b'O{j6f ;+:s/0f lgl:s;s]sf] 5 eg] …cfTd :d[ltsf pknlAwx¿Ú sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzf]Gd'v 5 . xfdLn] xif{;fy uf}/j cg'ej u/]sf 5f}+Ù o:tf Pshgf ;flxTo ;fwsnfO{ c;d ;/sf/n] ;g\ @))& df ;flxlTos k]G;g lbP/ ;flxTosf] >Lj[l4sf] lglDt xf};nf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . -6_ uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg uf]kLgf/fo0f k|wfg k"jf{~rn ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTosf Pshgf ;j{dfGo k|ltef x'g\ . pgsf] hGd ;g\ !(#% sf] & hgj/Lsf lbg bflh{lnªsf] gfu/L kmfd{df ePsf] xf] . pgn] k|fylds÷dfWolds lzIff bflh{lnªd} ;Dk"0f{ u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+af6 g]kfnLdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n u/]sf x'g\ . lzIf0fnfO{ g} k]zf lx;fjdf cFufn]/ uf]kL gf/fo0f k|wfgn] uf]vf{ xfO:s"n, lznfª\df kfFr jif{ clg ;Gt PGyf]gL sfn]hdf k}+tfnL; jif{ cWofkg u/L cjsfz lnPsf x'g\ . k|sflzt s[lt – uf]kLgf/fof0f k|wfgsf] ;g\ !(&% df …;fOns cfO/x]5Ú sljtf ;+u|x k|sfzgdf cfPkl5 !(&* df csf]{ sljtf ;+u|x …o:tf] e"n kf] u/]+5'Ú k|sfzg x'G5 . To;kl5 ;g\ @))) df …ljjt{gÚ -;dfnf]rgf_ / @))& df …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]lh/x]5Ú -sljtf ;+u|x_ k|sflzt x'G5 . k|sflzt s[lt tkm{ lgofn]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k|wfgsf] ;g\ !(&% b]lv @))& ;Dd #@ jif{sf] cjlwdf rf/j6f s[lt k|sfzg ePsf] kfOG5 . nfdf] cjlw;Dd s[lt ;+Vof eg] yf]/} b]lvPsf] ePklg pgn] cf ˆgf w]/} h;f] ;do g]kfnL ;flxTo ;+;f/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / >Lj[l4sf lgldQ g} vlr{g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . pgn] k|fKt u/]sf k'/:sf/÷;Ddfgx¿ x'g\ M – -s_ ;flxTo ;Dd]ng k'/:sf/ -@))!_ -v_ dbg u'7L JofVofgdfnf k'/:sf/ -!(($_ -u_ kb\d k|;fb 9'Ëfgf k'/:sf/ -@))$_ -3_ ;~ho gf/fo0f :j0f{ kbs -!((*_ -ª_ /Tg>L :j0f{ kbs -!(&%_ -r_ dfOsn dw'';"bg ;Ddfg -@))$_ -5_ cfzaxfb'/ :d[lt k'/:sf/ -@))*_ -h_ kf/;dl0f k|wfg k'/:sf/ -@))*_ -em_ …cfsfzn] klg 7fpF vf]lh/x]sf] 5Ú sljtf ;+sngdf ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ -@)!)_ -7_ tf/fklt pkfWofo ;g\ !(#$ sf] ^ ck|}nsf lbg a|Xdk'qsf] 6fk' …af6'n] lanÚ df hlGdPsf tf/fklt pkfWofo lzIfssf] k]zf cFufn]/ ;g\ !(^) b]lv !((@ sf] cS6f]a/ dlxgf;Dd ;'bL3{ sfn lgi7f;fy lzIff bfg u/]/ cWoIfsf] kbaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf x'g\ . 90
;g\+ !(&& df c;d ;flxTo ;efåf/f c;dLof efiffdf g]kfnL nf]ssyf …gjdLÚ tf/fklt pkfWofosf] ;+o'Qm n]vs ¿kn] k|sflzt x'G5 . ;g\ @))! df …efiff k|bLkÚ / …bz dxf/yLÚ klg k|sfzgdf cfpF5 . ;Dkfbgsf] If]qtkm{ x]bf{ …d'lQm bfgÚ, …RofFv]Ú -q}dfl;s_ / …kv]6fÚ cflb klqsf pgsf] ;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt ePsf kfOG5g\ . pgn] ;g\ !(&@ b]lv !(&( ;Dd pbfnu'8L c;d ;flxTo ;efsf] ;efklt / sfo{sf/L ;efkltdf /x]/ lgi7fk"j{s sfo{ ;Dxfn]sf x'g\ . To:t} !(*^ b]lv !((# ;Dd clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL efiff ;ldlt, c;d /fHo zfvfsf] cWoIf kbdf klg pgL sfo{/t\ lyP . c;dsf ;flxTo ;+u7gx¿;Fu ;+nUg /x]sf pkfWofon] c;dLof / g]kfnL efiffdf hDdf cf7j6f s[lt k|sflzt u/fO;s]sf 5g\ . pkfWofosf] ;flxTo sd{sf] nflu c;d ;/sf/n] pgnfO{ …;flxlTos k]G;gÚ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ !((# df …ef/tLo g]kfnL /fli6«o kl/ifbÚn] pgnfO{ …efiff ;]gfgLÚ k'/:sf/n] klg k'/:s[t u/]sf] 5 . 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo …lgeL{sÚ 6Lsf/fd pkfWofosf] hGd lznfªsf] 5]p gf]i6]Og eGg] 7fpFdf ;g\ !(#^ sf] @) h'gsf lbg ePsf] xf] . pgn] k|fylds / dfWolds lzIff ljZjgfy rf/fnL, zf]l0ftk'/df ;Dk"0f{ u/L xl/ZrGb| sfn]h, jf/f0f;Laf6 :gfts / Onfxfjfb ljZjljBfnoaf6 lxGbLdf Pd=P=u/]sf x'g\ . ;g\ !(*$ b]lv ljZjgfysf] P;=aL sn]hdf lxGbL cWofkssf] ¿kdf hfuL/ nfuL ;g\ !((! df :j]R5fd"ns cJofxlt lnP/ ;flxTo l;h{gf / ;+u7gsf sfddf g} pgL nfu] . 6Lsf/fd pkfWofosf] snd g]kfnL, lxGbL / c;dLof efiffdf a/fa/ rn]sf] kfOG5 . pgsf df}lns, cg'lbt tyf ;Dkflbt s[ltx¿ g]kfnL, lxGbL / c;dLof efiffdf o;k|sf/ 5g\\ – g]kfnL df}lns – -!_ …rDkfÚ -v08sfJo_ -@_ …/fu cg'/fuÚ -uLt ;+u|x_ -#_ …>4f~hlnÚ -sljtf ;+u|x_ -$_ …e|flGtÚ -syf ;+u|x_ -%_ …k"l0f{dfsf] k|]dkqÚ -kq ;+sng_ -^_ …k"l0f{dfÚ -pkGof;_ -&_ …uf]kfn l;+x g]kfnLÚ -ljlgjGw_ cg'lbt – -!_ …lhK;LÚ -v08 sfJo_ -@_ …k'l:sgsf s]xL sljtfÚ -#_ …OGb' Ps M laGb' b'OÚ lxGbLdf – -!_ …u+ufÚ -v08sfJo_ -@_ …pj{zLÚ -v08sfJo_ c;dLofdf -df}lns_ – -!_ …8fs/ jrgÚ -vf]h_ -@_ …rDks gu// Oltxf;Ú c;dLofdf -cg'lbt_ – 91
gjdL -;+o'Qm ¿kdf_ k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg M – -!_ ;g\ !(&* df ef/t ;/sf/sf] lzIff / ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnoaf6 km]nf]l;k k|fKt -@_ ;'bL3{ ;flxTo ;]jf u/]sf] x'gfn] c;d ;/sf/åf/f ;g\ @))@ df ;flxlTos k]G;g k|bfg -#_ …cd]l/sg afof] u|flkmsn OG:6L6\o"6Ú af6 …d]g ckm b Oo/ @))% 3f]lift . rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/ -c;d_ kmf]gM (*%(@@!^)@
g]kfnL Pd\=P= pb\3f6gdf u'jfxf6L hf“bf 8f= vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]n
u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6gsf nflu ToxfFsf lgb{]zs 8f= sGbk{ bf;sf] cfu|xcg';f/ Ps dlxgfclu g} ;do ldnfOPsf] lyof] . To;sf nflu @)^& k'; !& ut] sf7df8f}+af6 uf}xf6Ltk{m k|:yfg ul/of] . a'4 Po/af6 rGb|u9L ljdfg:yndf pqFbf ToxfFsf k'/fgf ;flxTosf/ r"8fdl0f /]UdL dnfO{ g} s'l//x]sf lyP . pgn] dnfO{ ToxfFaf6 labf u/]kl5 d b'O{ ah]lt/ kfgL6\ofª\sL k'u]+ . ToxfF dnfO{ lng ptfaf6 ;flxTosf/ nf]sgfy pkfWofo rfkfufO{+ cfpg] s'/f ePsf] lyof] . k"j{kl/lrt gePsf] x'Fbf xfdLn] cfk;L kl/rosf nflu lhp8fn / n'ufsf] /ª\ atfPsf lyof}+ . d}n] cfkm" cUnf] ePsf] atfPsf] lyPF eg] pgn] cfkm" k'8\sf] ePsf] atfPsf lyP . b]Vg]]lalQs} xfdLn] Pscsf{nfO{ lrlgxfNof}+ . klxnf] k6s k|ToIf e]63f6 / kl/ro ePsf nf]sgfy ;]jflgj[Q l;kfxL, pd]/n] kfs} eP klg ul7nf] lhp8fnsf vfOnfUbf /x]5g\ t/ eg]hlt k'8\s}rflx+g} xf]Og . xfdLn] bfh'efOsf] ;fOgf] nufof}+ . ukmufkm ub}{ xfd|f] ofqf clu a9\of] . pgn] dnfO{ ;f]e}m cf ˆg}} 3/df k'¥ofP . pgsf] 3/ l;lnu'8L gk'Ub} ;'>'t gu/ sbdtnf eGg] 7fpFdf /x]5 . ;a} ;Gtfg jl/kl/ g} /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL n'OF6]nsL 5f]/L /lx5g\ – lbbLefOsf] ;fOgf] nufOxflnof] . pgsf 5f]/f huGgfy tyf 5f]/Lx¿ zf/bf / ef/tLn] dfdf eGg yflnxfn] . pgsf HjfOF s]bf/ l3ld/] d]/f k'/fgf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ . o;/L xfd|f] ;fOgf] ;xhtfk"j{s glhls+b} uof] . a]n'sf lgs} a]/ ukmufkm eof] cg]s ljifodf . csf]{ lbg df};d lgs} lr;f] lyof] . xfdL pQ/aª\u ljZjljBfno kl/;/ uf8Laf6} 3'Dof}+ . uf8L s]bf/n] rnfPsf lyP eg] gf/bk|;fb zdf{n] ufO8 u/]sf lyP . ToxfF 3gZofd g]kfn / eLdsfGt pkfWofo;Fu klg e]63f6 eof] . xfdL gfdaf6 k"j{kl/lrt eP klg cg'xf/af6 gjkl/lrt lyof}+ . g]kfnL ;flxTo / ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxToaf/] s]xL If0f s'/fsfgL eof] . u'jfxf6Ldf Pd\=P= g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf] k|f/Deaf/] pgLx¿sf b[li6sf]0f a' ‰g dnfO{ t s] nf]sgfy bfOnfO{ klg vf;} cK7\of/f] k/]g . To; lbg a]n'sfsf] vfgf s]bf/sxfF vfOof] . lgs} enfb\dL kf/fsf s]bf/ / cln g]tf vfnsL >LdtL zf/bfsf b'O{6L 5f]/L /x]5g\ . h]7L 5f]/L Zj]tf lgs} km;f{OnL /lx5g\ . ToxL+af6 nf]sgfy bfOn] dnfO{ cg]slt/ kmf]g ;Dks{ u/fP . ;do laTg vf;} ;do nfu]g . csf{] lbg nf]sgfy / s]bf/n] dnfO{ afu8'u|f Pc/kf]6{ k'¥ofP/ labfO u/] . d :kfO; h]6af6 tLg ah]lt/ u'jfxf6L Pc/kf]6{ plqPF . 8f= zflGt yfkf lgs} a]/b]lv d]/f] k|tLIffdf /lx5g\ . pgn] dnfO{ ;f]e}m lho' u]:6 xfp;df k'¥ofOg\ . s]xL If0fd} gj ;fksf]6f / uLtf pkfWofox¿ klg 92
cfOk'u] . lgs} a]/ ukmufkm eof] . pgLx¿af6 5'l§Pkl5 d s]xL If0f TolQs} 6xlnPF / vfglkg u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehg x]b}{ ;'t]+ . csf{] lbg u'jfxf6L bz{gsf] sfo{qmd /flvPsf] /x]5 . u]:6 xfp;af6 sfdfVoflt/ nfluof] . o;clu aflx/}af6 bz{g ul/Psf] sfdfVof o;k6s rflx+ leq} uP/ zflGt;Fu bz{g ul/of] . ToxfF lgwf{l/t /sd lt/]kl5 ;f]e}m bz{g ug{ kfOg] Joj:yf /x]5, ef/tsf cGo dlGb/df klg o:tf] rng 5 . leq lgs} cFWof/f] sfdfVof dlGb/sf] bz{g u/L aflx/ cfP/ pHofnf]df aQL aflnof] . To;} lbg e'jg]Zj/L, lt¿klt, jlzi7 u'kmf, kN6g ahf/nufot u'jfxf6Lsf ;a}h;f] bz{gLo :yn /dfOnf] u/L zflGt;Fu 3'ldof] / vfgf klg zflGt;Fu} vfOof] . u'jfxf6L e|d0faf6 kmls{g]lalQs} ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3af6 ;Daw{gf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . kl/;ª\3sf ;efklt k'ikw/ zdf{, sfo{sf/L ;efklt s[i0f e'h]n, gj ;fksf]6fnufot y'k|} k|ltli7t JolQmx¿sf] pkl:yltdf dnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/of] . ;a}n] ‘lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P ;~rfngdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] cflb eGb} v'a k|z+;f u/] eg] dnfO{ lbOPsf] ;Ddfg kqdf klg o:t} s'/f n]lvPsf] lyof] . k'; @! ut] cyf{t\ hgj/L % . g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] pb\3f6g x'g] lbg . k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do ;f9] b; ah] g} sfo{qmd ;'? eof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng lgb{]zs 8f= sGbk{ bf; :jo+n] ub}{ oxfF g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngdf 8f= vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]nsf] clt ljlzi6 of]ubfg /x]sf] / of] sfo{qmd k|f/Desf] d"n >]o 8f= n'OF6]nnfO{ g} lbg'k5{ cflb eGb} c;dL / lxGbL b'O{ efiffdf d]/f] v'a k|z+;f u/] . k|d'v cltlysf] cf;gaf6 pb\3f6g efif0f ug{] a]nf d g]kfnL, lxGbL, cª\u|]hLdWo] s'g efiffdf af]nf}+ eGg] s'/f ubf{ Pshgf ljBfyL{n] …g]kfnLdf af]Ng'xf];\, xfdL sf7df8f}+sf] g]kfnL ;'Gg rfxfG5f}Ú elgg\ . d}n] eg]+ — …d sf7df8f}+sf] xf]Og g]kfnsf] g]kfnL af]N5' ÛÚ pb\3f6g efif0fsf qmddf d}n] …dnfO{ lho'n] :k];n sf];{ P8efOh/ agfP/ ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lbPsfn] oxfFsf] kf7\oqmd / kf7\o;fdu|Ldf ePsf /fd|f kIfhlt ;a} tkfO{+x¿sf clg g/fd|f hlt d]/fÚ eGbf ;a} 5Ss k/] . kf7\oqmd / kf7\o;fdu|L agfpFbfsf c;lhnf, cK7\of/f / To;df 8f= bf; / 8f= yfkfsf] ljz]if ;xof]u cflb ljleGg ;Gbe{sf] rrf{ ub}{ g]kfnL x'gfsf] gftfn] d}n] cf ˆgf] st{Jo k"/f u/]sf] eGb} pb\3f6g efif0f 6'ª\UofPF . . d]/f] pb\3f6g efif0f ;lsg]lalQs} sfo{qmd ;dfkgsf] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . x/]s sfo{qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf 7'6] g]tfx¿nfO{ hDdf u/]/ asDk'm;] efif0f gu/fO{ gx'g] kl/kf6L ePsf 7fpFsf] dfG5] d t/ ToxfF d~rdf Pshgf klg /fhgLlts JolQm lyPgg\, af}l4s, k|fl1s JolQmTj dfq lyP . xfdLn] ltgnfO{ ufnL ug{ dfq l;s]sf] t/ ltgsf /fd|f sfdsf] cg's/0f ug{ gl;s]sf]df dnfO{ cfTdUnflg eof] / dgdf s:tf]s:tf] nflu/Xof] t/ ToxfF To:tf s'/f u/]/ cf ˆgf] cfª sGofP/ 5f/f] p8fpg' plrt lyPg . sfo{qmdsf] cf}krfl/s pb\3f6gsf] ;dflKtkZrft\ sIffsf] klg pb\3f6g ul/of] . ToxfF ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf y'k|} ljBfyL{sf] pkl:ylt lyof] / ltgLx¿ w]/} s'/f hfGg pT;'s b]lvGy] . ltgLx¿sf pT;'stfn] dnfO{ klg cln a9L g} k9fpg pTk|]l/t u¥of] . c;d ;flxTo ;efsf ;efklt &@ jifL{o s]=aL= 5]qL, c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf ;efklt gj ;fksf]6f, ef/tLo uf]vf{ kl/;ª\3sf ;efklt k'ikw/ zdf{ ;a ljBfyL{ lyP . ljleGg ljifodf Pd\=P, Pd\=lkmn ul/;s]sfx¿ klg egf{ ePsf lyP . d}n] ;'?df Psb'O{j6f dfq Snf; lng] ;f]r]sf] lyPF t/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] pT;'stf / ljZjljBfnosf] ljz]if cfu|xdf Ps xKtf Snf; lnPF . 8fO/]S6/ bf;n] klg ;'?df s]xL Snf; lnOlbg cfu|x u/]sf lyP t/ kl5 eg] – …v} ljBfyL{x¿ tkfO{+nfO{ 5f]8g} dfGb}gg\, cfkm}+ ;f]r]/ lg0f{o ug'{;\ .Ú pgsf] sfd ug]{ –u/fpg] z}nL klg cg's/0fLo g} lyof] . s'/f sd / sfd w]/} 93
ug]{, laxfgb]lv a]n'sf;Dd clkm;d} a;L l;;L l6eLaf6 ;ayf]s lg/LIf0f ug]{, cfkm" kª\r'cn x'g] / sd{rf/LnfO{ klg cg'zf;gdf /fVg], jfd em'sfpsf eP klg ljZjljBfnodf /fhgLlts uGw g5g]{, ljZjljBfnosf] ljsf;df bQlrQ eP/ nfUg] s'zn k|zf;s lyP bf;hL . cs}{ b]zsf] ljZjljBfnodf cf ˆgf] efiff;flxTo k9fpFbf dnfO{ 5'§} vfn] /dfOnf]] cg'e"lt eof] . lbge/ sIff lng] clg sIff ;lsPkl5 ;Ddfg sfo{qmd / e]63f6d} Jo:t x'g] lbgrof{ g} aGof] . k'; @$ ut] c;d ;flxTo ;efåf/f ToxfFsf ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf dnfO{ ;Ddfg ul/of] . ;efklt s]=aL= 5]qL, d"n ;lrj dbg yfkfnufot y'k|}sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] To; ;Ddfg sfo{qmddf klg …lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P ;~rfngdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]Ú eGb} k|z+;fsf] jiff{ g} ul/Psf] lyof] eg] dnfO{ lbOPsf] clegGbg kqdf klg o:t} s'/f n]lvPsf] lyof] . To; sfo{qmddf d}n] klg cg]s ljifodf nfd} efif0f 7f]s]+ . k'; @% ut] d]/f] hGdlbg ePsf] s'/f laxfg} 5f]/L Ce'n] kmf]g u/]kl5 dnfO{ ;Demgf eof] . d sIffdf k:bf af]8{df …8f= vu]Gb|k|;fb n'OF6]nnfO{ hGdlbgsf] xflb{s z'esfdgf’ eGg] n]lvPsf] lyof] . v} pgLx¿nfO{ of] s'/f s;/L yfxf eof], dnfO{ yfxf ePg . ;+of]u g} egf} 8f= zflGt yfkfsf] hGdlbg klg To;} lbg /x]5 . xfdL b'j}sf nflu Tof] hLjgsf] klxnf] ;+of]u lyof] . xfdLn] Pscsf{df z'esfdgf / pkxf/ cfbfgk|bfg u¥of}+ . o:tf] cgf}7f] ;+of]u xfd|f nflu dfq xf]Og ;a}sf nflu cgf}7} lyof] . tdfd ljBfyL{ / cGon] ;d]t xfdLnfO{ ld7fO / ljleGg pkxf/;lxt z'esfdgf lbP/ hGdlbg dgfP . To;lbgsf] nGr c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\sf ;efklt tyf d]/f j[4 ljBfyL{ gj ;fksf]6fn] /fd}| xf]6ndf nu]/ u/fP . To;} lbg a]n'sf clvn c;d uf]vf{ 5fq ;ª\3n] d]/f] ;Ddfg clegGbg u¥of] . To; sfo{qmddf ljBfyL{ ;ª\u7gsf ;efklt hubLz vgfn, 8f= zflGt, 8f= vu]gnufot y'k}|sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ljBfyL{ g]tfx¿n] klg lho'sf] g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmd;Fu} hf]8]/ d]/f] cEoy{gf u/] . lbglbg} u]:6 xfp;df x'g] sfo{qmd / dflg;x¿sf] cfjthfjt b]Vbf ToxfFsf sd{rf/L / c¿ cfuGt'sx¿ klg 5Ss ky{]=== . k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;docg';f/ g} k'; @^ ut] sfo{qmdsf] ;dfkg ug'{ lyof] . ljBfyL{x¿n] ToxfF klg ljz]if ;Ddfg sfo{qmd /fv]sf /x]5g\ . ToxfF d]/f ;Ddfgdf JoQm u/]sf zAb / dnfO{ lbPsf] clegGbg kqdf n]lvPsf zAbaf6 d lgs} efjljef]/ ePF . d}n] ;du| sfo{qmdaf/] nfd} efif0f ub}{ sfo{qmd ;kmn kfg{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;a}nfO{ wGojfb lbPF . ;a}n] o; sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf] >]o dnfO{ dfq lbO/x]sf a]nf d}n] …To;sf] >]o svudf /x]sf]Ú eGbf ;a} 5Ss k/] . s cyf{t\ sGbk{, v cyf{t\ vu]Gb|, u cyf{t\ uLtfy{sf] ;s[otfaf6 of] sfo{qmd ;kmn ePsf] / o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn t'Nofpg 8f= zflGt yfkfsf] ljlzi6 e"ldsf /x]sf] eGb} pgsf] gfd a]7Ls ePsfn] ca qmflGt /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGbf tfnLsf] u8\u8fx6 / xfF;f]sf] kmf]x/f 5'6\of] . 8fO/]S6/ 8f=sGbk{ bf;n] klg d]/f] of]ubfgsf] k|z+;fdf lgs} ;do vr{ u/] . sfo{qmd ;+of]hs 8f=zflGt yfkfn] …lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P= :yfkgf 8f=n'OF6]nsf] of]ubfgaf6 dfq ;kmn ePsf] / pxfFsf] ;xof]u gePsf] eP of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb}gYof]Ú eGg]h:tf s'/f u/L d]/f] lgs} k|z+;f ul/g\ . tLg lbg] l;nf]ª sfo{qmdsf nflu dnfO{ lng cfOk'u]sf 6]sgf/fo0f pkfWofo klg sfo{qmddf ;l/s lyP . ljb]zL ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ;KtfxJofkL sIff d]/f nflu gf}nf] cg'ej lyof] . k"/} lbg zflGt sIffd} al:yg\ . d}n] eg]sf s'/f a]nfa]nf af]8{df n]lVyg\ . pgL dnfO{ u]:6xfp;af6 lho' k'¥ofpg], b'O{ ah]lt/ nGr vfg nfg] dfq xf]Og d]/f nflu sIffd} vfg] kfgL ;d]t NofOlblGyg\ . aLraLrdf sfof{noLo sfd;d]t EofpFlyg\ . pgL d]/f] sIff lng] tl/sfaf6 lgs} k|efljt ePsf] / y'k|} s'/f l;s]sf] atfpFlyg\ . lvl/nf] HofgsL zflGt ;fFlRrs} k'mlt{nL / 94
sfdk|lt nugzLn /lx5g\ . sltko lh2L :jefj eP klg pgsf] ;+of]hg sfo{sf}zn / v6fOsf clu lh2Lkg lkmSsf b]vfk5{ . h] xf];\ ToxfF Ps xKtf lgs} /dfOnf];Fu laTof] / d}n] To;nfO{ hLjgsf] clj:d/0fLo 36gfsf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5' . l;nf]ªsf] sfo{qmd ;sL k'; #) ut] laxfg b; ah] 6]sgf/fo0fn] dnfO{ u'jfxf6L NofOk'¥ofP . xfd|f] k"j{of]hgfd'tflas b/ª sn]hsf] sfo{qmd pb\3f6gdf hfg' lyof] . dnfO{ ToxfF nfg] lhDdf lho'sf k"j{ 6«]h// tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf k|f=8f= x]drGb| uf}tdn] lnPsf lyP . ToxL sfo{qmds} nflu pgn] d]/f] Kn]g l6s6 klg ;fl/lbPsf lyP . pgsf Sjf6{/df rfd|] vfO{ !@ ah]lt/ pgsL >LdtL / efOsL 5f]/L nf]lxtf;lxt xfdL af6f] nfUof}+ . pgn] ;':t/L uf8L rnfpFb} ljleGg 7fpF b]vfpFb} nu] . aLr af6f]df 6fo/ kª\r/ eP/ s]xL If0f /f]lsg' k/] klg ofqf lgs} /fdfOnf] lyof] . pgsf] k'/fgf] 3/ l;ª\/L eP klg oltv]/ l9lsofh'nLdf a:bf /x]5g\ . % ah]lt/ pgsf 3/df k'luof] . pgsf *$ jifL{o lktf k|hfklt zf:qL To; If]qsf lgs} k|ltli7t JolQm /x]5g\ . ;dfh ;]jfdf ljz]if ?lr /fVg] zf:qLn] ljBfno, dlGb/, kf6L, kf}jf, wf/f cflb agfpg lgs} 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf /x]5g\ . n]vgdf klg ?lr ePsf zf:qLsf b'O{j6f lstfa klg k|sflzt /x]5g\ . pgsL cfdf eg] uf}k|f0fL . zf:qL bDktLsf rf/ efO 5f]/f . h]7f] x]d;fu/ u'jfxf6Llt/} s'g} 7"nf] sfuh pBf]udf sfd ubf{ /x]5g\ . pgsf b'O{ ;Gtfg ;lrtf / jf;'b]j . dflxnf] x]drGb| Joj:yfkgsf k|fWofks, ljifout y'k|} k':tssf n]vs clg lho'sf 6«]h//;d]t eO;s]sfn] logsf] To; If]qdf kx'Fr / k|lti7f b'j} pRr /x]5 . lho'df g]kfnLdf Pd\=P= Nofpgdf klg pgsf] lgs} 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] a'[lemof] . s;}nfO{ yfxf glbO{ leqleq} sfd kmQ] ug{] :jefjsf x]drGb| lgs} ldng;f/ / eb| JolQmTjsf wgL /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL klg hf]8L ldNg] g} /lx5g\ . k"gfdf k9\g] 5f]/L lgj]lbtf lax'df 3/ cfpg gkfP/ lrlGtt eO{ l5gl5gdf kmf]g ul//xlGyg\ . ;flx+nf] 3gZofd :yfgLo ljBfnodf k9fpFbf /x]5g\ . pgsf nf]lxtf / lul//fh gfds b'O{ ;Gtfg . 5f]/L nf]lxtf lgs} xFl;nL . ltgL sn]h k9\g] eP klg ;jf, kf}g] / c9fO{sf] e]b cln a'l ‰b/lxgl5g\ . a]nfa]nf Tof] xfF;f]sf] ljifo aGYof] . cln 6f9fsf] sn]hdf k9fpg] sfG5f] cd/ lgs} Hofgbf/ / lbnbf/ klg . pgsf b'O{ ;Gtfg bLlIftf / ldlyn]z . lax'df e]nf ePsf] lgs} 7"nf] uf}td kl/jf/sf ;fy v'a /dfOnf] u/L lax' dgfOof] . k|;ª\u lax'sf] . lax' c;d If]qsf] 7"nf] kj{ /x]5, ;fj{hlgs 5'§L g} lbg] vfnsf] . lax' jif{df tLgk6s kbf{] /x]5 — ef]ufnL lax' -df3] ;ª\qmflGt_, /ª\ufnL lax' -j}zfv] ;ª\qmflGt_ / sª\ufnL lax' -sflQs] ;ª\qmflGt_ . vfg] kj{sf ¿kdf /x]sf oL lax'dWo] ;aeGbf a9L vfg] lax' ef]ufnL lax' /x]5 cfk"m To;}df kl/of] . htf uof] ltn / gl/jnsf n8\8', lk7f, df5fdf;' cflb cg]s kl/sf/ vfg'kg{] . d o:tfdf plt afgL gk/]sf] dfG5] s]xL lbg t x}/fg} ePF t}klg clncln vfFb} lx+8]+ . x]drGb|hLn] dnfO{ y'k|} 7fpF 8'nfP . pgn] hxfFhxfF k'¥ofP tL ;a} cfkmGth:t} nfUy] . g]kfnL hflt eg]kl5 d]/f nlu ;a} cfkmGt . To;df klg otflt/sf ljleGg ;fyLefOsf cfkmGt To;} cfkmGt x'g] g} eOxfn] . lbge/ 3'd3fd u/L a]n'sf lgs} a]/ 3/fo;L jftfj/0fdf cfuf] tfk]/ al;of] . csf{] lbg laxfg} xfdL l;ª\/Ltk{m nfUof}+ u'Kt]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] bz{g ug{ . Tof] To; 7fpFsf] cg]s ls+jbGtL hl8t k|l;4 dlGb/ /x]5 . d]/f k'/fgf r]nf /~hg clwsf/L / ldq 8f= x[bo sf]O/fnfsf 3/df klg k'luof], af]nfPhlt ;a} 7fpFdf k'Ug ;lsPg . To; lbg d]/} k|d'v cfltYodf To; If]qs} lgs} k|ltli7t / ;DkGg JolQm u0f]z g]jf/sxfF ljz]if ldl6ª /flvPsf] lyof] . P;\=Pn\=;L=sf] Pp6} Aofrsf ;fyLx¿ /Tg g]jf/, lxd;fu/ pkfWofo, t]h/fh 5]qL, 6]saxfb'/ 5]qL, 95
