Dissertation report

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

DISSERTATION REPORT Year 2017-2022 Batch No.- 06

“Role of Daylight in a building: case of hot & dry region” Undertaken by: BHUMIKA MAHESHWARI Enrolment No. 17E1AHARF40P006 V Year, B.Arch

Ar. Priyadarshini Agarwal

Prof. Hari P. Agarwal

Guide

Coordinator

School of Architecture, Apex Group of Institution ISI-4 RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur- 302022

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

APPROVAL The study titled “Role of Daylight in a building- case of hot & dry region” is hereby approved as an original work of Bhumika Maheshwari, Enrolment no. 17E1AHARF40P006 on the approved subject carried out and presented in a manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. For the honors of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota this report has been submitted in partial fulfillment.

It is to be acknowledged that the undersigned does not inevitably endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed, or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted.

Ar. Priyadarshini Agarwal External Examiner

Prof. Hari P. Agarwal Coordinator

Guide

Prof. Amarendra K. Mishra Principal

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

DECLARATION I, Bhumika Maheshwari, thusly gravely declare that the exploration report embraced by me, titled “Role of Daylight in a building- case of hot & dry region” is my original work and wherever in the form of text, data, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., I have integrated any information from different sources has been duly acknowledged in my report.

This dissertation has been concluded or finalized under the direction of the guide allotted to me by the school.

Date: Place: Jaipur

Bhumika Maheshwari B.Arch. V Year School of Architecture, Apex Group of Institutions, Jaipur

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled “Role of Daylight in a building- case of hot & dry region” is a bonafide work by Bhumika Maheshwari of School of Architecture, Apex group of institution, Jaipur.

This research work has been concluded under my guidance and supervision satisfactorily. For the honors of Bachelor of Architecture degree frobm Rajasthan Technical University, Kota this report has been submitted in partial fulfillment.

The is research paper satisfies the necessities connecting with nature and standards set somewhere around the Rajasthan technical university.

Date: Place: Jaipur

Ar. Priyadarshini Agarwal Guide

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my regards to the end of my research paper, to all those who have guided me throughout this journey and made my dissertation possible.

I would fall short of words if I would try to express the contribution of every person who has made this research a memorable experience.

I express my gratitude towards my guide Ar. Priyadarshini Agarwal and my coordinator Prof. Hari P. Agarwal, who have helped me at every step of my journey and whose most valuable guidance has helped me grow, as an architecture student.

I would also like to thank Ar. Gaurav Agarwal has been a constant support and helped me throughout my study.

I also express my thanks to my family members, friends for their continuous support, encouragement throughout the journey. Every session of the study was enjoyable and there was no stress.

Thank You.

Date: Place: Jaipur

Bhumika Maheshwari B.Arch. V Year School of Architecture, Apex Group of Institutions, Jaipur P a g e 5 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

ABSTRACT Daylight plays a significant role in building envelope. In this viewpoint, light satisfies an exceptionally respected twofold job: to uncover the actual item (physiological capacity) and " to create feel " (importance work) where the assertion is delivered and, subsequently, it removes a portion of the assertion in an understood structure. Anyway, lighting along with other natural conditions (like temperature and moistness) can enhance the quality of building space.

This paper explores the connection between the daylighting methods and building envelope for maximum exposure of natural light and reducing the impact on the environment. This exploration part is important to comprehend the intricacy and different aspects. My perceptions and information acquired by this review will help impact and upgrade the daylighting techniques and maximum exposure of it in hotdry regions.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

CONTENTS Page No. Approval

2

Declaration

3

Certificate

4

Acknowledgment

5

Abstract

6

Contents

7-8

Chapter 1- Introduction 1.1

Background of the study.................................................................................................................... 10

1.2

Need for the study ............................................................................................................................. 10

1.3

Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................................ 11

1.4

Aim .................................................................................................................................................. 11

1.5

Objectives ......................................................................................................................................... 11

1.6

Scope & Limitations ......................................................................................................................... 12

1.7

Methodology..................................................................................................................................... 13

Chapter 2- Literature Review 2.1.

What is Daylighting? ......................................................................................................................... 15

2.2.

Evolution of daylight in the building ................................................................................................. 17

2.3.

Benefits of daylighting in the building ............................................................................................... 18

2.4.

Daylighting Methods in Architecture ................................................................................................. 18

2.5.

Daylighting strategies in hot-dry climate ........................................................................................... 24

2.6.

Impact on managing the building environment .................................................................................. 33

2.7.

Design principles of Daylighting ....................................................................................................... 34

2.8.

Daylighting Design Parameters ......................................................................................................... 35

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Chapter 3 - Case studies 3.1.

CEPT University, Ahmedabad .......................................................................................................... 41

3.2.

IIM Ahmedabad ................................................................................................................................ 50

3.3.

Pearl Academy, Jaipur....................................................................................................................... 56

3.4.

Cumulative Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 62

3.5.

Questionnaire analysis....................................................................................................................... 63

Chapter 4 - Case of study 4.1.

JECRC University............................................................................................................................. 67

Chapter 5 - Findings & Learnings 5.1.

Findings and Learning of the study.................................................................................................... 72

Chapter 6- Conclusion & Recommendations 6.1.

Reflection of Aim & Objectives ........................................................................................................ 81

6.2.

Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 81

6.3.

Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 82

Chapter 7- Bibliography 7.1.

Research paper/ Journals/ Articles ..................................................................................................... 85

7.2.

Websites ........................................................................................................................................... 85

Annexure

98-99

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Chapter 1 – Introduction Synopsis P a g e 9 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 1.1

Background of the study

Light creates a feeling of emotions. Light is originated from natural light which is also known as daylight. There must always be space for natural light; when people design artificial light, they will want it to look like natural light. Lighting analyses are categorized here as quantities and indicators. The analysis with the quantities usually refers to checking the quantities and ratios with the recommendations suggested by the national and international committees. The analyses with the indicator usually refer to visual comfort and visual performance studies.

Light is the main element for humans to feel and perceive the spaces surrounding them, and the character of the light in a given space can be seen to vision and affect our mood and comfort. Light defines our environments and light and shadow help us to feel and realize about form.

Texture, rhythm, materials, and history. The design buildings are to work with form and light & shadow. The design is to work with a light not only the space for illumination but also its help to our appearance and atmosphere. The experience of space is directly attached to the way how natural light mixes with it.

1.2

Need for the study

When designing the building spaces Daylight plays an I need to study this because •

To achieve visual comfort.

•

To maximize visual performance.

