Chapter-32-Martin-Baltimore

CHAPTER 32

B e a u t y , U t i l i t y , G o o d Va l u e Majolica Made in Baltimore, Maryland EARL MARTIN

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T THE UNITED S TATES POT TERS’ A S SOCI ATION convention in December 1908, the organization’s historian, Henry Brunt, delivered a eulogy for two of its members: “The most noted change that has occurred in the personnel of the potters of the United States was caused by the death of two old and noted potters—Mr. Edwin Bennett and Mr. D. F. Haynes. It is singular that they both came from Baltimore, that they were both successful potters, and that they had once been partners in business, and that both should die within the short period of a few weeks.”1 It was fitting that Brunt should be the one to give this address as he was a friend to both men and had worked with them at what were Baltimore’s leading potteries in the late nineteenth century: Edwin Bennett’s eponymous firm and Haynes’s Chesapeake Pottery. While the varied and rich production of these two manufacturers was well-known to Brunt’s audience in 1908, it is less so today—and their majolica wares, in particular, are little recognized (fig. 32.1). Edwin F I G . 3 2 . 1 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Bramble” ware, ca. 1882–86.

Earthenware with majolica glazes, largest examples illustrated, tray: 1 ⅝ × 13 ⅜ × 9 ⅝ in. (4 × 34 × 24.5 cm); lemonade bowl: h. 6 ⅞ × diam. 13 ½ in. (17.5 × 34.3 cm). Most, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); all, painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cats. 307–14.

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Bennett has been wrongly championed in ceramic literature as the pioneer majolica manufacturer in the United States, and yet, as this essay will show, the ware was but a small part of and late addition to his firm’s output.2 By contrast, Haynes’s company made a significant amount of the colorful lead-glazed ware and, in fact, was responsible for making Baltimore a leading center of American majolica production in the first half of the 1880s.

Why, beginning with the establishment of Bennett’s pottery in the mid-1840s, did Baltimore become home to two prominent American ceramic manufacturers? Founded in 1729, Baltimore became a leading American city largely due to its location on the Chesapeake Bay, a major coastal estuary that fostered easy access to the Atlantic maritime trade with Europe, the Caribbean, and other American colonies. Commerce and manufacturing grew throughout the nineteenth century, as the city’s reach expanded with the opening in 1830 of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O). The earliest commercial rail network in the United States, the B&O eventually connected Baltimore to the middle South and Midwest. The city and the surrounding regions contained important deposits of clay, flint, and other raw materials, and had relatively easy access to coal—the resources necessary for the

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F I G . 3 2 . 2 . Bachrach & Bro., Baltimore. David Francis Haynes (1835–1908), ca. 1883. Albumen print cabinet card. Alice Cable Craig and J. David Cable.

development of its ceramic industry. Finally, by the second half of the nineteenth century, Baltimore was a major port of entry, second only to New York, for European immigrants to the United States, including many from England, ensuring a steady labor supply for the potting trade. In the 1890s, published chronicles of the city’s history, industry, and prominent citizens proclaimed it “the Liverpool of America”—comparing Baltimore to Britain’s leading commercial center and port.3

Davi d Fran ci s Hayn es David Francis Haynes (1835–1908) was born to Reuben and Harriet (Marsh Clark) Haynes in Brookfield (now West Brookfield), Massachusetts, on June 26, 1835 (fig. 32.2).4 His childhood was spent on family farms in Brookfield and Barre, Massachusetts. In 1851, at age sixteen, he was employed by Ephraim Brown, who advertised in the Lowell, Massachusetts, directory that year as a “Dealer in Crockery, China, Glass, Stone & Earthen Ware, Table Cutlery, Silver Spoons, Britannia, Japaned [sic] and Plated Ware, Girandoles, Solar, Camphene and Fluid Lamps, Camphene and Burning Fluid.”5 Haynes seems to have quickly taken to the mercantile trade. From November 1855 to October 1856, he promoted Brown’s newly patented burglar alarm for money drawers

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and doors in Britain and Continental Europe.6 An 1893 account of this trip notes, “His visits abroad, among the art treasures of England and the Continent, proved a revelation and an education to him.”7 During this year, Haynes was primarily based in Birmingham, the center of Britain’s metalworking industry.8 From August through October 1856, he visited London and Paris, as well as Germany, the Netherlands, Scotland, and Ireland. Haynes made note of modern industry, historical and contemporary architecture, art, and design throughout his travels.

By November 1856, Haynes had returned to Massachusetts, but he left again later that year or in early 1857 for Baltimore, where he would spend much of his life.9 He did, however, maintain strong ties to his home state, including marrying Ephraim Brown’s daughter Anstress there in 1858.10 In Baltimore, Haynes found employment at Abbott and Son, later the Abbott Iron Company, where in 1861, he was put in charge of a new mill that produced the plates used to sheath the USS Monitor, the first ironclad ship commissioned by the United States Navy.11 From 1868 to 1871, he was general manager of Abbott’s iron ore mine and smelting plant in Rockingham County, Virginia.12 His mercantile inclination reasserted itself when he opened a general store at the iron plant in August 1868.13 Through this enterprise, he sold clothing and household goods, proclaiming, “In hardware, tinware, woodenware, queensware, we have a well-selected stock.” 14 However, in late 1870 or early 1871, after the death of his wife and a flood that severely damaged both the ironworks and the store, he moved back to Baltimore.15 In 1871, Haynes returned to the china and glass trade, this time on the wholesaling side, when he became a third partner in the firm of Ammidon & Co. of Baltimore, leading “Importers and Jobbers in French and English China, Queensware of Every Description, Lamps and Chandeliers, Table Glassware, Castors, Spoons, Tea Trays and Table Cutlery,” etc.16 In 1875, the trade publication Crockery Journal profiled Ammidon & Co. as the largest importer of “china queensware, glassware, lamps, [and] chandeliers” in the country south of New York, with most of the stock coming “direct from Bohemia, and from the best factories at Limoges at France, and the far-famed potteries of Staffordshire, England.” 17 The firm’s five-story showroom and warehouse building on West Baltimore Street indicated “the vast amount of business transacted there,” which annually totaled “over $300,000,” and was “steadily on the increase.” 18 In 1876, company founder John P. Ammidon left the business, and the firm was reorganized as D. F. Haynes & Co. with a more narrow focus on wholesaling ceramics and glassware.19 As Haynes was very much aware, majolica was a significant segment of the crockery and glass trade in the late 1870s and early 1880s. A brochure anticipating the 1882 holiday season indicates that Haynes & Co. was importing “Beautiful English Majolica,” which it notes “is coming into such general use.”20 The company offered retailers a number of different packages, each an assortment of several dozen useful majolica items, including tea sets, fruit plates, cake plates, flowerpots, and comports (fig. 32.3).

F I G . 3 2 . 3 . D. F. Haynes & Co. brochure, 1882. Printed pamphlet. Nicolaus Boston, London.

F I G . 3 2 . 4 . Engraving of the Chesapeake Pottery. From “Ramsay, Baker & Co. Successors to D. F. Haynes & Co.” letterhead, ca. 1885. Alice Cable Craig and J. David Cable.

As part of his wholesale business, in June 1879, Haynes formed an exclusive relationship with the newly founded Maryland Queensware Factory of Baltimore to distribute its full production.21 In addition to having a ready supply of “White Granite” and “C.C.” (cream-colored) wares “to meet the demands of the closest buyers,” Haynes promoted Maryland Queensware as “American manufacture, worthy of the State of Maryland,” going so far as having the wares marked with an eagle symbol reminiscent of the Great Seal of the United States, which is encircled by the words D. F. HAY NES & CO. BALTIMORE WHITE GR A NITE .22 This venture was a success, and by the end of 1879, the factory with its three kilns and 150 workers was struggling to fulfill its many orders.23 By the following spring, “pushed to its utmost capacity,” it hired experienced practical potter Thomas McNulty (1832–1890), who had been a manager at Ott & Brewer, a leading Trenton pottery, to double its output.24 In addition to its more utilitarian production, including white granite in “the popular cable shape,” the firm began to make “novelties,” such as a “leaf comport, or cake plate, of beautiful outline and workmanship.”25 By 1881, Haynes was distributing a wide variety of wares from the factory, including “beautiful antique shape chamber sets” that were “hand painted with pansy decorations, relieved with bright gold and water-green bands,” along with other wares that were transfer-printed.26

purpose of manufacturing yellow, Rockingham, and sanitary ware.”28 Setting up a three-story brick factory with one kiln was costly—and the necessary profit margin not immediately achievable—and so by October 1881, to pay their creditors, the partners were forced to either rent or sell the pottery.29 In January 1882, Haynes purchased the business and set about enlarging and improving it, which included staffing the works with experienced English potters. He hired John Watson (1836– 1916) of Trenton to install “the most substantial and improved machinery” and William Brookes (1835–1890) to construct two additional kilns, something that Brookes had previously done in England for Worcester Royal Porcelain Company and J. & G. Meakin.30 To manage the pottery with its force of approximately a hundred workers, Haynes hired Lewis Toft (1839–1904) and Frederick Hackney (1848–1892). Initial reports indicate that Toft was brought on to “take charge of the bodies and glazes and the kilns,” while Hackney was to be “in charge of the artistic department, and has for months been preparing his molds for the various lines of ware, experimenting with colors and materials. . . .”31 Toft had been employed at William Brownfield’s Cobridge Works in Burslem, Staffordshire (see chap. 23), before immigrating to the United States in 1869.32 He spent much of his career in the American potting center of Trenton, where, prior to his employment with Haynes, he was “the leading man on the staff of Ott & Brewer.”33 While Toft did not remain at the Chesapeake Pottery for long, he was crucial in its foundation and provided vital technical knowledge, including recipes for the clay bodies and saggers used early on by the factory.34 Hackney held a leading role as manager at Chesapeake from 1882 through 1886—the period in which the firm produced majolica. 35 Born to a potting family in Hanley, Staffordshire, he is described as a “graduate of Wedgwood’s famous factory” in the contemporary press. 36 Hackney was one of five partners in the firm Hackney, Kirkham & Co. (later F. Hackney and Co.), which made majolica and other fancy wares at the Railway

Chesapeake Potter y While it is likely that Haynes had direct influence over Maryland Queensware production, in 1882 he was able to take full control of manufacturing by purchasing the Chesapeake Pottery, located on the southwest corner of Nicholson and Decatur Streets in the Locust Point section of Baltimore (fig. 32.4).27 The pottery had been established in 1880 by John Tunstall (ca. 1838–ca. 1890) and brothers Isaac (1842–1896) and Henry O. Brougham (1828–1891), English immigrants from Staffordshire potting families, “for the

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F I G . 3 2 . 6 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Bramble” jugs, ca. 1882–86. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels, some with gilding, left to right: 7 ⅝ × 8 ½ × 6 ½ in.