/f]lx0fLs'df/ ;'tf/, ;'rGb| bf; cflb ldn]/ cfk"mn] k9]sf] l;ª\/L dfljsf ;]jflgj[Q lzIfsnfO{ ;Daw{gf ug{] of]hgf agfO{ Tof] ldl6ª cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . d}n] klg ljleGg /fo;Nnfx lbPF . ;a Ps ;] Ps dx Œjk"0f{ kbdf k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] Pscsf{nfO{ tF eGg] :t/sf] ldqtf ;fFRr} nf]enfUbf] lyof] . To; sfo{qmddf klg dnfO{ ljz]if ;Ddfg ul/of] . ldl6ª ;lsPkl5 xfdLn] vfgf ToxL+ vfof}+ . u0f]z g]jf/sf c;dL / g]kfnL u/L b'O{j6L >LdtL ePsf] s'/f pgn] ;xhtfk"j{s atfP . vfglkgkZrft\ xfdL uf}tdhLsxfF k'u]/ t]hk'/tk{m k|:yfg u¥of}+ . aLr af6f]lt/ st} b'36{gfsf sf/0f af6f] aGb ePsf] yfxf kfPkl5 xfdL kmls{of}+ . a]n'sf y'k|}lt/ lgDtf lyof] t/ st} uOPg=== . csf{] lbg laxfg} xfdL t]hk'/tk{m nfUof}+ . uf}tdhL To; 7fpFdf klg k"/} kl/lrt /x]5g\ . pgn] dnfO{ ltgLx¿s} cfu|xdf t]hk'/sf jof]j[4 ;dfh;]jL cd/gfy e§/fO{, ;flxTosf/ 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL / uLtf pkfWofosxfF klg k'¥ofP . ToxfF klg km'nf]d ufdf];f cf]9fpg afFsL /fv]gg\ . To; /fHosf] ljwfg ;efWoIf 6ª\saxfb'/ /fO{sxfF eg] hfg EofOPg . oL ljleGg 7fpF 3'dfpFb} uf}tdhLn] dnfO{ g]kfnLk§L eGg] 7fpFdf cjl:yt hogf/fo0f n'OF6]nsxfF k'¥ofP . pgL xfd|} k|tLIffdf /x]5g\ . eJofsif{s Hofg / cUnf] sbsf hogf/fo0fsf] JolQmTj s'g} uf]/f d'n'ssf ux'Fuf]/f ljb]zLh:t}=== . /fhgLlt zf:qsf ;]jflgj[Q k|fWofks n'OF6]n b/ª sn]hsf] g]kfnL ljefusf ;+:yfks k|fWofks /x]5g\ . pgsL >LdtL gofFb]jL klg ;]jflgj[Q lzIfs . b'j}hgf To; If]qsf k|ltli7t ;flxTosf/ klg . 5f]/fa'xf/L, 5f]/LHjfO{+ ;a} ljb]zlt/} . 7"nf] 3/df tL b'O{ / gfltgL ozf]w/f a:bf /x]5g\ . vfglkg u/]/ gftf s]nfpg yflnof] . pgsf / d]/f xh'/af bfh'efO /x]5g\ . xfdL klg bfh'efO eOxfNof}+ . …ptf a:g sl7g eP ot} cfP/ c+z lng' knf{, 3/ klg k'Ug] vfnsf] 7"n} /x]5Ú egL 7§f ul/of] . pgn] klg 7§}7§fdf …cfwf 3/ lbg]Ú atfP . cflv/ tL ;a} uk}m t lyP lg . b]z vfO{ z]if ePsf n'OF6]nsxfF rflx+ g]6 klg rnfOFbf] /x]5= . d}n] lgs} lbgkl5 aNn d]n r]s ug{] df}sf kfPF . To; lbg k'iknfn :d[lt cWoog uf]i7L gfds ;+:yfaf6 dnfO{ ;Daw{gf ug{] of]hgf agfOPsf] /x]5 . hogf/fo0f bDktL, ldqnfn pkfWofo, b]jLk|;fb pkfWofo, huGgfy pkfWofo, sdnfb]jL, nfj0ob]jL, d's'Gb rfkfufO{+, d'lQm n'OF6]n, v]dfgGb ld> cflbsf] pkl:yltdf cToGt ;f}xfb|{k"0f{ jftfj/0fdf ;Daw{gf sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . kfgL k/]/ at/ -df};d_ lrl;Psf] eP klg dnfO{ To;n] vf;} c;/ u/]g . a]n'sf Psl5g ukmufkm ug{] ;f]rfO lyof] t/ rf/}lt/af6 kmf]g cfO/x]sfn] w]/} ukm ug{ EofOPg . Totfsf] df]afOn ;f/} ;:tf] clg s'/f ul//x]s} a]nfdf klg ld:8 sn cfpg] ePsfn] NofG8nfOgsf] k|of]u plt xF'bf] /x]g5 . ljZjgfy rf/fnL, sfla{cfªnfª, l8uaf]O{nufot ck/ c;dsf] lgs} 6f9f6f9f;Dd dnfO{ nfg nfnflot lyP, dnfO{ klg hfg] dg gnfu]sf] xf]Og t/ o;k6s Jo:t sfo{qmdn] ubf{ EofOPg . x]/f}+ csf{] k6s s]s:tf] x'G5 < csf{] lbg b/ª sn]hdf pb\3f6g sfo{qmd lyof] . @@ j6f ljefu / $%)) hlt ljBfyL{ ePsf] Tof] ef/ts} lgs} k'/fgf] sn]h /x]5, ;g\ !($% df :yflkt . ToxfFsf lk|lG;kn 8f= hozª\s/ xhfl/sf, cfO8f]n ;+of]hs ljwfg a/f, hogf/fo0f n'OF6]nnufotn] dnfO{ SofDk;sf dx Œjk"0f{ 7fpFx¿ b]vfP . lgs} Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rflnt To; sn]hdf k'm6an / lqms]6 v]Ng] lgs} 7"nf] d}bfg klg=== . To; sn]hsf] :yfkgfdf zf]l0ftk'/sf] Ps clzlIft g]kfnL k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] s'/f d}n] w]/}sf d'vaf6 klxn] g} ;'lg;s]sf] lyPF . sn]h :yfkgfy{ s]xL rGbf dfUg pgsf 3/df k'u]sf dfG5]nfO{ pgn] l;ª\uf] sn]h agfpg} k'Ug]u/L kfFr xhf/ lbg] 96
jrg lbP5g\ . s]xL lbgkl5 af]/fel/ rfFbLsf df]x/ ;fOsndf xfn]/ ToxL+ NofOlbP5g\ . kl5 yk ;xof]u klg u/]5g\ . of] sNkgfeGbf aflx/sf] 36gfsf ¿kdf ;asf d'vd'vdf e'mlG8Psf] /x]5 . cF, k|;ª\u pb\3f6g sfo{qmdsf] . g]kfnL ljefusf k|d'v v]dfgGb ld>sf] pb\3f]if0f / lk|lG;kn hozª\s/ xhfl/sfsf] ;efkltTjdf pb\3f6g sfo{qmd ;'? eof] . ToxfF klg ;j{k|yd ;Daw{gf g} ul/of] . pb\3f6g efif0fsf qmddf d}n] cGo s'/fsf ;fy} k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] of]ubfgsf] s'/f klg p7fPF . …olt k'/fgf] sn]hsf] ;+:yfkssf] st} ;flns xf]nf / c¿ hLljt ;flnsx¿;Fue}m+ pgsf] klg ;flns 5]pdf a;]/ kmf]6f] lvRg kfOPnf pgsf gfddf s'g} ejg xf]nf eG7fg]sf] t/ cfk"mn] o:tf] s]xL gb]v]sf] clg csf{]k6s cfpFbf o:tf] cj;/ kSs} kfpg] ck]Iff u/]sf]Ú eGg] s'/f d}n] atfpFbf ;efdf lgs} a]/ tfnLsf] u8u8fx6 dlRrof] . kl5 lk|lG;knn] klg …of] ;f/} /fd|f] s'/f xf], otflt/ xfd|f] Wofg uPsf] /x]g5, d of] sfd kSs} u5'{Ú eGg] k|lta4tf JoQm u/] . d k|lta4tf k'/f0f ;'gLn]vL ;s]sf] dfG5] . otfsf xfd|f k|lta4tfaf/] eGg} kb{}g t/ Totfsf] k|lta4tf otfsf] h:tf] x'Fb}g /], k"/f x'G5 /] eGg] ;'g]/ d k|;Gg ePF . ToxfF k|e'/fdsf] ;flns aGg' eg]sf] g]kfnL hfltsf] of]ubfg lg¿lkt x'g' lyof] / Tof] tdfd g]kfnL hfltsf nflu uf}/jsf] ljifo klg lyof] . pb\3f6g sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 lk|lG;knn] xfdLnfO{ c;dL vfg]s'/f v'jfpg] egL ln ˆ6 r9]/ hfg'kg{] lgs} cUnf] xf]6ndf nu] . ToxfFaf6 t]hk'/ ahf/ k"/} b]lv+bf] /x]5 . vfgf vfP/ kmls{Pkl5 sIff pb\3f6g eof] . ToxfF klg ljBfyL{ TolQs} pT;flxt lyP=== . To; lbg a]n'sf c;d ;flxTo ;ef zf]l0ftk'/n] rfFbdf/L eGg] 7fpFdf ljz]if ;Ddfg sfo{qmd /fv]sf] /x]5 . rGb|dl0f pkfWofo, v8uaxfb'/ sf}lzs, bLggfy lg/f}nf, df]xg ;'j]bL 3gZofd ltdl;gf, b]jsLb]jL, b'uf{b]jL, em/gfb]jL, ;ljtf ch{]n, u0f]z kf}8]n, ;Gtf]if bfxfn cflb y'k|}sf] pkl:yltdf ;DkGg To; sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng v]dfgGb ld>n] u/]sf lyP . pgLnufot ;a}n] …g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgfdf 8f= n'OF6]nsf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg /x]sf] / pxfFs} sf/0f cfh of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] clg k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] s'/f p7fOlbP/ xfdLnfO{ yk u'g nufPsf]Ú cflb eGb} d]]/f] k|z+;fdf zAbj[li6 g} u/] . d}n] klg g]kfnL hflt / efiffsf nflu s]xL ;xof]u ug{ kfPsf]df v';L JoQm u/]+ eg] g]kfnL hfltsf uf}/j k|e'/fdsf] ;Demgfdf g]kfnL hfltn] s]xL gu/]sf]df lrGtf JoQm u/]+ . a]n'sf 3gZofdsxfF vfgf vfO{ hogf/fo0fsxfF k'u]/ ;'ltof] . csf{] lbg laxfg v]dfgGbsxfF vfgf vfO{ sn]h uOof] / Snf; lnOof] . lbpF;f] ldqb]j zdf{ / 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qLn] dnfO{ ToxfFsf kfs{, dlGb/ cflb ;a} /d0fLo 7fpF 3'dfP . a]n'sf c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ t]hk'/n] xl/x/wfd rfFbdf/Ldf ;Ddfg sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] /x]5 . b'uf{k|;fb pkfWofosf] ;efkltTjdf ;~rflnt To; sfo{qmddf To; kl/ifb\sf k"j{;efkltx¿ k|f= b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/], k|f= 6Lsf/fd pkfWofo lgeL{s, k|f= uLtf pkfWofosf ;fy} k|f= d'Qmfb]jL -cy{zf:qsL eP/ klg s]xL ;do g]kfnL ljefudf k9fPsL_ ldqb]j zdf{, j;'Gw/f zdf{, 5ljnfn pkfWofo, an/fd pkfWofo, l8NnL/fd vgfn, s';'d]Zj/L b]jL, hogf/fo0f, 3gZofdnufotsf JolQmx¿ pkl:yt lyP . ToxfF dnfO{ 5Gbf]a4 sljtfdf :jfut / ;Daw{gf ul/of] clg d]/f af/]df n]lvPsf] sljtf g} ;Daw{gf kqsf ¿kdf lbOof] . ToxfF klg ;a}n] …lho'sf] Pd\=P= g]kfnL sfo{qmdsf nflu 9'ª\uf] vf]Hbf b]ptf ldn]sf], of] sfo{qmd tkfO{+s} of]ubfgaf6 ;kmn ePsf], xfdL C0fL 5f}+Ú cflb eGb} ;Daw{gf u/] . b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] lq=lj= :yfkgfsfns} g]kfnLsf ljBfyL{ /x]5g\ . pgn] lq=lj= df cfk"m k9\bfsf] k|;ª\u sf]§ØfpFb} …lho'df g]kfnL Pd\+=P= :yfkgfdf 8f=n'OF6]nsf] of]ubfg clåtLo /x]sf] / o;nfO{ c;djf;Ln] slxNo} ge'Ng]Ú cflb eGb} d]/f] v'a k|z+:ff u/] . 6Lsf/fdhLn] 97
…sf7df8f}+df e]6\g] k|of; ubf{ klg ;Dej gePsf] t/ oxL+ e]6\g kfPsf]df uf}/j nfu]sf]Ú s'/f atfP . ToxfFsL k|ltli7t cu|h ;flxTosf/ uLtf pkfWofon] lho's} k|;ª\u lgsfn]/ d]/f] k|z+;f ub{} o; If]qdf Pp6f g]kfnL k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf] atfOg\ . j;'Gw/f zdf{n] lgs} efj's eP/ …cfk"mn] olt 7"nf] ljåfg\ b]j/ kfPsf]Ú eGb} clegGbg ubf{ d klg efph" kfPsf]df lgs} efj's ag]sf] lyPF . ToxfF pkl:yt ;a}n] pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf k|e'/fd sfsL{sf] k|;ª\u sf]§ØfOlbPsfdf k|;Ggtf JoQm ub{} c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ / ;ef b'j}sf cWoIf tkfO{+s} ljBfyL{ ePsfn] oL b'j} ;+:yfnfO{ Ps agfpg dWo:ytf ul/lbgÚ ;d]t cfu|x u/] . …r'Sof{OF ug'{ / k'm6\g' xfdL g]kfnL hfltsf] k}t[s ;DklQ ePsf] / clg cfk"m ldg]6ldg]6df k'm6\g] / k'm6fpg] b]zsf] afl;Gbf ePsfn] oxfF b'O{j6f ;ª\u7g x'g' vf;} cgf}7f] gnfu]sf] t/ dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf c¿sf] x]kfOaf6 hf]lug oxfFrflx+ ldNg' g} /fd|f] xf], o;sf nflu d csf{] k6s cfpFbf k|oTg u5'{Ú eGbf ;a}n] tfnL ahfP/ k|;Ggtf JoQm u/] . d}n] …l6o' g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefu g]kfnL ljifosf nflu cS;kmf]8{, SoflDa|h ;a ePsf] / cfk"m ToxL+af6 cfO{ lho'df g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ kfPsf]df v';L nfu]sf]Ú s'/f bf]xf]¥ofPF . sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 Psl5g 3'd3fd ul/of] / ldqb]jsxfF vfgf vfO{ hogf/fo0fsxfF kms{]/ ;'ltof] . csf{] lbg laxfg ToxfFaf6 1fgkL7 l8u|L sn]h lgsf;Lsf] sfo{qmdsf nlu k|:yfg ug'{ lyof] . dflg; dfq xf]Og df};d klg labfOdf lj/lQmPem}+ nfUYof] . l;dl;d] kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] . d]/f] labfOsf nflu afofF6f rf/fnL;Dd 3gZofd cfPsf lyP . lgsf;Laf6 cfO8f]nsf ;+of]hs tkgrGb| slnt, g]kfnL ljefusf k|d'v rGb| l3ld/], g]kfnL lzIfs /lj clwsf/L / cle kf7s uf8L lnP/ dnfO{ lng cfPsf lyP . ToxfFaf6 lgsf;L cln 6f9} /x]5 . a]n'sf e'6fgs} 5]pdf /x]sf] /lj clwsf/Lsf 3/df al;of] . ToxfF a]nfa]nf aQL hfFbf] /x]5 . d w]/h;f] aQL hfg] /fi6«sf] klg /fhwfgLsf] afl;Gbf . To;n] dnfO{ plt c;/ kfg{] s'/} ePg . lgs} ylst ePsfn] a]n'sf cln l56} lgbfOof] . csf{] lbg laxfg vfgf vfO{ 1fgkL7 l8u|L sn]h k'luof] . d ToxfF k'Ubf sn]hsf ;a} kbflwsf/Lx¿ d]/} :jfutdf k|tLIff/t lyP . ltgLx¿n] d]/f] eJo :jfut u/] / sn]hsf ;a}h;f] 7fpF b]vfP . ToxfF d]/f] ;Ddfgdf t'nAofg/;lxt eJo sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . To;kl5 ;Ddfg sfo{qmd k|f/De eof] . sn]hsf k|]l;8]G6 bofgGb e08f/L, efO; lk|lG;kn cldt zdf{, cfO8f]n sf]cl8{g]6/ tkgrGb| slnt, h'lgo/sf lk|lG;kn k|]dk|;fb pkfWofo, uelg{ª a8Lsf ;b:o t?0f zdf{, af]8f]sf ljefuLo k|d'v dG6' /fdfl;of/L, cª\u|]hLsf k|d'v /Dofg slntf, cy{zf:qsf pTkn 8]sf, c;dLofsf lxdfgL xfnf]O{, k/d]Zj/L bf;nufot lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / cleefjsx¿sf] pkl:yltdf lgs} eJo ;Ddfg sfo{qmd ul/of] . dnfO{ ToxfF ;a} ljefuLo k|d'vx¿af6 hftLo ;+:s[ltcg'¿ksf cg]s pkxf/ k|bfg ul/of] . dnfO{ sn]hsf] nfOa|]/Laf6 ef/tLo g]kfnL ;flxTo gfds k':ts;d]t pkxf/ lbOof] . dnfO{ ToxfF lbOPsf v/fO, hfkLnufotsf pkxf/ d}n] Nofpg ;lsg, kl5 pgLx¿n] sf7df8f}+d} k7fOlbP . l;ª\uf] sn]hs} tkm{af6 ul/Psf] Tof] ;Ddfg sfo{qmddf klg …g]kfnL Pd\=P=sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgfdf 8f= n'OF6]nsf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg /x]sf]Ú eGg] s'/f ;a}n] atfP . g]kfnL efifLOt/ ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t xflb{stfk"j{s ;Ddfg ul/+bf dnfO{ lgs} efj's t'Nofof] . d}n] ltgLx¿sf] ;b\efjk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] d'Qms07n] k|z+;f u/]+ . ;Ddfg sfo{qmdsf] nuQ}kl5 d}n] lzIfs, ljBfyL{ / :yfgLo a'l4hLjLnufotsf 7"nf] ;d"xsf aLr nfd} efif0f 7f]s]+ . pgLx¿n] /fv]sf lh1f;faf/] klg lgs} a]/ af]n]+ . sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 a]n'sflt/ :yfgLo ljleGg 7fpFsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f ul/of] . 98
csf{] lbg c;d ;flxTo kl/ifb\ lgsf;Låf/f ;Ddfg sfo{qmd /flvPsf] /x]5 . ToxfF To:tf sfo{qmdnfO{ …kl/ro kj{Ú klg eGbf /x]5g\ . zflGt/fd kf]v/]nsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg To; sfo{qmddf sn]hsf k|]l;8]G6 bofgGb e08f/L, ab|L u'/fufO{+, rGb| l3ld/], /lj clwsf/L, o'jf g]tf kLtfDa/ kf7s, u0f]z 5]qL, u'?k|;fb sf]O/fnf, lbn uf}td, 6Lsf/fd l3ld/], cle kf7snufot y'k|} g]kfnL dlxnfk'?ifx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . v's'/L;lxtsf] sfnf] 6f]kL, k"mna'§] ufDrf, clegGbgkq;lxt ul/Psf] To; ;Ddfg sfo{qmddf klg g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmd;Fu hf]8]/ d]/f] k|z+;f ug{ afFsL /fv]gg\ . sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 dnfO{ e'6fg 3'dfpg n}hfg] of]hgf agfOPsf] /x]5 . zflGt/fd kf]v/]n, kLtfDa/ kf7s, Pjgf/fo0f kf7s, u0f]z 5]qL, rGb| l3ld/] / /lj clwsf/L;lxt xfdL e'6fgtk{m nfUof}+ . v}/]gL gfds lgs} km/flsnf] au/ kf/ u/]/ hfg'kg{] /x]5 . avf{ ofddf kfune}m+ af9L cfpg] x'Fbf To;nfO{ …kunf vf]nfÚ klg elg+bf] /x]5 . xfdL b'O{ ah]lt/ e'6fg u]6 k'Uof}+ . To; lbg e'6fgdf :yfgLo r'gfjsf sf/0f u]6 aGb ul/Psf] /x]5 . xfdLn] 6f9}af6 e'6fg x]¥of}+ . dnfO{ e'6fg 3'dfpg gkfPsf]df ltgLx¿ ;a} lvGg eP . d}n] …h]hlt 3'ldof] d]/f nflu tL ;a gofF 7fpF x'g\, df}sf k/] k]ml/ 3'df}+nfÚ eg]kl5 ltgLx¿sf] lvGgtfdf Go"gtf cfof] . xfdL ToxfFaf6 kms{]/ rGb| l3ld/]sf] 3/df cfOk'Ubf /ft kl/;s]sf] lyof] . ToxL+ 5]pdf Pp6f g]kfnLsf] lax]df k8\sfPsf] k6fsfn] To; If]qs} zflGt eª\u u/]h:tf] nfUYof] . lax]df lgDtf lyof] t/ ylst ePsfn] uOPg . xfd|f] emfkf, df]/ªh:t} nfUg] lgsf;L clwsf+z g]kfnLsf] a;f]af; If]q /x]5 . To; 7fpFdf g]kfnL ;+:s[lt k"/} hLljt /flvPsf] /x]5 . ;x/af6 cln 6f9f ePsfn] ltgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ ufpFn] g} 7fGbf /x]5g\ . ToxfFc;d If]qsf] k|l;4 gf6\o ;d"x nfnLu'/fF;nufot ljleGg gf6\o d08nLx¿ klg /x]5g\ . c;dlt/ dfG5]nfO{ klxnf] :jfut tfd'n -sfFrf] ;'kf/L_, kfg / To;kl5 lrofaf6 ul/+bf] /x]5 . ToxfF tfd'nkfg ;a}sf] lk|o /x]5 . slxNo} gvfPsfn] vfFbf dfltG5 eGy] . d}n] Psk6s hogf/fo0fsxfF clnslt vfPF . sfg tfTof] eg] eGg' xfdL cf}ifwL u5f{}+ eGy] . d]/f] sfg klg tft]g / dnfO{ ld7f] klg nfu]g . To;afx]s cGt d}n] st} klg tfd'nkfg vfOg . csf{] lbg laxfg ;a]/} u'jfxf6L kms{g' lyof] . d]/f] labfOsf nflu j/k/sf y'k|} dflg; hDdf ePsf lyP . /lj / clj dnfO{ k'¥ofpg u'jfxf6L;Dd} cfPsf lyP . aLr af6f]sf] s'g} 7fpFdf s'g} /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gn] d]/f] clegGbg sfo{qmd /fv]sf] /x]5 t/ ;dosf sf/0f ToxfF pkl:yt x'g ;lsPg . ;f9] b; ah] lho' u]:6 xfp; k'Ug]lalQs} zflGt klg cfOk'lug\ . To; lbg lho'df y'k|} sfo{qmd / ldl6ªx¿ lyP . xtf/xtf/ vfglkg u/]/ lho' uOof] . lho' cfO8f]nåf/f ;~rfng k|f/De ul/Psf] /]l8of] Hof]lt t/ª\usf] pb\3f6g ul/of] . ;f] cj;/df 8fO/]S6/ sGbk{ bf;n] d;Fu ljz]if cGtjf{tf{ lnPsf lyP . d]/f] cGtjf{tf{ lng lgs} klxn] b]lv g} k|of; ul//x]sf efis/nfO{ aNn ;do lbg ;s]+ . Tof] cGtjf{tf{ g]kfnL ljifo;Fu ;Da4 lyof] . pgn] g]kfnL sljtfsf] Oltxf;nufotsf ljifodf nfd} cGtjf{tf{ lnP . Tof] ljBfyL{sf nflu k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ug{] ;fdu|L xf] /] . d]/f] cGtjf{tf{ g;lspGh]n vu]g zdf{ ;fgf b'O{ 5f]/L;lxt aflx/ dnfO{ g} s'l//x]sf /x]5g\ . cGtjf{tf{ ;lsPkl5 xfdL u]:6 xfp; kmls{of}+ . vu]g cfO8f]naf6 k':ts lnP/ cfP . o; k6s vu]gsf] ;xof]u klg pNn]Vo /Xof] . gj ;fksf]6f, Pl86/ OGrfh{ k|;]glht bf;x¿ klg labfO e]63f6sf nflu cfPsf lyP . s]xL If0f ukmufkm u/L ;a} cfcf ˆgf] af6f] nfu]kl5 drflx+ x]drGb|hL lng cfPsfn] pt}lt/ nfu]+ / ToxL+ vfgf vfPF . olt w]/} lbg a:bf klg 8fO/]S6/sf] 99
lgDtf]rflx+ o;k6s TolQs} yftL /Xof] . csf{] lbg kmls{g' kg{] ePsfn] a]n'sf kf]sfk'Gt'/f ldnfP/ a]n}df ;'ltof] . csf{] lbg laxfg} zflGt cfOg\ / dnfO{ af6fdf vfgf v'jfP/ !! ah] Po/kf]6{ k'¥ofOg\ . d}n] Po/kf]6{ lelqg] a]nfdf dnfO{ ToxfFsf nflu lbOPsf] df]afOn zflGtnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/lbPF . Toltv]/ pgL lgs} zfGt b]lvlGyg\ . o;k6ssf] u'jfxf6L ofqf nfd} eP klg Jo:ttfsf sf/0f ToxfF a;'Gh]n ;f]Rg] k'm;{b} ePg t/ lx+8]kl5 cg'e"lt eof] u'jfxf6Ln] dnfO{ y'k|} lrh lbO;s]sf] /x]5 . y'k}| ;Ddfg / pkxf/x¿ clg d'6'el/ y'k}|y'k}| dfof, ;b\efj, :g]x, cfTdLotf === . sltko t slxNo} e'Ng g;lsg] ;Gbe{x¿ klg=== . o:t}o:tf s'/f ;DemFbf;DemFb} Kn]g afu8'u|f NofG8 ubf{ kf] d em;ª\u ePF . Pokf]6{af6 aflx/ lg:sL lk|k]8 6ØfS;L lnP/ v'/{ sfs8leQf cfOk'u]+ . d]/f] df]afOn rL/ lgGb|fdf kl/;s]sf] /x]5, lapFemg] t/v/} u/]g . ToxL+ l;dfgfsL lah'nLd}of;Fu ;Dks{ u/fOlbPkl5 aNn sfOFs'OF ug{ yfNof] . 3/df clg c¿ b'O{rf/hgf ;fyLefO;Fu ;Dks{ eof] . ToxfFaf6 rGb|u9L cfOk'Ug]lalQs} dnfO{ lng r"8fdl0f jflzi7 cfOk'u] / pgs} 3/df lnP/ uP . ToxfF b|f]0f pkfWofo, xf]d ;'j]bL cflb;Fu klg e]63f6 eof] . a]n'sf lgs}a]/;Dd otfptfsf ukmufkm eP=== . csf{] lbg laxfg d]rL SofDk; uOof] . SofDk;df y'k|} ;fyLefO;Fu lrghfg / ukmufkm eof] . Tof] klg g]kfnsf] k'/fg} SofDk; . otfsf] d]rL SofDk; / ptfsf sn]h ;DemFbf dnfO{ lbSs nfUof] . dfn kfP/ dfq xF'bf]/x]g5 rfn klg kfpg' kbf{] /x]5 eGg] cg'e"lt d]rL SofDk;n] lbO/x]Yof] . Toqf] km/flsnf] Pl/of TolQs} v]/ uPsf]=== . x'g t xfdLnfO{ To:tf] x]g{] –agfpg] k'm;{b eP kf] . To; lbg lbpF;f] s~rghª\3f Pk\m=Pd\=df ljz]if cGtjf{tf{sf nflu af]nfOof] . jt{dfg /fhgLlts ultljlwnufot d]/f] c;d ofqf tyf u'jfxf6Ldf g]kfnL Pd\=P= sfo{qmdsf af/]df /]l8of]sf k|aGw lgb]{zs rGb| e08f/Ln] nfd} cGtjf{tf{ lnP . /fhgLlt 5f]8]/ kqsfl/tflt/ nfu]sf hNbfaNbf k"j{ ljBfyL{ g]tf e08f/L cGtjf{tf{ lng vlKk; /x]5g\ . xfdLsxfF /fhgLlt of]Uotf grflxg] sdfpbf/ k];f ePsfn] pRrlzlIft / af}l4sx¿hlt k|foM To;sf] ;+;u{af6 6fl9g] k|df0f rGb| e08f/Ln] g} lbO/x]sf lyP . csf{] lbg sf7df8f}+ kms{g' lyof] . 3f]lift Ps 3G6f / c3f]lift b'O{ 3G6f Kn]g l9nf] eof] . of] 36gf klxnf] gePsf] / g]kfnsf] /fli6«o /f]u g} ePsfn] Totflt/ Wofg lbg'sf] cy{} lyPg . Po/kf]6{df y'k}| kl/lrtx¿ e]l6P . ukm u/]/} ;do sfl6of] . l9n} u/]/ eP klg wGg Kn]g p8\of] / d /ft gkb{} 3/df lelqPF . /fte/ d]/f] tg otf clg dgrflx+ pt} stfstf bf}l8/Xof]=== . o;k6ssf] lgs} nfdf] / clt Jo:t u'jfxf6L ofqf clj:d/0fLo /Xof] . otf / ptfsf g]kfnLdf y'k|} ;dfgftf kfOP klg sltko s'/fdf lgs} leGgtf b]lvGYof] . ptfsf g]kfnLn] /fd|f] sfdsf] lbn vf]n]/ k|z+;f ug{ l;ls;s]sf /x]5g\ . Totfsfn] g]kfnL ;+:s[lt / efiffnfO{ /fd}|;Fu hLjGt /fv]sf /x]5g\ . g]kfnnfO{ lxGb" /fi6«af6 wd{ lg/k]If /fi6« 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]df eg] Totfsf g]kfnL ;Gt'i6 /x]g5g\ . Totflt/ a;f]af; ug{] clwsf+z g]kfnL ef}lts ¿kn] ;DkGg eP klg 7fpF7fpFdf dgf]j}1flgs qf; eg] /x]5 . pgLx¿sf cleJolQmaf6 o:t}o:t} emNsGYof] . c;d If]qdf clwsf+ztM k"j{]nL eflifsf af]ln+bf] /x]5 . c¿ h];'s} eP klg ltgLx¿ hflt / efiffsf nflu rflx+ x'?Ss} x'Fbf/x]5g\ . ltgLx¿sf lqmofsnfk / cleJolQmdf d}n] To:t} 5gs kfPF . klxn] otfaf6 uPsf sltkon] cf ˆgf] x}l;oteGbf dflysf cgfjZos cfZjf;g afF8]sf klg /x]5g\ . ljleGg sfo{qmddf o;k|lt u'gf;f] klg ;'lgof] t/ dnfO{ ToxfF s'g} cfZjf;g afF8\g' lyPg / afFl8g klg . c¿n] klg cfk"mn] ug{ g;Sg] s'/f ul/lbG5' / ghfg]sf] s'/f hfGb5' eg]/ 100