•

To create an aesthetically pleasing environment.

•

To improve energy efficiency.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region No glare Uniform illuminatio n

No Shadows

Fig 1.- Visual comfort

1.3

Fig 2.- Visual Performance

Hypothesis

Daylight is an essential tool to enhance the quality of space for a better experience.

1.4

Aim To analyze the optimum ways of ‘Daylighting’ in a building space which makes it is a qualitative

element.

Light is of two types —the glare that is ambiguous, and the glow that illuminates. – JAMES THURBER.

1.5

Objectives •

To study the daylighting parameters and techniques to enlighten the building spaces.

•

To study the various buildings based on classified parameters and explore the daylighting techniques.

•

To analyze a case based on classified parameters concerning the different directions of natural

light.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

To formulate a way for appropriate daylighting in maintaining a building environment and optimum ways by which daylighting should be designed.

1.6

Scope & Limitations •

The study will also focus on the introduction of daylighting as well as different techniques of daylighting design.

•

The study will be limited to the use of daylighting in an Institutional building in hot & dry climatic regions.

•

This research may have limitations regarding accuracy because it will be based on visual surveys and primary and secondary sources of information.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 1.7

Methodology

Selection of Topic Background of Study Formulation of Aim & Objectives

STEP 01 To study the daylighting parameters and techniques to enlighten the building spaces.

STEP 02

STEP 03

To study the various buildings based on classified parameters and explore the daylighting techniques.

To analyze a case based on classified parameters concerning all direction of natural light.

STEP 04 To formulate a way for appropriate daylighting in maintaining a building environment and optimum ways by which day-lighting should be designed.

Scope & Limitations Data collection Primary Sources Live Case-study

Synthesis of Data Analysis of Data

Observations Inferences Recommendations

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Secondary Sources Literature studies Research Reports Observation

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Chapter 2 – Literature Review P a g e 14 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 2.1. What is Daylighting?

Daylighting is the method involved with permitting normal light, diffused light, and direct daylight to enter a structure to lessen energy utilization. It is likewise gainful for diminishing cooling costs.

Daylighting gives a visual improvement and diminishes a structure's energy utilization.

A daylighting framework is made out of different parts like skylights and windows, and it is intended to give satisfactory sunshine to address the issues of shifting lighting conditions. This framework can likewise decrease electric lighting power. Further, the fenestration, or placement of windows in a structure, should be planned to stay away from the induction of direct sun on task surfaces or at occupants. On the other hand, appropriate glare remediation gadgets, for example, blinds or shades should be made accessible.

Fig 3.-Daylight in a building

Fig 4.- Natural light through the sun

The study of daylighting configuration isn't exactly how to give sufficient light to a consumed space, however how to do as such with practically no unfortunate secondary effects. Past adding windows or bay windows to a space, it includes cautiously adjusting heat gain and misfortune, glare control, and varieties in sunlight accessibility. For instance, effective daylighting plans will cautiously think about the utilization of concealing gadgets i.e., shading devices to lessen glare and abundance contrast in the work area.

Furthermore, window size and dividing, glass choice, the reflectance of inside gets done, and the area of any inside parts should be in every way assessed.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region A daylighting framework comprises frameworks, innovations, and architecture. While not these parts are needed for each daylighting framework or plan, at least one of coming up next are normally present:

Fig. 5 Daylighting on Different time interval

•

Daylight-optimized building footprint

•

Climate-responsive window-to-wall area ratio

•

High-performance glazing

Fig. 6 High-performance glazing

•

Daylighting-optimized fenestration design

•

Skylights (passive or active)

•

Tubular daylight devices

Fig. 7 Skylights in building

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 8 Tubular daylighting devices

•

Daylight redirection devices

•

Solar shading devices

•

Daylight-responsive electric lighting controls

•

Daylight-optimized interior design

Fig. 9 Solar shading devices

Since daylighting parts are regularly incorporated with the structure plan, it may not be imaginable to ponder them for a retrofit design.

2.2. Evolution of daylight in the building Throughout the years, architects and builders have changed their approach to daylighting strategies. In the past, they used to incorporate daylighting for mostly energy savings potential. But more recently, the implementation of daylighting has evolved to a much larger focus, shifting the attention to the impact of daylight on the building and its occupants.

Employers have recognized the benefits to worker morale and health from a working environment that provides ample daylight and connections to the outdoors. For companies retrofitting older industrial buildings converted into modern workspaces, skylight atriums running down the center of the building

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region have become a go-to daylighting feature because it allows sunlight to penetrate the entire building to the benefit of all workers.

Although the creative and tech industries seem to be the main players who have embraced the idea of wellness in the workplace, other segments have chosen to design in ample natural light. Some advanced manufacturing companies understand the need for well-lit workspaces and have added skylights, not only in lobbies and desk areas but also in their manufacturing spaces.

2.3. Benefits of daylighting in the building Daylighting is to limit how much artificial light is used and lessen power costs, yet it can bring down HVAC costs too. Electrical lighting produces a ton of heat, though, if appropriately controlled, daylighting creates barely any heat whatsoever.

For most structures consolidating daylighting, the general energy reserve funds range from 15 to 40 percent. Even though energy investment funds and supportability might be the reasons organizations at first decide on daylighting, they can likewise affect efficiency and fulfillment.

People have a natural attraction and need for daylight. Studies recommend that daylighting straightforwardly affects well-being, usefulness, and in a general feeling of fulfillment. Indeed, even retail locations like Wal-Mart have seen the natural and financial advantages of daylighting for the two representatives and buyers. In an examination, stores that included skylights over specific divisions found that general deals per square foot were higher in the offices lit by natural light.

2.4.Daylighting Methods in Architecture There are various strategies for daylighting frameworks that can be incorporated with a building management system to exploit the framework's underlying control limit.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Windows

Windows are the most well-known strategy for conceding light into a space. Their upward direction implies that they specifically concede daylight and diffuse sunlight at various occasions during the day and the year. Accordingly, windows in various directions should ordinarily be consolidated to deliver the right blend of light for the structure, contingent upon the environment and topographical area. Various sorts and grades of glass with various window medicines can likewise influence how much light is transmitted through the windows into space. The sort of glazing is a significant issue to think about when planning or changing a structure.