(19.4 × 21.5 × 16.4 cm); 3 ⅞ × 4 ½ × 3 ½ in. (9.9 × 11.3 × 8.8 cm); 4 ⅞ × 6 ⅛ × 4 ⅞ in. (12.4 × 15.5 × 12.3 cm); 6 ½ × 7 ⅜ × 6 in. (16.4 × 18.6 × 15 cm); 4 ⅜ × 5 ⅜ × 4 ½ in.

(11 × 13.6 × 11.5 cm). All, stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); all, painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

as “the head of the artistic department” at Turner & Wood in Stoke-upon-Trent, makers of parian, majolica, and other wares.41 Haynes may have met Hackney there when he visited England and the Potteries in June and July of 1880, for Hackney traveled to Baltimore less than two years later to join Haynes in his new venture.42

“Bea ut y a n d Utilit y Co m b in ed” F I G . 3 2 . 5 . (Above, left) D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery stamped CLIFTON DECOR mark.

F I G . 3 2 . 7 . (Above, right) D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery stamped AVALON

FAIENCE BALT. mark with a painted decorator’s mark.

Pottery in Stoke-upon-Trent between the spring of 1878 and the fall of 1879 (see chap. 26). In this venture, he was in charge of the design and glazing of the wares, which quickly captured the attention of the press. 37 By July 1878, trade reports proclaimed, “Their colors are rich, their designs are good, and the quality of the ware and glaze leaves nothing to be desired.” 38 Reports about the new firm reached the American trade press in the late summer of 1878, where it may well have been noticed by Haynes. In August, the Crockery and Glass Journal noted Hackney, Kirkham & Co.’s “excellent designs . . . the chief features being the excellent manner in which the colors are brought out,” and in September, the Pottery and Glass Trades’ Journal observed that the “young firm has booked considerable orders for the American market.”39 However, by the following year, the business underwent a change in management and eventually was taken over by Simon Fielding (1827–1905), one of the firm’s senior partners.40 By 1880, Hackney, “who has long been known as an art decorator,” was working

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In 1891, David Haynes wrote an article on “American Pottery” for the Home Magazine, in which he notes that the “Chesapeake pottery of Baltimore lighted its fires and began the manufacture of Majolica ware at a time when goods of that character were in great demand.” 43 The kilns of Haynes’s pottery were first lit in August 1882.44 By early September, the Crockery and Glass Journal reported that “the majolica painters” at the factory were “busy putting on the fancy touches to a great variety of jugs, vases and sets intended to make a display in the trade procession of the Oriole festival,” a three-day civic event held in Baltimore.45 Chesapeake’s horse-drawn float, one of three hundred presented by the city’s merchants and manufacturers, was indeed a striking presence in the festival parade, which took place on October 13, 1882.46 The Baltimore American newspaper notes the display was approximately eighteen feet long and featured an eighteen-foothigh pyramidal arrangement of goods with an “entablature at the top” that “bore the words ‘Chesapeake Pottery, D. F. Haynes & Co. . . . Beauty and Utility Combined.’” 47 The American reports that Haynes was “superintending in person the designing and decorating of the different styles of ware, aiming to produce artistic and tasteful articles within the reach of persons of

moderate means,” and outlines in detail the items presented by the firm. The “leading style” was Chesapeake’s underglaze-decorated majolica, called Clifton ware (after a suburb of Baltimore) and described as “a display of bright colors of natural foliage upon a soft ivory-tinted ground, worked into a strong relief” (see fig.

32.1).48 The undersides of most Clifton ware are stamped with two interlocking crescents that contain the words CLIFTON DECOR and surround the monogram DFH (fig. 32.5). The second major style the firm presented was Avalon Faience ware (fig. 32.6), which features “softer neutral tints” of enamels painted on the same body and ground glaze used in Clifton ware. This overglaze, often matte decoration, is generally not considered majolica today.

Avalon Faience was named after the “Province of Avalon” (located in present-day Newfoundland), which in turn was named after the Arthurian Isle of Avalon by Sir George Calvert (later Lord Baltimore), who in 1623, obtained a charter for a part of what is now Canada.49 The undersides of this ware are usually stamped with a triangular formation that contains the words AVALON FAIENCE BALT. and surrounds the monogram DFHC (fig. 32.7).

Both Clifton majolica and Avalon Faience wares were made in “a great variety of pitchers, vases, teapots, sugar, cream, pickle, salad, and lemonade bowls, oatmeal sets, bread plates, etc.” The third style the firm exhibited was “ivory ware in plain shapes, suitable for dinner and tea sets,” which was transfer-printed.

Majolica with a white ground, first introduced by Wedgwood in 1878 as “Argenta,” had become popular by the time the Chesapeake Pottery began production of Clifton ware in 1882.

Many of the American firm’s patterns closely follow Wedgwood prototypes, and early trade press notes the “light cream or ivory tint” of its body. Among the first designs were “six sizes of bramble jugs, teapots and sugars of the same design” as well as “cake plates and pickles of very attractive shapes, a very handsome line of vases, comports, salads, lemonade bowls, and many other useful and beautiful articles.” 50 Another report highlights a “a large rustic lemonade bowl,” or punch bowl, which is “embellished with a rich cluster on each side of blackberry leaves and fruit . . . and finished at top and bottom with a knotted stick border” (fig. 32.8).

Haynes advertised its “Bramble” Lemonade Bowl, available in five sizes, the following year (fig. 32.9).51 Chesapeake’s “Bramble” decoration is clearly modeled after a Wedgwood pattern of the same name, which the English firm first introduced on a garden pot in 1868 (see fig. 14.30) and then on tea- and dessert wares in about 1878. 52 In fact, some pieces made by Chesapeake—for example, the teapot, creamer, covered sugar bowl, and jug—are direct copies of Wedgwood shapes (fig. 32.10). However, Haynes and Hackney, with their modelers, also created new forms in this pattern, including the lemonade bowls, a cylindrical vase with three blackberry feet (fig. 32.11), graduated vases with bows “tied” around their necks (see fig. 32.36), pickle and butter dishes, and comports. 53 By early 1883, the Chesapeake Pottery had expanded its physical plant and added new categories of wares, including white parian, or bisque porcelain, in the form of floral plaques

and flowers mounted on velvet, as well as the Arundel and Cecil lines—whose respective blue and drab stoneware bodies resemble the well-known jasperware originated by Wedgwood in the eighteenth century.54 Much of this work was being done under the direction of Jesse Ash (1844–1915), an English-born parian and porcelain specialist who was hired by Haynes at the same time as Toft and Hackney.55 In January, the pottery also completed a new building that would “add largely to the producing capacity of the works.” 56 By February, Haynes was advertising a new addition to the firm’s “Faience in Great Variety”—a “Strawberry” jug (see fig. 32.35).57 Made in both Clifton majolica and Avalon Faience, it was part of a range of wares featuring the “Strawberry” decoration (fig. 32.12). Again, Chesapeake’s inspiration seems to have come from a Wedgwood prototype. In 1878, the British firm introduced a strawberry set in the “Boston” pattern, which includes a tray, creamer, sugar bowl, and individual dishes, and features a background of a sheaf of wheat tied at each end with a bow, wheat kernels poking through at intervals, and strawberry leaves, vines, flowers, and fruits overlaying the wheat.58 The Chesapeake version is by comparison less sophisticated, at least in the tray form, with its truncated sheaves of wheat, amorphous wheat kernels, and less elegant bow (fig. 32.13). The original shapes Chesapeake created in this pattern, such as the jugs, mugs, and a cake plate, are generally more refined in their modeling and thus more appealing (fig. 32.14).

The firm also introduced other designs in Clifton majolica and Avalon Faience, probably in 1882–83, that parallel prototypes

by Wedgwood and other leading English makers. Wedgwood’s “Fruit” pattern, with its molded basket-weave background overlaid with various kinds of fruit, served as one source of inspiration.

Chesapeake made a close copy of this pattern on both an oval dish and an individual butter, only slightly varying the scale of the background and the assortment of fruit (fig. 32.15). Wedgwood’s “Fruit” pattern also likely inspired a series of jugs, but here the textured background is similar to the “rustic” or barklike motif found on the British firm’s (and Chesapeake’s) “Bramble” ware.