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kL7df k'Ug'eGbf klxn] b]jL b]jtfsf d"lt{x¿sf cufl8 la:s'g lkm+hfPh:t} zo –kfFrzo, xhf/sf gf]6x¿ lkm++hfP/ a;]sf x'Fbf/x]5g\ k08fx¿ . bz{gfyL{nfO{ b]jLsf] d'Vo d"lt{ oxL xf] / e]6L oxL+ r9fpg'k5{ eGg] e|d kfbf{/x]5g\ tL k08fx¿ . ljz]if kf7, k"hf nufpg'k5{ eGb} k08fx¿ xfd|f sfg km'Qm} lyP . alxgL / efGhLaf6 o:tf s'/fdf Wofg glbg klxNo} ;ts{ u/fOPsfn] xfdL tL k08fsf] k|efjdf k/]gf}+ / tn u'kmfdf /x]sf] b]jLsf] d'Vo kL7df g} bz{g –k"hf u¥of}+ . To;lbg laxfg} b]lv xfdL ef]s} lyof}+ . t/ ef]ssf] cg'ej slQ klg ePg . lxGb" dfqsf] Pp6f d'Vo zlQmkL7 h;sf] ;DaGw cf ˆgf] /fi6« g]kfn;Fu klg ufFl;Psf] 5Ù ToxfF k'u]/ zflGtk"j{s k"hf – cf/fwgf ug{ kfpFbf ckf/ cfWoflTds cfgGb cg'e"lt e}/x]Yof] . bz{g ;s]/ aflx/ lg:Sof}+ xfdL . kL7sf] bz{g gu/L s]xL gvfg] rfxgfn] laxfg} b]lv ef]s} lyof}+ . cj rflx+ s]xL vfg'k5{ eGg] dgdf nfUb} lyof] . olQs}df b]Vof}+ –dlGb/sf] k]6Ldf a;]sf b'O{tLghgf 7"nf7"nf k]8fn] el/Psf 6f]s/L cufl8 /fv]/Ù bz{g u/]/ kms{g] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ k]8f afFl8/x]sf lyP . xfdL ;j}n] klg b'O{ b'O{ cf]6f k]8f kfof}+ . dlGb/s} k]6Ldf a;]/ vfof}+ . z'4 v'jfsf Hofb} :jflbi6 k]8f lyP tL . b'O6} k]8fn] 8Dd c3fOof] . kfgL lkof}+Ù cj s]xL vfg] cfjZostf k/]g Û u'jfxf6L k'u]/ ToxfFsf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿;Fu e]6 ug'{ d]/f] csf]{ pb\b]Zo lyof] . c;d k'Ug] lalQs} g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifbsf cWoIf gj ;fksf]6fnfO{ kmf]g u/]/ cfkm" u'jfxf6L cfpFg / pxfFx¿;Fu e]6 ug{ OR5's /x]sf] eg]sf] lyPF . ;fksf]6fhLn] ;xif{ cfdGq0f lbg'ePsf] lyof] . sfdfIff dlGb/af6 lg:sFbf ;fFemsf] % alh;s]sf] lyof] . d}n] gj ;fksf]6f hL nfO{ kmf]g u/]+ / cfkm" u'jfxf6L cfOk'u]sf] ;"lrt u/]+ . xfd|f ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ pxfFn] xfdL k'Ug'kg]{ 7fpFsf] hfgsf/L lb+b} ToxfF lng dfG5] k7fpg] s'/f eGg'eof] . pxfFn] eg]sf] 7fpFdf k'Ubf emdSs ;fFem kl/;s]sf] lyof] . xfdLnfO{ lng Pshgf efO df]6/ ;fOsndf cfPsf /x]5g\ . pgs} kl5kl5 xfd|f] afxg u'8\of] . psfnf] psfnf] kxf8L kylt/ hfFb} lyof}+ xfdL . s]xL k/ b]Vof}+ emndNn 6o"anfO6 an]sf] pHofnf] 5 . /ËL la/ËL aNa lwklwk u/]/ hUdufO /x]sf 5g\ . k08fn agfOPsf] 5 . t"n 6fFluPsf] :jfut åf/ 5 . glhs} k'u]kl5 b]Vof}+ Pp6f :df/sdf 7l8Psf] zflns 5, w]/} JolQmx¿sf] hd36 5 . xfd|f] cufl8 s'lb/x]sf] df]6/ ;fOsn 6Ss cl8of] . xfd|f] afxg klg /f]lsof] . xfdL uf8Laf6 cf]ln{of}+ . d[b' d':sfg 5b}{ cufl8 a9\g'ePsf ;|i6f gj ;fksf]6fsf] cg'xf/ b]v]+ . pxfFn] 8f]¥ofpFb} ;ef:yndf nu]/ a;fpg'eof] . xfd|f ;xofqL ;j}nfO{ ToxL+ NofP/ /flvof] . xfdL gj ;fksf]6f ;lxtsf ;|i6fx¿;Fu e]6]/ xf]6ndf a:g hfg] tf/tDo ldnfP/ cfPsf lyof}+ . efGhL ;fljqLn] xf]6n aGbf]a:t klg ul/;s]s]sL lyOg\ . ;fksf]6fhLn] efGhLnfO{ af]nfP/ xfd|f ;fdfg uf8Laf6 lemSg nufP/ st} k7fpg nfUg'ePsf] b]v]+ . efGhL cfPkl5 o;af/] ;f]w]+ . ;fksf]6fhLn] cf ˆg} 3/df xfd|f ;fdfg k7fpg'ePsf] /x]5 . xfdL xf]6n a:g hfg] s'/f vf/]h u/fP/ cf ˆg} kfx'gf agfpg] x'g'eP5 ;fksf]6f bDktLn] Û pb\3f]ifsn] dfOsdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf] ;'lgof] –xfd|f k|d'v cltlysf] cfudg e};s]sf] 5 / cj ;ef z'? x'G5 Û ;efWoIftf o'j/fh u8\tf}nfhLn] u/]kl5 pb\3f]ifsn] eg] – …xfd|f] ;f}efUon] g]kfnaf6 o; cj;/nfO{ :d/0fLo u/fpg cfOk'Ug' ePsf] 5 k|l;4 ;flxlTos klqsf …/rgfÚ sf k|wfg ;Dkfbs –g]kfn ;flxlTos kqsf/ ;ª\3sf cWoIf /f]rs l3ld/]Ù pxfFnfO{ k|d'v cltlysf] cf;g u|x0f ug{ cg'/f]w ub{5' ÛÚ d]/f lglDt of] ck|Tofl;t s'/f lyof] . o:tf] csNkgLo cj;/ o; ;'b"/ If]qdf s;/L h'6\g uPsf] xf] Û /ge'Nn k/]+ d . of] sflQs @& ut]sf] lbg /x]5 . ut]sf lx;fjn] dxfslj b]jsf]6fsf] hGdlbg . b]jsf]6f hoGtL cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 ToxfF . To; 7fpFsf] gfpF g} 104
b]jsf]6f gu/ /x]5 . dxfsljsf] eJo cw{sbsf] k|:t/ d"lt{ :yflkt /x]5 ToxfF . gj ;fksf]6fhLn] d k'u]sf] ;"rgf kfPkl5 cfof]hsx¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/L lgwf{l/t sfo{qmdnfO{ s]xL tGsfP/ d]/f] cfudg;Dd ;xefuLx¿nfO{ kvf{pg'ePsf] /x]5 . ToxfFsf ;|i6fx¿n] o;/L k|d'v cfltYosf] cj;/ lbP/ jf:tjdf d k|lt :g]xl;Qm pbf/tf b]vfpg' ePsf] a'em]+ d}n] . dxfsljsf] hGde"ldaf6 lgs} 6f9f o; ;'b"/ k|fGtdf dxfsljs} hGd lbgdf cfOk'u]5' . cfkm"n] cTolws >4f u/]sf, g]kfnL jfª\dosf lzv/ ;|i6f, cf ˆgf lktfsf k/d ldq clg kf/:kl/s kfl/jfl/s lgs6tf ePsf tL >4]o JolQmTjsf] hGd hoGtLdf k|d'v cfltYosf] o:tf] ck|Tofl;t ;'vb ;+of]u h'g'{nfO{ cfkm"k|lt dxfsljs} 7"nf] cg'sDkf 7fg]+ d}n] . k|d'v cfltlysf] kl/ro pb\3f]ifs b'uf{ vltj8fn] lbg'eof] . dxfsljsf] k|ltdf cufl8 bLk k|Hjng k'ikw/ zdf{ -pbfnu'8L_ n] ug'{eof] . dxfsljsf] k|ltdfdf dfNofk{0f ug{ dnfO{ nufOof] . k|To]s jif{ b]jsf]6f hoGtLsf sfo{qmd 5'6fPsf] lyPg . o; k6s ljb]z cfOPsf]n] 5'6\of] eGg] Gof;|f] dgdf lyof] . t/ oxfF o;/L tL dxfg ;|i6fnfO{ >4f cr{g ug]{ csNkgLo ;+of]u h'/]sf]df dgleqsf] v'zL yfldg;Sg' ePsf] lyof] . dxfsljsf] k|ltdfdf dfNofk{0fkl5 k|d'v cltlynfO{ ;Djw{gf ul/g] pb\3f]if eof] . xfd|f]lt/ ul/g] clegGbgnfO{ ToxfF ;Djw{gf elg+bf] /x]5 . dfnf nufP/ c;dLof uD5f cf]9fpFb} k':ts nufotsf ljleGg j:t'x¿ pkxf/ lb+b} k|d'v cltlynfO{ cEoy{gf ul/of] . To; kl5 ljleGg jQmfsf dGtJo / sljtf kf7 eP . cfkm"n] dGtJo lb+bf cj;/ cg's"n cfkm"n] b]v]sf dxfslj k|ltsf cf ˆgf ;+:d/0f, dxfsljsf] zLjgz}nL, cf ˆgf lktf ;f]dgfy l3ld/] Jof; / dxfsljsf] ldqtf, g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] pGgltdf dxfsljn] lbg'ePsf] ck"j{ cb\e't of]ubfg cflb af/] rrf{ u/]+ . cGTodf d}n] eg]+ –cfh o;/L g]kfnaf6 olt 6f9f, ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf uf}/j dxfsljsf] hGdhoGtL ;df/f]xdf k|d'v cfltYo ug]{ cj;/ kfpg' d]/f] 7"nf] ;f}efUo xf] . o;lglDt d >L gj ;fksf]6f ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ cfof]hs ju{k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' Û d]/f] dGtJo kl5 af]Ng] ;j} h;f] jQmfn] of] l3ld/]hLsf] ;f}efUo xf]OgÙ xfd|f] ;f}efUo xf] . dxfsljnfO{ ghLsaf6 b]Vg], lrGg], dxfslj kl/jf/;Fu xflb{s lgs6tf ePsf JolQmnfO{ o; cj;/df xfdLn] cfkm";Fu kfpg' xfd|f] kf] ;f}efUo xf] Û dxfsljn] g} cfh ck|Toflzt ¿kn] tkfO{+nfO{ oxfF pkl:yt u/fOlbg'ePsf] xf] eGg] vfnsf dGtJo lbg'eof] . gj ;fksf]6f, b'uf{ vltj8f, sflnbf; yklnof, k'ikw/ zdf{ nufotsf JolQmx¿n] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . d}n] g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb c;dsf lglDt cWoIf gj ;fksf]6fhLnfO{ s]xL k':ts –klqsf pkxf/ lbPF . …/rgfÚ sf] dxfslj b]jsf]6f ljz]iffÍ, hubLz l3ld/]sf] rlr{t k':ts …cGtd{gsf] ofqfÚ cf ˆgf] k':ts …;Demgfdf kmlqmPsf y'FufÚ h:tf k|sfzg lyP tL . dxfsljsf] :df/snfO{ cem ;Dk"0f{tf lbg b]jsf]6f k':tsfno vf]Ng] / To;df pxfF ;DjlGwt / pxfFsf ;du| k':tsx¿ /fVg] cfkm"x¿n] of]hgf agfPsf] t/ g]kfnsf k|sfzg kfpg g;s]sf], g]kfnaf6 cfpg] cltlyx¿n] cfZjf;g dfq lbg] t/ To:tf cfZjf;g oyfy{df kl/0ft x'g g;s]sf cflb s6' oyfy{ s]xL jQmfn] JoQm ug'{eof] . pxfFx¿nfO{ cfZj:t kfb}{ ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 g]kfnsf s]xL k|d'v k|sfzg ;+:yfnfO{ k':ts ;xof]u lglDt cflwsfl/s kq n]v]/ dnfO{ lbg'eP cfkm"n] k|of; ug]{ t/ tL k':ts sf7df8f}+df lhDdf lng]Ù otf Nofpg] Joj:yf cfkm}+n] ldnfpg'kg]{ s'/f eg]+ . klxn] b]lv laRs]sf]n] xf]nf t/ d]/f] k|:tfjnfO{ uDeL/tf;Fu lng'ePg pxfFx¿n] . sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 gj ;fksf]6fn] xfdLnfO{ ToxL+ glhs} /x]sf] cf ˆgf] lgjf; sljtf lgs]tg n}hfg'eof] . c? ;xefuLsf] nsf]{ klg Tot} nfUof] . ;fksf]6fhLsf] ;'Gb/ 3/sf] 7"nf] a}7s sf]7fdf vfhf uf]i7L rNof] . g]kfn / c;dsf] jt{dfg g]kfnL ;flxTosf] :j¿k –k|j[lQ / ljsf;af/] 105
kf/:kl/s ljrf/ cfbfg –k|bfg u¥of}+ xfdLn] . g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt g]kfnL k':ts klqsf otf gcfpg] / otf ef/taf6 k|sflzt g]kfnL k':ts –klqsf g]kfndf ;'ne gx'g] ;d:of uDeL/ ¿kdf p7\of] . b'j} tkm{sf ;flxTosf/ / ;flxlTos kf7s Ps –csf{sf ;[hgfaf/] o;/L cgle1 /xg' kg]{ l:yltnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug]{tkm{ ;zQm k|oTg ul/g' kg]{ s'/f rNof] . ef/t / g]kfn b'O b]zsf ;/sf/n] otflt/ uDeL/ rf;f] glnPaf6 of] ;d:of oyfjt\ /x]sf] wf/0ff d}n] /fv]+ . ef/taf6 lxGbL / cª\u|]hL efiffsf k':ts klqsf g]kfndf lgaf{w ¿kn] hfG5g\ . t/ ef/tsf g]kfnL efiffsf k':ts kq – klqsf g]kfndf k9\g kfOb}gg\ . To:t} g]kfndf 5flkPsf k':ts kq –klqsfn] ef/ttkm{ k|j]z kfpb}gg\ . aL=kL=sf]O/fnf ef/t g]kfn k|lti7fgåf/f cfof]lht k|To]s k6ssf ef/t –g]kfn –g]kfnL n]vs ;Dd]ngsf cj;/df b'j} /fi6«sf ;xefuLn] of] ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug'{kg]{ dfu ;zQm ¿kn] p7fpb} cfPsf 5g\ . b'j} /fi6«sf /fhb"t / pRr kbflwsf/Ln] cfkm cf ˆgf ;/sf/ ;dIf of] s'/f k'¥ofP/ ;d:of lg/fs/0f ug]{ cfZjf;g klg k|To]s ;Dd]ngdf lbPsf 5g\ . t/ kfFrf}+ ;Dd]ng e};Sbf klg ;d:of oyfjt\ 5 . c;daf6 g]kfn kms]{kl5 ef/tLo g]kfnL n]vs –kf7sx¿af6 p7fOPsf oL ljifo af/] ljleGg d~rdf d}n] rrf{ u/]+ . ;femf k|sfzg, g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, /Tg k':ts e08f/, e[s'6L k|sfzg cflb ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;dIf klg s'/f p7fPF . ljleGg sfo{qmddf Pp6} d~rdf a:g] cj;/ kfPsf a]nf k|wfgdGqL / ;~rf/dGqLhLx¿nfO{ klg of] ;d:of lg/fs/0f ul/lbg cg'/f]w u/]+ . t/ clxn];Dd oL k|oTgx¿ lgikmn g} e}/x]5g\ . g]kfnsf s]xL k|d'v k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿n] rflx+ o;df /fd|} rf;f] b]vfPsf 5g\ / ;DjlGwt If]qnfO{ 3r3Rofpg yfn]sf 5g\ . x]/f}+ ltgsf k|oTgn] s]xL kl/0ffd Nofpnf ls < u'jfxf6Lsf] b]jsf]6f hoGtL / gj ;fksf]6fhLsf] 3/sf] sf]7] uf]i7Ldf p7]sf pko'{Qm ;d:ofnfO{ cfkm"n] uDeL/tfk"j{s lnPsf] / o;af/] g]kfn k'u]/ lg/fs/0f lglDt ;Sbf] k|oTg ug]{ wf/0ff ToxfF JoQm u/]sf] lyPF . To; ;Gbe{af/] ePsf kl5Nnf ultljlw cjut u/fpg' ;fGble{s nfu]/ s]xL zAb oxfF vlr{Psf] x'F . u'jfxf6Ldf gj ;fksf]6fhLsf] xflb{stfk"0f{ cltYosf b'O lbg xfd|f lglDt clj:d/0fLo /x] . gj ;fksf]6f –d'GgL ;fksf]6f bDktL / pxfFsf 5f]/f –a'xf/Lsf ;b\efjo'Qm Jojxf/af6 o; kl/jf/sf] eb|tf / lzi6tfsf] ;'vb cfsng ug{ kfof}+ xfdLn] . u'jfxf6Lsf] bf];|f] lbg laxfg ;j]/} b]jsf]6f gu/, a8fufpFsf] kxf8L y'Dsf]df /x]sf] j}i0ff]b]jL dlGb/ bz{gfy{ psfnf] nfUof}+ xfdL . hDd"df /x]sf] k|l;4 j}i0ff] b]jL dlGb/s} oyfy{ emNsf] lbg] u/L ag]sf] /x]5 of] k|lts[lt Û j}i0ff] b]jLsf] bz{g ;s]/ cf]n{b} lyof}+ . af6f] 5]pd} plePsL s/La ;Q/L jif{ hltsL a'9L cfd}n] xfdLlt/ kms]{/ elgg\ –cf ˆg} dfG5] h:tf nfu]/ e]6\g klv{PsL tkfO{+x¿nfO{ Û tL cfd} z'4 g]kfnL e]]if e"iffdf lyOg\ . u'Go" rf]nf], vf:6f], /ftf] wfuf]n] af6]sf] r'N7f], l;pFbf]df l;Gb"/ , lgwf/df vf]6fn] 6fF;]sf] /ftf] 6Lsf nufP/ plePsL lyOg\ pgL . g]kfnlt/s} s'g} kxf8L ufpFaf6 sfdfIff bz{g ug{ ev{/ cfPsL xf]lng\ oL cfd} Û eGg] nfUof] / ;f]w]+ –cfd} Û tkfO{+sf] 3/ sxfF, dfOtL sxfF < pgn] elgg\ –d]/f] 3/ oxL+ xf] Û dfOtL klg cf;fd g} xf] Û d hlGdPsL klg oxL+ Û ca dg]{ klg oxL+ Û g]kfn} gb]v]sL oxL+ hGd]sL oxL+ x's]{sL oL cfd}n] g]kfnL ;+:s[ltnfO{ o; ynf]df s;/L cfTd;ft\ u/]sL 5g\ Û c;ddf g]kfnLx¿n] cf ˆgf] kg, cf ˆgf] klxrfgnfO{ s;/L hf]ufP/ /fv]sf 5g\ of] Pp6f hLjGt pbfx/0f b]Vof}+ xfdLn] Û 7fpF 7fpFdf o:tf vfnsf b[Zo c? klg b]Vof}+ . cr]n l;g]df / 6]lnlehgn] le œofPsf] pQfpnf] kgsf] b'ik|efjn] o'jf k':tf cf ˆgf] kgaf6 lj:tf/ ljd'v x'Fb} hfFb}5 eGg] lrGtf kfsf c;d] g]kfnL cleefjsx¿df kfOGYof] . j}i0ff]b]jLsf] bz{gkl5 laxfgsf] lrof vfhf vfP/ gj ;fksf]6f kl/jf/af6 labf eof}+ xfdL . cl3Nnf] lbg a]n'sf dgfOPsf] b]jsf]6f hoGtL :yn / dxfsljsf] k|ltdfnfO{ wLt df/]/ x]¥of}+ . 106
a8fufpF g]kfnL ljBfno klg ToxL+ /x]5 . d'GgL ;fksf]6f ToxL+ k|wfgfWoflksf x'g'x'bf] /x]5 . b]jsf]6f gu/ kf]i6 clkm; x]¥of}+ . o; ef/tLo df6f]df xfd|f dxfslj ToxL+sf uf}/j ag]/ ToxfFsf g]kfnLx¿sf cf:yfsf cfwf/ eP/ cf ˆg} gfdsf] gu/df o;/L k"lht eP/ /x]sf 5g\ . oL s'/f dgdf v]Nbf g]kfnL x'g'sf] uj{n] 5ftL km/flsnf] ePsf] cg'e"ltdf /dfPF d Û dxfsljsf] k|ltdfnfO{ k|0ffd ub}{ b]jsf]6f gu/af6 labf eof}+ xfdL . cjsf] xfd|f] uGtJo lyof] –pdfgGb dlGb/ . u'jfxf6L glhs} dxfgb a|Xdk'qsf] aLrdf /x]sf] Pp6f ;fgf] 6fk"dfly /x]sf] dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ /x]5 –pdfgGb . 7"n} cfsf/sf] Pp6f :6Ld/ l/he{ u/]/ a|Xdk'qsf] cgGt ulx/f] hnsf] 5ftLnfO{ 5rNsfpFb} pdfgGb lt/ s'b\of] xfd|f] :6Ld/ Û a|Xdk'qnfO{ ghLsaf6 lrGg], 5'g] / hn ;]rg ug]{ df}sf ToxL a]nf 5f]Kof}+ xfdLn] . zx/L sf]nfxnaf6 6f9f pdfgGbsf] Tof] 6fk" dgf]/d, cfgGbbfoL / zflGto'Qm :yn /x]5 . pdfgGb ;lxt c? s]xL dlGb/sf] bz{g –cjnf]sg u¥of}+ . pdfgGbdf e]6L r9fOPsf g]kfnL gf]6 b]vfpFb} xfdLnfO{ g]kfnL 7fg]/ k'hf/Ln] ;fl6lbg cfu|x u/] . ef/tLo ?lkofFdf s]xL g]kfnL gf]6 ;fl6lbPF d}n] . k|;Gg eP j[4 k'hf/L Û o;kl5 km]l/ :6Ld/df ;jf/ eP/ lsgf/ftkm{ cfof}+ . cj kN6g ahf/ tkm{ u'8\of] xfd|f] uf8L ToxfF uf]vf{ ;}lgsx¿n] ef/t :jtGq x'g'eGbf cl3g} agfPsf] dlGb/ u'jfxf6Lsf] aLr ahf/sf] dxTjk"0f{ Jo:t 7fpFdf /x]5 . g]kfnL dlGb/ gfpFn] k|Voft /x]5 /fwf s[i0fsf] Tof] dlGb/ . ToxfF jl/kl/ g]kfNfLx¿sf 7"nf 7"nf Jofkfl/s ejg klg /x]5g\ . /fwfs[i0f dlGb/s} xftfdf g]kfnL k':ts klqsfsf] k;n / ;f]N6L :jL6\; gfdsf] ld7fO k;n klg b]Vof}+ . ToxL+ uf]vf{ xfO:s"n klg /x]5 . g]kfnL k'vf{x¿åf/f :yflkt uf}/jk"0f{ :df/s /x]5g\ –u'jfxf6Lsf kN6g ahf/, g]kfnL dlGb/ / uf]vf{ xfO:s"nx¿ Û glhs}sf] km]G;L ahf/df s]xL lsgd]n u/]kl5 xfd|f] u'jfxf6L ofqf 6'lËof] . u'jfxf6Laf6 ljbf eP/ xfdL dËnbf]O{, ldzg rf/cfnL, afnLkf8f x'Fb} ;fFem l5lKkPkl5 nf]s/f k'Uof}+ / km]l/ alxgL nIdLsxfF g} a:of}+ . c;ddf ;aeGbf a9L g]kfnL hg;ª\Vof ePsf] lhNnf zf]l0ftk'/ /x]5 . To; lhNnfsf ljleGg zx/, ufpF htftt} g]kfnLx¿sf] lgs} afSnf] a;f]jf; /x]5 . ef/tLo :jfwLgtf ;ª\u|fddf cu|0fL e"ldsf v]Ng], ;dfh ;]jf / ljsf;sf sfddf cu| k+lQmdf pleg], /fhgLltdf nfu]/ ;f+;b, ljwfos, dGqL aGg ;kmn x'g], g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTonfO{ ;d[4 kfg{ ;dlk{t x'g], lzIff If]qdf uxlsnf] of]ubfg lbg], ;}lgs ;]jfdf nfu]/ zf}o{ / k/fqmddf cf ˆgf] hfltsf] Voflt rDsfpg] g]kfnLx¿sf] afx'No klg o;} zf]l0ftk'/ lhNnfdf /x]5 . lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd t]hk'/ ;x/sf b'O{ k|d'v a:tL rfFbdf/L / g]kfnL k6\6L t k"/f g]kfnLdo g} /x]5g\ . ToxfFsf cflb jfl;Gbf g} /x]5g\ g]kfnLx¿ Û jt{dfg t]hk'/nfO{ ljsf; ;d[l4sf] :j¿k lbg g]kfnL hfltsf] of]ubfg c?sf] eGbf a9L g} /x]5 . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ :yn t]hk'/sf g]kfnL ;|i6fx¿ / af}l4sx¿;Fu cGt/s[of ug]{ d]/f] rfxgf k"/f u/fpg cl3 ;g'{ef] –k|;fb l;+x ;'Aaf lrGtg d~r, rfFbdf/Lsf ;lrj bLggfy lg/f}nfhL . pxfFn] cf ˆg} lgjf; rfFbdf/Ldf !% gf]e]Da/sf lbg e]63f6 / cGt/s[of sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;"rgf lbg'ePsf] lyof] . To; lbg lgwf{l/t ;dodf xfdL lg/f}nfhLsf] lgjf; k'Uof}+ . c;d] g]kfnL ;flxTo / ;dfhsf ;'ljVoft JolQmTjx¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]5 ToxfF . b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/], hogf/fo0f n'OF6]n, cd/gfy pkfWofo, 1fgaxfb'/ IfqL, dfwj e§/fO{, v8\u axfb'/ sf}lzs, v]dfgGb ld> nufotsf JolQmx¿ x'g'x'GYof] . bLggfy lg/f}nfhLn] cfof]hgsf] p2]Zo cjut u/fpFb} uf]i7LnfO{ cf}krfl/stf lbg :yfgLo jof]j[4 af}l4s JolQmTj cd/gfy pkfWofo e§/fO{Ho"nfO{ ;dfWoIfsf] cf;g u|x0f u/fpg' eof] . d]/f] kl/rodf s]xL zAb vlr{Pkl5 pxL 107
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d h;/L xfFl;/x]sf] 5' ltdL slxNo} d sxfF cfpg] gu/ a? ;nfd 5 ltdLnfO{ t/ cfP/ dnfO{ glh:Sofp . ^= d slxn] eL/ klg aGg ;S5' –slxn] vf]nf klg aGg ;S5' ltdLnfO{ eL/af6 v;fO klg lbg ;S5' vf]nfdf aufO klg lbg ;S5' . &= dfG5] t x'F lg ;'v b'Mv ltd|f] / d]/f] Pp6} 5 d afF8\g klg ;S5' d lgdf]7]/ /fVg klg ;S5' t/ ljZjf; u/ d ltdLnfO{ xhf/ kN6 dfkm u/] klg ha ltdL d]/f] dnfO{ lh:Sofpg cfpF5f} d ToxfFg]/ ltdLnfO{ klg 5f]8\g] 5}g st} ltdL l/;fP klg st} ltdL v';fP klg . *= d}n] 9f]u]sf P b]jtfx¿ xf] d}n] 9f]u]sf P b]jtfx¿ xf] Psrf]l6 dlt/ x]/ –slt Jo+Uo 5 d]/f] cg'xf/df P km"naf/Ldf kmqm]sf sf]lknfx¿ x]/, d]/f] cg'xf/ ltdLx¿h:t} x'g ;s]g st} d afFr]sf] 5' st} d afFr]sf] 5' st} d xfF;]sf] 5' eg]klg Pp6f Jo+Uo xfF;f] dnfO{ ;a}n] –cg'xf/ –d]/f] cg'xf/ x]/]/ lwSsf/L /x]sf x'G5g\ . (= ltdL kv{ Ps}l5g kv{ d ltdLnfO{ Pp6f ;fFrf] s'/f s] elGbG5' d hf] afFr]+ –ltd|f nflu afFRg ;lsgÙ d d]/} nflu dfq afFRg ;s]+] ltd|f nflu xfF:g ;ls+g, hf] s]jn d]/} nflu dfq xfF:g ;s]+ !)= kv{ P af6f]df hfg] dfG5]x¿ ltdL Psrf]l6 cf ˆgf] ult /f]s / d ltdLnfO{ s] eG5' eg] ef]6] sf]zLdf af9L cfof] –ToxfF Psrf]l6 k'Ug' k5{ e}/xjfb]lv dfly tn st} klx/f] uof] ToxfF klg ltdL / xfdL k'Ug'k5{ Tof] k}/f] ;Fw} d]/f] dgaf6 u}/x]sf] x'G5 Tof] af9L ;Fw} d]/f] dgaf6 cfO/x]sf] x'G5 . !!= ltdL 5fldx]/ Pp6f dfG5]nfO{ hDd} dfG5]sf] syf ToxL dfG5]leq x'G5 dfG5]nfO{ ltdLn] lrGg ;Sof} eg] Pp6} dfG5] kof{Kt x'G5 Pp6} xl/eQm s6'jfn kof{Kt x'G5 .