•

Clerestory windows

One more significant component in daylighting is the utilization of high clerestory windows, in an upward direction put windows. They can be utilized to increment direct sun-powered increases when situated towards the equator. When pointing toward the sun, clerestory windows and different windows might concede unsatisfactory glare. Then again, clerestory windows can be utilized to concede diffuse light that uniformly enlightens a space like an office or studio. Frequently, clerestory windows likewise sparkle onto the inside divider surfaces painted white or another light tone. These dividers are put to mirror aberrant light to inside regions where it is required. This technique enjoys the benefit of lessening individual headings of light to make it gentler and more diffuse which diminishes shadows.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 10 Clerestory windows

•

Skylights and Roof Lanterns

Skylights are light sending fenestration which is coating items filling openings in a structure which additionally incorporates windows, entryways, and so forth framing all, or a piece of, the top of building space. Lookout windows i.e., skylights are regularly utilized in the daylighting system of private and business structures, basically because they are the best wellspring of sunlight dependent on a unit region.

There is an option in contrast to a skylight which is a rooftop lantern that sits over the rooftop instead of a lookout window that is fitted into the development of the rooftop. Roof lanterns fill in as both a building stylish component and a strategy for bringing natural light into a space.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Sawtooth Roof

Another roof calculated glass elective is a sawtooth roof (which is normally found in more established processing plants). Sawtooth roofs have vertical roof glass confronting away from the equator side of the structure to catch diffused light. The angled part of the glass-support structure is obscure and very much protected with a cool roof and brilliant boundary. The roof's lighting idea somewhat diminishes the midyear lookout window issue, yet at the same time permits the warm inside air to rise and meet the outside rooftop glass in the cool temperature, with a critical unfortunate heat movement.

Fig. 11 Sawtooth roof design

•

Atrium

An atrium is a huge open space situated inside a structure. It is generally expected used to light a focal flow or public region by normal sunshine conceded through a glass roof or divider. An Atrium gives some light to contiguous working regions, yet the sum is regularly little and doesn't infiltrate different spaces exceptionally far. The primary capacity of an atrium is to give a visual encounter and a level of contact with the outside for individuals in the functioning regions. The daylighting of progressive accounts of rooms abutting an atrium is reliant and requires a fair methodology. Light from the sun and sky can without much of a stretch infiltrate the upper stories yet is harder for the lower, which depend principally on light

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region reflected from inside surfaces of the atrium, for example, floor-mirrored light, so intelligent materials should be considered inside the plan.

Fig. 12 Atrium in a building used for natural daylight

•

Remote Distribution

It is feasible to give some sunshine into spaces that have a low chance of windows or skylights through far-off circulation gadgets like a light tube. Far off normal sunlight dispersion frameworks could be innately wasteful and the further they need to send the light and the more tangled the way, the more shortcoming is expanded. The effectiveness of numerous far-off appropriation frameworks can likewise differ significantly from splendid radiant clear to cloudy skies. By and by, where there could be no other chance of giving regular light into a space, far-off dispersion frameworks can be valued as another option.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Light Reflectors and Shelves

Light shelves are a compelling method for upgrading the lighting from windows on the equatorconfronting side of a structure, this impact is acquired by putting a white or intelligent metal light shelf outside the window. Normally, the window will be shielded from the immediate summer sun by a projecting eave. This mirrored light can contain little hot content and the intelligent enlightenment from the roof will regularly lessen profound shadows, decreasing the requirement for general brightening. In chilly temperatures, a characteristic light shelf is made when there is snow on the ground which makes it intelligent. The low winter sun reflects off the snow and increased sun-based gain through equatorconfronting glass. For glare, control blinds might be required.

Fig. 13 Types of Light shelves

•

Light Tubes

One more kind of gadget utilized for daylighting a space is the light tube, otherwise called a tubular daylighting gadget (TDG), which is set into a rooftop and concedes light to an engaged explicit space of the inside. These to some degree take after recessed roof light apparatuses. They don't permit as much heat movement as skylights since they have less surface region. These light tubes utilize present-day innovation to send apparent light through murky dividers and rooftops. It is as often as possible covered off with a straightforward, rooftop-mounted arch "light-gathering vault" and got done with a diffuser get P a g e 23 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region together that permits the sunshine into inside spaces and disperses the accessible light energy equitably around the space.

Fig.14 Tubular daylighting devices

•

Fibre Optic Concrete Wall

One more technique for daylighting a space is to make a safe underlying substantial divider clear by installing optical fiber links into it. Light (and shadowy pictures) would then be able to go straightforwardly through a thick strong substantial divider permitting regular sunshine into the space.

•

Smart Glass

Savvy glass is the name given to a class of materials and gadgets that can be exchanged between a straightforward state and a hazy state, clear, intelligent, or retro-intelligent. The exchange is finished by applying a voltage to the material, or by playing out some basic mechanical activity. Windows, bay windows, and so forth, that are made of savvy glass can be utilized to change indoor lighting, making up for changes in the splendor of the light outside and the necessary brilliance inside.

2.5.Daylighting strategies in hot-dry climate Daylighting is an energy-productive system that joins numerous advancements and plan methods of reasoning. It's anything but a straightforward detail and can change immensely in extension and cost.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Numerous components of a daylighting execution will probably as of now be essential for a structure plan or retrofit.

To permit the entrance of daylight into a structure inside requires the architect or lighting originator to assess two parts of daylight - the warm and the radiant. This assessment ought to incorporate the examination of warm gains and light from direct sun-oriented radiation, and from diffuse sources, for example, the skydome and nearby intelligent surfaces including the actual ground. It is essential to consider opening size as an element of light transmission and its resultant warm effects upon the structure inside. Inappropriately planned openings can bring about overheating of the inside spaces, visual uneasiness from glare and undesirable weakening, and blurring of decorations and different materials.

Daylighting in hot dry environments requires an incorporated plan approach toward energy execution of the structure envelope and light of the insides. Architecture morphology should react to uninvolved warming, cooling, and ventilation necessities, and be appropriately arranged to catch and disperse normal enlightenment viably and productively to the inside spaces. The planner should delicately apply the plan standards for warm execution and effectively seek after the examination of choices utilizing virtual experience and photometric model testing.

2.4.1. The Skylighting Option The daylighting of building space uses diffuse light from the skydome, direct bar radiation from the sun, and mirrored light from neighboring article surfaces. Daylighting techniques are extensively gathered into two classes: side lighting and top lighting. Sidelighting utilizes regular light sent through vertic al structure surfaces; the light enters a space along the side through windows situated in border dividers. In top lighting, natural light enters fundamentally through gaps that are important for the rooftop and are P a g e 25 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region situated over the roofline. Top lighting techniques incorporate flat skylights, rooftop screens, and clerestories. A skylight procedure (top lighting) is one intended to catch enlightenment from the skydome and direct bar radiation and additionally reflected daylight.