The handles of the Clifton jugs are formed as entwined twigs glazed in browns and greens (fig. 32.16). Chesapeake directly copied a George Jones jug featuring a wren perched on an ivy vine among blades of meadow grass (fig. 32.17) and an Adams & Bromley water lily plate (see fig. 16.20).59 Chesapeake’s version was made in both Avalon Faience, with details highlighted in lines of gold and matte green, and Clifton majolica, in which the leaves are glazed a rich deep green and the flower in white with a yellow center (fig. 32.18).60

By April 1883, the trade press was extolling Chesapeake’s “almost endless variety” of “new styles of vases, water jugs, sugars [sic] bowls, cream jugs, teapots, fruit plates, oval cake plates, various kinds of salad dishes, [and] butter dishes,” all of which the firm featured in a “new forty-eight page catalogue.” 61 Among these new styles was “Japonica,” which the company first advertised in March 1883 (fig. 32.19). This pattern reflects the burgeoning interest in Japanese art and design. To realize

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F I G . 3 2 . 8 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Bramble” Lemonade Bowl, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, h. 6 ⅞ × diam. 13 ½ in. (17.5 × 34.3 cm). Painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cat. 307.

F I G . 3 2 . 9 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery advertisement. From Crockery and Glass Journal, April 19, 1883, page 10. Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 2 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Strawberry” jugs, ca. 1882– 86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, left: 7 × 6 ¼ × 5 ⅝ in. (17.6 × 15.9 × 14.2 cm); right: 5 × 4 ⅜ × 4 ⅛ in. (12.7 × 11.2 × 10.5 cm). Both, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); both, painted decorator’s mark. John Collier Collection.

Cat. 316.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 3 . Left: D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Strawberry” tray, ca.

1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, 1 ½ × 11 ½ × 9 ½ in. (4 × 29 × 24 cm).

Stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); painted decorator’s mark. Right: Josiah Wedgwood & Sons. “Boston” Strawberry Set tray, pattern no. M2647, design registered 1878; this example 1878. Earthenware with majolica glazes, 1 ⅞ × 16 ⅜ × 11 ⅛ in. (4.8 × 41.5 × 28.2 cm). Impressed marks: WEDGWOOD // T // UVG // British registry diamond for October 9, 1878, parcel 9; painted mark: M / 2647.

Private collection.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 0 . Left: Josiah Wedgwood & Sons. “Bramble” teapot, pattern no. M2903, designed ca. 1878; this example 1879. Earthenware with majolica glazes, 7 ⅜ × 8 ⅜ × 5 ⅜ in. (18.6 × 21.2 × 13.7 cm). Impressed marks: WEDGWOOD // YVH // M // L ; painted mark: 2903 . Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cat. 213. Right: D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Bramble” teapot, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, 7 × 8 ⅛ × 5 in. (17.7 × 20.5 × 12.5 cm). Stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); impressed mark: 2; painted decorator’s mark. The English Collection. Cat. 214.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 1 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Left: “Bramble” vase, ca.

1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, h. 8 ⅝ × diam. 4 ½ in. (21.9 × 11.5 cm).

Stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); painted decorator’s mark. Cat. 314.

Right: “Bramble” vase, ca. 1882–86. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, h. 9 ⅝ × diam. 5 ⅛ in. (24.5 × 13 cm). Stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 4 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Strawberry” ware, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, clockwise from left, mug: 3 ⅝ × 4 ½ × 3 ¾ in. (9.3 × 11.5 × 9.5 cm); plate: h. 1 ½ × diam. 10 in. (4 × 25.5 cm); round dish: h. 1 ⅜ × diam. 6 ¾ in. (3.4 × 17.2 cm); oval dish: 1 ½ × 6 ¼ × 5 ⅛ in. (3.8 × 16 × 12.9 cm). All, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); all, painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cats. 317 and 318.

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F I G . 3 2 . 1 5 . Bottom left: Josiah Wedgwood & Sons. “Fruit” Dessert plate, pattern no. M2914, ca. 1878–79. Earthenware with majolica glazes, h. 1 × diam. 6 ⅞ in. (2.3 × 17.3 cm). Impressed marks: WEDGWOOD // D // AD[?]; painted mark: OX . Top and bottom right: D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Individual butter dish and oval dish, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, top: h. ⅝ × diam. 3 in. (1.4 × 7.6 cm); bottom right: 1 ⅜ × 8 ¾ × 5 ½ in. (3.3 × 22.2 × 13.9 cm). Both, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); both, painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 6 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Jugs, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, left to right: 5 ¾ × 5 ½ × 4 ¼ in. (14.6 × 13.8 × 10.7 cm); 6 ½ × 6 ¼ × 4 ½ in. (16.5 × 16 × 11.5 cm); 9 ⅞ × 8 ⅞ × 6 ⅞ in. (25.1 × 22.5 × 17.5 cm). All, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); all, painted decorator’s mark.

Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cat. 323.

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it, Chesapeake reworked motifs found in Wedgwood’s “Lincoln” pattern, introduced by the English firm in 1881–82 (see fig.

31.15).62 Available in both Clifton majolica and Avalon Faience, Chesapeake’s “Japonica” pattern features fan palm leaves and branches of flowering quince on a textured white ground, and is ornamented at the top with a diaper or lattice band, colored sky blue in the majolica version (see fig. 2.48). The term “Japonica,” used at the time to refer to all things Japanese, is also among the common names for Chaenomeles japonica, or flowering quince.

The Chesapeake Pottery also manufactured a number of items in Avalon Faience for other companies to offer as premiums or use as advertising. These include wares for A. Colburn Company of Philadelphia for its “Colburn’s Mustard,” and for G. W. Gail & Ax of Baltimore for its tobacco products, such as “Chesapeake Fine Cut.” Spaulding & Merrick of Chicago gave away a covered jar made by the Chesapeake Pottery to customers who bought pails of its “Sunny Bank” tobacco (fig. 32.20). This “limited time” offer was promoted by a trade card with an image of the jar on its front while the reverse proclaims, “These beautiful Majolica Vases” are “A THING OF BEAUTY” (fig. 32.21). Though described as majolica, the covered jars were, in fact, made in Chesapeake’s Avalon Faience with overglaze enamels. The decoration borrowed elements of the “Bramble” pattern in the blackberry canes as well as the barklike texture of the ground. P. Lorillard & Co. of New York, another tobacco company, promoted “Rose Leaf” chewing tobacco with a decorative Avalon Faience plate featuring a carefully painted three-dimensional applied rose cane (fig. 32.22). The pottery also produced similar decorative plates not branded as promotional items, including one marked CLIFTON DECOR that is embellished with a brightly painted butterfly and a flowering, fruit-laden blackberry cane on a pebbled white background (fig. 32.23). Intended as wall decoration, it is typical of the barbotine or raised-flower majolica wares being introduced by both American and British manufacturers in the early to mid-1880s (see figs. 24.32, 24.33, 26.24, 26.29).

By the end of May 1883, Haynes was promoting the firm’s new Cecil ware, or drab stoneware.63 The geranium motif on the Cecil vase pictured in the firm’s May advertisement was also applied to Avalon Faience and Clifton wares. An impressive example incorporating this pattern is a vase that Chesapeake made as a stand-alone piece and also used as a lamp base (fig. 32.24).

The vibrant colors of the geranium leaves and flowers are echoed in the lappets edging the top and bottom of the ceramic. The geranium motif was also employed on a range of vases and jugs, and on an oval dish, all of which was offered in both Clifton majolica and Avalon Faience (fig. 32.25). Other introductions at this time include parian figural plaques by James Priestman (1838–1913), “a talented young designer and carver of decorative work” from Boston who was active in Baltimore in this period.64

F I G . 3 2 . 1 7 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Jugs, ca. 1882–86.

Earthenware with majolica glazes, left: 7 ⅛ × 5 ¾ × 4 ½ in. (18 × 14.7 × 11.5 cm); right: 7 ⅞ × 6 ¾ × 5 ¼ in. (20.1 × 17.4 × 13.3 cm). Both, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); both, painted decorator’s mark. Private collection.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 8 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Left: Plate, 1882–86.

Earthenware with majolica glazes, h. 1 ½ × diam. 11 ¼ in. (3.8 × 28.5 cm). Stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5). Private collection. Right: Plate, 1882–86.

Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, h. 1 ⅜ × diam. 11 ¼ in. (3.5 × 28.5 cm). Stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

F I G . 3 2 . 1 9 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery advertisement. From Crockery and Glass Journal, March 15, 1883, page 29. Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC.

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F I G . 3 2 . 2 0 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Covered jar for Spaulding & Merrick Company, ca. 1882–86. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, h. 8 ½ × diam. 5 ⅛ in. (21.6 × 12.9 cm). Molded on side: SPAULDING & / MERRICK / SUNNY BANK / CHICAGO; stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cat. 326.

F I G . 3 2 . 2 5 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Top: Vases and jug, ca.

1882–86. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, left to right: h. 4 ½ × diam. 2 ½ in. (11.4 × 6.4 cm); h. 8 × diam. 4 ⅞ in. (20.4 × 12.3 cm); 6 ⅛ × 4 ⅞ × 3 ⅜ in. (15.5 × 12.3 × 8.6 cm). All, stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig.

32.7); all, painted decorator’s mark. Bottom: Dish, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, 1 × 9 ¾ × 5 ½ in. (2.6 × 24.7 × 14 cm). Stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

F I G . 3 2 . 2 1 . Spaulding & Merrick Company. “Sunny Bank” tobacco trade card (reverse), ca. 1882–86. Chromolithograph, 6 ⅞ × 3 ⅞ in. (17.3 × 9.8 cm). Private collection.