Ps t /S;Ln] g5f]Psf] a]nfdf klg s6'jfnsf cfFvf / lha|f] ;w}+ dft]sf x'Gy] . t/ cfh gdfTg] s'/} lyPg . pgL /fd|/L lx+8\g ;Sg] / af]Ng ;Sg] l:Yltdf lyPgg\ . af]Ng g;Stf g;St} klg n/al/+bf] :j/df Tof] sljtf af]n] . 110
pgL cf ˆgf w]/} sljtf ;Demg ;Sg] slj x'g\ . t/ of] sljtf pgn] ev{/ n]v]/ cfPsf eg] xf]nfg\ h:tf] nfUb}g . pgsf] o;;+u ldNbf] h'Nbf] sljtf d}n] k9\g kfPsf] 5}g . of] Sof;]6 d;+u s6'jfnsf] lrg' :j¿k ;'/lIft /x]sf] 5 . …cleJolQmÚ k"0ff{Í @* kmfu'g @)#&
syf e}+;L uf]7 / uf]7fnf] b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/]
…slxn]sfxL+ t o;f] uf]7kl§ klg hfg' lg Û slt 3/dfq} al;/xg dg nfu]sf] xF <Ú >LdtL dfofl;St :j/df PSsfl; elG5g\ . xf] t Û h] rLh klg ;w}+ gh/sf ;fd' 5 eg] To;sf] d"No x|f; x'G5 . s]xL lbgsf] cf]em]ndf ;fob d klg gofF x'G5' ls eg] em}+ nfUof] / e}+;L uf]7df hfg] t/v/df nfU5' . t/ gf]s/L ug]{ dfG5]n] Tolt l5§} cjsfz kf] sxfF kfpF5 / < df5f dfg]{n] sltv]/ df5fn] 7'ª\5 eg]/ k'Ëf]kl§ lglg{d]if x]l//x] em}+ d klg slxn] b'O{ –tLg lbgsf] 5'§L cfpnf / kfFr lbgsf] …Sofh'PnÚ hf]8]/ uf]7 hfpF eGg] Jou|tfdf /xG5' . z}lIfs cg'i7fgsf] gf]s/L / uf]7 b'j} ljk/Ltd'vL 5g\ . k9fpg] ljifo af}l4s s'/f] xf] t/ e}+;L uf]7 eg] lxnf], uf]a/, 3'/ –w"jfF / hËnsf] j:t' xf] . ;fyLn] eg]sf] s'/f em§ dgdf k5{, …uf]a/ / 3'/ w"jfFsf] uGwn] g5f8];Dd xfdL af}l4s ;+;f/df ljr/0f ug{ ;St}gf}+ x} ;fyL ÛÚ lzjhLn] xnfxn s07df wf/0f u/]h:tf] k'vf{b]lv cfPsf] of] uGw sxfF o;} 5'6\5 / < o:t} s] s] gfgfcf]nLsf efjgfx¿ dl:tisdf cf]Ol//xG5g\ . tLg lbg nuftf/ ofqf ubf{ dfq} uf]7 k'luG5 . cyf{t\ kfFrcf]6f lhNnf kf/ u/]/ 5}6f}+ lhNnf tLg;'lsofsf] wf}nf 3f6df, hxfF lktfhLsf] 8]/f 5, k'U5' . ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;ftah] lt/ b"w v]Kg] dlzg gfpdf r9]/ lktfhLsf] 8]/f k'U5' . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;ftah] lt/ b"w v]Kg] dlzg gfpdf r8]/ @) –@% dfOn 6f9f sAa" 6fk"l:yt uf]n sf]7gLsf 5]pdf ePsf] uf]7df k'U5' . slxn] cfOk'Unf / eGg kfOPnf eGg] xtf/sf] k|tLIffdf a;]sfx¿ uf]7 gk'Ub} va/ ;'gfpF5g\Ù …tkfO{+sf] cl:t cfPsf] cf5fd] s]6f] uf]7sf b'O{ a]6/Lsf nfO6, sDan / efOsf gofF n'uf rf]/]/ efUof] ÛÚ va/ eGg] t va/ lbP/ xn'Ëf] eof] xf]nf . t/ d]/f] dg eg] uË6fn] ;dfP h:tf] x'G5, To;} e/Ë eP/ cfpF5 ef/L x'G5 . aNn tNn ef]s / ltvf{n] x/x/ x'Fb} uf]7 k'U5' . b'O{ –tLg sf]7fsf] ;fgf] uf]7 . Ps nDa/ k'/fgf] uf]7fnf] h'F3] uf]7sf] rfnL 5fO/x]sf] x'G5 . b'O{ nDa/ dfOnf] a'9f] cu]gfsf 5]pdf plª/x]sf] x'G5 . 6f6\gfdf bz afx|cf]6f b'O{ dlxgf x'g nfu]sf ev{/ afFw]sf n}gf kf8f 5g\ . …n}gf kf8f olQ x'g\ <Ú d k|Zg u5'{ . h'F3] 7f8} hjfkm lbG5Ù …lsg Tolt x'Gy] < c¿ kfF5 –5 cf]6f aflx/ dfp;Fu} 5g\ . clg cg]{sf] yf]/] ;fFem laxfg eO/Ú5 . kf}+7f klg al;;s]sf] 5 . o;kflnsf ladf/n] k8s] y'k|} d/] ÛÚ dg tLg s'/]t tn em/] em}+ x'G5 . lsgeg] w]/} kf8f x'Fbf cfdbfgL /fd|f] x'G5, b'O{ –rf/ xn /fFuf a]Rg kfOG5 eGg] cfz x'G5 . o;kfln s]xL t u/f}+nf ls eGg] x'G5 . t/ kf8f d/] eg] b"w x'Fb}g, afFsL af]Sg' l;jfo s]xL kfOFb}g . … …afa} hfp hfp Û b'w]/f]df kfgL NofP/ dxfhgnfO{ rfxf ksfP/ b]p ÛÚÚ h'F3] a"9fnfO{ cx|fpF5 . a"9f dfG5] /fd|/L sfg ;'Gb}gg\Ù t/ d cfOk'u]sf]n] xf]nf rgfvf] b]lvG5g\ . 58\s] gh/n] h'F3]kl§ x]b}{ b'w]/f] afN6L lnP/ 5]pdf ePsf] sfnL gfnflt/ hfG5g\ . 111
… …o:tf] afFb/sf] k'R5/ h:tf] dfG5] uf]7df NofOlb/Ú5f} Û g e}+;L b'x'G5 g e}+;L –kf8fg} lrG5 . d t o:tf] n'lnKofª;Fu PSn} sfd ug{ ;lQmg .ÚÚ h'F3]sf] s'/fn] dnfO{ klg l:ylt a' ‰g afFsL /x]g . t/ s] ug'{ < ahf/sf] ;fu –;AhL h:tf] xf]Og uf]7fnf vf]Hg] ljifo Û v'?Ss uof] ;/Ss lsg]/ NofOxfNof] Û eGg] lalQs} eg]h:tf] uf]7fnf] kf] sxfF kfOG5 / < zf:qdf tLg lqnf]ssf] s'/f kfOPnf t/ uf]7fnfnfO{ kmsfpg rf/ nf]ssf] s'/f sy'g{ hfGg'k5{ . clg dfq} uf]7fnf] uf]7 a:g /fhL x'G5 . ToxL dfly k'/fgf uf]7fnfn] gofFsf] bf]if dfq} b]V5 . gofFnfO{ /fd|/L cx|fO l;sfO u/]/ ;wfpF eGg] bz{g\ uf]7fnfdf 6\ofSs} x'Fb}g . afemfafemsf] bz{g g} uf]7fn] bz{g xf] . oxL s'/f a'em]/ d r'Kk nfU5' . … …dxfhg Û ltd|f] uf]7df d a;]sf] kfFr jv{ ef]Ù ltdLn] lbPsf rf/ dfp e}+;Ldf Pp6f d/f] . kfFr dfp e}+;L geP d t labf dfU5' Û sfG5f / ltdLn] dnfO{ kmfn] xfn]sf xf}, t]lt s'/f t d klg a' ‰g ;S5' ÛÚÚ uf]7fnf] xf], k]6df s'/f /fVg ;Qm}g, l;w} elgxfN5 . of] s'/f h'F3]n] eG5 eGg] dnfO{ klg s]xL em:sf] lyof] . … …P h'F3] Û t]/} nflu oqf] af6f] wfP/ d cfPsf] Û ;k'/ u/\Ù ;a} rfFhf] ldNb} u} xfN5 lg ÛÚÚ d ;DemfpF5' . t/ p;df d]/f] s'/f ;'Gg] w}o{ 5}g . KofRr} elgxfN5 – … …klv{g] hlt t d}n] klv{xfn]+ lg Û ca klv{Gg . lbg]eP o;kfln cfPsf a]nf ldnfOlbO xfn, xf]Og eg] 3/ uP/ d cf ˆg} v]tL –af/Ldf nfU5' ÛÚÚ lktfhL / efOsf uf]7sf t'ngfdf Df]/f] uf]7 Tolt 7"nf] xf]Og . ToxL $) –%) dfpsf] 5 . e}+;L uf]7fnfnfO{ lbg] s'/f lqsf]0f -d, efO / lktfhL_ df k/]sf] 5, ;f]em} ldNb}g, lsgeg] pgLx¿s} x]/rfxdf d]/f] uf]7knfO x'G5 . cf ˆg} hfs -ayfg_ af6 ldnfpF eg] cfkm}+nfO{ g} yf]/ 5g\, k'u]sf] 5}g . cfdbfgL eg] ;w}+ cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] nfUo} 5 . gf]s/Lsf] k};fn] e}+;L lsGg] s'/f k/} /Xof] . ca hjfkm s] lbg] < p;sf] dgsf] s'nf] csf{kl§ kmsf{pg] h'lSt lvofpg nfU5' . klxn] a]:;/L xkf/] em}+ u/]/ / kl5 zfGt efjn] ;DemfPF . wGg d]/f] bfp v]/ uPg . pm ;]nfPh:tf] x'G5 . h] xf;\, s]xL lbgsf nflu uhf]{ 6nf{ ls h:tf] nfUof] . Ps nDa/ uf]7fnfsf w]/} a}u'g ePklg Pp6f u'g eg] 5 . hlt g} l/;fPklg cf ˆgf] sfd;Fu eg] slxNo} l/;fpFb}g pm . uf]7fn] efiffdf d dxfhg Û lsgeg] d]/f] uf]7 5 . wgsf] uxgf;Fu of] s'/fsf] ;DaGw 5}g . kfFrf]6f x'g\ ls kfFr;o, ;+1f Pp6} xf] . uf]7df dxfhg cfPsf] df}sfdf uf]7fnf lgSs} km'lt{nf x'G5g\ . dflnssf] nfdf] cg'kl:yltdf ePsf] sfdrf]/ k|j[lQnfO{ 9fs5f]k ug{] k|j[lQn] xf]nf . … …uf]7sf] afGsL oxL xf] t < vf]O{, a]/f klg 5}g, 5fgfsf] w'/L klg df/]sf] /x]g5 Û o:tf] kf/fn] lxpFb] uf]7sf kf8f hf8fn] ;f]Q/ x'Fb}gg\ <ÚÚ d k|Zg u5'{ . d]/f] Aofu 5fd5'd ub}{ tfd"n –kfg lgsfn]/ hF'3] pQ/ lbG5 – … …;fyL bx|f] eP kf] uf]7 /fd|f] x'G5 ÛÚÚ pm cf ˆgf] dgsf] eSsfgf] kf]Vg yfN5 . ;fy} cf ˆg} dfq sfo{s'zntfsf] 9f]n lkl6/xG5 . olQs}df dfOnf] a"9f] kfgL lnP/ cfOk'U5 . n7\ofu|} ePklg a"9f] dfG5] slDtsf] x'F eGb}g . uf]7fnfx¿sf] k/:k/ afemf] 6fg{ d df}g /xG5' . s;}sf uf]7df sf]xL gf}nf dfG5] b]lvP eg] cGo j/k/sf uf]7sf uf]7fnf / dxfhgx¿ klg e]nf x'G5g\ lh1f;' dg lnP/ . uf]7df c? rLhnfO{ 5f8]/ b'O{j6f rLhsf] ;Fw} cefj g} x'G5 . tL x'g\ tfd"n –kfg / rLgL . uf]7 cfpFbf oL b'O{ b'n{e rLh dxfhgn] lnP/} cfpF5g\ eGg] ;a}n] 7fGb5g\ / t} vfg kfOxflnG5 ls eGg] cfz j/k/sf ;a}n] u5{g\ . To;df d Joltqmd x'Gg . e]nf ePsf dflg; aLraf6 Pp6fn] tfQft} elgxfN5 – … …dxfhg cfpg'ePsf] /x]5, P h'F3] Û rfxf a;f g vfpFm ÛÚÚ 112
d]/f] ;sf/fTds pQ/ kfP/ h'F3] cfkm}+ s/fxLdf rfxf a;fpg yfN5 . a6'sf / yfndf xfn]/ rfxf lbO;s]kl5 tfd"n sf6\g yfN5 . o;/L ;fgf]ltgf] …rfxfÚ ;df/f]x ;dfKt x'G5 . zx/] hLjgaf6 clt b"/ of] hËn] d'n'sdf s]jn gbL, au/, xl/of] hËn3f/L, uf]a/, lemFuf, 8fF8f –ef6f, v/, sfz, nx/f / a8]/fsf rf]of, g"g, 8'F8, rf]s], e}+;LnfO{ sGofpg] 3f]rf, sfgf nufPsf ef/, afN6L, bfDnf, 6'F8];f, a6g]p6f, b"w ttfpg] 7"nf s/fxL, gfp –a}7f, s'F8'nf, e}+;L –kf8f cflbsf] ;dli6 ¿k g} …uf]7Ú xf] / To;sf s'zn ;~rfns g} uf]7fnf / uf]7 dflns Û lbp;f] sf]xL uf]7fnf e}+;L r/fpg hfG5g\ . sf]xL bfp/f kfgL, 3'/ –w'jfF ug{ / 6f6\gf] –esf/f] ;f]xf]g{ uf]7d} tNnLg /xG5g\ . ;fFem kg{ nfUbf n}gf e}+;L XjfOF XjfOF / x'O{+ x'O{+ ub}{ km8b'jfn s'b]/ cfpF5g\ . lbgel/sf] k6\of/nfUbf] ;do /dfOnf] jftfj/0fdf kl/0ft x'G5 . dfp cfPsf] uGw kfP/ n}gf kf8f tlGsb} 6\ofF 6\ofF s/fpg yfN5g\ . uf]7fnfx¿ cf ˆg} efsf / :j/df lxGbL lkmNdL uLt ufpFb} sf]xL 3'/ nufpg, sf]xL afN6L kvfNg / Nofd -nfnl6g_ afNg yfN5g\ . sf]xL sf]xL uf]7fnfx¿ eg] k/:k/ s'/fsfgLdf cZnLn afSo / 5f8f xfpefp klg k|bz{g u5{g\ . cfkm'nfO{ eg] pgLx¿sf To:tf s'/f / O;f/f g;'g] em}+ u/L r'krfk krfpg'kg]{ afWotf cfOk5{ . of] 7fpF g} o:t} Û hxfF cfOdfO{x¿sf] uGw} x'Fb}g . cf ˆgf kf}?if efjgfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ uf]7fnfx¿n] ljleGg e+uLdf lvr]sf lkmNdL gflosfx¿sf] t:jL/ cfkm" ;'Tg] rfªsf 5]p leQfdf 6fF;]sf b]lvG5g\ . ;fFem kg{ yfn]kl5 a"9f uf]7fnf eft ltx'gkl§ nfU5g\ . d tvtfsf] rfªdf 9lNsPsf] x'G5' . h'F3] eg] aflx/ ynf]df sfd ub}{ x'G5 . a'9fn] s]xL eGg vf]h]em}+ nfU5 . +sltv]/ rfg; k5{ / dxfhgnfO{ cf ˆgf ax kf]vf}+ eGg] efj pgsf] cg'xf/af6 k|i6} lrlgG5 . geGb} pgL lj:tf/} ;fgf] :j/n] eGg yfN5g\ klg – … …d h'F3];Fu a:g ;lSbg dxfhg Û dnfO{ vfln srsr ul//xG5 Û cl:t 3Lp rf]/]/ a]Rff] Û ca tkfO{+ cfOk'Ug'ef]Ù dnfO{ labf lbgf];\ Û d 3/ hfG5' ÛÚÚ h'g e'd/Ldf gk/f}+ eGof] To;}df kl/g] eOof] af Û uf]7fnfsf] of] labf dfUg] /f]u slxNo} uPg . uf]7 cfOk'Uof] pxL labf dfUg] s'/f 5 . x'g t e/kbf]{ gePklg s]xL ;3fp t ldNb}5 Û e/kbf]{nfO{ ;fy lbPs} 5 . d p;nfO{ kmsfpg yfN5' – … …x]/\ dfOnf Û tF geP d]/f] uf]7 rNb}g .ÚÚ pm s]xL cfZj:t x'G5 . uf]7fnf] ldnfpg] rt'¥ofOF klg 7"n} /fhgLlt xf] . geP uf]7} nyflnË x'G5, s] ug'{ < uf]7jfnf dxfhgx¿n] of] s'/f /fd|/L g} a'em]sf x'G5g\ . qmdz M /ft kb}{ hfG5 . e}+;Lsf c¿ ayfg ynfdf cfOk'U5g\ . /ftsf] cGwsf/df d e}+;Lsf cg'xf/ 7Dofpg ;lStg . gf}nf] x'gfn] nf7df k:g 8/ klg nfU5 . uf]7fnf dfpsf gfd 8fSt} kf8f 5f]8\5g\ / b"w b'x'G5g\ . uf]7df d]/f] ug]{ sfd s]xL x'Fb}gÙ a]sf/ a:g] d} dfq x'G5' . cf]ng lagf ?lvPsf] 3fF6L aNn leHg yfNof] . afn'jfsf] e'OFdf af]/f cf]5\ofP/ kNofF6L df/]/ a:5' . wLt d?~h]n b"w –eft vfPkl5 uf]7fnfx¿sf] cleof]u ;'Gg] a]nf cfpF5 . eft vfg a:tf t/sf/Ldf vf];f{gL xfn]sf] /x]g5 . … …vf];f{gL 5}g <ÚÚ a"9fnfO{ ;f]W5' . a"9fn] pQ/ lbG5 – … …h'F3] dufpFb} dufpFb}g Û d}n] s] ug'{ < lhlg; n]v]/ k7fpg] pxL xf] Sof/ ÛÚÚ h'F3]nfO{ ;f]Wbf eG5 – … …cf ˆgf t uf]7df dflns a;] kf] lhlg; cfpF5 Û n]Vtf n]Vtf x}/fg x'OG5, lhlg;} k7fpFb}gg\ ÛÚÚ uf]7fnf;Fusf] aftlrtn] dnfO{ em:sf] x'g nflu/x]5 . sf]xL uf]7fnf a'emSsL, uDeL/ / gd| :jefjsf klg x'G5g\ . t/ dnfO{ Tof] gl;k sxfF < d]/f uf]7fnf hlt klg cfP em8Ë], Psf]xf]/f / afpF7f dfq} . h'F3] 7"nf] s/fxLdf /ftLsf] ;a} b"w ttfpF5 . t/ o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ s'/f ttfpg xf] ls h:tf] klg nfUb}5 . pm PSsfl; eG5 – 113
… …dxfhg Û d ltd|f] uf]7df a;]sf] kfFr 5 jv{ ef] Û dnfO{ sf/af/ rflxG5 . ltdLn] b]vfOlbPsf] sfp8fn] x'Fb}g . lbg]eP /fd|f ultnf e}+;L b]p geP k"/f lx;fk u/]/ labf u/ ÛÚÚ d zfGt :j/df a'emfpF5' – … …kvL{ kvL{, d efO / af ;Fu ;Nnfx u/L t]/f] lrQ a'emfOlbpFnf, lsg cflQG5;\ <ÚÚ … …ltdL uf]7 cfP lkR5] ;Fw} o;} eG5f} t/ sfd eg] s}No} x'Fb}g ÛÚÚ pm /fFlSsP/ eG5 . p;nfO{ ;Demfpg] efvfdf d eG5' – … …t}+n] cfPb]lv bf];|f] dfG5]nfO{ uf]7df ;x]sf] 5}g;\\, PSn}n] uf]7 rNb}g . tF lsg c? uf]7fnfnfO{ cf ˆg} ;fyL efO ;/x ;lDemP/ cx|fO l;sfO ub}{g;\ < s'g} gofF dfG5] Nofof] eg] ;ftf lbg klg s6\b}g . ca d]/f] uf]7 s;/L rN5, t}+ eg\ t ÛÚÚp;sf] bf]ifnfO{ pbfËf] kf/]/ cf}+NofOlbFbf pN6} RofFl¶g kf] yfN5 / labfsf] ;f}bfkl§ nfu]/ dnfO{ g} unfpg kf] vf]H5 . pm cf ˆgf] Psf]xf]/f] l9kLdf cl8u 5 . d]/f] cg'kl:yltdf p;n] p7fPsf] kmfObf / p;sf] Psnf}6L /huhdf d ;r]t 5' . t} p;nfO{ ;xL dfu{df Nofpg ;ls kf] xfN5' ls eGg] WofpGgdf 5' . t/ s'/f ldNb}g, ldNg] 6'F8f] klg km]nf kb}{g . Hofbf ax; gu/L r'kf] nfu]/ a:5' . kmn]ssf] rfªdf cf]5\ofg nufOPsf] x'G5 . l;/fgL ldNb}g . c;lhnf]d} ;'Tg] t/v/ u5'{ . h'F3] v/sf] d'7f] k'R5«|] h:tf] Psxft hlt kf/]/ 6g6gL afFW5 / d]/f] l;/fgd'lg 3';fl/lbG5 . l;/fgL s]xL cUnf] x'G5 . ca eg] ;'Tg ;lhnf] x'G5Ù d ;'T5' . laxfg Ao"Flem+bf uf]7fnfx¿ pl7;s]sf x'G5g\ . cl3Nnf] ;fFemdf gcfPsf Ps –b'O6f n}gf e}+;L klg /ftL g} s'g}a]nf ynfdf cfO;s]5g\ . laxfg p3|fO/x]sf b]lvG5g\ . afFsL s]xL /ftL rg{ uPsf hËnd} x'G5g\ . ynf] k|foM l/Q} x'G5 . ynfsf] uf]a/ ˆofFlscf]l/ uf]7fnfx¿ ;fgf] s/fxLdf rfxf a;fNg yfN5g\ . d klg p7]/ xft –d'v w'G5' / rfªdf a;]sf] x'G5' . xn;f/f] sLnf]df afFw]/ k5fl8sf v'§f lgg 8f]/Ln] s;]/ h'F3]n] xn;f/f] tfGb} -y'g tfGb}_ u/]sf] b]V5' . klxn] uf]6f b'x'G5, kl3|Pkl5 b'x]/ NofpF5 / cfwf ln6/ hlt plDnP/ sl¶Psf], /ª sfnf] eO;s]sf] rfxfdf dflyaf6 VjfNn vGofpF5 clg /xn b"w afN6Ldf xfN5 . d k|Zg u5'{ – … …/ftLsf] Toqf] b"w 5Fbf5Fb} laxfgsf] b"w rfxfdf xfn]sf] <ÚÚ h'F3] 7f8} hjfkm lbG5 – … …;fhL b"w x'Fbfx'Fb} af;L b"w sf] vfcf];\ <ÚÚ dgdf ts{gf x'g yfN5, … …oL uf]7fnfx¿ cf ˆgf 3/ uPkl5 s] o;/L g} cfwf ln6/ ;fhL b"w rfxfdf xfn]/ vfg kfpnfg\ < ls dxfhgsf] t xf] lg, a;'~h]n df]h u/f}+, oxfFaf6 lx+8]kl5 b]v}hfnf eGg] uf]7fnfx¿sf] bz{g xf] <ÚÚ hËndf /ftL rg{ uPsf e}+;L laxfg v]bfP/ Nofpg'k5{ . geP b"w zx/ nfg ca]/ x'G5 . rfxf vfPkl5 To; ljefudf kg]{ uf]7fnfx¿ xftdf u'jfnLsf] nf}/f] lnP/ hËnlt/ lx+8\5g\ . geGb} Ps –b'O{ 306fkl5 e}+;L ynfdf cfpg yfN5g\ . 8'F8df lgd]s xflnG5 / d':nf] w'jfF 5'6fP/ 3'/ nufOG5 . clg tf wdfwd klxn] n}gf b'x'g] qmd rN5 . To;kl5 l76f / z]ifdf xn;f/f e}+;L b'lxG5 . b"w b'xF'b} afN6Ldf vGofpFbf d afN6Lsf sfF6Ldf cfFvf k'¥ofpF5' . ;fob dflnsx¿sf] WofpGg g} afN6L eg]{kl§ x'G5 e}+;Lsf] kmfFrf]df b"w xf];\ gxf];\ . k}sf/L -b"w lsGg] hg_ nfO{ 8]9 ?lkofF ;]/sf b/n] a]r]sf] b"wn] b'O{ tLghgf uf]7fnfx¿sf] dlxgfjf/L b/dfxf / vfO{vr{, uf]7sf] cGo vr{, e}+;Lsf jflif{s vhfgf, cfkm"n] u/]sf rfgr'g vr{, ToxL+dfly wf}nf ahf/sf] ef/tjif{ el/sf] vfB ;fdu|Lsf] pRr b/ ;a} cfo hf]8\bf Joo g} cUnf] x'G5 . oxfF cy{gLltsf] ;ftf] uPsf] kfOG5 . /ftf] wsf]{n] gfdsf] tn slxNo} 5f]8\b}g . 114
h'F3] /ftL pdfn]sf] b"w 5fnL -t/_ sf6]/ 6Lgdf xfN5 . oxL 5fnL km';{tsf] a]nf kmfP/ dvfg agfOG5 / vf/]kl5 l3p x'G5 . h'F3] b"w lnP/ b'O{ dfOn 6f9f ePsf] 3f6df, hxfF oGqrflnt gfp /xG5, b"w k'¥ofpg xtfl/Psf] b]lvG5 . laxfg a]n'sfsf] 6'Kkf] -b"wdf xflng] kfgL_ ldnfP/ ToxL !& –!* ln6/ b"w hDdf ePsf] x'Fbf] xf] . gf} ah]leq} 3f6df b"w k'¥ofOPg eg] kmf6\g] 8/ x'G5 . 7]sfbf/L ug]{ dxfhgn] gf]S:ffg vKg'k5{ . … …uf]7df lhlg;sf] nflu l;lnk n]lvb]p t ÛÚÚ eGb} h'F3] uf]7df gePsf lhlg; kmnfSg yfN5 . d n]Vt} hfG5' . dxfhg cfPsf] df}sf 5f]kL cl3b]lv gcfPsf ;fdfgx¿ dufpg] p;sf] dGf;fo a' ‰g a]/ nfUb}g . l;lnk h]kdf xfn]/ xtf/ xtf/ ef/ sfFwdf p7fP/ h'F3] c?;Fu} 3f6lt/ lx+8\5 . lbpF;f]sf] s'/f . s]xL lj>fd u/]/ d p7]sf] x'G5' . h'F3] To;} w':; km'n]/ a;]sf] 5 . s'/}s'/fdf d]/f] efO / p;sf] uf]7fnf] ;Gg];L sfG5fsf bf]ifx¿ avfGg yfN5 . pgLx¿n] d]/f] uf]7k|lt ;Fw} c;xof]u / a]jf:tf u/] /] Û h'F3]n] s/fPsf] ;f/;f/} ;'lgG5 . efOsf] uf]7 d]/f uf]7 b]lvg\ To:t} ;okfOnf hlt 6f9f xf]nf . cf ˆgf] s'/f sf6]sf] ;'g]/ b'j} d]/f] uf]7d} cfOk'U5g\ . … …s] elg;\ c/] ÛÚÚ efO h'F3]lt/ hfO nfU5 . … …Pp6} uf]7 a;]sf] a]nf ;f]Wb} g;f]wL uf]7 5'6fP/ nu]sf], uf]7 agfpg ;3fO nfU5f}+ eGbf …kb}{g Û d]/f] uf]7 d cfkm} agfpF5'Ú eg]sf] s'/f efO / ;Gg];L sfG5fn] dnfO{ ;'gfpFbf ts{n] afemfafemsf] ¿k lnG5 . ;Gg];L sfG5f] / h'F3] oL b'O{ uf]7fnfx¿ k/:k/ wf/]xft kf/]/ nfh –efF8 af]Nb} xft 5f]8f5f]8 ug{ yfN5g\ . x}/fg eP/ efO eG5 – … …of] PsnsfF6] dfG5] xf] . o;n] c? uf]7fnf] klg ;xFb}g / cfkm" klg PSn}n] ;a} sfd EofpFb}g . o;/L ltd|f] uf]7 rNb}g bfh' Û o;nfO{ labf lbg' g} /fd|f] x'G5 . slt ;xg' ca <ÚÚ clxn] ePsf] g/dfOnf] b[Zo / h'F3]sf] cGtd'{vL a]xf]/f b]Vtf dnfO{ klg emGsf 5'6\5 . cf ˆgf] uf]7 wfgL cfPsf] h'F3]nfO{ cfj]udf cfP/ d labf lbg] 3f]if0ff u5'{ . a"9f] uf]7fnf]kl§ x]5'{, pgsf cfFvf v'zLn] xfF;]sf b]lvG5g\ . h'F3] 3fOt] af3 em}+ kmGkmlgG5 / eG5 – … …7Ls 5, vfg gkfP/ oxfF ltd|fdf cfPsf] x'OFg . lslno/ dxfhgn] tF d]/f] uf]7df cfO;\ eg] b; dfp /f]Hhf e}+;L lbpFnf eg]sf 5g\ . d]/f] kfpFbf] b]p d jxL+ hfG5' ÛÚÚ lslno/ dxfhg csf]{ kfnsf] uf]7sf] 7"n} uf]7sf] b]ZjfnL dxfhg xf] . uf]7kfnfx¿sf cf ˆgf cf ˆg} kfn x'G5g\ . ufO{ –e}+;L clws ;+Vof ePdf e}+;L kfnf dxfhgx¿n] leGgfleGg} kfn ayfg_ agfP/ tLg –rf/ dfOnsf] Jojwfgdf r/gsf] ;'ljwf kfg{ uf]7 /fV5g\ . Ps kfnsf e}+;Ln] csf]{ kfnsf r/gdf cfP/ r/] eg] emu8fsf] ;"qkft x'g] ;+efjgf klg x'G5 . lsgeg] 3fF;sf] afx'Nodf g} e}+;L uf]7 ;lk|G5 . uf]7fnfsf] cefjdf hl6ntf ;w}+ g} ef]Ug' kl//xG5 . ef]lnb]lv d]/f] uf]7 ;DxfNg] Odfgbf/ uf]7fnfsf] 6'Ëf] nfUg' g} d'Vo k|Zg 5 . efUo xf] of b'ef{Uo, uPsf] jif{ h'F3] ladf/L eP/ c:ktfndf lrlsT;fwLg ePsf] df}sf 5f]kL uf]7sf] n§Lk§L kf/]/ efUg] uf]7fnf] kf] d]/f uf]7df a:g 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'Uof] . ;f]Rt5', ef]lnsf] nyflnª\unfO{ ;DxfNg hfFbf emg\ 7"nf] etfe'Ësf] k}/f] t hfFb}g < x]ªbf+u
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kmfu'g ;lsg nfu]sf] lyof] . kfgL lgs} lbg gkgf{n] ¿vkftx¿ w"nf]n] ;]tfDd] b]lvGy] . 3l/ 3l/ dlrPsf] xfjfsf] emf]+sfn] kft klt+u/;Fu} w"nf]nfO{ klg ;f]xf]/ ;fxf/ kf/]/ 3/sf] leq};Dd k'¥ofpFb} lyof] . oqtq 5l/Psf] w"nf]df xftsf] :kz{ x'Fbf cfª\ g} lhl/ª\ª x'GYof] . aflx/ p/f7nfUbf] jftfj/0f 5fPsf] lyof] . ljbfsf] lbg . 8«OË ¿dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ oyf;Dej k'5kf5 ug]{ k|oTg ub}{ lyPF d . PSsfl; u]6 ah]sf] zAbn] d]/f cfFvf aflx/ u]6df 7f]lSsg k'u] . cfuGt'snfO{ b]v]/ cfFvf To;} 8lNnP . ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf] csNkgLo b[Zo Û em;Ë ePF . cfª lr;f] ePsf] xf] ls tftf] x'g vf]h]sf] 7Dofpg} ;lsg . ls+ sQ{Joljd"9 cj:yfn] pAhfPsf ;f]rx¿ d'x"t{d} d]/f] dl:tisdf k3fl/g yfn] . sltv]/ aflx/ lg:s]5', yfx} ePg . cfuGt'snfO{ ;s];Dd xFl;nf] d'xf/sf] gd:t]n] :jfut ug{ rfxFbf klg d]/f] cg'xf/df gd:t]n] stf stf xfF;f] pKhfpg g;s] h:tf] nfUof] cfkm}+nfO{ . …;~r 5}g ls s;f] <Ú cfuGt'ssf] ck|Toflzt k|Zgn] dnfO{ em;Ë kf¥of] . dfgf}+ d lgb|fd} lyPF . s;}sf] cs:dft\ pkl:yltn] o;/L a]r}g kfnf{ eGg] d}n] ;f]r]sf] klg lyOg . x'gt cfuGt's k"j{ kl/lrt g} ePtfklg d]/f] 3/df p;sf] of] klxnf] kbfk{0f lyof] . km]l/ klg lsg cfof] xf]nf < s] eGg] xf] < s;f] ug]{ xf] < o:tf ylk+b} u/]sf k|Zgx¿n] dnfO{ k6Ss} :jfefljs x'g lbPsf lyPgg\ . a? z+sf pkz+sfn] d]/f] ljj]sdf lg/Gt/ lj;+ultsf] k'N7f] emf]:t} lyof]Ù h;n] ubf{ cfuGt'snfO{ d}n] cltlysf] ;/n kl/efiff leq ;d]6\g ;s]sf] lyOFg . ;fob d]/f] o:tf] dg:tflts l:yltn] p;nfO{ klxnf] k|Zg g} d]/f] :jf:Yo ;DaGwdf ug{ s/ nufPsf] lyof] xf]nf Û d}n] klg lsg xf] pm cfPsf] p2]Zo eGbf jiff}{+ e]63f6 x'g g;s]sf] b'Mv];f]af6 g} af]nLsf] ufF7f] km'sfpg' d'gfl;a ;lDemPF . cjZo 7"nf a8f g]tf –dGqL;Fu p;sf] a;p7 /x]sf] s'/f ;fyLx¿sf] d'vaf6 g;'g]sf] klg xf]Og . kl/lrt x'Fbf klg cfuGt'ssf] cg'xf/df Pskm]/f] /fd|f]u/L b[li6 8'nfpg dnfO{ lgs} s;/t ug{ kl//x]Yof] . emg\ dgsf s'/f d;Fu} la;fpF5' eg]/ p cfPsf] egL hfGbf d hlt lj:do ePF plQg} nlHht klg ePF . cfkm}+df ljZjf; ePg . ;fFrf] eGg' xf] eg] cfkm}+n] ;'g]sf] s'/f cf ˆg} sfgnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ ufx|f] kb}{ lyof] . cfuGt's d]/f] ;fd' a;]sf] lyof] . x]bf{ ;]t} km'n]sf] skfn, sf6\g gEofPh:tf em':; ;]tf 7'6] bfx|L, ;]t} h'Fuf, leq ufl8Psf cfFvf, a'9\of}nLsf h:tf ?b|s07L tn t'n'{Ë em'l08Psf df;'sf n'D;f . af]Nbf lgwf/sf d'hf tndfly u/]sf] ;lhn} cfFvf kg]{ . p;sf] of] cg'xf/nfO{ g d}n] ;f]em} :jLsfg{ ;s]+ g t ljZjf; g} ug{ ;s]+ . d]/f] ljj]s cfkm}+ nueu kRrL; jif{ cl3sf] p;sf] Tof] b'h{o ¿kdf ljr/0f ug{ yfNof] . stf stf eo / zª\sfn] d]/f] z/L/ v'Dr]h:tf] nfUof] cfkm}+nfO . o:t} eo / zª\sfn] clg sltko gldNbf gLltut sf/0fn] ubf{ Ps ;dodf pm;Fu b"/ Œj a9\b} hfFbf Ps k|sf/n] d cnUu} h:tf] x'g'k/]sf] lyof] . cjZo p;sf] sfo{ k4ltsf] kIf lng' Pj+ ;dy{g ug'k5{ eg]/ p;n] dnfO{ slxNo} klg hf]8 u/]sf] lyPgÙ pd]/df pm d eGbf o:t} rf/ kfFr jif{hlt h]7f] ePsf]n] . clxn] krkGg jif{ eGbf a9L p;sf] pd]/ gx'g' kg]{ . of] zx/df cfpg' eGbf cl3 pm sxfF lyof] < s] uYof]{ < k9fO{ s] xf] < s;}nfO{ ;6Ls hfgsf/L gePtfklg pk/ c;dsf] s'g} leqL ufpFaf6 pm cfPsf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf nueu ;j} Psdt lyP . xf] Û d]/f] ;j} lj:dosf] s]Gb|ljGb' ag]sf] Tof] cfuGt's x]ªbf+ug} xf] Û of] ToxL x]ª\bf+u xf] h;nfO{ c;dsf] ljb]zL v]bfpg] cfGbf]ngn] …;"o{w/ a?cfÚ gfpF g} ljn'Kt kf/]/ x]ªbf+u gfpFn] gj hGd lbPsf] lyof] . c;dsf] Tof] eofgs cfGbf]ngsf] dWodl0f lyof] x]ªbf+u . x]ªbf+usf] gfpF dgdf cfpgf;fy Ps b'bf{Gt ;fx;L, afx'anL tGb'?:t o'jssf] cg'xf/ emNemNtL cfpF5 d]/f cfFvfdf . st}af6 klg cfFvf kg]{ 7"nf] 6fpsf], ‰ofKk sfnf] skfn, lrpF8f]df r':; bfx|L, ;d/f] t/ rflxbf] 116