Top lighting is an entirely adaptable technique for daylighting; skylights might be situated for explicit enlightenment of figure or other engineering highlights or dispersed equitably across the rooftop for uniform brightening of the space beneath. Lam calls attention to that when using lighting there is no compelling reason to overlight one region to get adequate light for neighboring regions, ordinarily an issue with side lighting. Inside regions contiguous the window gap gets exceptionally significant degrees of brightening that drop off suddenly a brief distance into the space which can bring about issues with veiling reflections and glare. Reflections from neighboring surfaces can likewise adversely influence the nature of light accessible through a window.

Top lighting can be extremely productive in low-ascent structures with daylighareasea, on the upper floors of tall structures, and in profound private spaces. Uniform dissemination of enlightenment of the space can be accomplished with a base glared gap.

The sun is a definitive wellspring of sunshine. Light got on the Earth's surface is a mix of direct bar radiation and daylight diffused in the environment. Under the prevalently clear skies of a blistering dry environment, the aggregate sum of normal enlightenment got at any area is reliant upon sun-based positions scope, and nearby barometrical conditions. On sunny mornings, the splendid and extraordinary daylight brings about enlightenment levels on the ground surface surpassing 10,000 footcandles (107,60 0 1x). For a reasonable skydome, a commonplace of warm dry environments the skyline is multiple times more brilliant than the apex luminance. The reasonable skydome, notwithstanding, is considered most splendid in the area closest to the sun, and haziest 90° from the sun's position. As indicated by Hopkinson P a g e 26 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region the dark blue sky might have an exceptionally low luminance from the skyline up around 30° height during the hours around early afternoon, and may thusly be inadequately brilliant to go about as the chief wellspring of inside light. Therefore, enchanting which endeavors to catch this enlightenment isn't the most ideal answer for daylighting in a warm dry environment.

Exceptional daylight, a perfect environment, and intelligent ground surfaces achieve the issue of glare.

Glare results from over-the-top brilliance in the visual field starting from sky luminance, light reflected from the regular scene, as well as from man-made highlights of the climate-like structures. In blistering dry environments, Hopkinson gauges the ground can be multiple times splendid the essential wellspring of glare. Windows send this glare into building insides.

During both winter and summer conditions, the degree of inside illuminance from a cloudy sky is surprisingly higher than from a reasonable sky. In a hot dry environment with basically clear skies, skylights should use either direct shaft radiation or reflected daylight to keep a base rooftop opening steady with the ideal warm presentation of the design. Lam brings up that improving the exhibition of top lighting today infers utilizing light by implication. Approaching daylight should be confused and diverted to keep away from the lare and neighborhood overheating and to give the light circulation wanted. Lam additionally expresses that skylight might be the most ideal choice in central places where their level direction will expand the assortment of the occurrence daylight from a high sunlight-based height. Under comparative conditions, a tiny space of coating in a profound well can enlighten a huge region successfully. The lookout window ought to be no bigger than needed to give the ideal enlightenment under radiant conditions (i.e., the gap ought to be +-1% of the floor region). Proper design for daylighting interior spaces requires consideration of both energy and lighting issues. In hot dry climates, these lighting issues and energy issues must be carefully integrated and the design responses must be balanced in the final building design. Some of these issues follow.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Oriented Building Masses

Legitimate siting is an issue that creates from the size of region ace preparation down to city blocks, individual parcels, and structures themselves. The direction of working in this climatic zone ought to be to such an extent that non-natural surroundings rooms can be situated on external appearances to go about as a warm boundary. Longer dividers of the structure should point toward the North and South so the structure gets the least sunlight-based openness. By guaranteeing the most extreme openness toward the south, latent warming and normal brightening openings are made. An east/west prolongation of the structure bears the cost of control of sun-powered radiation for both warm and glowing benefit.

Fig. 15, 16 Orientation according to the sun path

•

Preserving the Thermal Integrity of the Building Envelope

To protect the warm uprightness of monstrous dividers and protected rooftop structures, infiltrations are normally limited. Less, more modest openings bring about faintly lit, here and their bleak spaces and inside divider surfaces of low luminance. Visual uneasiness as glare results when the extreme light entering through these openings is seen interestingly, with encompassing divider/roof surfaces. The standard should be "limit the opening while at the same time amplifying how much daylighting potential."

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 17 Preserving the thermal integrity of massive walls

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Reflections from the Roof Surface and Adjacent Building Surfaces

The rooftop surface encompassing the bay window influences both the warm and the lighting execution of the structure envelope. Monstrous or thermally intelligent materials adjoining the opening can mirror both light and heat into the skylights. These elements should be painstakingly viewed when situating a gap for daylighting and these reflections should be controlled.

Fig. 18 Solar radiations through the sun on building roof

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Detailing Openings Through the Roof and Ceiling

Legitimate itemizing of skylights openings can decrease glare in insides. Contrast evaluating, using shading concealing, and spreading the extreme regular enlightenment across a roof or divider surface relax and diffuses the light. Similarly, finding lookout windows close to vertical divider surfaces or in slanted or vaulted roofs diminishes glare.

•

Softening and Diffusing the Light

Mirroring the beams of the sun from a surface before permitting the light to enter the inside both mellow the light and assist with diminishing the orderly glare while limiting heat development on the inside. The personality of the reflecting surface is significant to the viability in lessening glare; the surface ought to be of a matt or diffusing completion and not shiny or reflect like. The clear brilliance of the reflecting surface ought to likewise be thought about so it doesn't make an awkward glare. In sweltering dry environments, reflected daylight can be a significant part of lighting inside spaces.

Fig. 19 Diffused light

Fig. 20 Diffused light in the building

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Tinted Glazing

A 20th-century answer for the issue of glare is the utilization of colored glass. This glass restricts how much communicated brightening and subsequently controls the distinctions in clear brilliance between the inside and the outside. Glare-diminishing and low-conveyance glazings additionally confer a shading color to the sunlight; this shading coloring can bring about an unnatural appearance of the outside climate.

Such glazings are regularly picked for their thermally intelligent properties with dismissal for their lightrelated characteristics. Particular glazings can offer viable answers for glare and overheating, however, they can likewise altogether restrict the utilization of sunshine in building insides.