F I G . 3 2 . 2 4 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Lamp, ca. 1882–86.

Earthenware with majolica glazes, glass, brass, and other metal, h. 24 × diam.

11 ⅜ in. (61 × 28.8 cm). Unmarked. John Collier Collection. Cat. 324.

“ C h a s t e a n d S t r i k i n g ” : C a l v e r t Wa r e

F I G . 3 2 . 2 2 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Plate for P. Lorillard & Co., ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes and gilding, h. 1 ½ × diam. 8 ¾ in.

(3.8 × 22.2 cm). Molded on front: CHEW / ROSE LEAF / FINE CUT; stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

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F I G . 3 2 . 2 3 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Plate, ca. 1882–86.

Earthenware with majolica glazes and gilding, h. 1 ⅜ × diam. 9 ⅛ in. (3.5 × 23 cm).

Stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); painted decorator’s mark. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby. Cat. 325.

In 1886, the Crockery and Glass Journal remarked on the “rapid dying out of the once popular majolica” in multiple colors and the growing interest in “articles modeled in good style with the ornament in relief and covered with a monochrome glaze.”65 The trade paper rightly points out that this was “simply an old friend in a new dress”—and that “the popular line is nothing more nor less than majolica, technically considered.” An example of this new class of ware was recorded three years before, in June 1883, when the same journal noted new “vases with highly artistic geometric bands in rich olive and blue” that would soon be offered by Chesapeake Pottery.66 Dubbed “Calvert” after the family name of the Barons of Baltimore, the proprietors of the

colony of Maryland, this product, when it is marked, usually displays the CLIFTON DECOR stamp (see fig. 32.5). An August 1883 report records that Calvert was available in “vases of four patterns, jugs of three patterns,” and would be made in a “great variety of other articles.”67 The reporter extols it as “at once chaste and striking” and notes the “colors are very rich, being blue, olive and green” (fig. 32.26). Later that year, a New York critic commented that Calvert features “the same low relief decoration, zones of ornament, and sober-colored glazes” as stoneware made

by Doulton & Co. at its Lambeth Pottery in London.68 Doulton’s decorative stoneware, which it marketed as “Lambeth Faience,” became widely known in the United States through the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 in Philadelphia.69 While likely inspired by Doulton but not copied directly, Chesapeake’s Calvert continued to be a mainstay of the company’s offerings through 1885. It was made in range of forms, including a flowerpot featured in a September 1883 advertisement (fig. 32.27). This latest majolica line met with success and was even carried by exclusive retailers such as Tiffany & Co. of New York.70 Chesapeake wares were now sold widely across the country, including in New England, the South, and as far west as California.71 In 1884, the firm continued to prosper—the factory was enlarged yet again, and Chesapeake engaged a Boston agent.72 It also expanded its product line by adding “Calvertine Faience,”

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which, as indicated in the name, is related to Calvert ware.

Similar to Avalon Faience in terms of its decoration, Calvertine Faience features an ivory earthenware body covered in a lustrous clear glaze, with molded ornament highlighted in neutral and pastel-colored matte-overglaze enamels and gold (fig. 32.28).

First advertised by the company in August 1884, the range includes a variety of ornamental jugs and bottles, as well as clocks. Calvertine was made in three patterns—“Oxalis,” “Pansy,” and “Oak”—and decorated in “light fawn, olive or gray, and relieved with gold,” the effect of which, the company claimed, is “suggestive of Royal Worcester, yet not an imitation” (fig. 32.29).73 At least some of the new Calvertine shapes were also available in the solid-color majolica glazes used on Calvert ware. An “Oak”patterned clock features a striking combination of a leaf motif and lion’s head embellishments on the green-glazed case, while a clear glaze applied to the face reveals the ivory body color, with the numbers and other molded details highlighted in gold and black (fig. 32.30).74 By the year’s end, more items had been added to the Calvertine line, including “an owl card receiver,” which is shown on the back cover of the firm’s 1885 catalogue.75 This deluxe portfolio features another Calvertine card receiver on its front cover, and the publication’s contents reveal a range of wares in the company’s then principal lines: Avalon Faience, Severn, and Calvertine (fig. 32.31A). While majolica wares were probably still available from Chesapeake in 1885, they are not shown in this catalogue—with the exception of some lamps in what is likely solid-color majolica glazes (fig. 32.31B).76

F I G . 3 2 . 2 6 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Calvert ware vases, ca.

1883–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, left: h. 5 ¾ × diam. 3 ¾ in. (14.6 × 9.5 cm); right: h. 7 ¼ × diam. 4 ½ in. (18.3 × 11.2 cm). Left, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); right, unmarked. John Collier Collection.

F I G . 3 2 . 2 8 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Calvertine Faience ware, ca. 1884–86. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding. Tallest example illustrated, jug (center): 13 × 6 × 4 ½ in. (33.1 × 15.4 × 11.4 cm). Some, stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); all, painted decorator’s mark. John Collier Collection.

Wo rl d’s In d u s t r i a l a n d C ot t o n C e n t e n n i a l E x p o s i t i o n , 18 8 4 – 8 5 In the summer of 1884, Maryland set about “securing a full and proper representation of the State commensurate with the importance of its resources and the value and variety of its industries” for the upcoming World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition to be held in New Orleans between December 16, 1884, and June 1, 1885.77 Among the resources to be represented in the state’s display were “Maryland clays . . . in the raw material and its products,” including “specimens of earthenware, chinaware, stoneware, tobacco pipes, terra cotta work, sewer pipes, fire clay brick and a large collection of the famous Baltimore-made brick.”78 D. F. Haynes & Co. showed a range of Chesapeake Pottery wares in this display, including parian plaques by Priestman, Avalon Faience tableware, teaware, and toilet sets; Calvert vases and jugs in solid-color majolica glazes; Calvertine jugs and card receivers; and clocks, lamps, and other wares in unspecified decorations.79 Haynes’s “beautiful display of Maryland pottery” was judged by one critic to be “finely executed and the effect harmonious and attractive.”80 The Maryland presentation, especially the Chesapeake Pottery wares, captured the attention of the second secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Spencer Fullerton Baird (1823– 1887). He was so impressed that he wrote to George W. Bishop,

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F I G . 3 2 . 2 7 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery advertisement. From Crockery and Glass Journal, September 13, 1883, page 8. Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC.

Maryland’s senior commissioner for the exposition display, in April 1885: “There are among the objects exhibited by your State in the New Orleans Exposition many which would be of the greatest service to the National Museum. . . . Kindly advise me of the best steps to take in securing these for permanent deposit in Washington.”81 Baird did receive a gift from D. F. Haynes & Co. of eleven pieces to be “placed permanently, in the name of the makers, in the National Museum at Washington.”82 Although the Smithsonian Institution had been established by the United States Congress in 1846, the creation of a national collection did not become a strong focus until the 1870s; the first museum building and exhibits opened in 1881. Baird was a driving force

F I G . 3 2 . 2 9 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery advertisement. From Crockery and Glass Journal, August 21, 1884, page 10. Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC.

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behind the rapid expansion of the collection, securing gifts such as the one from Haynes, which included two Avalon Faience “Bramble” jugs, an Avalon Faience “Japonica” sugar bowl, an Avalon Faience “Chrysanthemum” jug, two parian plaques, two Calvert jugs (fig. 32.32), and three examples of Calvertine Faience (see fig. 32.37).

The Smithsonian, however, did not acquire an example of Severn ware, Haynes’s newest offering, introduced by the firm in early 1885.83 Available in a variety of jugs and vases, Severn relies on the warm tones of Maryland clays, which are covered in a clear glaze. The pieces are accented with geometric bands of ornament like those found on Calvert and Calvertine wares, but here the bands are finished with matte gold or neutral tones with gilded highlights. Raised decorations in gold and silver are sometimes arrayed across the smooth areas between geometric bands (fig. 32.33). Very much in the Aesthetic taste, Severn is quite far removed from the company’s majolica lines of 1882.

C h e s a p e a k e P o t t e r y a f t e r 18 8 5

F I G . 3 2 . 3 0 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery (case); New Haven Clock Company (mechanism). “Oak” Calvert ware clock, 1883–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, brass, wood, and other materials, 11 ⅞ × 10 ¾ × 4 ⅜ in. (30.1 × 27.3 × 11.1 cm). Case, unmarked; mechanism, maker’s mark on frame. Private collection. Cat. 327.

F I G S . 3 2 . 3 1 A , B . A. Hoen & Co., printer. “Avalon Ware—Strawberry & Sundry. No. 8 Decoration.” and “New All-Faience Lamps. Olive and Rubelle.” From Chesapeake Pottery: Artistic and Staple Faience catalogue, April 1885, pages 4 and 29. Chromolithographs. D. F. Haynes & Son Chesapeake Pottery Collection, MS 3238, Baltimore City Life Museum Collection, box 1, H. Furlong Baldwin Library, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.