eGbf 5f]6f] uw{g . ;k|]sf xft kfv'/f, km'Q lg:s]nfg\ h:tf 7"N7"nf cfFvf . hltv]/ x]bf{klg emD6L kf] xfNg] xf] ls h:tf] Û pu| hftLotfjfbsf] dnhnn] ;k|]sf] dxfjL/ x]ªbf+u o:t} b]lvGYof] . Pslbg dxfTdf ufGwLsf] clx+;f gLltnfO{ a|Dx c:q agfP/ ljb]zL nv]6\g z'? ePsf] hghfu/0f rfF8} g} hg cfGbf]ngdf kl/0ft eof] . h;/L h;/L cfGbf]ng c;ddf rs{+b} lkmhfl/+b} hfFb} lyof], x]ªbf+u p;/L g} ;j{zlQmdfg\sf ¿kdf pn{+b} lyof] . dflg;x¿ p;sf] k/fqmd x]/]/ p;nfO{ /aLgx'8;Fu bfFHg] uy]{ . …x]ªbf+u cfpFb} 5 ÛÚ eg]sf] ;'Gb} 3/3/sf nfO6 ‰ofk em'k lgEy] . ?Fb} u/]sf gfgL s]6fs]6Lx¿ cfkm}+ r'k x'Gy] . …cfcf] x} cfcf] Û lg:s]/ cfcf] Û====v]b x} v]b, lg:s]/ v]b Û ljb]zL v]b ÛÚ eGb} dzfn xftdf lnP/ x]ªbf+u af3 h:tf] uh{+bf af6f 3f6fx¿ hg;d'b|df kl/0ft x'g slt a]/ klg nfUb}g lyof] . k'ln;sf] lgGb|fx/0fsf/L Tof] dxfjL/ x]ªbf+usf] cfh ;'6'Ss} cfudg ePsf] 5Ù Tof]] klg d]/f 3/df . cfFvfn] b]v]tfklg ljj]sn] st} b]Vg dfq ;s]sf] 5}g . PSsfl; d]/f] dg tL ;Í6u|:t lbgx¿nfO{ k5\ofpg yfN5 . hxfF u[xxf/f kLl8t cft{hgsf ef}+tfl/Psf cg'xf/x¿n] tL cv08 k|tfkL x]ªbf+usf cg'ufdLx¿nfO{ RofpFb} u/]h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . s;/L cfGbf]ng lx+;fTds aGg k'Uof] . lgoGq0f gePh:t} ;De+mbf clxn] klg dg lr;f] eP/ cfpF5 . qmdzM cfGbf]ng lx+;fsf] lbzftkm{ a9\g yfNof] . lgoGq0f gePh:t} lx+;f pGdfb ;+qmfds em}+ ufpFufpFdf km}ln+b} hfb} lyof] . a9\bf] xTof n'07gh:tf] kfzljs sfo{n] dflg;x¿ ql;t lyP . o:tf] h3Go u0f cfj]usf] clGtd kl/0ffd;Dd gkv{g]x¿ cf ˆgf] h]h:tf] h]yf] lyof]Ù a]rljvg u/L sf]xL lznu9Llt/ t w]/}h;f] cf ˆg} k'Vof}{nL d'n's /fd|f] eGb} g]kfnlt/ k]lnP . x'g klg xf], laxfg 3/af6 lg:s]sf] dfG5] a]n'sL 3/ cfOk'u]g eg] km]l/ ;xL;nfdt kms]{nf eGg'klg lwSsf/ lyof] . t/ o:tf] ;+s6do l:yltdf klg …d/] cf ˆgf] hGd e"lddf dg]{ Û efUg] st} xf]Og ÛÚ egL b[9 ;+sNkdf cl8u /xg]x¿n] cf ˆgf] 7fpF 5f8]gg\ . cfGbf]ng cfj]usf] OGwgn] emg\ /lGsg yfNof] . ef/tsf cGo k|fGtaf6 cfpg]x¿nfO{ klg alx/fut eGb} cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] cf}+Nofpg yfn] . ;/sf/L ;+klQ Wj+z ug]{, 7"nfa8f Pj+ dfGo u'?hgnfO{ cj1f ug]{ ck;+:s[ltg} ;+:s[ltsf] ufoqL dGq eP/ rf/}lt/ km}lng yfNof] . oBlk cfGbf]ngsf d'Vo xf]tf eg] 5fq –5fqf g} lyP . lj:tf/} ;du| c;d Hjfnfd'vLdf kl/0ft x'gyfNof] . af6f3f6fsf k'nx¿ hnfP/ v/fgL kfl/P . cfh Ps ufpF hNof] eg] ef]ln bz ufpF hn]sf] va/ ;'Gg'kb{Yof] . hfpFeGbf csf]{ ufpF hfg g;lsg] l:ylt lyof] . hxfF hxfFaf6 Hofg dfn a9L dfqfdf ljWj+; ePsf] va/ cfpg] ub{Yof] dflg;x¿ x]ªbf+u ToxfF k'u]5 eGg] c8sn nufpg] uy]{ . sfg"g Joj:yf t 5}g a/fa/ lyof] . cft+lÍt dflg;x¿ qflxdfd\ eP/ a]n'sL vj/ ;'Gg /]l8of] ePsf 3/df eL8 nufpg] uy]{ . eoeLt, c;'/lIft dflg;x¿ x]ªbf+usf 5fofFb]lv klg 8/fpFy] . x]ªbf+usf] lj/f]w ug'{ eg]sf] cfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]w ug'{ a/fa/ lyof] . ;fob o;}n] xf]nf x]ªbf+usf afa' cfdfnfO{ km"nsf] dfnf / km"na'§] uD5fn] ufpF ufpFdf eJo :jfut ug]{ Ps c3f]lift k|ltof]lutf aGb}lyof] . eo / zÍfdf cNem]sf dflg;x¿ cem a9L c;'/lIft Pj+ ;Í6 em]Ng gk/f];\ eg]/ cfGbf]ng dRrfpg]x¿n] h] h;f] eGy] p;} ug{ t}of/ lyP . ljkbu|:t c;xfo dflg;x¿ czflGt / cgfx"t ;+s6sf] cfzÍfdf ddf{xt cg'xf/ lnP/ ef}+tfl/Psf b[Zo d]/f cfFvfaf6 cem cf]em]n x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . xf] Û cfGbf]ngsf] lJfWj+;s ¿k b]Vg] / ef]Ug]nfO{ ljl;{g hlt ufx|f] lyof], gb]v]sfnfO{ pknlAw u/fpg klg plQs} ;fx|f] lyof] . slxn]sfxL+ sNkgf g} gu/]sf] s'/f jf:tjdf aGg k'Ubf] /x]5 . cfh d]/f] l:ylt To:t} eof] . Tof] eofgs c;dsf] ljb]zL v]bfpg] cfGbf]ngsf] dxfg of]4f x]ªbf+u d]/f] ;dLk lj/fhdfg 5 . 117
;fFrf] eGg] xf] eg] p d]/f] 3/sf] sf]7fdf c6fpg k'u]sf] 5 . p;n] dgsf s'/f s] ;'gfpnf eGg] sf}t's eGbf klg kRrL; jif{ cl3 5 jif{;Dd rn]sf] c;d cfGbf]ngsf tL ljgfzsf/L lbgx¿;Fu 5'6sf/f kfpg ddf cGt/åGå z'? x'g yfNof] . Psflt/ cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf emem{/fpFbf lbg csf{kl§ c;xfo kLl8thgsf d[tk|foM cftlÍt cg'xf/ . rf/}lt/ km}lnPsf jLeT; ¿k . zq' ldq glrlgg] l:ylt . dfG5]n] slt;Dd ;Gb]x ug{ ;S5 / sxfF;Dd tn emg{;S5 eGg] s'/f of] cfGbf]ngn] 5n{Ë kf/]sf] lyof] . ofb cfpF5 s;/L dg]Zj/ gfy dfi6/sf] ;kl/jf/nfO{ xfdLn] xfd|f] ufpFsf] afF; ‰ofª\df rf/lbg;Dd n'sfP/ /fVg'k/]sf] lyof] . lat]sf tL eofgs lbgx¿n] dnfO{ rf/}lt/af6 5]sf/f] xfn] h:tf] nfUof] . ;dLkdf a;]sf] x]ªbf+un] d]/f] dgf]å]u ;fob a' ‰g} ;s]sf] lyPg . p;sf dgsf s'/fn] olQsf lbg;Dd d]/f dgdf plAhPsf k|Zgsf] vf]/fs kfO/x]sf lyP . ;fob To;}n] xf]nf d}n] k|Zg ul//xg'k/]g . df}gtfn] g} dnfO{ p;sf k|To]s zAb a' ‰g 7"nf] ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} lyof] . p;sf s'/f d]/f] ljj]sn] hlt ;d]6]/ /fVg ;Sof] Tof] nueu o;k|sf/ 5 –ufpF3/ / ;fyLefOsf d'vaf6 ;'g]/ xf]nf, p;n] klg d]/f] af]nfpg] gfpFn] g} ;Daf]wg ug{ ?rfPsf] b]lvof] . dfG5] hGdb} g/fd|f] sxfF x'G5 / < af]u]efO{ Û /fd|f] g/fd|f] t sd{n] agfpFbf]/x]5 . ;'Gof} af]u] efO Û cfj]u ;[i6 pu| hftLotfjfb g} j[xt\ hflt u7g k|lqmofdf 7"nf] afws l;4 x'g] s'/f ;dodf pknlAw ug{ g;Sg' cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f 7"nf] e"n lyof] . w]/} If]qdf ljWj+; ug]{ tTjx¿ lyP sf]xL, gfpF hf]l8lbP x]ªbf+usf] .===ltnnfO{ kxf8 agfP/ dfG5]nfO{ ;Gsfpg] ;+jfb kqx¿n] cfj]usf] ufoqL dGq hk]/ la/fnfnfO{ l;+x agfP . l;+xnfO{ r}+ d';f agfP/ cf ˆgf] ahf/ km}nfP . ;"o{w/ j?cfnfO{ x]ªbf+u agfpg]x¿ /ftf/ft lbUuh g]tf ePgg\ / af]u]efO < === x]ªbf+unfO{ ;+s6df]rgsf ¿kdf pEofP/ hUufhdLg x8Kg]x¿ c§flnsf v8f u/]/ clxn] dxfg ;dfh ;'wf/s algP Û ;fFRr} eg]sf] af]u] efO Û xfdLh:tfnfO{ rflx+ gs{df klg 7fpF gx'g'kg]{ xf] . x]ªbf+usf d'vaf6 klg Pslbg o:tf zAbx¿ lg:s]nfg\ eg]/ g d}n] ;f]r]sf] lyPF g pDdLb g} u/]sf] lyPF .===af]u] efO Û eGg'kg]{ s'/f cem 5g\ . Pslbg clu|d ltdL;Fu ;do dfu]/ cfpg]5' . eGb} x]ªbf+un] d;Fu labf lnof] . aflx/ 7"nf] ;fFem kg{ nfu]sf] /x]5 . p x]bf{ x]b}{ cf]em]n eof] . t/ kRrL; jif{ cl3sf] c;d cfGbf]ngn] hGdfPsf tL b'is/ If0fx¿n] k|]tfTdf h:t} eP/ dnfO{ t;f{pg vf]h]h:tf] nfUof] . d]/f 5f]/f 5f]/Ldf x]ªbf+usf] cfudgn] g s]xL k|efj kf¥of] g km/s g} b]lvof] . cjZo ;"o{w/ a?cf eg]/ d}n] kl/ro u/fPsf] Tof] cfuGt's c;d cfGbf]ngsf] cv08 k|tfkL dxfgfos x]ªbf+u lyof] eGbf d]/L >LdtL cfZro{rlst eOg\ . ljb]zL v]lbpg\ gv]lbpg\ Tof] eofgs cfGbf]ng eg] Pslbg yfldof] . cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf k|f0f lbg] zxLb eP . zxLb j]bL lgdf{0f eP cfGbf]ngsf] lj/f]wdf k|f0f lbg]x¿ g zxLb eP g zxLbj]bL g} algP . s:tf] lj8Dagf Û Ifdtf / cy{sf] xf]8afhLdf zxLb j]bLx¿ klg nf]s b[li6af6 cf]em]n x'gyfn] . a]u/ kl/>d / ;xhnEo sdfO{k|lt ;j} wfjdfg x'gyfn] . cfufsf] d':nf]n] l/Qm kf/]sf] xfjfsf] 7fpF k"lt{ ug{ rf/}lt/af6 lr;f] xfjfsf] d]x]/f] rn]h:t}, lagf kl/>dsf] sdfO{ k|lt dflg;sf] w'O/f] dlRrg yfNof] . Pp6f hdftn] a]u/ kl/>d g} wgf9\o x'g] af6f] ckgfP . hflt / efiff ;+:s[lt arfpg] hg cfj]u t/]nL kb}{ uof] . cfj]udf k|f0f lbg;Dd s'07faf]w gug]{ hgtfsf] b[li6af6 olt rfF8} cfGbf]ngsf] :d[lt n'Kt k|foM xf]nf eGg] s'/f s;}n] klg ;f]r]sf lyPgg\ . ======e/v/} c:ktfnaf6 dfGb|f]df kf]sf] kf/]/ NofPsf] nf; b'Ohgf l76f s]6fn] vf]Nb}lyP . d]/f] ;fyL lgd{n zOsLof klg d[tssf] clGtd ofqfsf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf] lyof] . laxfg p;}sf] 118
kmf]gaf6 kfPsf] va/n] d klg oxfF cfOk'u]sf] 5' . …===d]/f] hfg] a]nfdf pm uof] ÛÚ eGb} Ps j[4f /f]O/x]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] nfrf/ z/L/n] ?g] zlQm g} lglv|b} uPsf] cfef; lb+b}lyof] . csf]{ s'gfaf6 nfznfO{ Psf]xf]/f] x]/]/ Ps cwj}+;] dlxnfn] cfF;' k'l5/x]sf] b]Vbf d}n] cG;f/af6} j[4fnfO{ d[tssL cfdf egL cg'dfg u/]sf] l7s} /x]5 . t/ cwj}+;] dlxnf d[tssL lbbL eg]/ ;fyLaf6 yfxf nfUof] . crfgs o:tf] zf]sfs'n kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug'{knf{ elg d /QLe/ k|:t't lyOg . nfz x]bf{ Pp6} k|Zgn] d]/f] ljj]snfO{ 3r3RofpFb} lyof] . ;fFRr} d[ts c;d cfGbf]ngsf] dxf k|tfkL x]ª\bf+u g} xf] t < x]ª\bf+u klg dg]{ k|f0fL xf] Û olQsf lbg;Dd d}n] lj;]{sf] /x]5' h:tf] nfUof] . p;sf hNbfaNbf lbgsf tL k/d lxt}ifL cfh sf]xL b]lvPgg\ . p;sf] cfwf p3|]sf] d'vn] …af]u] efO Û eGg t w]/} s'/f lyP ÛÚ eg]/ k5'tf] u/]h:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . ;fFRr} Û …km]l/ cfpF5'Ú eg]/ p;n] d]/f] 3/af6 ljbf lnPsf] k|foM rf/ dlxgf k'Ug nfu]sf] /x]5 . d]/f] 3/df p;sf] cfudg ToxL klxnf] / clGtd aGg uof] . ;De+mbf 3fF6L;Dd cfP/ s]sf uf]nf c8\lsPh:tf] nfUof] dnfO{ . ===x/ rLhsf] cf ˆgf] ;do x'Fbf]/x]5 . Tof] ;donfO{ 7Ls ;dodf Vofn ug]{ gug]{ tf}/tl/sf dfly lge{/ /x]sf] x'Fbf] /x]5 hLjgsf] ult . x]ª\bf+usf] d[To'n] df}gtfsf] efiffdf stf stf To:t} Ozf/f u/]sf] xf] ls h:tf] dnfO{ cg'dfg eof] . emg\ ;fyLsf d'vaf6 x]ª\bf+u cljjflxt g} /x]sf] yfxf nfUbf yk lrGtfn] dnfO{ ;tfpg yfNof] . rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;d kmf]gM($#%)*!#)*
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laxfgsf] klxnf] ;fO/]gsf] ;fy;fy} of] ;dfrf/ klg ;f/f rGbgf lrofsdfgel/ k}mlnof] – … …d]d;fx]an] lxhf]b]lvg} vfgfkLgf 5f]l8g\ /] Û /ftel/ /f]O/x]sL l5g\ /] Û …6fOu/ÚnfO{ ;'D;'DofO/x]sL l5g\ /] ÛÚÚ ;dfrf/ ;fFrf] lyof] . laxfg} ;fx]an] pgsf] 5]pdf uP/ dfofn' :j/n] ;':t/L …/~hgfÚ egL af]nfpFbf klg pgL emls{Og\ / elgg\ – … …ef] kb}{g dnfO{ af]nfpg ÛÚÚ clg s]xLa]/ kl5 km]l/ elgg\ – … …af]nfpg] eP a? e]6]/Lg]/L 8fS6/nfO{ af]nfOlbg'xf];\ –6fOu/sf] nflu . dg}{ cfFl6;Sof] Û 6fOu/nfO{ s]xL eof] eg] t d klg afFRg ;lSbg ÛÚÚ eGb} km]l/ 3'FSs 3'FSs ub}{ ?g nflug\ . ;fx]a cyf{t\ lrofsdfgsf] Dofg]h/ c?0ff]bo e§frfo{ kTgLsf] of] l:ylt b]v]/ ;fx|} ljrlnt eof] . cl:y/ eP/ pm s] u¿F s] gu¿F x'Fb} leq / aflx/ ug{yfNof] . cgfof;\ s]xL ;lDemP em}+ u/L aflx/ lg:s]/ cfof] / aËnfsf] rf}sLbf/nfO{ lrRofP/ af]nfof] – … …xs{axfb'/ ÛÚÚ … …hL ;fÚa ÛÚÚ xs{axfb'/n] s'2} cfP/ h'Qf ahfP/ 7f]Sof] . … …hf, tF clxn] g} 8«fOe/nfO{ af]nfP/ n] Û e]6]g]/L 8fS6/nfO{ lng zx/ hfg'k5{ .ÚÚ cx|fof] ;fx]an] . … …x'G5 ;fÚa ÛÚÚ xs{axfb'/ aL/an 8«fOe/sf] Sjf6{/lt/ s'b\of] . … …6fOu/ la/fdL ePsf] sf/0fn] d]d;fx]an] vfgfkLgf 5f]l8g\, s] of] ;fgf] s'/f] xf] <ÚÚ xs{axfb'/ ;f]Rb} uof] . Psl5gkl5 aL/an 8«fOe/n] xs{axfb'/nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ zx/tkm{ hfg hLk :6f6{ u¥of] . o:t}df xs{axfb'/sL kTgL wgdfof cQflnFb} s'2} hLksf] cl3lNt/ cfOk'uL . … …s] eof] < lsg o;/L cflQFb} s'b]sL <ÚÚ eGb} xs{axfb'/ hLkaf6 cf]ln{of] . 119
… …;fg'===;fg'===l56f] lxF8\gf];\===ÛÚÚ wgdfofsf] ;f; km'n]/ cfPsf]n] ubf{ s'/f k"/f ug{ ;lsg . … …s] ;fg' ;fg' eg]sL < s] eof] ;fg'nfO{ <ÚÚ xs{axfb'/n] kTgLnfO{ s]¥of] . … …;fx|f] eO/x]sf] 5 Û l56f] lxF8\gf];\ g l56f] ÛÚÚ wgdfofn] cft{gfb u/L . … …klv{ Û d ;fÚanfO{ eg]/ cfpFm ÛÚÚ eGb} xs{axfb'/ aËnflt/ s'b\g vf]Hof] . … …kb}{g, l56f] 3/ hfpFm Û ;fg'nfO{ s] eof] lg===d]/f] ;fg' ÛÚÚ eGb} wgdfof af}nfxLh:tL eP/ 8fFsf] 5f]8]/ ?g yfnL . …ef], g/f] tF, d ;fÚasf] x's'd lnP/ cfpF5' .ÚÚ xs{axfb'/ km]l/ bf}8\of] . ;fx]a aËnfsf] rp/df g} jNnf5]p –kNnf5]p ul//x]sf] lyof] . xs{axfb'/n] … …;nfd ;fÚaÚÚ eGbf eml:sP/ x]b}{ Psk|sf/n] lrRofpFb} ;f]Wof] – … …xs]{ Û 8fS6/ vf]O{ <ÚÚ … …;fÚa Û lngnfO{ hfg} cfF6]sf lyof}+Ù d]/L 3/jfnL cfOk'uL Û 3/df d]/f] 5f]/f] ;fx|f] ladf/ 5 eGb}5] . ;fÚa cfhnfO{ 5'§L lbg'k¥of] .ÚÚ x8a8fpFb} eGof] xs{axfb'/n] Ps} ;f;df . … …s] elg;\ < tFnfO{ 5'§L rflxG5 c/] Û oxfF d]d;fx]an] d]/f] 3/af6 dnfO{ 5'§L ul/;s]sL l5g\, ToxLdfly tF a]js"km 3/ hfgnfO{ 5'§L dfU5;\ Û af]nf, t]/L 3/jfnLnfO{ oxfF ÛÚÚ vfpFnf em}+ u/]/ cfFvf /ftf /ftf kf/]/ s/fof] Dofg]h/ e§frfo{ . … …x'G5 ;fÚa ÛÚÚ eGb} xs{axfb'/ efUof] ToxfFaf6 / wgdfofnfO{ lnP/ km]l/ ;fx]asf] cl3lNt/ cfof] . wgdfof ?Fbf ?Fbf af}nfxLh:tL ePsL lyO{ . … …PO{ wgdfof Û tF lsg oxfF sfdsf] r6f/f]aLr l8:6a{ ug{ cfpF5];\ < tFnfO{ yfxf 5}g xs]{nfO{ d s:tf] sfddf k7fO/x]sf] 5' <ÚÚ s8\lsof] ;fx]a . … …xf]Og ;fÚaÙ dfkm kfpmF Û d]/f] Pp6} ePsf] 5f]/f] –Tof] klg clxn] ;fx|f] ladf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ pgnfO{ lng cfPsL . km]l/ cfh t cfOtaf/sf] 5'§L klg t xf] lg ÛÚÚ wgdfofn] cf ˆgf] kIf ;dy{g ub}{ egL . … …r'k\ Û dnfO{ l;sfpg gcfOh tF ÛÚÚ ;fx]a emg\ ;fx|f] sl:;of] – … …xs{axfb'/ Û tF hLkdf rl9xfn\ Û d xfd|f] c:ktfnsf] sDkfp08/nfO{ t]/f] 3/df k7fOlbpFnf . tF uP/ s] ug'{ ;S5;\ / < sDkfp08/n] kf] bafO{ lbG5 t Û tF hf, uO{ xfn\ ÛÚÚ … …x'G5 ;fÚa Û wgdfof, tF 3/ hf Û ;fÚan] sDkfpG8/ afa'nfO{ k7fOlbg'x'G5 . d Ps}l5gdf cfpF5' .ÚÚ /f]O/x]sL wgdfofnfO{ ;fGTjgf lbFb} xs{axfb'/ xtf/;fy uf8Ldf r9\of] . wgdfof Psf]xf]/f] eP/ x]/]sL x]¥o} eO{ . hLk w"nf] p8fpFb} s'Bf] zx/lt/ . ;fx]an] wgdfofnfO{ Ps;o ?lkofF lb+b} eGof] – … …hf of] ?lkofF lnP/ . t]/f] 5f]/fsf] nflu sDkfp08/nfO{ k7fOlbG5' . st} dl/xfNof] eg] of] ?lkofFn] sfqf] lsGg' . hf, uO{xfn\ Û d]/f] lbdfu v/fa gu/\ .ÚÚ ;fx]a emls{+b} leq k:of] . wgdfof d"lt{jt\ ToxLF ple/xL Ps}If0f . p;nfO{ ;fx]an] eg]sf Ps –Ps zAbn] sf]/f{ a;f{pg yfn] . cfFvf cl3lNt/ cGwsf/ b]vL p;n] . Tof] ?lkofF klg ToxLF ˆofFlslbpFem}+ nfUof] p;nfO{ . t/, cf ˆgf] 3/df vfg] rfdn, g"g, lrgL ;a}yf]ssf l/Qf efF8f ;DemL p;n] . ;fg'nfO{ ;DemL –p;sf] 6L7nfUbf] cg'xf/ ;DemLÙ clg Tof] ;osf] gf]6 d'¶Ldf Rofk]/ …;f===g'Ú eGb} s'bL cf ˆgf] 3/lt/ . lrofsdfgsf] aLr}aLr hLkdf hfFbf hfFb} ubf{ xs{axfb'/n] cf ˆgf] Kof/f] 5f]/f]nfO{ ;lDem/Xof] . p;sf] Pp6}dfq 5f]/f] ;fg' ;fg}b]lv /f]uL 5 . 8fS6/n] …PlgldofÚ -/Qm xLgtf_ ePsf] 5, /ut lbg'k5{ eg]sf] lyof] . t/ sDkgLsf] c:ktfndf Tof] Joj:yf 5}g, aflx/ nfg] xs{axfb'/sf] xljut 5}g . ufpFsf dfG5]x¿n] kx]+n] ePsf] 5 eg]/ Pshgf wfdL nufOlbPsf lyP . xfF;, s'v'/f, k/]jf 120
dG;fpg nufP/ ;ftlbg;Dd tf]/Lsf] t]ndf kfgL ld;fP/ b'af]sf] d'06fn] kx]+n] emf/]sf] lyof] wfdLn] . t/, emg\ eGof] emg\ lbglbg} ladf/ a9\b} uof] . uPsf] b'O{ rf/ lbgb]lv otf emg\ vf]sL klg nfu]/ 3fF6L £of/{ £of/{ ug{ yfNf]sf] lyof] . xs{axfb'/ lbg/ft aËnfdf sfd u5{ . slxn]sfxL+dfq cf ˆgf] Sjf6{/df k'U5 . To;}n] p 5f]/fk|lt plt Wofg lbg kfpFb}g . km]l/ lxhf]b]lv g} …6fOu/Ú klg la/fdL ePsf]n] ca t 6fOu/nfO{ dfq xf]Og d]d;fÚanfO{ klg 8fS6/ nufpg'k5{ h:tf] ePsf] 5 . ;fÚan] lxhf]klg, cfhklg 8o"6Ldf hfg} kfPg . d]d;fÚan] Psl5g klg aËnf aflx/ ghfg' eg]sfn] pm aËnfdf g} al;/Xof] . xg ;~hf]u klg s:tf] < ptf ;fg' ;fx|f] la/fdL x'g', otf 6fOu/ Û PSnf] xs{axfb'/ stflt/ bu'/f];\ < d]d;fÚasf] 6fOu/ klg sDtL /fd|f] 5}g t Û xs]{nfO{ b]Vof] eg] s'2} cfP/ sfv}df a:g vf]H5 . t/, xs]{sf] hLpsf] d}nf nfU5 eg]/ d]d;fÚa p;nfO{ af]Sg} lbGgg\ . xs]{nfO{ eg] To; e'Ss'n] 6fOu/nfO{ af]ls/x'Fh:t} nfU5 . 6fOu/sf] g'xfO{ –w'jfO{ ug]{, a|z ug]{, To;nfO{ laxfg b"w / la:s'6 lbg], lbpF;f] df5f –df;' –eft cflb lbg], la/fdL x'Fbf 8fS6/ af]nfpg], bafO{d"nf] lng hfg] OToflb sfdx¿ ;a} xs]{] g} ug]{u5{ . c¿a]nf rflxF Tof] df]/f] e's'Nn] d]d;fÚasf] sfvdf a;]/ pN6f] p;}nfO{ e'Sg] u5{ . kf]xf]/ ;fn 8'Nbf d]d;fÚanfO{ ;fx|} g} dg k/]sf]n] bflh{lnªaf6 lsg]/ NofPsf] gub kGw| ;odf . kGw|;o ?lkofF eg]sf] sDtL xf] / < xs]{sf] tLg dlxgfsf] tnj hDdf ubf{ klg kGw|;o k'Ub}g . To;}n] t ;fg'nfO{ b"w v'jfpg'k5{, af5f –af5L x'G5g\, uf]a/ –dn eP af/Ldf ;fukft /f]Kg'x'G5 eg]/ Pp6f ufO{ lsGg vf]h]sf] lyof] p;n] kf]xf]/ ;fn . t/, kGw| ;oeGbf sDtLdf s'g} ufO{ klg p;n] lsGg kfPg . pm;Fu aNnaNn hDdf u/]sf cf7;o ?lkofFn] t lxhf]cfhsf lbgdf Pp6f afv|f] klg lsGg ;lsFbf] /x]g5 . nueu Ps 306fkl5 pgLx¿ zx/sf] e]6]/Lg]/L c:ktfndf k'u], t/ b'ef{o g} egf}+ 8fS6/ a¿jf u'jfxf6L uPsf /x]5g\ . To;}n] Psl5g klv{g'kg]{ eof] . aNnaNn b'O306fkl5 8fS6/ zdf{ cfOk'u] . xs{axfb'/n] s'2} uP/ ;nfd 7f]Sof] . clg hDd} s'/f] lj:tf/k"j{s atfPkl5 8fS6/nfO{ lng cfPsf] s'/f] hgfof] . 8fS6/n] s]xLa]/ klv{g nufP . pgnfO{ lnP/ aËnfdf cfOk'Ubf lbpF;f]sf] Ps aHof] . 8fS6/n] 6fOu/nfO{ w]/}a]/ hfFr], x]/ljrf/ u/] . To;sf] dnd"q ;fy} To;sf] pN6L klg /fd|/L k/LIff u/]/ x]/]kl5 … …o;nfO{ 6]kjd{ -nfdf] h'sf_ k/]sf] /x]5, df5f –df;' w]/} gv'jfpg'ÚÚ eg]/ OGh]S;g cflb lbP/ … …cGo bafO{x¿ zx/af6} cfh} NofOxfNg' ÛÚÚ egL n]lvlbP . 8fS6/nfO{ k'¥ofpg ;fy} bafO{ cflb klg Nofpg egL xs]{ / aL/an 8«fO{e/ km]l/ zx/ uP . ;fFem emdSs kbf{ dfq} pgLx¿ kms]{/ cfOk'u] . xs{axfb'/n] x:ofª\ / km:ofª\ ub}{ uP/ ;fx]anfO{ laGtL u¥of] / 3/ hfg] cfb]z dfUof] . ;fx]an] d]d;fx]asf]df k7fof] . d]d;fx]an] xs]{sf] s'/f ;'g]kl5 emls{+b} elgg\ – … …hlxn] klg d]/f] oxfF c;'ljwf k/]sf] a]nfdf tF rflx+ cg]s axfgf agfpg] u5{;\ . kb}{g 3/ hfg Û 6fOu/ clxn] aNn clnslt la:s'6 vfP/ lgbfPsf] 5 . cem} /fd|f] lgsf] eO;s]sf] 5}g . /ftLx'Fbf] s'g} cK7\of/f] k¥of] eg] km]l/ 8fS6/nfO{ lng hfg'k5{ . pN6L –6§L u¥of] eg] ;f]xf]g'{ k5{ –clg tF uP/ s;/L x'G5 <ÚÚ … …xf]Og d]d;fÚa Û d]/f] 5f]/f] ;fx|f] ladf/L 5, p;sf] d'v x]g{dfq} hfG5' . ef]ln cOxfN5' lg Û 6fOu/ t ca lgsf] eOxfN5 c/], lrGtf lng' kb}{g eg]sf 5g\ 8fS6/ ;fÚan] ÛÚÚ xs]{n] b'O{ xft hf]b}{ laGtL u¥of] d]d ;fÚal;t . 121
… …/~hgf, xs]{nfO{ hfgb]pm Û p;sf] ab\nfdf cfh sflt{sn] sfd u5{ . o;sf] 3/af6 tLgrf]l6 dfG5] cfO;s] .ÚÚ ;fx]an] leq k:b} eGof] – … …hf xs{axfb'/, tF l56f] 3/ hf ÛÚÚ xs]{nfO{ k7fPkl5 ;fx]an] d]d;fx]anfO{ la:tf/} eGof] – … …p;sf] 5f]/f] lbpF;} dl/;s]5 ÛÚÚ … …cf]x\ Û e]/L :of8 ÛÛÚÚ d]d;fx]an] b'Mv k|s6 u/L . ;fOsn lnP/ cFWof/f]df klg z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmn] s'bfpFb} xs{axfb'/ 3/lt/ nfUof] . p;nfO{ ;w}+sf] of] b'O{ lsnf]ld6/ af6f] klg clxn] sf]zf}+ 6f9f em}+ nflu/x]5 . vNvnL kl;gf r'xfpFb} 3/5]pdf k'Ug cfF6\bf p;n] wgdfof sÍnf cfjfh lgsfn]/ /f]O/x]sL ;'Gof] . p;sf] cfFugel/ 5/ –l5d]sLx¿ el/e/fp lyP . s;}n] p;nfO{ eGof] – … …;fx|} l9nf] ul/;\ xs]{ Û t]/f] 5f]/f] w]/} 6f8f] k'lu;Sof] ÛÚÚ cfFugdf t'n;Lsf] d7 cl3lNt/ ;'tfO/fv]sf] p;sf] j+zsf] k|bLk, p;sf] pQ/flwsf/L, p;sf] Psdfq 5f]/fsf] nfznfO{ 5f]lk/fv]sf] ;]tf] n'uf b'j} xftn] kG;fpFb} 5f]/fsf] lxpFh:tf] lr;f] eO;s]sf] cg'xf/nfO{ 5ftLdf 6fF:b} 8fFsf] 5f]8L –5f]8L /f]of] xs{axfb'/ . ?Fbf –?Fbf yfls;s]kl5 lj:tf/} eGof] – … …ca csf]{ hGddf rflx+ t}+n] dh:tf] u/La afa'sf] 3/df hGd lng slxNo} gcfpg' ;fg' Û d]/f] /fhf Û a? ;fÚasf] aËnfdf s's'/ eP/ hlGd;\ eg] klg o;/L bafO{kfgLsf] cefjdf, vfg]s'/fsf] cefjdf csfn} dg'{kg]{ 5}g t}+n] Û hf, d]/f] gfgL hf ÛÚÚ xs{axfb'/ z"Godf Psf]xf]/f] x]/]sf] x]¥o} eof] . p;sf] dg –dl:tisdf clxn] dfgf}+ ;f]rfO{ g} ;lsPsf] 5 . p;sf] cGt/fsfzdf s]jn ;fx]as} aËnf, ;fx]a clg d]d;fx]asf s7f]/ cleJolQm af]s]sf cg'xf/x¿, 6fOu/sf] la/fdL cj:yf clg cf ˆgf] 3/, 5f]/f] / :jf:gLsf cg'xf/x¿ emNofs em'n's cf]xf]/bf]xf/, cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x], ul//x] w]/}a]/;Dd . lzª\/L, c;d
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Pp6f h+undf Pp6L ;/bfgL{ xfQL lyO{ . p;sf] gfpF /fd|L lyof] . p;sf b'O{ 5f]/f lyPÙ sfn] / cfn] . sfn] /fd|f] :jefjsf] lyof] . cfn] eg] lgs} r6\k6] / PsnsfF6] :jefjsf] lyof] . s;}sf] s'/f klg ;'Gb}g lyof] . p;nfO{ h] dg nfUof] ToxL ug]{ uYof]{ . Pslbg /ftL cfn], sfn] / p;sf ;fyL;ª\uLx¿ ;a} ldn]/ ufpFlt/ cfxf/ vf]Hg uP5g\ . Tof] hËnsf] 5]psf] ufpFdf d'lvofsf] s]/fsf] !) –!@ la3fsf] af/L lyof] . ToxfF ;w}+ kfn] x'Gy] . To;lbg kfn] ;a} d'lvofsf] 5f]/fsf] lax] x'gfn] lax]df uPsf lyP . sfn]n] rf/}lt/ x]/]/ kfn] gePsf] cg'dfg nufP/ ToxL+ k:g] ;Nnfx u/L eGof]Ù …;'g ;fyL xf] Û xfdL cfxf/sf] lglDt cfPsf xf}+ . s]xL gf]S;fg gu/L s]/fsf kft vfcf}+ / lx+8L xfnf}+ ÛÚ ;a}n] eg]Ù …x'G5, x'G5 sfn] bfO xfdL To;} u5f}{+ ÛÚ af/Ldf k;]/ ;a}n] k]6el/ s]/fsf kft vfP . kms{g] a]nfdf cfn]n] Pp6f kfs]sf] s]/fsf] 3/L b]v]5 . p;sf] dg ToxL kfs]sf] s]/fdf lyof] . p;n] cf ˆgf] bfO sfn]nfO{ eGof]Ù …bfOÙ ltdLx¿ lx+8\b} u/Ù d Psl5gkl5 cfpF5' .Ú sfn]n] p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ p;nfO{ a'emfof]Ù …o;f] gu/ cfn]Ù k]6 el/OxfNof]Ù ca s] 5 < cf ˆgf] kfn 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . lx+8 ef]ln cfP/ vfg" ÛÚ cfn] eG5Ù …xf]Og, d}n] Pp6f kfs]sf] s]/fsf] 3/L b]v]sf] 5' . To;nfO{ vfP/ cfpF5' .Ú sfn] eG5Ù …efO, laxfg x'g cfF6]sf] 5 . ca kfn]x¿ klg cfpnfg\ . vfg' g} dg 5 eg] hfpm g lnP/ cfpmÙ hËndf uP/ 122