Fig. 21 Tinted glazing

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Reflectances of Interior Surfaces

Inside surface reflectivity controls the conveyance of sunlight inside a space. In blistering dry environments, inside surfaces ought to be light-shaded however not splendid as to cause visual inconvenience. Hopkinson suggests that full white be stayed away from for a 70 percent light intelligent P a g e 31 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region shading (Munsell Value 9) on dividers and roofs to limit glare. Items and goods inside the space should likewise be picked for their light intelligent characteristics. The appropriate plan and determination of divider/roof and outfitting reflectances will guarantee a smooth and even dissemination of the light all through the room.

•

Windows and Openings in Walls

Windows and enormous openings in dividers with weighty shades ought to be given on northern and western countenances as light coming from the north is constantly diffused and circuitous. Additionally, the course of the breeze, which is from the west at the majority of the spots, enters from opening on the west side. The Windows region ought to be 15 to 20 percent of the floor region. The inner yard provides food for cross ventilation and warm support. Reasonable radiation obstructions as overhangs, Chajjas, long verandahs, and so forth ought to be given on the West side of the structure. ZZ number of ventilators near the lower part of the section ought to be accommodated hot air to get away from the room.

•

Insulation of Roofs

Roofs ought to be developed with great protecting material having slant windward way and which mirrors the radiation and doesn't assimilate heat. False ceilings can be utilized to work on the warm presentation of the structures. Terracing ought to be furnished on the level rooftop with mud Tuska, lime concrete, frothed concrete, or consumed earth block clearing over the rooftop section. The top rooftop surface ought to be made intelligent by giving whitewashing or any intelligent paint.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 22 Insulating roof

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Fig. 23 False ceilings used to improve the thermal performance

Growing of Vegetation

Huge obscure trees whose roots don't strain the establishment and storm cellar ought to be planted close to outer dividers to give conceal.

Fig. 24 Difference between uses of vegetation or not

2.6.Impact on managing the building environment With a growing populace and limited regular assets, it is basic to create and carry out energy-saving arrangements that address the issues of society without affecting future supportability. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) confirmation is a work to advance the choice and utilization of

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region high-productivity items. Inside LEED, the utilization of energy-productive lighting and daylighting (the utilization of regular daylight for indoor lighting applications) is a concentration.

Daylighting is a space of critical exploration inside the lighting business and perhaps the biggest space of interest for those seeking after LEED certificate. Whenever planned and executed accurately, daylighting can convey earth impartial lighting to inside spaces. When a daylighting framework is introduced, there is no continuous effect as there is no contamination, no sources to keep up with, no energy drawn, and a little apparatus upkeep is needed over the existence of the item. There is an assortment of daylighting plans in the commercial center, yet restricted data on how or where they are used. If not appropriately used daylighting can bring about incapable lighting and unsatisfied purchasers. Insufficient daylighting plans might make clients return to all the more ecologically burdening lighting arrangements.

Furthermore, inadequate execution of daylighting can make a negative perspective on productive lighting.

2.7.Design principles of Daylighting Architectural Lighting starts with the primal lighting sources i.e., Daylight.

Fig. 25 Principle of daylight

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 2.7.1. Intensity of light It's the splendor of the light. How much splendor emerging from a light unit is estimated in lumens. In the studio measure the light delineating our subject by foot – candles.

2.7.2. Angle of light The angle is the course from which the light strikes the subject. The angle of the light gives the point of the shadows. Shadows are emotional, more shadow more sensational look.

2.7.3. Texture of light Light from the sun and light from the point source had h hard surface. As such, it will toss unforgiving shadows on whatever it hits. The harder the light, the further it "ventures" before tumbling off.

2.7.4. Color of light The three essential shades of light are red, blue, and green. Every one of the shadings is produced from combinations of these three tones. At the point when these three shades of light are blended similarly, they will deliver a "full-range" white light.

2.8. Daylighting Design Parameters Parameters are required to design a building with the concept of maximum use of natural light and they depend on each other while designing a building for the best possible way of natural lighting in the hot and dry climatic zone. These are as follows:

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 2.8.1. Orientation The direction of the building is to plan a structure in such a manner as it gets the most extreme ventilation and natural light in every climatic condition. It gives open to everyday environments inside the building and saves energy charges moreover. The direction can safeguard unfortunate impacts of a more regrettable climate.

Fig. 26 Orientation diagram

2.8.2. Fenestration In architecture, fenestration alludes to the openings in a structure's envelope, most prominently the windows, entryways, skylights, and drapery dividers. In layman's terms, fenestration is whatever takes into consideration entry from outside to inside. Fenestration is generally considered a tasteful element, yet it likewise influences the presentation of the structure. For instance, a decisively positioned window can impressively build normal lighting, lessen the use of indoor lighting installations, and in this manner save P a g e 36 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region power. They can likewise be utilized for detached sun-based warming for decreasing the responsibility on space warming frameworks.

•

Curtain walls

•

Windows

•

Skylights

•

Exterior doors

•

Glazing, is part of building fenestration.

Fig. 27 Fenestration diagram

2.8.3. Function of building To the constructed climate, the term 'FUNCTIONS' alludes to the motivation behind a structure or design. It can likewise connect with the appropriate activity, processor execution of something, and how it works, like plant, instruments, lift, building administrations.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region In architecture, functionalism is the rule that rather than structures being planned by past points of reference or elaborate patterns (style), the fundamental motivation behind the structure ought to decide its structure.

Structures have a wide scope of various FUNCTIONS, for instance, a house is to be resided in, an office fills in as a position of work for business exercises, a mall is for purchasers to get to retail outlets, a school is for students and instructors to attempt training, etc.

Fig. 28 Function of building

Products, materials, components, and systems, can be assessed in terms of their functionality, that is, the suitability and capability with which they serve a particular purpose or practicality for which they were intended.

2.8.4. Volume Building volume implies the above level volume of a structure as estimated in cubic feet situated over a plane situated at the first, pre-development, or post-development grade, whichever is more prohibitive, of a structure site estimated from an external perspective of the outside dividers. for example, Building P a g e 38 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region volume limitations apply to permit daylight to arrive at roads and public spaces, and plan principles look to set up common situated turn of events.

2.8.5. Visual Comfort Visual comfort is described by an adequate measure of natural light (and, also, artificial light), great glare control, and admittance to perspectives on the outside.

No glare Uniform illuminatio n No Shadows Fig. 29 Visual comfort in the bedroom

2.9. Conceptual Framework

Orientation

Visual comfort

Fenestration

Volume

Function

Fig. 30 Conceptual framework

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Chapter 3 – Case Studies P a g e 40 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.1. CEPT University, Ahmedabad Location- Gujrat, Ahmedabad Architect- B.V. Doshi Site area- 36421.70 sq. m.