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In January 1885, David Haynes took a less prominent role in his wholesaling business, which became the separate firm of Ramsay, Baker & Co. (the names of Haynes’s two partners), while D. F. Haynes & Co. was reorganized to solely operate the Chesapeake Pottery.84 A year later, Haynes left the wholesaling business entirely and focused his efforts on ceramic manufacture.85 The pottery seems to have discontinued production of majolica at about this time. A sale of Chesapeake “samples, trial pieces, and odd lots” in December 1885 encompassed a wide variety of items, including “Avalon Ware, Severn Ware, Eggshell Porcelain, [and] Parian Medallions,” but advertisements for the auction make no mention of majolica or of Clifton and Calvert wares, the pottery’s majolica lines.86 Chesapeake’s principal new offering in 1886 was “Buttercup Ware,” which appears to have been an evolution of Avalon Faience. Advertisements for Buttercup strongly indicate that the company was no longer producing majolica. The new line included “jugs, cuspadores, teapots, sugars, molasses cans, salads, comports,” etc., and Haynes’s advertisement for it asserts, “This ware, while designed to take the place of Majolica, does not resemble it in any way.”87 Changes in the pottery’s offerings were mirrored in changes to its leadership. Chesapeake’s long-time manager, Frederick Hackney, left the company in April 1886.88 He set up a china decorating business in Baltimore that may have subcontracted with Edwin Bennett, Haynes, and other firms, before he returned to Staffordshire in the late 1880s.89 In 1886, Haynes hired Henry Brunt (1852–1915) to help manage the pottery, provide new artistic direction, and introduce new lines. Brunt was an English potter from Stoke-upon-Trent who, prior to coming to Baltimore, trained at George Jones and Minton as well as worked in Trenton.90 A significant transition for the Chesapeake Pottery occurred at the end of 1886 and beginning of 1887. On November 9, 1886,

F I G . 3 2 . 3 2 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Calvert ware Taper Jug (left) and Straight Jug (right), ca. 1884. Earthenware with majolica glazes, left: 9 × 6 ¼ × 5 ⅛ in. (22.7 × 15.7 × 12.9 cm); right: 5 × 5 ½ × 3 ⅞ in. (12.7 × 13.8 × 9.8 cm). Both, printed paper label: MANUFACTURED BY D. F. HAYNES & CO. / CHESAPEAKE POTTERY. / BALTIMORE, MD.; left, label, inscription in ink: 1s Taper Jug– / Blue Calvert; right, label, inscription in ink: 4s Straight Jug– / Olive Calvert.

Division of Cultural and Community Life, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, Gift of D. F. Haynes and Co., cat. nos.

96680 and 96681.

George R. Miller, a major investor in D. F. Haynes & Co., died, and Miller’s $25,000 stake had to be returned to his estate.91 The company was unable to produce this sum and so Haynes was forced to sell the business at auction in February 1887.92 The purchaser was E. (Edwin) Huston Bennett (1856–1941), son of Edwin Bennett, who paid “$13,000 for the property and plant, and $10,000 for the stock on hand,” and retained Haynes as general manager, along with Henry Brunt and the approximately 150 employees of the firm, which was officially renamed “Chesapeake Pottery Co.”93 Bennett’s ownership coincided with a shift in focus for the pottery that seems to have already been underway.94 The firm was soon to introduce the “Arundel Dinner & Tea Service,” with shapes largely designed by Brunt.95 This “semi-porcelain,” or refined white earthenware, line met with critical approval. As a writer for the Art Amateur magazine, who saw Arundel ware on display in a New York department store window, noted in June 1888, “Both in form and in decoration they are better than similar imported ware, and they cost no more.”96 In addition to tableware, Chesapeake offered a wider array of toilet sets, which had been a mainstay since 1882. Both table- and toilet wares produced by the company more and more relied on transfer-printed patterns, many of which were further decorated with color and gilding.

Under Bennett’s ownership, Chesapeake remained a leader among American potteries, winning multiple prizes in 1888 and 1889 at expositions of ceramics and glass sponsored by the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art (today the Philadelphia Museum of Art).97 The prizewinning pieces in 1888 include a large porcelain vase featuring “a group of dancing boys with flowing drapery, modeled and painted in pink china slip,” designed by Henry Brunt and Herbert W.

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F I G . 3 2 . 3 3 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Severn ware, ca. 1885. Earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, largest example illustrated, vase (second from left): h. 13 ⅜ × diam. 8 in. (34 × 20.2 cm). Far left, painted mark: SEVERN / B.3. / GHOOLEH ; center left, painted mark: SEVERN / E.I. / GHOOLEH ; center, center right, and far right, unmarked. John Collier Collection.

F I G . 3 2 . 3 4 . “Decorating Room, D. F. Haynes and Son, Chesapeake Pottery‚” ca. 1900. From Report on the Clays of Maryland, by Heinrich Ries (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1902), plate 38. Science, Industry & Business Library, The New York Public Library.

Beattie (1863–1918), and a “Moorish”-style vase by Fannie Haynes (1860–1944), David Haynes’s daughter, which was subsequently purchased by the Pennsylvania Museum.98 In 1890, Haynes was able to buy back a portion of the business, becoming partners with E. Huston Bennett, and the firm’s name was changed to Haynes, Bennett & Co.99 The company’s wares made up a large part of the United States Potters’ Association’s display at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, probably because of Haynes’s position as head of the group’s Art and Design Committee. Chesapeake showed a range of ornamental items, including clock cases and vases, chief among them the two-foot-tall classically inspired Calvert vase, as well as eight styles of toilet sets, such as the Alsatian set decorated with transfer-printed scenes from Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice.100 The company was awarded a first-class medal and diploma at the fair, honors that Haynes and Bennett touted in their promotional materials, including in a brochure showing the firm’s tablewares, vases, clocks, lamps, and other ornamental items.101 Haynes, Bennett & Co. offered many of these models as “blanks,” or undecorated, for use in china painting, a popular pastime.102 In early 1895, Haynes was able to buy out Bennett and bring in his son Frank Reuben Haynes (1869–1938) as a partner.103 Renamed D. F. Haynes & Son, the firm continued to make mostly ornamental wares, often with transfer-printed decoration and, by about 1900, in glazes applied with a spray gun—as seen on examples in a view of the company’s decorating rooms from about

Minton and Wedgwood through press accounts in the Crockery and Glass Journal, to which his company was an early subscriber and in which it advertised from the trade paper’s founding in 1874.106 As the owner of Chesapeake Pottery, Haynes employed a number of designers and artists, most of whom are little known, if at all, beyond the work they did for the firm.107 After Haynes purchased the pottery, he seems to have used his associations with prominent artists to create greater publicity and demand for his factory’s offerings. He worked hard to cultivate an image of his wares as artistic productions by continuously sending samples to and corresponding with leading critics and artists, including painters Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900)108 and William Hart (1823–1894), and sculptors Thomas Ball (1819–1911) and John Quincy Adams Ward (1830–1910). Haynes subsequently published their praise for Chesapeake products in his firm’s promotional materials.109 Haynes’s interactions with leading journalists and critics would prove even more fruitful. In November 1882, only a few months after he began production, Haynes’s correspondence with William C. Prime (1825–1905), editor of the New York Journal of Commerce, resulted in a lead editorial proclaiming Chesapeake’s new majolica and faience to be “equal to any European work of their class in potting, glaze and decoration.”110 Prime was not only a prominent journalist and author, but also an art historian. He was instrumental in founding what is now the Department of Art and Archaeology at Princeton University

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this time (fig. 32.34). Frank Haynes continued to operate the pottery, but it began to falter after his father’s death in 1908, and by 1912, was forced to shut down.104 After attempting to revive the business over the next few years, he sold the property in 1916.

It eventually became part of the site of the Domino Sugar plant which is still in operation in Baltimore’s inner harbor.105

Success through Art and Education David Haynes was perhaps exceptional among American potters for his active engagement with the wider art and design community and for his enthusiasm for art education, especially for women. He cultivated connections to artists, critics, and educators in order to foster the success of his own business, and by the second half of the 1880s, to encourage the American ceramic industry to work with trained artists and designers— and to ensure a ready supply of the same by supporting industrial art education.

While Haynes’s involvement with artists and critics prior to owning the Chesapeake Pottery is unclear, it seems likely he kept up with trends in art and design as a successful wholesale merchant specializing in ceramic and glass tableware and decorative items. He was also probably aware of the English pottery industry’s reliance on trained artists and designers, having spent nearly a year in Britain in 1855–56. In any case, he would have known of artist designers working at major English firms such as

and was the first vice-president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.111 Moreover, he had a special interest in ceramics—among the many books he authored is Pottery and Porcelain of All Times and Nations (1878).112 He and Haynes seem to have conducted an active correspondence in the 1880s and Haynes used quotations from one of Prime’s early letters in his firm’s first advertisements (fig. 32.35; see also fig. 32.19). Framing this testimony as that of “the best authority on Pottery in America,” Haynes quoted Prime’s contention that Chesapeake’s wares, including its Clifton majolica, “were the best I have seen of American production, and equal if not superior to European ware of the kind.” 113 Haynes’s exchanges with Prime, which included sending him samples, resulted in many mentions within the New York Journal of Commerce, including one in 1885 that likens Haynes to Josiah Wedgwood I (1730–1795) for his ongoing experimentation and striving for artistic excellence. In this article, Prime notes that he had repeatedly highlighted Chesapeake Pottery wares in previous ones “because they are of peculiar importance in the history of the pottery industry in America.” 114 Though Haynes may have found an ardent champion in Prime, his relationship with other influential critics was more complicated. Montague Marks (ca. 1847–1905), editor and publisher of the Art Amateur, also regularly reviewed productions of the Chesapeake Pottery. Subtitled “A Monthly Journal Dedicated to the Cultivation of Art in the Household,” the Art Amateur was an important vehicle for the arts, and an advocate

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F I G . 3 2 . 3 5 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery advertisement. From Crockery and Glass Journal, February 1, 1883, page 19. Smithsonian Libraries, Washington, DC.