;a} ldn]/ vfcf}+nf .Ú sfn] hfGbYof] cfn]nfO{ /f]s]/ /f]ls+b}g . To; sf/0f a'emfOjl/ k7fof] . ;j} ;fyLnfO{ hËnlt/ k7fP/ p rflx+ efOnfO{ kvL{ a:of] . lgs}a]/ eof] efO kms]{/ cfPg . stf vf]Hg] Tof] afSnf] s]/faf/Ldf < ptf eg] cfn]n] bfOsf] s'/f s]/f vfg] :jfbdf la;]{5 . p cf/fdl;t s]/f vfO/x\of] . laxfg ePsf] rfn} kfPg . efOnfO{ kv]{/ al;/x]sf] sfn]nfO{ ;fYfLx¿ cfO{ lnP/ uP . To;lbg d'lvofn] xfQL ;dfTg] kf;f] agfP/ 5f]8]sf] /x]5 . nf]eL cfn] Pp6f 3/Ln] g c3fP/ csf]{ vfg hfFbf hfndf k/]5 . lar/f cfn]sf] lbg lau|]sfn] p;sf] To:tf] ljhf]u eof] . ;fyLx¿l;t kms]{sf] eP / bfO sfn]sf s'/f dfg]sf] eP p;sf] Tof] xfn x'g] lyPg . ptf logLx¿ l9nf] u/]sfn] sfn]sL cfdf /fd|L klg cfPsL lyOg\ . sfn], cfdf / ;fyLx¿ hËnsf] 5]pdf kv]{/ al;/x] –ca cfpnf ca cfpnf eg]/ . t/ cfn] cfPg . pgLx¿ va/ ug{ klg hfg ;Qm}gg\ . pgLx¿ hËnlt/ kmls{g yfNbf xfQLsf] lrTsf/ ;'g] . pgLx¿nfO yfxf eof]Ù of] lrTsf/ cfn]sf] g} xf] . cfn] hfndf kmF:of] eGg] c8\sn sf6] . pgLx¿l;t s]xL pkfo lyPg . cfdf, bfO sfn] / ;fYfLx¿ cfF;' emfb}{ hËnlt/ kms]{/ uP . cfn]sL cfdf /fd|Ln] eGb} ?Fb} hfFb} lyOg\ – …x]/ gfgL xf] Û ltdLx¿ cfn] h:tf] g x'g' . p lh2L / nf]eL lyof] . To;sf] kl/0ffd cfh e]§fof] . p y'g'jf k¥of] . cf ˆgL cfdf, bfHo" / kfn klg 5'6] . To;n] nf]e gu/L ltdLx¿l;t cfPsf] eP, bfOsf] s'/f dfg]sf] eP slt /fd|f] x'g] lyof]Ú eGb} hËnlt/ nfu] . cfn] cf ˆgf] e"nn] k5'tfO{ /x]sf] 5 . t/ s] u/f];\Ù nf]e / lhb clg cfkm" eGbf 7"nfsf] s'/f gdfg]/ p;n] oqf] 7"nf] ;hfo e]§fof] . sljtf lgs]tg, b]jsf]6f gu/, u'jfxf6L &*!)!!, c;d
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/tg M x] /fd Û s] xf] o:tf] < 7"n} kxf8 vl:sP h:t} 5 . [/d]z / /tgsf] jftf{nfk eO/x]sf] a]nf Zofd 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'U5 . b'j} ZofdnfO{ …cfpm cfpm ÛÚ eGb} :jfut u5{g\ .] Zofd M xf]Og, d}n] ltdLx¿sf] u'Kt a}7ssf] dof{bf eË u/]+ ls Sof xf] < /d]z M -Zofdlt/ x]b}{_ d ufpFsf] s'/fdf Hofb} lrlGtt 5', 7"n} cf}8fxf cg'ej eO/x]5 . Zofd M dfg] < /d]z M b'O{ –tLg JolQm g} ;dfh xf]Og . ;dfh t enfb\dLx¿ Pslqt eO{ a;]sf] 7fpFnfO{ elgG5 cyf{t\ w]/} enf dflg;x¿sf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfh elgG5 . Zofd M xf] t, JolQmut :jfy{ rl/tfy{ ug{ cyjf cf ˆgf] b'gf] ;f] ‰ofpg b'O{ –rf/ hgf ldn]/ ;dfhsf] gfd kmnfSb} hyfefjL ul/G5 eg] Tof] ;dfh xf]OgÙ jf ToxfF ;fdflhs enfO x'Fb}g Û /tg M ToxL t eg]sf] Û g]kfnLsf cg'i7fgx¿df rGbf ;+u|x ul/G5, sfo{ ;lsPkl5 ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfP/ cfo –Joosf] lx;fk bflvn ul/+b}g . tby{ ;ldlt eË u/]/ gofF sfo{sfl/0fL sld6L u7g x'Fb}g . of] t g]kfnL ;dfh s} b'/f/f]u aGg uPsf] 5 . ltdLn] st} ToxL OlËt u/]sf t xf]Ogf} < /d]z M cF, s'/fsf] 6'F8f] km]nf kf/]5f}, af7f g} xf} eGg' k5{ . Zofd M ufpF ljsf;df Tofu tk:ofsf ;fy} af}l4s u'0fn] klg ;DkGg x'g'k5{ . /tg M xfd|f] zAbnfO{ xfd dfq kfl/of] eg] cyjf …dÚ sf] Wjhf p8fOof] eg] c¿ s] /Xof] / < t/ ;dfh ;w}+ nf6f] a'Ëf] eP/ /xFb}g . /d]z M t/ oxfF b'O{ –rf/ JolQmn] ;dfh ;]jfsf gfddf ;fdflhs /sd lxgfldgf ug{ rfXof] eg] s] r'k nfu]/ a:g] < Zofd M of] s'/f t ;dfh ;'wf/sx¿n] lrGtf ug'{kg]{ ljifo xf] . [of] syf]ksyg eO/x]sf] a]nf ;l/tf cfOk'U5] . pm lzlIftf 5, ;fdflhs sfddf ;+nUg 5, tLg} hgf ;l/tfnfO{ cfpm a}gL eGb} :jfut u5{g\] ;l/tf M nf}, tkfO{+x¿ ;j}nfO{ Ps ;fydf kfpFbf xlg /fd|f] nfu]g, s] eGg', ;~r ;'lj:t} < /tg M ;'lj:t}, ;'lj:t} a}gL ;l/tf Û ltdL k|ult ;+3sL d"n ;lrj xf} . gf/L hfu/0fsf nflu ltd|f] :j/ a'nGb 5 . 3/sf] rf/leQf leqd} cf ˆgf] v]n ;lDemg] dlxnfx¿ clxn] aflx/sf] v'nf xfjfdf ;f; km]g{ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;ef –;ldltdf klg of]ubfg lbg / af]Ng yfn]sf 5g\ . of] t ltd|} k|of;n] ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ ;fdflhs k|ultsf] b;L klg dfG5' d . /d]z M xf], cl3 cl3 o:tf] lyPg . b'O{rf/ hgfn] ;dfhsf] sfd uy]{ . pgLx¿n] g} ;dfhsf] l;p/ le/]sf lyP . 124
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;l/tf M ;dfhsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; xfd|f] Wo]o x'g'k5{ . JolQm :jfy{ Tofu]/ ;fd"lxs :jfy{kl§ nfUg' g} k5{ . /tg M nf}, xfdL ;a} xfd|f cu|h ;dfh ;'wf/s ;'AafHo"sf] …xfd|f] ufpF ;efsf] P3f/ ;"qL sfo{qmdÚnfO{ ;kmn u/fpg arga4 xf}+ . [;a} …xf]Ú eg]/ 6fpsf] xNnfP/ :jLs[lt lbG5g\ . o;}aLr bf]sfgsf] 5]psf] af6f]af6 l/dfNgL cfd} hfFbf hfFb} /d]z, /tgx¿n] b]V5g\ / 7f87f8} M] /tg M xf]Og cfd} Û otf stf lg Û l/dfNgL M -6Ss cl8P/_ Pt} cfsL, lsg rflxof] < /tg M t}, afv|f –kf7f jf ufO{ g} x/fP ls eg]/ ;f]w]sf] . l/dfNgL M t]/fdf afv|f –kf7f, ufO{ 5g\ / ;f]W5;\ < csf{sf j:t'efp x/fpg\ ls /fv'g\, tFnfO{ lsg of] vf]hL –gLlt < /d]z M xf]Og, 5f8f ufO{ / afv|fn] c¿sf af/Ldf k;]/ vlt u/] c/] lg Û cl:t eLid k|;fbsf af/Ldf ePsf ;fu –kft, af]8L ;a} 9'6\ofP eGy] t Û l/dfNgL M ljgf 6]sfsf a]/f af5{g\, lsg k:t}g t < cf ˆgf] a]/f b/f] nfpg' lg Û lsg csf{nfO{ bf]if lbg' < t]:;} kmQ'/ nfpFbf/Ú5g\ Û ;l/tf M afkm /] Û cfd} t dfkfsL kf] /lx5g\ . -;fyLlt/ x]/]/ cf}+nfn] d'v 5f]k]/ xfF:5] ._ l/dfNgL M -emls{P/_ ef], oL lasfd]x¿;Fu sf] s'/f u/f];\ < lbgel/ xfF;], luHhl/P Û csf{n] ufO{ –afv|f kfn]sf] klg ;xg g;Sg], P:tf 88'jfx¿;Fu sf] sr\sr ul//xf];\ < hfG5', jxfF af6fdf la:s'g ;'sfP/ cfsL –eGb} kmTkmtfpFb} lx8\l5g\ . Zofd M b]Vof} Û log} x'g\ xfd|f ufpFsf ;' –gful/s . k/fk"j{b]lv kf]if0f ul/cfPsf] dl/s'Rr] ef/Lsf yfªg] ljrf/x¿ cem;Dd h:tfsf] t:t} 5g\, 5f]8]sf 5}gg\ . ;+;f/sf] kl/jt{g;Fu jf:tf 5}g . o:tf 3/sf hs{6] afF;sf h/fh:tf JolQmnfO{ lrNofpg] sfd ;l/tf a}gLnfO{ 5fl8lbPF, ls s;f] < -;l/tf kl§ x]/]/ xfF:b} eG5_ ;l/tf M ufpFsf] ;'wf/ ug{ hfFbf cl/Ëfnsf] uf]nfdf xft xfNg' k/]s} 5 . gLn8fd / 6'6'NsfnfO{ k/jfx u/]/ ePsf] 5}g . /d]z M otf ;'g t ;fyL xf] Û l/dfn afa}, 5f]/f –a'xf/Lx¿ ;a} lsg r'k eO{ a;]sf < ufpFsf ;ef –;ldltdf klg Tof] 3/sf sf]xL cfpFb}gg\ . /tg M a'l9ofsf] /0fr08L d"lt{sf cl3 sf] r"F u/]/ af]Ng ;S5 < cf ˆgf] 3/ ;lk|P ufpF lsg rflxof] < s] ufpFn]n] xfd|f efF8fF eft xflnlbG5 < csf{sf 3/ 3/ et'jf eP/ lsg hfg' k/f] < log} cNnf/]x¿n] x]¿g\ g ufpFnfO{ elG5g\ c/] cfd} . Zofd M ha ufpFsf s'g}klg sfd –wfd jf ;dfhsf JolQm;Fu p7a;\ 5}geg] ta s] ug'{ < /d]z M 7f8f] a]t Pslbg bf]la|g s/ nfU5 . ;donfO{ klv{P/ a:g' l;jfo csf]{ pkfo kf] s] 5 / < -;a} r'k nfU5g\ . olQs}df bLg] / h'ª] Tot}af6 hfFbf s'/f u5{g\ ._ 126
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ltgsf ;Gtfg –b/ –;Gtfgn] To;} w/tLdf cfºgf] kf}/v / kl;gf l;~rg u/L, To;}sf] pGglt / k|ultdf lbnf]Hofgn] ;l/s eO{ ToxL+s} ag]/ lhGbuL u'h/a;/ ub}{ hfg yfn] . ljz]if u/L c;dsf ljleGg lhNnf / ufpF –ufpF;Dd k'u]sf g]kfnLx¿ /}yfg] c;dLofx¿sf] dg lht]/, pgLx¿l;t ;b\efj / ;Dk|Llt sfod u/L k':tf}+k':tfb]lv a;f]af; ub}{cfPsf 5g\ . c;ddf /xFbf a:bf g]kfnLx¿n] c;dLof efiff –;flxTo, snf –;+:s[ltnfO{ klg c¨Lsf/ ub}{ hfg yfn] . c;dLof efiff – ;flxTo / snf –;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;sf lglDt g]kfnLsf ;Gtfgn] klg of]ubfg ug{ yfn] . Toltdfq geO{ c;dsf ljleGg c~rnsf] ljsf; –lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df c;dLofx¿l;t s'ddf s'd hf]/L g]kfnLx¿n] klg xf]:6]df x}F;] ub}{ uP . ;fdflhs pTyfg –ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf dfq ;+nUg geO{ g]kfnLx¿ ToxfFsf] /fhgLlts ultljlwx¿df klg plQs} ;lqmotfsf ;fy xf]ldg k'u] . /}yfg] c;dLofx¿;Fu ldn]/ ef/tsf] :jfwLgtf ;ª\u|fddf g]kfnLx¿ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;xefuL ePsf y'k|} 36gfx¿ ;fy} g]kfnL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿n] ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdsf qmddf u/]sf alnbfg / cfTdf]T;u{sf cg]sf}+ pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't u/L n]vs 9sfnn] c;dsf] hftLo hLjgdf g]kfnLx¿sf] cjbfgsf] k'li6 j:t'k/s 9¨af6 ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfhsf] c;dnfO{ …c;dÚ agfpgdf g]kfnL ;d'bfosf JolQm –ljz]ifx¿sf] ;d]t pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /x]sf] tYonfO{ k|:6\ofpg] qmddf n]vs kb\d 9sfnn] /fhgLlt, ;dfh;]jf, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt, lzIff, v]ns"b cflb If]qdf ljlzi6 sfo{ ug]{ jl/i7 c;d] g]kfnLx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} klg rrf{ / d"NofÍg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf lglDt …c;d Pzf]l;P;gÚnfO{ …c;d k|b]z s+u|]; kf6L{Údf ¿kfGtl/t ug{sf lglDt cu|0fL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{x'g] :jgfdwGo 5ljnfn pkfWofoÙ c;dsf] /fhg}lts cfsf;df pbfP/ g]kfnL ;d'bfosf k|ltlglw g]tfsf] 5lj agfpg ;kmn – bnjL/l;+x nf]xf/, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, rGb|axfb'/ If]qL, /fd zdf{, s'naxfb'/ If]qL, :j¿k pkfWofo, ?b| k/fh'nL, dl0fs'df/ ;'Aaf cflbÙ z}lIfs If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] – k+=u¨fw/ pkfWofo, l6sf/fd zf:qL, k++= u'0fgfy pkfWofo sfºn] cflb Ù c;dLof efiff –;flxTodf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg, k'¥ofpg] – xl/k|;fb uf]vf{ /fO{, wgaxfb'/ ;'gf/, k'iknfn pkfWofo, lji0f'nfn pkfWofo, clUgaxfb'/ If]qL, b'jf{;f pkfWofo, kb\d 9sfn, xl/eQm s6'jfn, uLtf pkfWofo, s'naxfb'/ If]qL, xl/ uh'/]n, dgaxfb'/ If]qL, z]/dfg yfkf, cljgfz >]i7 cflb Ù To:t} snf –;+:s[ltsf] If]qdf cfºgf] ljlzi6 klxrfg agfpg ;kmn k|ltefx¿ cf/tL g]jf/, ljk'naxfb'/ , ;/:jtL If]qL, cGh' b]jL, ;/:jtL k|wfg, rqmkfl0f zdf{, uLtf~hln If]qL cflbÙ v]ns"b If]qdf k|lti7f cfh{g ug]{ – v]d/fh clwsf/L, x]dgfy l3ld/], n'/] If]qL, s[i0faxfb'/ /fO{, eQmaxfb'/ If]qL, s'naxfb'/ If]qL, af]w/fh If]qL, bLkf If]qL, dL/f If]qL cflb Ù o;} u/L ;dfh;]jfsf] If]qdf sfo{ u/L lrlgPsf – eQm axfb'/ k|wfg, lzjnfn uxt/fh, k|;fbl;+x ;'Aaf, k|]dl;+x ;'j]bL, rGb|nfn h};L, kb\daxfb'/ kf}8]n, k|e'/fd sfsL{ 5ljnfn zdf{, g/l;+x yfkf, k/z'/fd s6'jfn cflbÙ c;dsf s]xL cu|0fL g]kfnL dlxnfx¿ – cGgk"0f{ b]jL, ef]udfof b]jL, xs{dfof, uLtf pkfWofo, hfgsL b]jL, 8f= zflGt yfkf, 8f= od'gf b]jL, km"n]Zj/L 9sfn, /Ltf u'?ª, :juL{o -zxLb_ j}hoGtL b]jL pkfWofo cflb / cGo w]/}sf] of]ubfgsf af/]df n]vs 9sfnn] c;dLof efiffdf n]lvPsf] cf ˆgf] o; k':tsdfkm{t\ c;dLof ;dfhnfO{ cjut u/fpg vf]Hg'ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ c;dsf] ;Gbe{df cToGt :t'To k|of; dfGg'kb{5 . k':tssf] pQ/f4{lt/ Ps 7fpFdf n]vs 9sfnn] :ki6 zAbdf eGg' ePsf] 5, – æc;ddf ljb]zL jlxisf/ cfGbf]ng x'g'eGbf cl3;Dd c;dLof / g]kfnL ;Dk|bfodfem ;DaGw cToGt ;'dw'/ lyof], b'j} ;Dk|bfo ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] af6f]df cu|;/ klg lyP . t/ ljb]zL jlxisf/ cfGbf]ngkl5sf 139
lbgx¿df c;d]nL g]kfnLx¿sf] dgdf lr;f] k;]sf] 5 .Æ of] lr;f] / zÍfnfO{ x6fpg] lbzfdf c;d /fHo ;/sf/, ljleGg c;dLof ;+3 –;+:yf / c;dLof ;j{;fwf/0fn] u/]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfo{sf] !$ j6f a'Fbfdf 5'§} rrf{ ub}{ To:tf ;sf/fTds sfdsf] k|z+;f ug{ ;d]t n]vs kb\d 9sfn kl5kg'{ePsf] 5}g . s'g} klg l;4x:t c;dLof n]vsn] n]v]hlQs} :t/Lo c;dLof efiffdf kb\d 9sfnn] of] k':ts n]Vg'ePsf] xf] . c;dsf g]kfnLx¿ c;dLof efiffdf slt kf/Ët 5g\ / pgLx¿ s;/L c;dLof efiff –;flxTo –;+:s[ltdf leh]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] of] k':ts cfkm}+ pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . t/ oxfFlg/ d s] s'/f k|i6 kfg{ rfxG5' eg] c;djf;L g]kfnLåf/f o; ljifodf n]lvPsf] / k|sflzt ePsf] of] g} klxnf] k':ts eg] xf]Og . o;cl3 klg lji0f'nfn pkfWofosf] c;d] g]kfnL -k|sfzs M efg' k|sfzg, eb|k/' , g]kfn Ù ;g\ !(&!_ , k'?iff]Qd pkfWofosf] ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿ -k|sfzs M n]vs cfkm} Ù ;g\ !(&*_, Zofd/fh h};Lsf] c;ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld -k|sfzs M af]ws'df/L k|sfzg, l8uaf]O{, c;dÙ ;g\ !(() Zofd/fh h};Lsf] o; k':tssf] clUgaxfb'/ If]qLåf/f ul/Psf] c;dLof cg'jfb ;g\ !((^ df ;Toj|t If]qL, ljZjgfy rf/fnL, b/ª, c;dåf/f k|sflzt eO;s]sf] 5 ._ kb\d If]qLsf] t'/fsf g]kfnL -k|sfzsM k|bLk If]qL, t'/f d]3fnoÙ ;g\ !((#_, d'lQm uf}tdsf] dl0fk'/df g]kfnL -;g\ !(((_, 8f= nIdLk|;fb k/fh'nLsf] pQ/ –k"jf{~rnLo ef/tLo g]kfnL ;dfh / ;flxTo -;g\ ================_, clg dgaxfb'/ If]qLåf/f c;dLof efiffd} n]lvPsf] æc;d/ g]kfnL ;dfh cf? ;+:s[lt/ ¿k/]vfÆ -k|sfzs M c;d ;flxTo ;ef, u'jfxf6L, c;dÙ ;g\ !(*#_ cflb 5g\ . t/ kb\d 9sfnn] c;dLof efiffdf n]Vg'ePsf] of] k':ts cGo n]vssf k':tseGbf p2]Zo / ;Gb]zsf lx;fan] lgtfGt leGg 5 . of] k':ts n]vsn] g]kfnL eGbf klg c;dLof kf7snfO{ nlIft u/L n]Vg' ePsf] k|i6 5 . o; k':tsåf/f n]vsn] k|]lift ug{ vf]Hg'ePsf] ;Gb]z klg g]kfnL eGbf c;dLof lj1 kf7s jf dd{1 ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu g} a9L xf] . c;dsf ljlzi6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] g]kfnL JolQmTjx¿af/], ;+3 –;+:yfaf/], ;fdflhs –/fhgLlts – cy{gLlts Oltxf;af/] dxTjk"0f{ hfgsf/L, dxTjk"0f{ ;"rgf lbg] dfq p2]Zo o; k':tssf] geO{ – c;dLof hgtf / c;djf;L g]kfnLdfem ztfAbLof}Fb]lv /lxcfPsf] hftLo ;dGjo tyf ;'dw'/ ;DaGwnfO{ cem sl;nf] / cem k|uf9 agfpg' klg xf] . cf ˆgf] pb]Zodf o; k':tsn] s]xL xb;Dd ;kmntf xft kfg]{ ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . …/rgfÚ k"0ff{Í *(, j}zfv –h]7 @)^#
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140
g]kfnL efiff –;flxTosf] lg/Gt/ ;]jf ul//x] . efiffsf] b[li6n] ;a}nfO{ Ps agfPsf pbfx/0f k|z:t kfOG5g\, o;sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g / /xFb}g klg . ef/tsf] c;dIf]qdf klg g]kfnL efiff af]Ng] k|z:t 5g\ / lbgfg'lbg efiff –lj:tf/ ePsf] 5, cg]sf}F ;flxTosf/ hGd]sf 5g\, efiffnfO{ ;d[4 t'NofPsf 5g\ . To;}dWo] g]kfnL efiff –;flxTosf] If]qdf cgj/t nflu /xg] s]=aL= g]kfnL x'g'x'G5 . pxfF w]/} ;dob]lv n]vg / ;Dkfbg sfo{df nflu/xg'eof] . !^ gf]j]Da/ !(#(, d'lnofaf/L, l8uaf]O{, c;d ef/tdf hGdg'ePsf v8\uaxfb'/ …cefufÚ kf}8\ofn 5]qLsf] ;flxlTos gfd g} s]=aL= g]kfnL xf] . pxfFn] g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] If]qdf 7"nf] of]ubfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf k|sflzt s[lt x'g\ – …gj c>'Ú -v08sfJo !(^)_ lj/xL sljtf;ª\u|x !(^$_ d]/f] 3/ d]/f] ;+;f/ -pkGof; !(^%_ ;dk{0f -/fli6«o pkGof; -!(^%_ t:jL/ Ps/ftsf] -pkGof; !(&#_ sNkgf -syf;ª\u|x !(&)_ Kn]6kmfd{ -P]ltxfl;s sfJo -!(*$_ ef]s – d[To' –;ª\3if{ -syf;ª\u|x !((!_ cg'/fu -uLt;ª\u|x !(*#_ ;tL uf]df -wfld{s gf6s -!(($_ eTs]sf] 3/ -sljtf;ª\u|x -!((%_ xTofsf/L -c;dLof n3' pkGof; -!((@_ clgolGqt dg sljtf;ª\u|x -@))!_ sflnbf;s[t …d]3b"tÚ g]kfnL cg'jfb -@))$_ . s]=aL=g]kfnLåf/f g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljwfdf rnfOPsf] snd ax' cfoflds b]lvG5 . pxfFn] w]/} ;dob]lv sljtf, v08sfJo, pkGof;, syf, cg'jfb, uLtdf snd rnfpg'ePsf] xf] . xfn} s]xL slj –;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿ -@)!) O{=_ k|sfzgdf cfPkl5 ;dLIff / JolStkl/ro ljwfdf klg pxfFsf] snd rn]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] efiff –;flxTo;[hgfsf] yfngL ;g\ !(^% / k|sfzg ;g\ !(^) b]lv …gj c>'Ú v08sfJo / …/ <Ú k|Zgjfrs sljtfaf6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . sl/a 5 bzssf] ;flxToofqfdf 8fF8fsfF8f, n]sa];L 5ª\5ªfpFb} clj/n aUg] lxdgbLem}F lg/Gt/ au]sf] hLjgofqf cToGt ;fy{s b]lvG5 . laGb' k|sfzg, nfdl8+u c;daf6 k|sflzt x'g] laGb' g]kfnL ;flxlTos q}dfl;s klqsf_sf] ;Dkfbg, s]xL ;do k/]nL, l6kg –6fkg / /ldtf klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg cflb sfo{af6 ;DkfbsLo Ifdtf klg b]lvG5 . nfU5 M To;}sf] k|efjaf6 g]kfnL slj – ;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿h:tf] k':ts k|sfzgdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] cg'ej x'G5 . o; n]vdf k|:t't u|Gysf ;fy} ef/tLo /rgfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb ljz]iffª\s laGb' klqsfsf] oyf;Dej rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . != …g]kfnL slj –;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿Ú ;flxTosf/ s]=jL=g]kfnLn] ljleGg ;dodf n]Vg'ePsf g]kfnL slj, ;flxTosf/sf of]ubfg ljifodf / ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/ k|fKt n]vsx¿sf ;DaGwdf JoSt ePsf efjgfx¿ tyf cGo ;flxTo;DaGwL n]lvPsf /rgfx¿ ;d]6]/ g]kfnL slj –;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿ O{=;+=@)!)df, laGb' k|];, nfdl8+u -c;d, ef/taf6_ k|sfzgdf Nofpg'ePsf] 5 . k|sflzt n]vx¿n] g]kfnL efiff –;flxTosf] If]qdf g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ;flxTosf/x¿ / ljleGg ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t\ g]kfnL efiff –;flxTosf] ;]jf u/]sf] ;DaGwdf nfdf] kl/ro lbOPsf] x'Fbf of] dx Œjk"0f{ k':ts aGg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff ;flxTosf] pTyfgdf lg/Gt/ ;dlk{t ;flxTosf/ Pj+ ;Dkfbs s]=jL=g]kfnLåf/f …s]xL ;flxTosf/x¿ / ljljw n]vx¿ -;ª\lIfKt cWoog_ k':tsfsf/sf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . o;leq 141
dx Œjk"0f{ JolStTjx¿sf lrgf/L, ljleGg ;+:yfx¿sf lrgf/L / s]xL ;dLIffTds n]v ;dfj]; ePsf 5g\ . ;dLIffTds n]vx¿df …k|]/0ffn] hGd]sf] /fdfo0fsf slj jfNdLls / efg'eQmÚ zLif{sdf jfNdLlssf] s]xL k"j{ Oltxf; / efg'eSt cfrfo{sf] hLjgL;lxt s]xL sljtfx¿ p4/0f ub{} /fdfo0fsf] ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn aflx/ efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] ;Ddfg lyof], efjgfTds k|]d lyof], efiffut ;DaGw lyof], eGg] s'/f b]vfpFb} eGg'ePsf] 5M – …slt kf/vL snd 5 – efg'eQmsf], ;fFRr} eGg' xf] eg] efg'eQmaf6 g} g]kfnL ;flxTosf] :j¿k lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . t/ klg, g]kfnn] pgnfO{ k|yd sljsf] pkflwn] ;Ddflgt ug{ lxrlsrfO/x]sf] lyof] . cflv/ pgsf] lgwgsf] &) jif{kl5 bflh{lnËsf hgtf ef/tLo g]kfnLx¿n] pgsf] ;Ddfgfy{ k|yd u|Gy k|sflzt u/] …cflbsljÚ pkflwn] ;Ddfg ub{}, clg dfq kf] aNn g]kfnn] klg k|yd sljsf] :jLs[lt lbg afWo x'g'k¥of] .Ú of] egfOn] efg'eQmk|lt pxfFsf] cufw >4f k|s6 x'G5 . of] n]v !(^@ sf] …laGb'Údf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . …slj df]tL/fd e§Ú zLif{sdf g]kfnL efiff –;flxTosf dfWolds sfnsf d'Vo slj df]tL/fd e§sf] ;DaGwdf ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . of] lj=;+=@)@@ df …:d[ltÚ klqsfdf k|sflzt n]v xf] eg] t];|f] zLif{s …dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fÚdf b]jsf]6f;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbFb} pgsf ljleGg uBkB sljtfsf] p4/0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] n]v ;g\ !(^% df …;'dgÚ df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . …slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnÚ o; v08sf] rf}yf] n]v xf] . o;df slj lz/f]dl0fsf] jfNosfnb]lv lnP/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf slju'?sf] ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . s]=aL=g]kfnL eGg'x'G5 – …Ct'ljrf/Ú / …a'l4ljgf]bÚ pgsf] pHHjn k|ltefsf] kl/ro xf] . pgn] n]v]sf s[ltx¿df …t?0ftk;LÚ pgsf] Ps dxfg\ s[lt xf] . sf/0f – sfJosf] ;a} u'0fn] kl/k"0f{ ePsf] …t?0ftk;LÚ pgsf] k|ltlglw /rgf x'g uPsf]n] g} xf]nf afns[i0f ;dn] t?0f tk;LnfO{ dxfslj sflnbf;sf] …d]3b"tÚ / …u|] sf] PlnlhÚl;t bfFHb} eg]sf lyP – n]vgfyHo"n] t?0f tk;L n]v]/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf] C0f r'sfP . -k[=!(_ o;df n]vgfysf sljtf p4[t ug'{sf ;fy} …laGb'Ú q}dfl;stkm{af6 sljtf dfUbf …pkb]zfTds kq sljtfdf kfP/ v';L JoSt ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} slj x[borGb| l;+x k|wfg 3fd5fof !(*)df_ sljx[bo d=jL=jL=zfxb]j -pbo klqsfdf k|sflzt @))*_ dgf]j}1flgs syfsf l;h{gxf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, -ljrf/ klqsfdf k|sflzt @))*_ slj Pj+ gf6ssf/M eLdlglw ltjf/L -k/]nL klqsfdf k|sflzt !(&#_, snf;fwsM slj afns[i0f ;d -ljrf/ klqsfdf k|sflzt @))*_, ¿kgf/fo0f l;+x M Ps ;+:d/0f, cR5f /fO{ …/l;sÚ M Ps hgjfbL n]vs, :jR5Gbslj uf]kfn l;+x g]kfnL -laGb' / k"jf{]bo klqsfdf g]kfnL / lxGbL efiffdf k|sflzt_, cl:tTjjfbL slj M cud l;+x lu/L, xl/eSt s6'jfn M Ps ;Demgf - …efg'Ú xl/eSt ljz]iffª\sdf k|sflzt @))& ;g\_ ljBf dxfjfl/lw M kf/;dl0f k|wfg -/Tg>L klqsfdf k|sflzt ;+= –@)$#_, slj hL= l5l/Ë M Ps b]g -k|lqmofdf k|sflzt ;g\ !(($_ slj s[i0fk|;fb 1jfnL –Ps ;Demgf, ;fyL u'?eStsf] ;Demgfdf -:d[lt u|Gydf k|sflzt_, g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;]js nfn ;nfdsf sd/]8 ;'j]bL -k|]d ;'j]bL_, xl/k|;fb uf]vf{/fO{sf] ;Demgfdf, ;flxTo / ;dfhsf ;]js –8f=hut 5]qL, :jtGqtf ;]gfgL lji0f'nfn pkfWofosf] ;Demgfdf, - …lji0f'nfn :d[ltÚ u|Gydf k|sflzt_, sdndl0f bLlIftaf/] n]Vg kbf{===-:kGbg M sdndl0f bLlIft clegGbg cÍ @))( df k|sflzt_ n]vx¿ /x]sf 142