Building type- Institutional Climate- Hot-dry climate

B.V. Doshi established the Centre for Environmental planning and technology University (CEPT) in 1962 for teaching UG program and architecture designing courses.

Fig. 31 Cept University

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Site Plan

Fig. 32 Site plan of cept university

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.1.1. Orientation The orientation of the school of architecture & planning block is in a north-south direction. Open spaces on the north & south side respectively allow fresh air to ventilate the built structure. The building block is orientated in such a way that to avoid the harsh sunlight and only allows the diffused light not the hot sun to the interiors during mid-day when the sun is high.

Fig. 33 Orientation of School building

The south façade of the building has long projections and on the other hand, the north façade of the building has a small projection. Building orientation provides natural ventilation and light which is beneficial to health and prevents hot winds in hot-dry climates.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 34, 35 Side façades of the school building

3.1.2. Fenestration The doors, curtain walls, skylights, and windows are the openings in a building envelope which refer to fenestration. In this block, large windows are placed for maximum exposure of northern light which is viewed as an aesthetic feature.

Fig. 36 Side elevation

•

Large height windows are provided for daylight in classrooms, and these windows are situated in thick walls to get protection from direct sun glare. These windows are operable

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 37 Large height windows in classrooms

•

Skylights are placed in such a manner so can use maximum exposure of northern light in classrooms.

Fig. 38 Skylights used in the school building

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Fig. 39 Skylights in north façade

Fig. 40 Natural light from skylight inside the building

Large windows, perforated walls, wall openings & majorly skylights are used for daylight but diffused that allows for passage from outside to inside.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 41 East façade of

the school building

3.1.3. Function & Volume These blocks have mainly classrooms & architecture activity areas and they have large openings which open into the greenery outside. Classrooms are oriented along the east-west with openings on north & south and thick walls are provided on the east and west to keep off the hot sun.

Fig. 42 Windows are placed in thick walls

Fig. 43 Staff room

A sufficient amount of natural light is being used without shadows so, students don’t face any problems regarding light. Approximately 15-20% area is provided for windows and openings of the total floor area in every space of the university.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

Fig. 44, 45 Classroom

3.1.4. Visual Comfort The building block is very simple & architectural elements are very expressive of their functions. These spaces are visually exciting, created by volumes and voids.

No Sunlight Direct Sunlight Diffused Light

Fig. 45 Daylight in corridor

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region In the circulation area, there are windows and openings used for Visual comfort, Studios have large skylights so a sufficient amount of diffused light is spread all over the classroom and no shadows are created or make disturbance during the study. So, with the use of maximum northern light or minimum artificial light this building helps students to achieve visual performance or comfort.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.2. IIM Ahmedabad Location- Gujrat, Ahmedabad Architect- Louis Khan Site area- 66 Acres.

Building type- Institutional Climate- Hot-dry climate Louis Khan designed an Indian Institution of Management in 1963 for teaching Management programs.

This institution has the infrastructure and that serves best for the students.

Fig. 46, 47 Infrastructure of IIM

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Site Plan

Fig. 48 Site plan of IIM

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.2.1. Orientation The school building is longitudinally oriented in a southwest direction, due to this building can take advantage of fresh air to ventilate the built structure. The building block is orientated in such a way that to avoid the harsh sunlight and only allows the diffused light not the hot sun to the interiors during mid day when the sun is high.

Fig. 49 Orientation of IIM

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region The south façade of the building has long projections and on the other hand, the north façade of the building has a small projection. Windows are high to get glare-free sunlight. Building orientation provides natural ventilation and light which is beneficial to health and prevents hot winds in hot-dry climates.

Fig. 50 Orientation of IIM

3.2.2. Fenestration The doors, curtain walls, skylights, and windows are the openings in a building envelope which refer to fenestration. In this block, large windows are placed for maximum exposure of Sunlight which is viewed as an aesthetic feature.

Fig. 51 Fenestration of IIM

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Large height windows are provided for daylight in classrooms, and these windows are situated in thick walls to get protection from direct sun glare. These windows are operable and geometrically shaped.

Fig. 52 Fenestration of IIM

Large façade voids or openings are in abstracted patterns positioned to act as light wells and a natural cooling system protecting the interior from the harsh outside environment found within the Indian culture.

3.2.3. Function & Volume All buildings have their own functions volume of light depends upon their functions. These blocks have mainly classrooms & corridors and they have large geometric shapes, openings. Classrooms are oriented in such a way so that diffused light can come from side walls & south and thick walls are provided on the east and west to keep off the hot sun.

Fig. 53, 54 Classroom layout of IIM

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region A sufficient amount of natural light is being used without shadows so, students don’t face any problems regarding light. Approximately 15-20% area is provided for windows and openings of the total floor area in every space of the institution. Corridors created a proper balance between light & shadow with these geometrical-shaped openings.

Fig. 55 Corridor of IIM

3.2.4. Visual Comfort All buildings have their functions which have proper installation of light & shadow which helps to maintain visual performance. Geometrical shapes openings are designed for natural light and ventilation, which creates different geometric shadows of light in corridors and these spaces are visually exciting. A sufficient amount of diffused light is spread all over the classroom and no shadows are created or make disturbance during the study.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.3. Pearl Academy, Jaipur Location- Kukas, Jaipur, Rajasthan Architect- Morphogenesis Site area- 11745 sq. m.

Building type- Institutional Climate- Hot-dry climate Pearl Academy was established in 2008 for teaching Fashion designing courses. To create an environmentally responsive passive habitat this campus is designed. For a highly creative student, body to work this institute creates interactive spaces which mix the indoors with the outdoors in multifunctional zones. The architecture of the campus is the amalgamation of rich traditional buildings and cutting-edge contemporary architecture.

Fig. 56 Pearl Academy, Jaipur

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

Site Plan

Steps Cafetaria Ramp Pathways

Fig. 57 Site plan of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.3.1. Orientation The building block of the academy of fashion design is oriented in a southwest direction. The building is situated above the ground and for natural thermal sink a scooped out from the stilt floor which is ventilated by water bodies through evaporative cooling. The stilt floor serves as a large student recreational and exhibition zone.

.

Fig. 58 Orientation of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

•

Solar Orientation of the building

Fig. 59 Orientation of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.3.2. Fenestration A double-skin façade is used to protect the buildings from the environment and this façade is derived from a traditional building element called the ‘Jaali’ that can be mostly used in abundance in traditional Rajasthani architecture. Between the building and the surroundings, this double-skin façade acts as a thermal buffer. The jaali is placed 4 feet away from the building and reduces the glare and direct heat gain through fenestrations, and allowing for diffused daylight. The function of filters-air, light, and privacy served by the jaali.