F I G . 3 2 . 3 6 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. “Bramble” vases, ca. 1882–86. Earthenware with majolica glazes, left to right: h. 8 × diam. 6 ⅜ in. (20.2 × 16.1 cm); h. 8 ⅝ × diam. 6 ¾ in. (21.7 × 17.2 cm); h. 6 ⅛ × diam. 5 ¼ in. (15.6 × 13.2 cm). All, stamped mark: CLIFTON DECOR (see fig. 32.5); all, painted decorator’s mark. Private collection. Cat. 315.

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for integrating artistic design and products into everyday interiors—in other words, a leading journal for the promotion of Aesthetic movement principles in the United States.115 In February 1883, Marks reviewed the first Chesapeake wares sent to him by Haynes, praising them as “creditable to the taste of the firm, as they are to its enterprise. . . . They mark a forward step in the application of art principles to the production of attractive ware of American manufacture for the adornment of the average home.” 116 However, in the same article, he questions Prime’s “unstinted praise,” and notes that though the Clifton majolica “body is solid, the glaze is excellent and the . . . decoration is suitable,” he “would suggest that the imitation blue ribbon around the neck of the vase is not in particularly good taste” (fig. 32.36). He has even less regard for the Avalon Faience samples he received, deeming their decoration “rather tawdry.” 117 By November 1883, Haynes had sent the Art Amateur more examples of his latest productions, including parian plaques of cow’s heads and Calvert majolica vases and mugs. Marks proclaimed that “we have hardly anything but praise” for these samples, that the Calvert wares “are all good in form, and the enamel is faultless,” and that one vase in particular is “beautifully modelled.”118 By 1885, Marks was again both criticizing and praising the Chesapeake wares sent to him by Haynes, remarking that the parian plaques were not in the best artistic taste, but no worse than European versions. He was initially complimentary of the Calvertine samples, writing, “The glaze and body of this beautiful cream-colored ware are excellent, and the simple decoration are harmonious and in good taste.” He then added, however, “The forms of the vessels are new, but they are not good,” referring to the card receiver as “nothing more or less than a well-kneaded apple ‘turnover,’ with the apple omitted” (fig. 32.37).119 Nonetheless, despite equivocating at times, Marks and his journal would go on to regularly commend Chesapeake Pottery productions through the end of the 1880s and into the next decade.120 By the 1890s, Haynes had also become acquainted with the pioneering and influential ceramic historian Edwin AtLee Barber (1851–1916). Chesapeake is among the manufacturers that he highlights in a January 1892 article published in Popular Science Monthly outlining recent developments in the United States potting industry.121 In this piece, Barber calls Haynes “an artist and designer of the highest rank” who has “invented a number of new bodies and produced a wealth of beautiful designs . . . to-day beautifying the homes of thousands who could not otherwise enjoy the possession of works of artistic merit.” 122 As a historian, the latter traced not only current productions of the factory, such as its Merchant of Venice wares, but also admired the parian plaques and Severn ware of the mid-1880s. Barber, who had a fondness for majolica (see chap. 9), also praised the earliest Chesapeake production: “Clifton ware from this manufactory belongs to the majolica family, and is said to equal, if not surpass, in body the famous Wedgwood ware of the same class.” 123 In his landmark book on American ceramics, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States (1893), Barber devotes ten

F I G . 3 2 . 3 7 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Calvertine Faience Card Receiver, ca. 1884. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, 2 × 9 × 8 ⅞ in. (5.1 × 22.9 × 22.4 cm). Stamped mark: AVALON FAIENCE BALT. (see fig. 32.7); painted decorator’s mark; printed paper label: MANUFACTURED BY D. F. HAYNES & CO. / CHESAPEAKE POTTERY. / BALTIMORE, MD.; label, inscription in ink: 1s Card Receiver / Calvertine #51. Division of Cultural and Community Life, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, Gift of D. F. Haynes and Co., cat. no. 96690.

illustrations and more than twelve pages to Haynes and his pottery, one of the book’s most extensive manufacturer profiles.124 His account not only outlines Haynes’s personal history and the productions of the Chesapeake Pottery, but also celebrates Haynes and his work wholeheartedly: “No one of our potters has done more to refine the wares for daily household use than Mr. Haynes. He has always held it to be of much greater importance to elevate the quality, as far as possible, of the entire pottery product of the country, than to produce a few fine pieces that should be within the reach of only the wealthy.”125 Tellingly, Haynes is one of only ten men singled out by Barber in his preface “for valuable assistance and advice.”126 By this point, Haynes had served for several years as head of the committee on design for the United States Potters’ Association, and so Barber’s praise seems at least partially due to this advocacy for artistic design and training in the American ceramic industry.

Haynes’s promotion of art education and his engagement with educational institutions was long-standing by the 1890s.

His relationship with the Maryland Institute Schools of Art and Design in Baltimore (today Maryland Institute College of Art) was especially fruitful—ensuring a steady flow of welltrained artists and designers, mostly women, for his pottery. His daughter, Fannie, was a graduate of the Maryland Institute and may have helped foster this relationship.127 By the fall of 1882, Haynes had set up a workshop at the Institute where pupils not only received instruction in pottery decoration but also were paid for their work.128 By the end of the year, between thirty and forty young women were decorating Chesapeake wares under the supervision of Fannie Haynes.129 By 1884, Haynes employed about sixty Maryland Institute graduates as decorators at his pottery, and these “young ladies” worked in “bright and cheerful quarters, with a lunch-room adjoining.” 130 That year, Haynes conducted a competition among Institute students to create

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F I G . 3 2 . 3 8 . D. F. Haynes & Co., Chesapeake Pottery. Dragon jugs, ca. 1884–86. Glazed earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, largest and smallest examples illustrated: 9 ¾ × 12 ½ × 4 ⅜ in. (24.8 × 31.7 × 11.2 cm); 5 ¼ × 5 ⅞ × 2 ¾ in. (13.3 × 15 × 6.8 cm). All, unmarked. John Collier Collection.

designs for Chesapeake, several of which were chosen for commercial production (fig. 32.38).131 Haynes’s encouragement of art education and professional development for women is noted as singular in a report on industrial statistics for the state of Maryland in 1884–85. This document records that the Chesapeake Pottery “affords a field for the employment of female talent in decorative arts which has been gladly accepted by many of the students of the art schools of the Maryland Institute” and that the women “employed in this industry occupy the highest grade among female employees of the State.” 132 It notes that women decorators, however, were paid the least among pottery workers, earning approximately $1.20 per day, while male painters and gilders earned $2.50 per day.133 In 1886, Haynes’s female decorators organized a strike for better wages. They were successful—an unusually generous move for a pottery manufacturer in the period when going on strike often resulted in the loss of one’s job.134 Haynes’s advocacy was again highlighted in a state report, this one for 1888–89, which focuses in particular on female and child labor in Maryland. Haynes was one of the chief authorities consulted and is thanked by name in the document’s introduction, which also quotes an article on art education for industry provided by Haynes.135 It is perhaps not surprising that the introduction also states that “the attention of [Maryland’s Bureau of Industrial Statistics] has been particularly directed to the manufacture of ceramic goods, and the opportunities afforded in that industry for the employment and development of the higher grades of

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female labor.” 136 In a section of the report including excerpts from letters written by employers to accompany their answers to the state’s survey, Haynes clearly outlines his thoughts: “I beg to say that I find [women] equally as intelligent as men are, and more reliable and faithful to their duties. The great drawback to the working girls and a future that discourages them, is the small pay they receive for their labor.” 137 According to the report, Haynes employed thirty-one women ages twenty-one to forty, and seventeen girls ages fourteen to twenty, at a time when no other pottery in Maryland employed adult women and one other employed girls.138 Haynes would continue to be involved with the Maryland Institute and employ its graduates until his death in 1908.139

B a l t i m o r e’s P i o n e e r Pot t e r, Edwin Bennett Edwin Bennett (1818–1908) has been hailed as the first American manufacturer of majolica.140 While he has been rightfully celebrated as a pioneer of industrial production in the United States (fig. 32.39), it is unlikely that his Baltimore pottery produced majolica before the 1870s or 1880s—and even then, the colorful lead-glazed ware did not form a large portion of his factory’s output.