5g\ . o; v08sf ;dLIffTds n]vx¿df g]kfnL ;flxTosf k|fylds sfnb]lv cfw'lgssfn;Ddsf ;flxTosf/x¿ b]lvG5g\ . o; k':tssf] bf];|f] v08 ;flxTo csfbdL v08 /x]sf] 5 . ;flxTo csfbdL k'/:sf/n] ;Ddflgt ;flxTosf/x¿ zLif{s lbP/ n]vs eGg'x'G5 – æ;flxTo csfbdL lbNnLn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ % l8;]Da/ !(&% ;g\df dfGotf lbPkl5 g]kfnL ;flxTosf/x¿nfO{ csfbdL k'/:sf/n] ;Ddfg ug{] 3f]if0ff u/] cg';f/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf/af6 qmdzM csfbdL k'/:sf/ kfpg] s[lt, s[ltsf/ / jif{ tyf ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro;lxt oxfF pNn]v u/]sf 5f}F .Æ . of] egfOaf6 g} :ki6 x'G5 M g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf of]ubfg u/]sf JolStTjx¿nfO{ ef/t ;/sf/n] klg a]nfavt k'/:s[t / ;Ddflgt ug{] u/]sf] 5 . n]vs s]=jL= g]kfnLn] tL ;flxTosf/x¿sf] lrgf/L;lxt pNn]v u/]sf JolStTjx¿ x'g\ – OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, lzjs'df/ /fO{, u'dfgl;+x rfdlnª, cf]ls pdf UjfOg, cl;t /fO{, Pd=Pd= u'?ª, OGb| ;'Gbf;, /fdrGb| lu/L, dT:o]Gb| k|wfg, z/b 5]qL, nLnaxfb'/ If]qL, k'iknfn pkfWofo, t'n;Laxfb'/ If]qL, t'n;L sfZok, ludL{ z]kf{, cf/=kL= nfdf, ;fg' nfdf, 8f=hLjg gfdb'ª, g/]Gb|dl0f k|wfg, df]xg 7s'/L, dl0fk|;fb /fO{, dgk|;fb ;'Aaf, ljqmdjL/ yfkf, /fdnfn clwsf/L, nVvLb]jL ;'Gbf;, k|]d k|wfg, ljGBf ;'Aaf, h;of]~hg Kof;L, s[i0fdf]xg df]Stfg, eLd bfxfn, nId0f >Ldn, xfodg bf; /fO{ ls/ft, ;dL/0f If]qL lk|obzL{ . o; k':tssf] t];|f] v08df ljljw n]vx¿ /flvPsf] 5 . o;df – xfd|f] ;flxTo / ;dfh, k"jf{~rn k|ultzLn ;flxTosf] k|efj, g]kfnL efiffsf] c8rgdf pkGof;af/] n]Vg kbf{, xfd|f] /fli6«o dËndo lbj; kGb|x cu:t, PSsL;jL+ zbLdf ;dGjo ;flxTosf] dxTj, efiff lbj;sf] pknIodf, lxGbL / g]kfnL ;flxTosf dw'/ ;]t' M 8f= bLgfgfy …z/0fÚ, wfld{ssfn, jL/ sfn / cfw'lgs sfn;Ddsf sljtfdf gf/L lrGtgsf efjgf, l5d]sL efO – ef/t / g]kfn, ;'gdf ;'uGw cflb zLif{ssf n]vx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cGtdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf nfu]sf JolQmx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub}{ ;dLIffTds b[li6sf]0f /flvPsf] Pj+ g]kfn aflx/ /x]sf egf}F jf ef/tdf /x]sf g]kfnL efiff –efifL ;flxTosf/x¿sf] ;Ddfg u/]sf] k|;ª\u NofP/ pgLx¿sf] kl/ro /flvPsf] x'gfn] klg of] k':ts dxTjk"0f{ ag]sf] 5, lsgls ;flxlTos If]qsf] cg';Gwfg, cWoog ug]{ JolQmx¿sf nflu of] k':ts w]/} pkof]uL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] dx Œjk"0f{ sfo{ ug]{ JolQmTjnfO{ b]Vbf eGg dg nfUof] M s]= aL= eP :jo+ ;|i6f nfUb5g\ ;a ;fydf efiff –;flxTodf nfUg] JolQm –JolQmTj dfemdf . la/fgf] kgdf si6 ef]u]sf] If0f hLjg cfgGbn] sxfF /D5 slj vf]H5 ToxL+ wg . krf;f}F jif{ ;flxTo ;]jfdf nfU5 dflg; To;}sf] efjgf aU5 wf/0ff cg'zfl;t . :jb]zsf] eP dfof ToxLF g} aU5 efjgf k'vf{s} k|]/0ffaf6 eof] ;flxTo –;fwgf . 143
@= …laGb'Ú ef/tLo /rgfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb ljz]iffª\s …laGb'Ú g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] ;flxlTos q}dfl;s klqsf xf] . s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] ;DkfbsTjdf nfdl8ª\, c;d -ef/t_ af6 k|sflzt x'G5 . jif{ $( h'g + cu:t –@)!) cÍ !!^ – !!& n]lvPsf] of] cÍleq ljleGg ;flxTosf/x¿sf] /rgfnfO{ g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/L k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] 5 . o; cÍsf] ;DkfbsLodf elgPsf] 5 – æ;flxTo ;dfhsf] k|ltlglw xf], o;}n] xfdLn] klg …laGb'Ú sf] o; cÍnfO{ cg'jfb ;flxTosf] ¿kdf cyf{t\ ;dGjo ;flxTosf] ¿kdf ;dfhsf] lglDt s]xL geP klg ltn a/fa/ t s]xL unf{ eg]/ k|sfzgdf NofPsf 5f}F .Æ of] egfOn] :ki6 x'G5 of] cÍ cg'jfb cÍ xf] ljleGg efiffaf6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb u/]/ /flvPsf] x'gfn] b'O{j6f dx Œjk"0f{ sfd ePsf] 5 – Ps t cg'jfb ;flxTosf] ljsf; csf{] …laGb'Ú klqsf dfkm{t\ cGo efiffdf /lrPsf] ;flxTosf] / ;|i6fx¿sf] 1fg . ;j{k|yd lqd"lt{ lgs]tgåf/f :yflkt nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f zt jflif{sL ;df/f]x ;ldlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL efiff ;flxTo ;Dd]ng sf7df8f}+n] ;flxTosf/ OGb|axfb'/ /fO{nfO{ k'/:sf/ k|bfg ul/Psf]df awfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff –;flxTo;]jLx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub{} ;Ddfg x'g' / v';L k|s6 x'g' :jfefljs xf] . o; cÍleq /x]sf sljtf, syf, lgaGwflbsf] ljifodf ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L lbg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . lxGbL sljtfaf6 –g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ul/Psf ( j6f, vf;Lefiffaf6 !, jËfnL efiffaf6 –#, dl0fk'/L efiffaf6 –!, pl8;faf6 –!, c;dLofaf6 –#, c+u|]hLaf6 –!, k~hfaLaf6 –!, d/f7Laf6 –! / efiff pNn]v gePsf –@ u/L hDdf @# j6f sljtf cg'jfb u/]/ /flvPsf] 5 . ;a} sljtf uBljwfdf /x]sf 5g\ . syfdf –lxGbLaf6 –!@ j6f, t]n]u'af6 ! dl0fk'/Laf6 –!, cf;fd]nLaf6 –%, ef]hk'/Laf6 –!, aª\ufnLaf6 –!, tldnaf6 –! / efiff pNn]v gePsf syf –# u/L hDdf @% j6f syf cg'jfb u/L /flvPsf 5g\ . pkGof; c+z –!, lgaGw –@ / JolSt kl/ro –! o;df k/]sf 5g\ . oxfF d"n n]vssf] gfd g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb ul/;s]kl5sf] zLif{s / cg'jfb ug]{ n]vssf] gfd lbg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5M ljleGg efiffx¿af6 cg'jfb ul/Psf sljtfx¿df – -s_ ef/te"if0f cu|jfnsf] lxGbLsljtf – …cfO/x]sx¿nfO{ Pp6f k|ZgÚ zLif{sdf xf]daxfb'/ If]qL, -v_ lgd{n cfgGbsf] lxGbLsljtf – …tLg sljtf – afaf, df5f / ;kgf zLif{sdfÚ dgf]h af]u6L, -u_ dfvgnfn rt'j{]bLsf] lxGbLsljtf – …km"nsf] clenfiffÚ zLif{sdf – s[i0fljqmd /f0ff, -3_ P;=Pr= k|Nxfb, zdf{sf] dl0fk'/L xfOs' sljtf zLif{sdf rf/j6f -kfj/, pkfo gePsf s[ifs, ;Tosyf, ofqf_ – xl/df]xg kf]v|]n, -ª_ ljj]s lg/fnfsf] lxGbLsljtf – …zAbÚ zLif{sdf df]xg 7s'/L, -r_ /d]z k|tfksf] pl8ofsljtf – …xfdLnfO{ rflxg] s]xL 5}gÚ zLifs{df –df]xg 7s'/L, -5_ lbgs/ s'df/sf] lxGbLsljtf …clxNofÚ zLif{sdf t'naxfb'/ dfn]df, -h_ x]dfË ljZjf;sf] c;dLof sljtf – …Pp6f gofF /f]dflG6s sljtfÚ uf]kfn v8\sf, -em_ czf]s vGgf, …czf]sÚsf lxGbL sljtf – …od'gf Ps gbLÚ / …lbNnLaf6 cfpg'ePsf] <Ú b'O{ zLif{sdf ho 5fª\5f, -`_ j|h]Gb| lqkf7Lsf] lxGbLsljtf …lbNnLÚ zLif{sdf hLjg gfdb'+u, -6_ sgkmfd l;+x gªsg/Lx+sf] vf;Lsljtf …r]/fk'FhLÚ zLif{sdf lbn' ;'j]bL, -7_ s};/ zdLdsf] lxGbLsljtf – …s}n] k"/f x'g]5 of] ;kgfÚ zLif{sdf – s[i0f kL= 76fn, -8_ slj gh?nsf] afËnfsljtf – d dxf ljb|f]xL / /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] lbJo :jtGqtf zLif{sdf – s]=aL=g]kfnL, -9_ r'ª 8L=;f]gfdsf] c+u|]hL sljtf – …ltAatsf kx]Fnf km"nÚ zLif{sdf – 8f=nIdLk|;fb 144
k/fh'nL, -0f_ 8f=;'bz{g uf;f]sf] k~hfaLsljtf – …cfdf hf] oxfF l5g\ pxfF klg l5g\Ú zLif{sdf –pbo 7fs'/, -t_ xL/]Gb|gfy bQsf] c;dLofsljtf – …lgzf pT;jÚ zLif{sdf ls/0f /fO{, -y_ ;'gLn u+uf]kfWofosf] sljtf …Tof] d'x"t{df gL/fÚ zLif{sdf – ;tLz /;fOnL, -b_ lgndl0f km's'gsf] c;dLof sljtf – …tkfO{+ cfw'lgs sljtf k9\g'x'G5 <Ú zLif{sdf gj ;fksf]6f, -w_ k|bLk d'vf]kfWofosf] a+unfsljtf – …km]l/ cfpF5' kms{]/Ú zLif{sdf d}gf yfkf, -g_ cf;fj/L sfs8]sf] d/f7Lsljtf – …;w}F sxLFaf6Ú zLif{sdf –dfof g]kfnL, -k_ nIdLgf/fo0f …dw'kÚsf] lxGbLsljtf – …Ps/ft dxfg\ cfTdfx¿;Fu e]6Ú zLif{sdf –z/brGb| /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L cg'jfb u/L /flvPsf sljtfx¿ cToGt ;'Gb/ 5g\, ;d;fdlos 5g\, hLjgf]kof]uL /x]sf 5g\ . oL sljtfsf s]xL gd"gf tn lbOPsf] 5 – != ljj]s lg/fnfsf] cg'jflbt sljtf –
zAb 3fd tfK5g\ clg xfjfl;t k/ –k/;Dd hfG5g\ zAb tL zLtn x'G5g\ clg ;'ulGwt x'G5g\ . -zAb – k[i7 #$_
@= k|l;4 slj /jLGb|gfy 7fs'/sf] cg'jflbt sljtf –
hxfF x[bodf lge{otf 5 clg d:ts cGofosf] ;fd' em'Sb}g hxfF 1fgsf] d"No nfUb}g hxfF ;+;f/ 3/sf] ;ª\sL0f{ bLjf/df vl08t clg ljeSt ePsf] 5}g . -lbJo :jtGqtf – k[i7 *!_ #= gLndl0f km'sgsf] cg'jflbt sljtf –
cfpg'xf];\ sljtf k9f}F sljtf cd[t dl0f xf], ceo . kf/fkf/ xLg k|]dsf aLrdf, cgfljn ;f}Gbo{sf aLrdf gUg xf}, gUg xf}, :tAw xf} d'St dg / x[bonfO{ . clg ltdL cfkm}F eOb]p Pp6f sljtf .
-tkfO{+ cfw'lgs sljtf k9\g'x'G5 – k[=!!%_ …laGb'Ú klqsfleq cg'jfb ul/Psf syfx¿df – -s_ cd[tf k|Ltdsf] lxGbLsyf …ldqfÚ zLif{s syf z/b\ 5]qL, -v_ uf]ljGb /fh' /fds[i0f /fjsf] t]n]u' syf – …kftÚ zLif{sdf v8\s/fh lu/L, -u_ xl/zÍ/ k/;fO{+sf] lxGbLsyf – …ef]nf/fdsf] cfTdfÚ zLif{sdf – 3gZofd ltdl;gf, -3_ ah/ªnfn dfnL …czfGtÚsf] lxGbLsyf …5f]/LÚ zLif{sdf ldqb]j zdf{, -ª_ piff lk|o+jbfsf] lxGbLsyf …jfk;LÚ k|Tofjt{g_ zLif{sdf b]jsL ltdl;gf, -r_ ljhosf] lxGbLsyf …p;sf] :s]rÚ zLif{sdf dËn l;+x 145
;'Aaf, -5_ 8f=k|ltef /fosf] lxGbLsyf …b|f}kbLÚ zLif{sdf – ljGBf ;'Aaf, -h_ cfrfo{ efujtfgGb ;/:jtLsf] lxGbLsyf – …;hu dfgjÚ zLif{sdf ;'>L nIdL …ldg'Ú, -em_ d'G;L k|]drGbsf] lxGbLsyf – …lzz'Ú zLif{sdf – tf/fklt pkfWofo, -`_ gf]+yf]Dad s'~hdf]xg l;+xsf] dl0fk'/Lsyf …Pp6f Olnz df5fsf] :jfbÚ zLif{sdf df]xg ;'j]bL, -6_ vnLn lha|fgsf] …cgf/Ú-n3'syf_ zLif{sdf nf]s]zrGb| k|wfg, -7_ aGtL z]g;f]jfsf] c;d]nLsyf …hfultsÚ zLif{sdf zflGt yfkf, -8_ k|f]=o'=cf/=cgGtd"lt{sf] …cfdfÚ zLif{s syf –OGb|lu/L Pd=P= -9_ kNnj kqsf/sf] …hGdfGt/Ú zLif{sdf s]bf/sNk nD;fn, -0f_ /ªjª t]/fªsf] c;dLof syf …k|LtdÚ zLif{sdf 8Da/ bfxfn, -t_ cg'/fwf zdf{ k'hf/Lsf] c;dLofsyf …pkxf/Ú zLif{sdf /lZd/]vf zdf{, -y_ ¿k>Ls]f ef]hk'/L syf …u'F8b]lv la5f]l8Psf]Ú zLif{sdf nj zdf{ …k|zfGtÚ, -b_ gLnkb\dgfesf] tldn syf …j}u/}Úsf] …laxfgÚ zLif{sdf –s0f{ yfdL, -w_ xln/fd 8]sfsf] c;dLof syf – …/]Ú 7"n bfOÚ zLif{sdf –uLtf pkfWofo, -g_ z/trGb| r§f]kfWofosf] a+unf syf – …xl/r/0fÚ zLif{s /]jtLdf]xg ltdl;gf, -k_ sfJo>L dxGtsf] c;dLof syf – …;kgf lagfsf] hLjgÚ zLif{sdf 1fgaxfb'/ 5]qL, -km_ /fd;¿k c0fvLsf] lxGbL syf – …Pd/h]G;LÚ zLif{sdf gf/fo0f k|wfg, -a_ /fh]Gb| cj:yLsf] lxGbLsyf …hg;]jfÚ zLif{sdf v8\uaxfb'/ 5]qL, -e_ s[i0f rGb/sf] lxGbL syf – …k|m]h;Fusf] Ps e]6Ú zLif{sdf c;Lt /fO{, -d_ k|m}Fh sf ˆsfsf] syf …k|:yfgÚ zLif{sdf c;Lt /fO{n] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ syfx¿ ;d;fdlos ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ n]lvPsf syf x'g\ . s]xL syfx¿ n3' cfsf/df klg 5g\ . syfIf]qdf k|l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf n]vsx¿sf syf ;dfj]; ul/Psf] x'gfn] x[bo 5'g] vfnsf syf /x]sf 5g\ . o;} u/L pkGof;sf/ clgtf b];fO{+sf] Clear Light of day -lbgsf] ;To k|sfz_ zLif{sdf eSt/fh ;'g'jf/ …d'lvofÚn] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 . pkGof;sf] ;ª\lIfKttf klg :jo+ Pp6f syf h:t} ePsf] 5 . clGtd c+zn] ;Dk"0f{tf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . æ;dosf] x'/L;Fu;Fu} dflg;sf] hLjgrqm / ult klg ToxL lbzftk{m axG5, eGg] lzIff / Hof]lt o; pkGof;n] 5g{ ;Ifd ePsf] 5 clg 3/ eGg] s'/f] JolSts} k'/fgf] / phf8 lsg gxf];\ Tof] 3/;Fu ;DalGwt gftfuf]tfsf] ToxfF Pp6f cfgGb / zflGt kfpg], lj5f]l8Psf] kn / 38L Pslqt x'g] 5xf/L e]6fpF5 . dfof –k|]d –rfxgf / ;kgf k'gM hfu[t x'g ;lsPsf] To; kmn / 38Ln] ljdnfsf] hLjgdf Pp6f gofF Hof]lt tyf k|sfz NofPsf] x'gfn] g} p;sf] lglDt lbg]sf] ;To k|sfz eP/ rf/} tkm{ 5l/Psf 5g\ .Æ of] oyfy{ xf], ;To k|sfzleq ;'Gb/ efjgf JolStPsf] 5 . cg'jfb ul/Psf] eP klg cToGt ;'Gb/ nfUof] . o:t} ljefj/L l;Gxfsf] Joª\Uo n]v …o:tf duGt]x¿;Fusf] lj/lStÚ zLif{sdf pkdfg a:g]tn] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 . s'g efiffaf6 cg'jfb ePsf] eGg] geP klg ;'Gb/ n]v 5 . o;df :j=pd/axfb'/ /fjåf/f uf]vf{ xfO:s"nsf] ;j{]If0f c+u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf] n]v x]d hf]zLn] cg'jfb ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfBf]kfGt To; :s"nsf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbFb} z'esfdgf JoSt ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L ef/tLo /rgfx¿sf] g]kfnL cg'jfb ul/Psf] …laGb'Ú klqsfsf] of] ljz]iffÍsf] cf ˆg} dx Œj /x]sf] s'/f k|:6 b]lvG5 . oxfF pTs[i6 n]v, /rgfx¿ ;dflji6 ePsf 5g\ . ef/tLo dxfg\ n]vs d'G;L k|]drGbsf] Pp6f syf 5 t/ pxfFnfO{ cfb/ ;Ddfg ;fy cufl8sf] k[i7df kmf]6f];lxt lbOPsf] 5 . ljleGg efiff –efifLsf n]vx¿nfO{ cg'jfb u/fO{ k|sfzgdf NofOPsf] of] cÍ dx Œjk"0f{ aGg k'u]sf] 5. s]=aL=g]kfnLsf] ;flxToofqfnfO{ b]v]/ cGtdf eGg dg nfUof] M …laGb'Údf l;Gw'sf] efj lbg] ;flxTo ;fy{s g]kfnL uj{n] eG5g\ s]=aL= xf} lzi6 ;fws . 146
OnlineSahitya.com >4f cufwdf efiff –;flxTo 5 lg/Gt/ ub}{ ;flxTosf] ;]jf rn]sf] efj ;'Gb/ . x/]s JolQm ;lDemG5 dft[e"ld ;w}el/ pbfPsf ;a} Hof]lt k"0f{tfdf k'u];/L . cfk\mg} ;f}Gbo{sf ;fy cu|ufdL ;dfhdf o:tf JolQm ;w}+ x'G5g\ k"0f{ cd/ –Hof]ltdf .
w'Daf/fxL $)!, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g M )! –$$@)^!)
gj ;fksf]6fsf b'O{ s[lt dfwj l3ld/]
dlb/f xf]Og d]/f] kl;gf sljtf lgs]tg, b]jsf]6f gu/, u'jfxf6L –!!, c;d –ef/tsf g]kfnL efifL, g]kfnL hftLo slj gj ;fksf]6fsf] k|:t't u|Gysf] …:jsygÚaf6 s] yfxf x'G5 eg] pxfFsf] sljtf ofqfsf] of] t];|f] r/0f xf] . gj ;fksf]6fn] …====sljtfnfO{ hLjgl;t hf]8\g' g} ;xL /rgfwld{tf xf]Ú eg]/ sfJo /rgfsf] p2]Zo k|i6 kfg'{eof] . h; cg';f/ g} o; ;+u|xsf ;fgf 7"nf ljleGg zLif{ssf sljtfx¿ oxfF ;+slnt 5g\ . jf:tjdf sfJo /rgf eg]sf] g t sf]/f oyfy{ xf], g t sf]/f sNkgf / oyfy{sf] ;Ëd g} sfJo xf] . sljn] u/]sf] sfo{ g} sfJo xf] . ;d;fdlos o'ujf]wnfO{ sljn] h;/L ;d]6\g'ePsf] 5, Tof] pTs[i6 5 . xfdL g]kfnL :jb]zdf 5f}+Ù k|jf;df 5f}+ / b]z –b]zfj/df klg 5f}+ . t/, :jb]zdf a;]/ ljb]zsf] kL8faf]wsf] ;+j]bgzLntf xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'Fb}g, ToxL hLjg ef]Ug]x¿nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf x'G5 . w]/} cl3 bflh{lnªsf slj cudl;+x lu/Ln] k|jf;sf] kL8faf]wnfO{ o;/L JoQm u/]sf lyP –
g;Dem cfh g]kfnL ;~rn] oxfF afFr]sf] sfF8fs} dfem kxf8L km"n 5}g / sxfF xfF;]sf]
of] uLtnfO{ k|l;4 ufos cDa/ u'?ªn] ufP/ cem dfld{s agfOlbPsf lyP . ljj]Ro u|Gydf klg s]xL sljtfdf o:t} kL8faf]w JoQm ePsf] 5 . …cle;f/Úsljtfsf oL k+lQmx¿nfO{ x]/f}+ –
d'6'leqsf] /f]bgnfO{ dw'/ xfF;f]df km]g{ ;Sg'k5{ cfTdkL8fsf] cGt/qmGbgnfO{, d':sfgleq n'sfpg ;Sg'k5{
ef/tjif{df bflh{lnª dfq xf]Og, c;dsf g]kfnLn] klg p:t} kL8f d'6'df ;Fufn]sf 5g\ . t/ o;f] eg]/ g}/fZo dfq sljtf xf]Og dfgJfLo cj:yf ljz]ifsf cGo efjx¿nfO{ klg sljtfdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . k|s[ltn] ;Fw} dflg;nfO{ pmhf{ k|bfg u5{, pT;fx k|bfg u5{ dfq} xf]Og k|s[ltsf] cj:yf ljz]ifdf cfkm"nfO{ kfpF5Ù cg'e"lt u5{ . a]nfotL slj j8{; jy{n] …b 8]kmf]8]N;Ú -u'gs]z/L_ sljtfdf …km'n]sf km"nx¿sf ;fgf –;fgf af]6x¿ xfjf rn]sf] a]nf o;/L xlNn/x]sf lyP dfgf] ;fgf –;fgf gfgLx¿n] xft xNnfP/ clejfb u/]sf x'g\Ú eGf]/ k|s[lt / dfgJfLo cj:yfsf] ;'Gb/ efjnfO{ Psfsf/ u/]sf lyP . slj ;fksf]6f klg …cfof] j;Gt kx/f] kmf]/]/Údf eGg'x'G5 – 147
j;Gt hLjg, j;Gt k|f0f j;Gt lrGtg, Åbo dl:tis o;}n] kf5{ k|efljt lr/Gtg
xfdL ljutsf 1ft c1ft JolQmTjsf cg'ejaf6 cf ˆgf] eljio lgwf{/0f u5f}{ . To;}n] a8fdxf/fh k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] …a"9f d/] efvf ;/]Ú eg]/ lbPsf] pkb]zsf] dd{ a' ‰g Tolt sl7g kb}{g xf]nf . pkb]zsf] cfjZostf dfG5]n] a'em] klg Tof] 7f8f] efiffdf 5 eg] To;nfO{ w]/}n] ?rfpFb}gg\ . t/ To;}nfO{ 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] sljtf jf uLtsf] nofTds z}nLdf JoQm ul/P ?lrs/ x'G5, of] dfgjLo :jefj xf] . k|:t't ;+u|xdf klg …af dnfO{ dgsf] >[Ëf/ dg k5{Ú / …kfjGbLÚ zLif{sdf pkb]z efj t 5 t/ 3'dfp/f] / nofTds x'g'sf] ;§f 7f8f] ePsf] cg'e"lt x'G5, x]/f}+,
gofF u/d n'uf rflx+b}g hf8fdf klg dnfO{ y'k|} lstfk lslglbg'xf];\
ef/t kfls:tfgsf] n8fO{+sf] s]Gb| …sflu{nÚ df n]lvPsf] sljtfdf …cggf]g uf]vf{ lx/f]hsf] cvf8fÚ k9\bf dnfO{ pQ/ k|b]zsf] g]kfnsf] l;dfgf glhssf] /]nj] :6]zg g}lgtfnsf] ;+emgf cfof] . oxfF :6]zgleq} pk]lIft ¿kdf ef/t ;/sf/n] …sf/lunÚo'4df ;xLb ePsf uf]vf{nLx¿sf ; –;fgf :d[lt :tDe agfPsf] /x]5, h;df g t gfd z'4;Fu n]lvPsf] 5, g t To;sf] ;kmf / plrt Joj:yfkg g} ul/Psf] 5 . t/ lj8Dagf s] eg] ToxL :6]zg aflx/ cs}{ ;lxb -hf] ef/tLo d"nsf lyP_sf] eJo d"lt{ agfP/ /flvPsf] 5, sflu{n ;lxbsf] . of] lj8Dagf g} xf]Og t < …gdgÚ sljtfdf g]kfnL hfltsf uf}/j cflb slj efg'eQmsf] ;+emgf ul/Psf] 5 . …efg'Úsf] ;+emgf ePklg df]tL/fd, n]vgfy, b]jsf]6f, afns[i0f ;d, ;"o{ ljqmd 1jfnL, w/0fLw/, kf/;dl0f h:tf g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxf/yLnfO{ klg ;+emgf ul/Psf] 5 . sljtfn] eG5 –
d eG5', x] slj >]i7 efg'eQm Û ltdL xf}, hftLo slj xfdL k[lyjLjf;L g]kfnL hfltsf .
jf:tjdf hxfF hxfF g]kfnL hflt /xG5g\, pgLx¿sf Åbodf efg'eQmn] ;bf jf; u5{g\ . of] oyfy{ xf] . …sljtfÚ zLif{sdf JoQm ePsf] efjgf sljsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ af]Sg ;dy{ 5 . t/ …sljtfÚ cfkm}+df s] xf] < sf]dn efjgf k|s6Ls/0fsf] dfWod xf] < jf k|s[ltsf] ljgf;sf/L s7f]/ :j¿k xf] < jf dfgj leqsf] bfgjL k|j[lQsf] ljikmf]6 xf] < slj cfkm}+ cndlnPsf 5g\ . s;/L < …sljtfÚ sf oL k+lQmx¿af6 k|i6 x'G5 –
lxhf] jLeT; ;'gfdL agL, nfvf}+sf] sx/ algg\ sljtf ljjz cg'xf/df k|s6 x'lG5g\ sljtf d cfkm}+ sljtf –sljtf ePsf] 5' d :jod\ efj efjgf ePsf] 5'
…dxfk|f0fÚ df sjLGb| /jLGb|gfyk|lt efjk"0f{ >4fefj ;'Gb/ z}nLdf k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 –
;'Gb/d\sf k/d k'hf/L, ;Tok|]dsf dxfg\ cGj]ifL lzjd\sf clj/n ;+/Ifs, x] dxfdfgj sjLGb| Û
o;/L ;+u|xsf sljtfdf sljn] ljljw kIf / ljifonfO{ dfWod agfO{ cf ˆgf efjgf k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . sljsf ¿kdf dfq geP/ gf6ssf/, cg'jfbs / ;Dkfbssf ¿kdf klg cf ˆgf] Ifdtf k|bz{g ul/;s]sf slj gj ;fksf]6f c;d] g]kfnL ;flxTosf uf}/j x'g\, h;n] ef/tdf g]kfnL hfltsf] lz/ 7f8f] kf/]sf 5g\ . 148
sfJofGt/ leqsf] ;+j]bgzLntf slj gj ;fksf]6fsf] k|:t't sljtf +;+u|x sljtf ofqfsf] bf];|f] r/0f xf] . o;sf] k|yd ;+:s/0f g]kfnL ;flxTo kl/ifb, c;dn] k|sflzt u/]sf] /x]5 eg] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f jf0fL k|sfzg lj/f6gu/, g]kfnn] k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] . ;+u|xdf nfdf 5f]6f %@ j6f sljtf, b'O{ uLt, b'O{ d'Qms / rf/ xfOs" ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . cf/Desf] sljtf …ef/tLotfÚ df sljn] ef/tjif{sf] oyfy{ lrq0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ljzfn ef/tdf a:g] ;a} ef/tLo ePklg k+|fGtLojfb / hftLojfb h:tf j}dg:on] efjgfTds ¿kdf Ps;"qdf afFlwP/ a:g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ k|efjsf/L z}nLdf JoQm ul/Psf] 5 .