Fig. 59, 60 Fenestration of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

To control the temperatures of internal spaces while allowing for sufficient day lighting without harsh glare inside studios and classrooms the scheme relies on self-shading sliver courts are used.

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Fig. 61 Fenestration of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

3.3.3. Function & Volume The building has different functions like studios, labs. Perforated jaalis are used for façade and it works as filtration of direct natural and harsh light and reflects diffused light as needed by the space.

Fig. 62 Functions of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

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Fig. 63 Functions of Pearl Academy, Jaipur

The building has open courtyards so natural light can come to the classrooms through corridors. Inside walls of the classroom are made up of tinted glazing which reduces the extra glare of the hot sun to the classroom.

3.3.4. Visual Comfort In the circulation area, there are tinted glazing is used for Visual comfort so, a sufficient amount of diffused light is spread all over the classroom and no shadows are created or make disturbance during the design. So, the maximum exposure of southern light which is diffused helps students to achieve visual performance or comfort.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.4.Cumulative Analysis Table 1: Cumulative analysis & inferences of case studies Parameter

Orientation

Fenestration

Function

Volume

Visual Comfort

Cumulative Analysis

Inferences

All these case studies are situated in different orientations which reflects different ways of using natural lighting in a building.

As orientation is an important factor to be considered while designing because natural lighting sources depend on the orientation of that building.

All these case studies have different types of fenestration systems. The fenestration of the facade is obtained by the While designing a building with lighting environmental context of the parameters fenestration should be surroundings. Fenestration of these inculcated in design. buildings is designed as per the need for light and views of the surrounding.

Daylighting in a building depends on the function of that building or that space like the first two classrooms, activity rooms required more light than labs.

Function plays a major role while designing a lighting system for that space. i.e., what is the function of this place? and is the place require daylight or not?

By comparing these studies can say that While designing daylight in any space it is the Volume of light plays a vital role in considered that how much light and every space whether it is a classroom or intensity of light is needed. it’s a corridor, Open space.

Visual comfort/ performance is an These case studies have a main focus on important parameter to be considered visual comfort so openings, windows, while designing. In lighting visual glasses, courtyards are used accordingly. comfort should be a crucial part of the design because it is visual performance depends upon comfort.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 3.5. Questionnaire analysis The topic of research, I have chosen is “Role of daylighting in a building- case of hot & dry region”.

This questionnaire aims to research the perception of architects and students pursuing architecture and common people about “how daylight is important to enhance the building space?”

Que 1. Have you seen any building which mostly works on the daylighting systems?

Yes No

Que 2. Have you heard about daylighting factors? If yes, what are the factors to be considered while daylighting designing in a building?

Que 3. Does climate affect the orientation of daylighting design?

Yes No

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Que 4. In which type of lighting system do you feel more comfortable in a building space?

Que 5. Do you think Daylighting affects human visualization?

Yes No

Que 6. Do you think Daylighting plays a significant role in developing interaction between humans & building space?

Yes No Maybe

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Que 7. If you design or buy any building would you see or consider factors such as daylighting, ventilation, openings, etc.?

Yes No

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Chapter 4 – Case of study P a g e 66 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 4.1. JECRC University Location- Jaipur, Rajasthan Architect- Ar. Ashok Malhotra Building type- Institutional Climate- Hot-dry climate JECRC University has been established in 2012. The JECRC is one of the most renowned universities in academics. The infrastructure of this university is inspired by local materials and nature.

Fig. 64, 65 Maps of Jaipur, Jecrc

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region The design technical block has been chosen for the study of the daylighting systems in building space.

JECRC University is a north-oriented building and the Design technical block is oriented in a southwest direction.

Fig. 66 Orientation of Pearl academy, Jaipur

4.1.1. Fenestration Table 2: Fenestration of all four facades

North

South

A large number of windows are provided in box form to use diffused light in the building so, thick walls are used as a shading device and for A large number of windows are provided for protection from extra glare.

maximum exposure of southern light into the building.

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East

West

Tinted glass is used because it controls the glare To reduce the attendant glare thick walls are used and overheating between the indoor and the to minimize heat built up on the interior. outdoor.

4.1.2. Function & Volume Table 3: Functions of building in NEWS direction

North

South

The main function of the north face is accessibility The south face has a classroom for students so so, open fire staircases were used for safety a well thick walls are used and diffused light is coming. as proper lighting because daylight coming from the north direction is always diffused and indirect.

Approximately 25-30% area is provided for windows and openings of the total floor area in the classroom.

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East

West

The east face has a classroom for students so thick The classrooms gain daylight from sidewall walls are used and diffused light is coming.

openings in the west direction.

Approximately 25-30% area is provided for windows and openings of the total floor area in the classroom.

4.1.3. Visual Comfort Sufficient amount of natural daylight, harsh glare control, and access to views of the outdoors in coming inside the building space. A sufficient amount of diffused light is spread all over the classroom and no shadows are created or make disturbance during the design. So, the maximum exposure of southern light which is diffused helps students to achieve visual performance or comfort.

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Chapter 5 – Findings & Learnings P a g e 71 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 5.1. Findings and Learning of the study Table 4: Findings and learning of literature review 1.

To study the daylighting parameters and techniques to enlighten the building spaces.

F I N D I N G

The direction of working in this climatic zone ought to be with the end goal that non-natural surroundings rooms can be situated on external appearances to go about as a warm hindrance. For minimum solar exposure by daylight in the north & south direction longer walls of the building should be placed.

O F T H E S T U D Y

While designing a building with maximum use daylight potential openings should be minimized to preserve the thermal integrity of massive walls.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Approximately 15-20% area is provided for windows and openings of the total floor area in every space of the institution. Windows and large openings in walls are provided on northern and western faces because daylight from the north is always diffused and glare controlled.

L E A R N I N G

By studying different aspects we have evaluated the key indicators of Daylighting design in a building.

O F S T U D Y

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Table 5: Findings and learning of case studies 2.

F I N D I N G

To study the various buildings based on classified parameters and explore the daylighting techniques.

As orientation is an important factor to be considered while designing because daylighting depends on the orientation of that building.

O F T H E S T U D Y

Designing a building with daylighting parameters fenestration should be inculcated in design.

Function plays a major role while designing a daylighting system in any space. i.e., what is the function of this place? and is the place require daylight or not?