Bennett was born on March 6, 1818, to Daniel and Martha Webster Bennett in Newhall, Derbyshire, England.141 His father was the “principal bookkeeper for a large coal mining com-

pany for more than 50 years.” Late in life, Edwin recalled that he had “received a common education” in Newhall and, at the age of twelve, was apprenticed at the Harrison & Cash pottery in nearby Wooden Box, now Woodville.142 Historian Llewellynn Jewitt (1816–1886) records in The Ceramic Art of Great Britain (1878) that Woodville, whose “inhabitants are principally potters and colliers” was “noted for extensive manufactories of Derbyshire ironstone ware; cane-colored, Rockingham, black, buff, and brown wares; sanitary goods, terra cotta, &c.”143 In 1841, after completing his apprenticeship and working several years in the local pottery industry, Edwin Bennett left England with his brothers Daniel (1815–1892) and William (1821–1889) to join a fourth brother, James (1812–1862), who by about 1840, had established the first pottery located in what would become one of the leading ceramic manufacturing centers in the United States: East Liverpool, Ohio. In 1844, the Bennetts left East Liverpool for Pittsburgh to establish Bennett & Brothers, a new enterprise that made “Fancy Rockingham Ware, Ironstone Cane Ware, &c. &c.”144 In 1845 or 1846, Edwin Bennett moved to Baltimore, where he would establish his own pottery.145 He received permission from the Baltimore city council on May 13, 1847, “to erect a queensware manufactory” on the corner of Canton Avenue and Canal Street (today Fleet Street and South Central Avenue) in the Fell’s Point section of the city.146 In about 1849, Edwin’s brother William joined him in Baltimore and remained part of the enterprise, known as E. & W. Bennett, until about 1856.147 In these years, the firm manufactured yellow- or cream-colored and Rockingham wares. The Bennetts’s Rockingham, with its rich mottled-brown leaded glazes, is considered among the finest produced in the United States.148 E. & W. Bennett employed the modeler Charles Coxon (1805– 1868) from about 1849 until 1856.149 From a Staffordshire potting family, Coxon immigrated to the United States in 1849 and is credited with designing the wide variety of relief-molded wares produced by the Bennetts in the early years of the factory. One is a jug depicting Chesapeake Bay marine life (fig. 32.40). With Coxon taking on the task of modeling, it seems that Edwin Bennett was able to experiment with clays and glazes. His “Daybook” from this period includes several recipes for blue bodies and stains, which were also used in some of the early productions of the factory, such as the jug shown in figure 32.40.150 In 1893, about forty-five years after the founding of the pottery, Edwin AtLee Barber recorded that Bennett produced majolica in the 1850s. An oft-cited passage in his seminal book The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States suggests that Edwin Bennett was the first American producer of majolica—and that he manufactured it as early as Minton & Co. This is highly unlikely. In his discussion of Bennett’s firm, Barber describes the retrospective display of the company’s output, which it presented at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. He notes “a majolica bust of Washington made by E. & W. Bennett, 1850; a pair of mottled majolica vases, two feet in height, with raised grape-vine designs and lizard handles, produced by him in 1856;

[an] enormous octagonal majolica pitcher, with blue, brown, and olive mottled glazes, 1853; coffee-pots and other pieces in blue, green, and olive bodies.” 151 The bust of Washington is not known to survive and so cannot be evaluated.152 Also not known to survive is the “enormous octagonal majolica pitcher,” but nonetheless, Barber’s description of mottled glazes in blue, brown, and olive does not match current understandings of majolica glazing and was likely more closely related to Bennett’s mottled-brown Rockingham. The pitcher’s glaze may be similar to that found on one example of the “mottled majolica vases” with “lizard handles” preserved in the collection of the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, a gift of the wife of a Bennett descendant (fig. 32.41). In any case, Barber’s broad definition of “majolica,” which includes Bennett’s 1850s wares, is not generally accepted as valid today, and moreover, additional evidence that Bennett produced majolica before the 1880s has not come to light.

Bennett was an important manufacturer in the United States, and his firm was located in a major American seaport.

Continually employing English immigrant potters in his factory,

F I G . 3 2 . 3 9 . William Shorey, Baltimore. Edwin Bennett (1818–1908), ca. 1890. Albumen print cabinet card. Bennett Pottery Company Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

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F I G . 3 2 . 4 0 . E. & W. Bennett. Jug, ca. 1855. Glazed earthenware, 10 ¼ × 11 ¼ × 8 ⅝ in. (25.9 × 28.6 × 22 cm). Impressed mark: E & W BENNETT / CANTON AVENUE / BALTIMORE, M.D. Dr. Tom Folk.

F I G . 3 2 . 4 1 . E. & W. Bennett. Vase, ca. 1856. Glazed earthenware, h. 18 ¼ × diam. 10 ½ in. (46.4 × 26.7 cm). Unmarked. Division of Cultural and Community Life, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, Gift of Portia M. Filbert, cat. no. 1986.0446.02.

F I G . 3 2 . 4 2 . Edwin Bennett’s pottery, ca. 1870–80. Photograph. Bennett Pottery Company Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

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he was undoubtedly aware of the general developments in British ceramics of the 1850s through the 1870s, including the rise of majolica. Bennett also almost certainly had the technical expertise in his factory to produce the ware. However, it seems that he instead focused on producing the types of ceramics in high demand in the United States during this period. From the late 1840s through the 1860s, he advertised as a manufacturer of “cane,” or cream-colored ware, and “Rockingham” in the Baltimore city directories and today is recognized as a major maker of these popular products.153 The firm exhibited and won several awards for its “queensware,” or cream-colored earthenware, in the Maryland Institute Fairs of the 1850s.154 He also was very interested in producing practical kitchenware.

In the 1850s and 1860s, Bennett patented several designs for earthenware jars for use in food preservation—items that likely saw ready sales in the burgeoning American consumer market.155 By about 1869, Bennett expanded his offerings to include white ironstone, a change recorded in his advertisements in the Baltimore directories and documented by the fact that in 1870, he patented a lobed serving bowl likely for white ironstone production.156 In 1873, his “Queensware Manufactory” (fig. 32.42) was included in a Baltimore guidebook highlighting the city’s merchants and industry. Bennett’s firm then employed more than one hundred workers and “turn[ed] out about two thousand dozens” of ware each week. The production is described as “all kinds of White ware—Dinner, Tea and Breakfast, and Toilet sets” as well as “Brown or Rockingham ware and Yellow Fire-proof ware, for kitchen purposes.”157 Bennett’s first advertisement in the Crockery Journal, which ran in January 1875, a month after the periodical was founded, outlines his firm’s offerings as “White Granite & C.C. [cream-colored] Ware, Also, Yellow, and Rockingham, Fire-Proof Ware.”158 In 1876, Bennett again expanded his business to include roofing tiles by opening a new factory to manufacture them at the corner of Aliceanna Street and Central Avenue, adjacent to his original facility.159 He would go on to win a silver medal for roofing tiles at the 1878 Maryland Institute Fair and to patent “an improved roofing tile” the following year.160 During the early 1880s, Bennett gradually changed and diversified his pottery’s production. It is likely that the factory began making a small amount of majolica during this time, when demand was high in the United States for the brightly colored ware. An 1880 profile of the firm emphasizes the substantial nature of the operation, noting, “Each week the factory turns out 3000 dozen pieces composed of a great variety of articles,” numbering more than three hundred items, including “dinner, tea and toilet sets, hotel and kitchen ware, spittoons, teapots, baking dishes, little and immense pitchers, &c.” 161 By 1882, the operation was slightly larger, employing 120 (compared to 100 in 1880), but on the whole, the products were the same: “white stone china and C.C. ware, Cane and Rockingham fireproof ware.”162 “Decorated ware” was added to this list, likely in response to increasing US demand in the 1870s and 1880s for decorated tableware—which might be adorned with patterns,

gilding, or colored glazes. Judging by trade journal reports, white granite and Rockingham-glazed wares continued to be the company’s main productions, but new items, such as a teapot with a fluted body patented by Bennett in 1883, were occasionally introduced.163 Another patented item, a “no-drip molasses jug,” was being made in large numbers by September 1883, and by December, the model was being offered in white as well as “prettily decorated.” 164 These molasses or syrup jugs were made with a wide variety of decorations, including transfer prints; with molded embellishments and painted in imitation of jasperware; with molded embellishments in mottled glazes of browns, yellows and greens; and in bright solid-color majolica glazes (fig. 32.43).

The Chesapeake Pottery also seems to have stimulated changes in Bennett’s production. In December 1883, the Crockery and Glass Journal noted “three sets of fancy jugs, one ornamented with a sunflower, another with a rose in relief” that Bennett decorated “after the manner of very popular Avalon ware of Messrs.

D. F. Haynes & Co.” 165 By April 1884, the firm had introduced “new chamber sets and a line of fancy ware.” 166 These descriptions may relate to models featured in a portfolio of “Illustrations of Artistic Wares, Manufactured by Edwin Bennett,” which is preserved in the Bennett archive at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution (figs. 32.44A, B).167 In form, in their pattern names (“Bramble” and “Japonica”), and in the type of glazes used, the Bennett designs closely follow Haynes’s Avalon Faience prototypes and their overglaze enamel decoration (figs. 32.45, 32.46). Later in the year, Bennett introduced a new line of parian flowers, and again, he seemed to be following Haynes’s lead.

The Crockery and Glass Journal notes at the end of its report on this development that “Calvertine ware,” a Haynes product, “is a strictly Baltimore specialty”—mistakenly equating the two major Baltimore firms.168

“F i n e - L i n e d Ma s t e r s t r ok e s o f D e s i g n :” E d w i n B e n n e t t P o t t e r y i n t h e 18 9 0 s In the 1890s, there were significant changes at Bennett’s pottery, including in the range of wares produced by the firm.

Probably the most important one occurred when Henry Brunt left Chesapeake Pottery to become general manager of the newly incorporated “Edwin Bennett Pottery Company.”169 As a result of the incorporation, Brunt in fact became a part owner of the company along with Edwin Bennett, his son E. Huston Bennett, the chief salesman Joseph L. Sullivan, and business associate Wilber T. France. Brunt soon hired Mary V. Thaler, who had trained at the Maryland Institute and “developed considerable ability in designing decorations for pottery” as the firm’s “art director.” 170 He also began to staff the decorating department with young women (fig. 32.47), as had been the practice at the Chesapeake Pottery, his previous employer.171 By early the following year, new developments at the company were being noticed. The Pottery and Glassware Reporter remarked in January 1891 that, under

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F I G . 3 2 . 4 3 . Edwin Bennett. Molasses or syrup jugs, ca. 1875–85. Earthenware with majolica glazes and metal, far left: 7 ⅝ × 4 ½ × 3 ⅜ in. (19.2 × 11.5 × 8.6 cm); center left: 8 ⅛ × 4 ⅝ × 3 ⅜ in. (20.6 × 11.6 × 8.5 cm); center: 6 ¾ × 5 × 4 in. (17.1 × 12.6 × 10.1 cm); center right and far right: 6 ⅞ × 4 ¾ × 4 in. (17.5 × 12.1 × 10 cm). Far left and center left, stamped mark: BENNETT’S / JAN. 23, 1873 / PATENT; center, center right, and far right, impressed mark: BENNETT’S PATENT [in a circle]. John Collier Collection. Cat. 328.