9fs/ hlt r'lx;s]sf], 9fqm]sf] l/Qf] 8f]sf]h:tf] 5, of] ef/tLotf alg+bf alg+bf lau|]sf], hf]l8+bf hf]l8+b} eTs]sf] xfd|f] ef/tLotf
eg]/ c;Gt'li6 JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . oltdfq geP/ g]kfnL hfltnfO{ klg ef/tjif{df /fd|f];Fu ;d]6\g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ k|tLsfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] xf] ls em}+ nfU5 oL k+lQmdf –
l6:6fnfO{ x'unLn], slxNo} cf ˆgf] ;Dem]g
cyf{t\ bflh{lnª\ -l6:6f_nfO{ x'unL -snsQf_ n] ;Fw} ;f}tfsf] Jojxf/ u/]sf] tYo Oltxf;af6 g} k|i6 x'G5 . t/klg sljtf eljiok|lt cfzfd'vL 5 –
x'Gg x'Gg nf}, 6'lqmg lbg o;/L o; ljzfn b]znfO{ .
…xfdLÚ sljtfn] stf –stf slj e"kL z]/rgsf] o;} zLif{s ePsf] sljtfsf] ;+emgf cfpF5 . ;fksf]6fhLn] o;f] eGg'eof] –
xfdL, kxf8L vf]nfsf] aUg] kfgL xf], s]jn kfgL, nIoxLg alu/xg' xfd|f] afgL slj e"kLn] klg –
… …xfdL jL/ xf}+ t/ a'4' 5f}+ xfdL a'4' 5f}+ To;}n] jL/ 5f}+ÚÚ
eg]/ g]kfnLsf] lgoltk|lt tLvf] Joª\Uo u/]sf] …xfdLÚ ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePs} s'/f xf] . …k|]drGb –n';'gÚ sljtfdf cfhsf] ljZjdf dfgjdf dfgjLo efjgfsf] cefjk|lt slj lrlGtt 5g\, To;}n] pgL eG5g\
… …ltdL dxfTdf –cft{;]jL dxlif{ xfdL bfgjfTdf –b|Joef]uL cwdL{ ltd|f] cy{gLlt –xfd|f] b|Jo –of]u ltd|f] …;j]{ ejGt' ;'lvgÚ M –xfd|f] cfTdof]u
…Tof] km]l/ cfpF5Ú sljtfn] uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf] …cfdfsf] ;kgfÚsf] z}nL / efjnfO{ k5\ofPsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . l/dfnsf] …cfdfsf] ;kgfdfÚ Tof] -k|hftGq_ ljxfgsf] ;"o{ h:t} k|sfz 5b}{ cfpg]5 eg] ;fksf]6fsf] sljtfdf Tof] -k|hftGq_ cfpg t cfof] t/ vf]/08f] eP/ cfPsf]df v]b 149
k|s6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf uB sljtfsf] >L u0f]z ug]{ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfnsf] kblrGxdf lx+8]sf 5g\ ;fksf]6fsf sljtf jgf]6sf b[li6n] . …Oltxf; d'v 5f]kL nl8/x]5Ú zLif{s sljtfdf ;fdflhs lj;+ultnfO{ s6' oyfy{ z}nLdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . dfG5] dfG5]df x'g] / ul/g] cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] ljb|"k rl/qsf] lrq0f sljtfdf ;6Ls 9+un] ePsf] 5 . …lsg n]v"F sljtfÚ df sljn] ;dfhsf, JolQmsf ljljw ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ g;Sg] nf5L sljtf eg]/ sljtfnfO{ hlt ufnL u/]klg, lgwf]{ sljtf eg]klg To;f] t xf]Og/x]5 eGg] k|df0f ;+u|xsf oL y'k|} sljtf x}gg\ / < …g5Nsf];\Ú zLif{s uLtdf JoQm ePsf] efj sljsf] efjgfTds k|s6Ls/0f x'g;Snf, t/ s] k|]dsf] ;':s]/f uLt of sljtfdf x'g' g/fd|f] xf] / < pTs[i6 xf]Og / Û w]/} pTs[i6 dxfsfJo, v08sfJodf uLtx¿ lj/x, j]bgf –efjn] g} pTs[i6 / nf]slk|o ePsf 5g\ . …d'gfdbgÚ o;sf] pQd pbfx/0f x}g < cyjf sfnLk|;fb l/hfnsf sltko uLtx¿ h;nfO{ gf/fo0f uf]kfnn] :j/ lbP, ;a} lj/x j]bgfs} sf/0fn] s0f{lk+|o eP, nf]slk|o eP . b'O{ d'Qmsdf …k|ltljDaÚ hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ cy{nfO{ ;"q¿kdf afFWg ;kmn ePsf] 5 –
b'Mv bb{sf] a ˆofOnf] afkmn] uxdf cfF;' el/G5 ;'v / cfgGbsf] /dfOnf] cfef;n] d'vdf d':sfg 5l/G5 .
jf:tjdf hLjg eg]s} ;'v b'Mvsf] rqm xf], of] ;j{dfGo oyfy{ xf] . rf/ xfOs" klg cGtdf ;+slnt 5g\ . t/ of] hfkfgL z}nLn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf k|j]z ug{ yfn]sfn] z}nL k/fO{ t/ o;df JoQm efj g]kfnL xf] eGg dg nfU5 . d'Qms eGbf klg ;fgf] cfsf/df efjsf] Jofkstf k|:t't ug'{ cfkm}+df sl7g sfo{ xf] . t/ ;fksf]6fHo" o;df ;kmn x'g'x'G5 . x]/f}+ …dfofÚ zLif{ssf] xfOs" –
w/tLl;t cfsfzsf] ;DaGw c6'6\ /fVg] dfWod
o;/L ef/tLo g]kfnL hfltsf] uf}/j a9fpg gj ;fksf]6fn] h;/L l;h{gfTds k|ltef k|bz{g af}l4s, dfld{s / ;+j]bgzLn z}nLdf k|:t't ug'{ePsf] 5, To;sf nflu xfdL g]kfnsf g]kfnL klg uf}/jflGjt ePsf] cg'ej u5f}+{ . ca jof]j[4 nf]slk|o ufos wd{/fh yfkfn] cf ˆgf] uLtdf eg]em}+ –
sf]xL xfd|f efO 5g\ g}lgtfn sf]xL /fFlr s'b}{ latfpF5g\ sfn, g]kfnLn] dfof df¥of] a/L n}
eGg] cj:yf 5}g . sf]xL g]kfnL klg ef/tdf To;} ljtfpFb}gg\ sfn . j? g]kfnL ;+:s[lt, g]kfnL hfltsf] uf}/j ufyfnfO{ hf]ufpFb} d'6'df k'vf{sf] e"ld / g]kfnL cledfg /fv]/ a;]sf 5g\ . o;f] eGbf ;xL x'G5 . 6Ëfn, sf7df8f}+ df]afOn M (&$!@!)%)$
‘zflGtsf] vf]hLdf’ slj b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] 150
k|tLs l3ld/]
ef/t, c;d, t]hk'/ lgjf;L slj b'uf{k|;fb l3ld/] k"jf]{Q/ ef/tsf Ps kl/lrt / k|ltli7t ;flxTosf/ x'g\ . & kmfu'g ;g\ !(#& df hlGdPsf l3ld/]sf] kl/ro sljdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . pgsf nueu 8]9 bh{g hlt ljleGg ljwf / ljifosf s[lt k|sflzt 5g\ . u'jfxf6L ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLlt lj1fgdf :gftsf]Q/ / lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, sf7df8f}+af6 g]kfnL ;flxTodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n u/]sf l3ld/]sf k|sflzt s[ltx¿dWo] Pp6f s[ltsf] gfd xf] …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ . h'g @))* df dgf]h klAns];G; k|f=ln=, rfFbdf/L, t]hk'/, c;daf6 k|yd ;+:s/0fsf ¿kdf k|sflzt o; sljtf ;+u|xdf hDdf #! ljleGg zLif{ssf sljtf 5g\ . sljn] cf ˆgf] cfTdk[i7f dGtJodf pNn]v u/] cg'¿k ;+u|lxt sljtfx¿df cd"t{ lrGtgsf] d"t{ cleJolQm lbg ljleGg ;6Ls k|tLs ljwfgx¿ k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . 7]6 g]kfnL zAb¿sf] k|of]u clg uBfTds z}nLdf n]lvPsf sljtfx¿df ;dfh, /fi6«, :jefiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, dfgjtf, /fhgLlt, k|]d, ;f}Gbo{, ;'v –b'Mv h:tf dfgj hLjgsf ljljw kf6fx¿nfO{ ljleGg k|tLs ;Gbe{x¿sf] k|of]u dfkm{t\ pRr ¿kdf l;+uf/]sf 5g\ sljn] . sljtf ;+u|xsf] klxnf] sljtfsf] zLif{s 5 – …sljtfsf] hGdÚ . oxfF sljn] k|;j j]bgfdf 56kl6PsL gjhft lzz'sL cfdf;Fu cfkm"nfO{ t'ngf ub}{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ –
…;Gqf;sf] ue{df uef{wfg x'g] d]/f] sljtfsf] hGd x]t' k|tLIff/t 5' dÚ
– …sljtfsf] hGdÚ -k[=!_ cg]sf}+ b'Mv si6 / x08/ v]k]/ sl7g k|;j kL8f kl5 Pp6L cfdfn] lzz' hGdfpFl5g\Ù tL ddtfdoL cfdfn] lzz' hGdfpFbfsf ofjt\ kL8f lgd]ife/d} lal;{lG5g\ clg cf ˆgf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg p;s} lgldQ eg]/ :jfy{/lxt tj/n] ;dlk{t ul5{g\ . cfkm"n] hGd lbPsf 5f]/f –5f]/Lsf] :ofxf/ – ;';f/ ub}{ ltgsf] ;'Gb/ eljiosf nflu cxf]/fq e"ldsf v]lN5g\ . t/ clxn]sf] kl/j]z lzz'sf] pGglt / k|ultsf nflu cg's"n b]Vb}gg\ slj . ljZj, ;dfh clg /fi6« ;Gqf;do kl/l:yltdf afFRg afWo ePsf] 5 . ad, aGb's / /fO{kmnsf] babaf rf/}lt/ 5 . o:tf] ps';d's;sf] ljifd kl/l:yltdf hGd lng nfu]sf] lzz'sf] eljio s:tf] xf]nf < cyjf p ljBdfg To:tf ;Gqf;sf] afbn kG5fP/ 3fdsf] Gofgf]kgnfO{ af6f] b]vfpg ;dy{ xf]nf ls gxf]nf eGg] lk/nf] tL cfdfnfO{ k/] em}+ cfkm"åf/f l;h{gf x'g nfu]sf] lzz'¿kL sljtfn] o:tf] cGof}no'Qm dfxf}ndf ;xL ;Gb]z lbg ;Snf ls g;Snf < cyjf sljtf dfkm{t\ cfkm"n] cleJoQm u/]sf pb\uf/x¿ clxn]sf] c;xh kl/l:yltnfO{ ;xL af6f] b]vfpg k|]/s x'g ;Snfg\ ls g;Snfg\ eGg] lrGtfdf Jofs'n b]lvG5g\ slj clg eG5g\ –
…sflJos /Ë ¿k s:tf] xf]nf < lvgf}6] efjgfdf u'lDkmt ;fn gfn cË k|ToË ;j ss{nfsf 8fF7 em}+ n'nLKofªÙ lg:t]h xf]nfg\ Zjf; k|Zjf; lgu{t x'Fbf
151
Os8fsf a]/f xfjfdf ah] em}+ a];'/f /fun] aH5 xf]nf sljtfsf] hGd If0fsf nflu d Jou| 5' st} km':;f t x'Fb}g <Ú
– …sljtfsf] hGdÚ -k[=!_ jf:tjdf sljtf zAbx¿sf] d]n dfq xf]Og . s]jn nx8sf nflu dfq klg sljtf n]lvg' x'Fb}g . cfkm"n] l;h{gf u/]sf] sljtfdf pko'Qm ;Gb]z, ;d;fdlos k|]/0ff, dfgjf]lrt ef]ufO / ;d:ofx¿sf] oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg hLjGt ¿kdf JoQm ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . clg dfq To:tf sljtf kf7ssf] 9's9'sLdf plrt :yfg kfpg ;dy{ x'G5g\ / :yfoL dx Œj /fv]/ afFR5g\ . sljtfsf k|:t't x/kmn] em§ sljtf n]v]/ To;nfO{ tTsfn} k|sfzg ug{ xtfl/g] cfhsf gjf]lbt slj k':tfnfO{ klg ;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] 5 . y'k|} s[lt l;h{gf u/]/ l;4x:t eO;s]sf clg pd]/n] &) gfl3;s]sf jof]j[4 sljnfO{ ;d]t cf ˆgf] gjhft l;h{gf …st} km':;f kf] x'g] xf] ls <Ú eGg] lrGtf 5 eg] h] kfof] ToxL /Ë g 9Ësf sljtf n]Vg' / To;nfO{ 5kfpg xtf/ u/]/ slyt sljx¿sf] eL8dfem u'dgfd kl/ro dfq agfpg vf]Hg] jt{dfg o'jf k|j[lQk|lt sljn] cf ˆgf zAbx¿ dfkm{t\ ;Gb]z o'Qm k|xf/ ;fy{s kf/fn] u/]sf 5g\ . ;+u|xsf] zLif{ssf ¿kdf rog ePsf] …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ sljtf k|:t't ;+u|xsf] rf}yf] sljtf xf] . sljtfdf sljn] dflg;n] zflGtsf] vf]hL ef}lts ;+;f/leq eGbf cf ˆg} dgleq ug'{kg]{ atfPsf 5g\ –
…zflGtsf] vf]hLdf lx+8\b}df kfOg] xf]Og Tof] cfkm"leq k:g ;s] pQ/ kfpg ;lsPnf ls < Clifd'lgx¿sf] dgdf k; cyjf ufGwLs} dgdf k;] x'G5 Bf}} zflGt k[YjL zflGtnfO{ a'em ;Tod]j hot] dgg u/Ú
– …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ -k[=%_ jf:tjdf zflGt cfkm}+leq vf]Hg'k5{ . sfd, qmf]w, nf]e, df]x k|ltsf] cfzlQm g} zflGtsf jfws x'g\ eg]/ xfd|f cfWoflTds bz{gx¿n] uxg JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf tTjx¿nfO{ dg}b]lv lgu|x ug{ ;s] dfG5]n] lrGtfsf] e'ª/f]df lklN;P/ a:g} kb}{g . dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] klg cf ˆgf] hLjgsf] clGtd 38Ldf …clv/ >L s[i0f /x]5 PsÚ To;} eg]sf xf]Ogg\ . oxfF pgn] cfTdf¿kL eujfg s[i0fnfO{ cfkm}+leq vf]h]/ zflGt dxz'z u/]sf lyP . slj l3ld/] klg cfkm" :jo+nfO{ lrGg cyjf cf ˆg} dgleq 5fDg ;s] ckf/ zflGt k|fKt x'g] atfpF5g\ . o; s'/fdf pgnfO{ k"0f{ ljZjf; klg 5 . olb cfkm}+n] cfkm}+nfO{ lrGg ;s] cyjf xfd|f k|frLg Clifd'lgx¿, dxfTdf ufGwL h:tf dxfdfgjx¿sf egfO{, Jojxf/nfO{ hLjgdf cfTd;ft\ ug{;s] dfG5]n] zflGtsf nflu cg]sf}+ ef}lts :ynx¿ rxfb}{ / e8\ls+b} lx+8\g'kg]{ cfjZostf g} kb}{g .
…;[li6 /x:o ljzfn 5 O{Zj/ ;Qf caf]Wo 5
152
b"wdf gf}gL sxfF 5 < cfTdf z/L/df To:t} 5Ú
– …zflGtsf] vf]hLdfÚ -k[=%_ lgZro klg o; ljzfn a|Dxf08sf af/]df cg]sf}+ vf]hLx¿ o'uf}+b]lv e}/x]sf 5g\ . t/ klg o;sf] /x:osf] caf]Wo e]b s] xf] eGg] s'/f v'Ng ;s]sf] 5}g . rGb|dfdf dflg;n] kfOnf 6]s] klg, dflg;n] lj1fg dfkm{t\ cg]sf}+ ef}+lts cfljisf/ u/]/ hLjgnfO{ ;xh kfl/lbP klg nfvf}+ tf/fd08nsf af/]df oyfy{ hfgsf/L slxn] kfOPnf < s] of] s'/f ;Dej x'g ;Snf / < x'g t dfG5]sf nflu c;Dej eGg] s'/f x'Fb}g eGg] syg j}1flgsx¿sf] 5 . t/ ltg} dWo]sf Ps dxfg\ j}1flgs cNj6{ cfO{G:6fOgn] eg]sf lyP – …hxfF lj1fgsf] cGTo x'G5Ù cWofTdsf] af6f] ToxL+af6 z'? x'G5 .Ú O{Zj/Lo ;Qfsf] dxQf klg o;kl5 cf/De x'G5 . b"w, bxL h:tf uf] kbfy{nfO{ cfFvfn] k|i6 b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ ToxfF ePsf] gf}gLnfO{ b]Vg ;ls+b}g . bxLnfO{ dy]kl5 gf}gL :jtM pTkGg x'Fb} hfG5 . To;}u/L z/L/leq /x]sf] cfTdfnfO{ klg k|i6 ¿kn] b]Vg ;ls+b}g . t/ cfTdfsf] gf}gL ¿kL O{Zj/nfO{ km]nf kfg{ klg dg, a'l4 / lbdfu;Fu} dgnfO{ czfGt agfpg] / lk/f]Ng] tTjx¿ s] s] x'g\ ltgnfO{ Ps Ps u/L s]nfP/, vf]hL u/]/ dxL dy]sf] h:t} dYg ;Sg'kb{5 . o;f] ug{ ;s]df ckf/ zflGtsf] cg'ej cfkm}+leqaf6 ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; lnPsf 5g\ sljn] . …;'gfdL nx/Ú zLif{s cf7f}+ sljtf k9\bf e/v/} hfkfgdf uPsf] eofgs e"sDksf] ;+emgf x'G5 . oBlk sljtf w]/} klxn] n]lvPsf] xf] . e"sDkkl5 cfPsf] ;'gfdLn] lgDTofPsf] eoÍ/ ljgfz 6]lnlehgsf kbf{df x]bf{ dfq klg a8f] ddf{xt kfg]{ b[Zo b]lvPsf lyP . ;'gfdLsf] tf08jdf k/]/ l;Ëf] 3/, uf8L / hxfh ;lxt c;+Vo dflg; af9Ldf k/]/ lanfPsf b[Zo emnemnL cf ˆg} cfFvfn] b]lvPsf lyP . To:tf] csNkgLo kL8f ef]Ug]x¿sf c;Xo cg'e"lt s:tf] /Xof] xf]nf eGg] s'/fsf] j0f{g s;}n] klg ug{ ;Qm}g . slj cf ˆg]f dft[e"ld c;ddf klg To:t} ;'gfdLsf] c1ft eon] lrlGtt 5g\ . clg eG5g\ –
…pks'nLo If]q t vtd eof], ;+xfl/of] s'g} c1ft cfz+sfdf clxn] k"jf{~rn If]q To;df klg c;d hxfF t]n e08f/ c;Ld 5 q:tdfg 5, 7"n} e'OFrfnfsf] cfz+sfdfÚ
– …;'gfdL nx/Ú -k[=!%_ cGo kz'kIfLx¿sf] t'ngfdf dfG5] ;j{>]i7 k|f0fL xf] . o;sf] Pp6} dfq sf/0f s] xf] eg] p;df /fd|f] –g/fd|f], c;n –v/fj s] xf] eGg] ;f]rljrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5, a'l4 x'G5 . t;y{ dfG5]n] ;b}j c?sf] enfO{ x'g] sfd dfq ug'{kb{5 . dfgj eP/ hGd lng'sf] ;fy{stf klg oxL xf] . t/ ;a}sf nflu sNof0fsf/L x'g'kg]{ dfG5]sf] dlt lxhf]cfh rLnsf] h:tf] lx+;|s aGb} uPsf] 5 . dfG5]sf] s'dltnfO{ rLn;Fu bfFh]/ k|tLsfTds kf/fdf sljn] o;/L cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ –
…ca ;[li6 hf]ufpg' s;/L < dfG5]sf] laANofF6f]kgf kz' kIfLsf] ;ANofF6f]kgf ldNg uP s;/L < of] kx]nL ag]/
153
uO/x]5, u'h'lN6/x]5Ú
…rLnsf] 7"F8f] dfG5]sf] d'vÚ -k[=!&_ slj ef/tsf] c;djf;L gful/s ePsfn] pgL cf ˆgf] e"uf]nsf] c;dLof lax'\ ;+:s[lt k|lt klg uj{ u5{g\ .
…c;djf;L hgtf cfgGbd'v/ x'g] of] dfbs d'x"t{ pNnf;sf] a]nf
c? hflt ;/x g]kfnL klg o; kj{df ;xefuL 5g\ g]kfnL o'js –o'jtLx¿ 9f]n, k]kf, xft yk8L tfndf lax' g[Tosf] ld7f; lng pqfjn 5g\, k|tLIff/t 5g\ .
– …lax'Ú -k[=!( –@)_ jf:tjdf h'g wtL{n] cfkm"nfO{ hGdfof]Ù hxfF cf ˆgf] / cf ˆgf k'vf{sf] >d –kl;gf k/]/ pj{/ ag]sf] 5 ToxL+sf] ;+:s[ltdf /Dg] dfgjsf] k|fs[lts :jefj g} xf] . g]kfndf klg kl5Nnf ;dodf Ps hfltn] dgfpg] rf8 cGo hfltn] klg xflb{stfk"j{s ;dfj]zL ¿kdf dgfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . o:tf] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf;n] :yfgLo ¿kdf Pscsf]{ hfltdf efOrf/fsf] xflb{stfk"0f{ ;DaGw ljsf; eO{ To;n] /fi6« lxtd} dxTjk"0f{ b]g lbg ;S5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ –dw]z If]qsf g]kfnLn] dgfpg] 57 kj{df clxn] kxf8L ;d'bfosf] klg TolQs} xflb{s ¿kdf ;xeflutf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . 57sf] pdËdf lxhf]cfh /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+sf] kljq afudtL gbL, /fgL kf]v/L nufotsf cGo s'08, tfn – kf]v/Lx¿df dw];L ;d'bfosf ;Fu} 57L dfOsf] k"hf kj{df Psfsf/ x'g kxf8L ;d'bfo klg ;fd]n x'g yfln;s]sf 5g\ . t/fO{ If]qdf t of] qmdn] emg} lj:tf/ ln+b}5 . c;dsf g]kfnL hfltn] klg cf ˆgf] If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ lax' ;+:s[ltnfO{ cFufNg' ;sf/fTds kIf xf] . t/ o;f] eGb}df slj cf ˆgf] ;+:s[ltnfO{ klg e'Nb}gg\ . bz}+sf] bzfnfO{ pgL o;/L aofg ug{ k'U5g\ –
…nf} bz}+ t cfof] uDs]/ hLafn] ;fgf eN6\ofª\ e'N6'ª\nfO{ cf}+nf efFRt} eg] – …bz}+ cfof] vfpFnf lkpFnfÚ bz}+ cfof] egL gfgLx¿ x'g;Dd /dfP, a'lNsP dL7f] vfg /fd|f] gfgf nfpg xf], of] s]6f –s]6Ls} rf8 xf] plk|mg' kflk|mg' gfRg' xf]Ú
154
– …bz}+Ú -k[=@#_ bz}+df dgUu] /dfpg] sf]xL x'G5g\ eg] tL ;fgf s]6fs]6L g} x'G5g\ . ;Fw} cefjdf afFRg afWo g]kfnL hflt jif{sf] Ps kN6 C0f sf9]/} ePklg bz}+nfO{ w'dwfd;Fu dgfpF5g\ . rfx] g]kfn, ef/t cyjf ljZjsf s'g}klg s'gfdf /x]sf g]kfnL g} lsg gx'g\Ù bz}+;Fu pdË ;f6\g dlxgf}+b]lv k|tLIff/t /xG5g\ . u[x:y, sd{rf/L ;j}nfO{ o;sf] r6f/f] dlxgf}+b]lv k5{ . g]kfnLx¿sf nflu bz}+ 9f]n ag]/ cfpF5 . t/ hfg] a]nfdf C0fsf] ux|f}+ ef/L af]sfP/ hfG5 . cfdbfgL gx'g] u[x:yLx¿sf nflu t of] kj{ emg} ;s; kfg]{ lsl;dn] cfpF5 .
…otf u[x:y kfs]sf] kmn em5{ ls eg]/ afF d'v u/]/ a;]sf] 5 p;n] klg hfxfgnfO{ 9fF6\g l;s]sf] 5Ú
– …bz}+Ú -k[=@#_ Psflt/ cf ˆgf] ;+:s[lt dfGg}kg]{ afWotf / csf]{lt/ dxFuL, a]/f]huf/L To;dfly cf8Da/L kgsf] afWotfaLr bz}+ dgfpg u[x:yLnfO{ k/]sf] ;s;nfO{ sljn] o;/L aofg u/]sf 5g\ –
…vfg] t 3/leqsf] s'/f xf] h] h:tf] vfPklg x'g] t/ nfpg] < of] t n'sfP/ n'St}g bz hgfsf] cl3 gofF n'uf nfpg} k¥of] 6Lsfsf] nflu blIf0ff hf]uf8 x'g} k¥of] ufn t 6fg}{ k5{ rf8 klg dgfpg} k5{Ú
– …bz}+Ú -k[=@$_ sljdf cf ˆgf] ufpmF, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] pGglt / enf] ePsf] x]g]{ pTs6 rfxgf klg 5 . cf ˆgf] snf, ;+:s[lt k|lt klg pgnfO{ uj{ 5 . t/ ;dfh / /fi6«lj/f]wL tTj x/]s /fi6«df x'G5g\Ù sljsf] ;dfh / /fi6«df klg gx'g] s'/} ePg . To:tf s'tTjx¿k|lt ;hu /xg slj kf7snfO{ cfXjfg u5{g\ / eG5g\ –
…olb ;S5f} eg] ;dodf g} hfnL sk6Lx¿sf] rfnf pbfËf] kf/, Rofltb]pm olb x'G5 eg] ;t\ af]n, kf]n vf]n ltdLk|lt oxL xf] d]/f] z'esfdgf
…sfdgfÚ -k[=#@_ kf/:kl/s d]ndf dfGotf /fVg] slj ;ÅboL 5g\ . pgL s'g} /fhg}lts jfbdf ljZjf; /fVb}gg\ . dfgjtfjfb g} pgsf] bz{g xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ pgn] k6s k6s k|i6\ofPsf 5g\ cf ˆgf 155
cg'e"ltdf . t/ klg zq'x¿ sdfPsf] s'/fdf eg] crlDdt k5{g\Ù clg cf ˆgf zq'x¿k|lt klg ljgd| x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ o:tf] cfXjfg ug{ k'U5g\ –
…dnfO{ xf]Rofpg x/38L tTk/ /xg] x] zq' Û d]/f] uNtL t cf}+NofOb]p tf ls d tyfslyt la/fd ;Rofpg ;s'FÚ …zq'Ú -k[=$@_
d t s'g} /fhgLltsf] …jfbÚ df d'l5Psf] 5'Og clg s] sf nflu oqf] j}dg:otf < s] sf] lj/f]wfef; < s] sf] d'd'{/fx6 <
…zq'Ú -k[=$#_ sljn] cf ˆgf] /fi6«sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't u/]sf k|;Ëdf pNn]v ePsf ljrf/x¿ g]kfnsf g]kfnLx¿sf nflu klg plQs} ;fGble{s ePsf 5g\ . xfdL g]kfndf clxn] u0ftflGqs gofF g]kfnsf] ;'gf}nf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ lnlvt b:tfj]h ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf 5f}+ . t/ xfd|f] dxfg\ uGtJodf bnx¿sf jfbx¿, jfbljjfbx¿ afws eP/ k|:t't eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|hftGqjfb, ;dfhjfb, ;fDojfb, dfcf]jfb, dfS;{jfb, n]lggjfb, dw];jfb, hfltjfb h:tf cg]sf}+ jfbx¿sf] ljjfbdf k/]/ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] dxfg cleofgn] ult lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . cfk;d} dgd'6fj / j}dg:o lgDTofO/x]sf 5f}+ xfdL . g]kfns} jt{dfg cj:yf;Fu ;Gbe{ ldNg] csf]{ Ps sljtfsf] c+z o:tf] 5 –
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