Designing daylight in any space it is considered that how much light and intensity of light is needed.

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L E A R N I N G

The key learning from the chapter is that the maximum exposure of daylight in a building depends upon the orientation at which it is situated and fenestration which is directly proportional to the orientation and function of that building.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Table 6: Findings and learning of case of study 3.

F I N D I N G

To analyze a case based on classified parameters concerning the different directions of natural light.

JECRC University in Jaipur is oriented in the North direction and the design technical block is oriented in a southwest direction.

O F Maximum exposure of south light by using thick walls for diffused light and box windows.

T H E S T U D Y

the direction of the classroom, which is from the west at most of the places, enters from the opening on the west side.

A sufficient amount of natural light is being used without shadows so, students don’t face any problems regarding light.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region

L E A R N I N G

While the design of daylight in a hot dry climate requires that to control thermal loads on the structure, window/skylight areas are minimized and allow for sufficient daylighting inside. To maintain the visual comfort/ performance of human beings within a space a high quality of daylight is required with the control of harsh glare and overheating to avoid thermal complications.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Table 7: Findings and learning of formulation a way for daylighting in maintaining a building environment 4.

F I N D I N G

To formulate a way for appropriate daylighting in maintaining a building environment and optimum ways by which daylighting should be designed.

Buildings with different orientations have will benefit from different daylighting techniques; like placing light shelves on south facades are effective whether on east or west elevations of buildings they are ineffective.

O F T H E

Away from the fenestration area use of a Slopy ceiling will help increase the surface brightness of the ceiling further into space.

S T U D Y

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region Keep away from direct daylight on basic visual errands- Poor visibility and discomfort will result in excessive brightness happening nearby basic visual undertakings.

L E A R N I N G

The learning of the study is that the building can be modified at the time of designing while considering maximum exposure to natural light. The very basic elements such as orientation and climate can consider making some changes in daylight design in a building.

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Chapter 6 – Conclusion & Recommendation P a g e 80 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 6.1. Reflection of Aim & Objectives The study aims to identify the optimum ways of daylight designing in a building for hot & dry climatic regions which is identified by the objectives i.e., daylighting parameters and techniques which could impact the building environment. These techniques were used to analyze the different buildings national, international in the same climate so, as to consider its learning in the case of study which is the JECRC design technical block.

6.2. Conclusion It concludes that Daylighting parameters and Daylighting sources should be carefully designed and strictly controlled while in use to protect and to provide comfortable conditions for people. Daylighting in a building for hot dry zones depends upon the techniques and energy efficiency optimization lessening the use of artificial lighting, by using or properly installing parameters can help the building to make energy efficient. The essential worries for regular lighting should be the accompanying: •

Through an opening how much light infiltrating ought to expand, and

•

The impacts of hotness gain, glare, and crumbling, and blurring of materials to limit.

This research was concentrated on different techniques of daylighting design in building ". The research also engaged in finding ways of achieving the daylighting condition favorable for the hot-dry region, the function of space, color temperature, the flexibility of design in spaces, UV rays controlling technique, the orientation of the building. With the study taking daylighting designs in building for hot-dry climate (intensity, color temperature, and daylighting control strategies, we can conclude that " Daylighting is an essential tool to enhance the quality of space for a better experience”.

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Fig. 67 Orientation for hot-dry region

6.3. Recommendations 1. Expand the boundaries of daylight zones to build the utilizable daylighting locale.

2. Various Buildings have various orientations and have profited from a few daylighting strategies; like setting light retires on south veneers is effective whether on east or west rises of structures they are inadequate.

3. Sift daylight- Use of direct light which can be sifted with vegetation, louvers, or curtains and will assist with scattering the light.

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 4. Keep away from direct sunlight on essential visual tasks- Poor perceivability and discommodity will bring about exorbitant brilliance happening close by fundamental visual endeavors.

5. Slanted roofs will serve to increase the surface splendor of the roof further into space.

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Chapter 7 – Bibliography P a g e 84 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 7.1. Research paper/ Journals/ Articles 1. W.M.C. Lam. 1986. Sunlighting as a form giver for architecture. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co, New York.

2. R.G. Hopkinson, P. Petherbridge, and J. Longmore. 1966. Daylighting. William Heinemann Ltd. London.

3. W. R. Hampton. 1987. Masters of light: Strategies for skylighting in a hot dry climate. Unpublished master's thesis, College of Architecture, University of Arizona, Tucson.

4. B.S. Saini. 1980. Building in hot dry climates. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

5. CIBSE. (1999) Daylighting and window design, Lighting Guide. London: The Charted Institution of Building Services Engineer 6. Butterworth - Heinemann. lordanidou, c. (Sep 2017). Daylight openings in art museum galleries.

(I. Dominguez. Ed) Stockholm, Sweden: KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. 7. Liljefors. (1999). Lighting - Visually and Physically. Stockholm: School of Architecture, KTH. Naomi J. Miller, S. L. (n.d).

7.2. Websites •

https://harkahq.com /2017/2/7/daylighting-101-orientation-of-sun-angles/harka-blog

•

https://www.westinghouselighting.com

•

https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting

•

https://sigearth.com/the-benefits-of-daylighting-in-your-building

•

https://antonialoweinteriors.com/daylighting-methods-in-architecture-and-which-are-presentin-the-building

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Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region •

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652614003254

•

https://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting

•

https://imdpune.gov.in/caui/smartcities.html

•

https://cals.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln28/hampton.html

•

https://building/building-orientation-for-hot-dry-climate/9008/theconstructor.org

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Annexure Survey regarding- Role of daylighting in a building: Case of hot & dry region, to know about “how daylight is important to enhance the building space?”

1. Have you seen any building which mostly works on daylighting systems?

(Mark only one)

Yes No

2. Have you heard about daylighting factors? If yes, what are the factors to be considered while daylighting designing in a building?

(Multiple choice)

Orientation Fenestration Function Comfort

3. Does climate affect the orientation of daylighting design? ( Mark only one)

Yes No

4. In which type of light do you feel more comfortable?

(Multiple choice)

Natural light Artificial light Others P a g e 87 | 88

Role of Daylighting in a building: case of hot & dry region 5. Do you think daylight affects human visualization? ( Mark only one)

Yes No

6. Do you think Daylighting plays a significant role in developing interaction between humans & building space? ( Mark only one)

Yes No

7. If you design a building, or buy a building would you consider factors such as daylighting, ventilation, openings, etc.? ( Mark only one)

Yes No

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