Brunt’s direction, the “pottery is branching out into decorating and the initial efforts promise well for the future.” 172 By summer, the same journal was extolling Bennett’s new “Clytie” dinner service in semi-porcelain (refined white earthenware), as well as several new toilet sets in various decorations, proclaiming these efforts “show all the beauty and freshness of May, blended with the boldness and fine-lined masterstrokes of design that come only from ripened experience.” 173 A high point for the Edwin Bennett Pottery and its majolica production came in 1893 with what was perhaps the firm’s most prominent exposure to date. Bennett, like most other American potteries, was featured in a display at the World’s Columbian Exposition presented under the auspices of the United States Potters’ Association—and arranged by David Haynes, head of the Association’s design committee and a business partner of Edwin Bennett’s son at the Chesapeake Pottery. This Baltimore and family connection likely ensured both firms received prominent places at this important world’s fair, which was attended by twenty-seven million people. Bennett’s display, designed by Thaler and Brunt, was unusual in that it featured objects dating from the first decade of the pottery’s existence in combination with a wide range of new designs and pieces created especially for the fair.174 As discussed earlier, Bennett showed a number of wares produced in the 1850s.175 Among the new designs the company presented were examples of its semi-porcelain tableware as well as a variety of toilet sets, such as the Persian shape, decorated in an intricate transfer-printed design.176 One report also notes “a handsome lot of jardinieres in various shapes” available in “twelve varieties of colored glazes,” while another mentions “jardinieres of Egyptian, Grecian, Japanese and Persian designs.”177 Examples of the Grecian design, featuring a profile in molded-relief decoration

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and subdued colored glazes are now in a private collection (fig.

32.48). These single-color wares in their muted tones are similar to solid-color majolica being produced at about the same time by other manufacturers, both British and American.

The highlight of Bennett’s display, a monochrome-glazed plant stand with griffin supports, is the finest example of majolica produced by the firm (fig. 32.49). The company showed two of these “large floral urns of Italian Renaissance design,” as the Baltimore Sun described them.178 The Baltimore American noted that the “jardiniere, or large flower stand” was “one of the largest pieces of pottery ever made in America in one piece,” and the company was showing one in “a monochrome tint of silver gray” and the other in a “yellow which shows every graduation of tint from a deep golden yellow to a pale ivory.” 179 The firm commissioned the design from Herbert W. Beattie (1863–1918), a sculptor and designer based in Quincy, Massachusetts, with whom Brunt had previously worked.180 English by birth, Beattie was “a graduate of the South Kensington Art School, London,” and was a freelance modeler who specialized in tombstone and monument decoration but also designed a wide variety of articles including kitchen and parlor stoves.181 Beattie’s father and grandfather were also designers.182 The latter, sculptor William Beattie (ca. 1802–1867), was active as a modeler for potteries in Staffordshire in the middle of the nineteenth century (see fig. 14.18).183 Shortly before the close of the exhibition, Bennett arranged through Barber to give one of the fern stands to the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art. Barber, in his capacity as honorary curator, wrote enthusiastically on October 26, 1893, to Dalton Dorr (1846–1901), the museum’s director at the time: “It is a fine piece of work in majolica. You might suggest which color you prefer, as there are three or four

F I G S . 3 2 . 4 4 A , B . A. Hoen & Co., printer. “Ivory Bramble Jugs and Parian Ware” and “Ivory Japonica Jugs and Parian Ware.” From “Illustrations of Artistic Wares Manufactured by Edwin Bennett‚” ca. 1885. Chromolithographs. Bennett Pottery Company Records, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

F I G . 3 2 . 4 5 . Edwin Bennett. “Bramble” jug, ca. 1885. Earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, 8 ⅜ × 8 ¼ × 6 ⅞ in. (21.2 × 21 × 17.5 cm). Stamped marks: IVORY / [owl perched atop crescent moon; initials E. B. inside moon]. John Collier Collection.

F I G . 3 2 . 4 6 . Edwin Bennett. “Japonica” jugs, ca. 1885. Earthenware painted in enamels and gilding, left: 6 ¾ × 6 ⅜ × 4 ½ in. (17.2 × 16 × 11.3 cm); right: 5 × 4 ⅝ × 3 ¼ in. (12.6 × 11.8 × 8.1 cm).

Both, stamped marks: IVORY / [owl perched atop crescent moon; initials E. B. inside moon]. Private collection, ex coll. Dr. Howard Silby.

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F I G . 3 2 . 4 7 . “Decorating Room, Bennett’s Pottery, Baltimore.” From “Southern Potteries and Southern Clays,” by H. S. Turner, in Dixie: A Monthly Magazine, October 1899, page 200. General Research Division, The New York Public Library.

F I G . 3 2 . 4 8 . Edwin Bennett Pottery. Jardinieres, ca. 1893. Earthenware with majolica glazes, left: h. 8 ⅝ × diam. 11 ⅛ in. (21.9 × 28.2 cm); right: h. 7 ⅞ × diam. 9 ⅞ in.

(20 × 25.2 cm). Unmarked. John Collier Collection.

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F I G . 3 2 . 4 9 . Herbert W. Beattie (1863–1918), designer; Edwin Bennett Pottery, manufacturer. Griffen Fern Stand, ca. 1893. Earthenware with majolica glazes, h. 32 ¾ × diam. 20 in. (83.2 × 50.8 cm). Unmarked. Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Bennett Filbert, 1973.112.29. Cat. 329.

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F I G . 3 2 . 5 0 . Edwin Bennett Pottery. Brubensul vase, ca. 1895–1900. Glazed earthenware, 6 ½ × 6 × 3 ⅛ in. (16.5 × 15.2 × 7.9 cm). Unmarked. John Collier Collection.

tints.”184 A “silver grey” model entered the collection shortly thereafter.185 While it is unlikely that more than a few were made, the firm featured this tour de force of potting in company literature over the next few years.186 In the decade following the Chicago fair, Edwin Bennett Pottery continued to create a small amount of art ceramics in addition to its major production of refined white earthenware table- and toilet wares. Named for the owners of the factory (Brunt, Bennett, and Sullivan), the Brubensul line, with its rich glazes in tones of brown, is described as of the “majolica family”

by Barber, but would likely not be accepted as such today (fig.

32.50).187 Albion ware, designed and painted by Kate DeWitt Berg (ca. 1857–1929) and Annie Haslam Brinton (1867–1947), was first introduced in 1895 (fig. 32.51).188 The company gained some notoriety for Albion, which, following in the tradition of French slip-decorated art pots, was painted with colored slips under thick rich glazes.189 Edwin Bennett Pottery’s production largely seems to have returned to table- and kitchenwares after 1900. Bennett himself was active in the company until his death at ninety in 1908.

Henry Brunt continued to be the firm’s artistic and business manager until his own death in 1915. The Bennett family operated the pottery until it was forced to shut it down in 1936.

Conclusion

7

Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, 320.

8

Haynes recorded the details of his year abroad in letters published in 2 Massachusetts newspapers: the Lowell Weekly Journal and Courier and the

While the products of Edwin Bennett’s Baltimore pottery are rightfully celebrated today, Bennett cannot be considered a pioneer of American majolica production. His modest output of the lead-glazed ware in the 1880s and 1890s does not distinguish his firm, apart perhaps from a showpiece such as the griffin fern stand. David Francis Haynes’s Chesapeake Pottery was the true pioneer maker of majolica in the city of Baltimore. While its production of this ware was brief, Chesapeake contributed some of the finest examples of American majolica.

Barre Gazette. Though most of the issues in which these letters appear do not survive in widely accessible sources, Haynes kept a scrapbook of the published letters, which is inscribed on its first page, “D. F. Haynes / Lowell / Nov 25th / 1856 / Letters written by D. F. Haynes to the / Barre Gazette of Barre Mass at the / age of 21 years.” I thank Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable for sharing this scrapbook with me. Three of Haynes’s letters can be found in widely accessible sources. H. D. F. [David Frances Haynes], “European Correspondence of the Gazette: Birmingham, Its Early History—Politics—Churches—Public Buildings, & c., June 14th 1856,” Barre Gazette, July 4, 1856, 3; D. F. H. [David Frances Haynes], “European Correspondence of the Gazette, Paris, Sept.

27th, 1856,” ibid., November 7, 1856, 3; and D. F. H. [David Frances Haynes], “Correspondence of the Gazette, Lowell, Nov. 15th, 1856,” ibid., November 26, 1856, 2.

9

not included in the 1858 directory (no directory was published 1856–57), but

thank Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable; John M. Collier; Bonnie Campbell

his brother Henry Stone Haynes is listed as operating Brown’s former crock-

Lilienfeld, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution;

ery and glass store and Brown, a “patent alarm locks” business. See Adams,

Alexandra Deutsch, Catherine Mayfield, Paul Rubenson, and Damon Talbot,

Sampson & Co., The Lowell Directory (Lowell, MA: Joshua Merrill and B.

Maryland Historical Society; and Laura Microulis, Bard Graduate Center.

1 2

C. Sargeant, 1858), 49, 111, 225, 330. Haynes first appears in the Baltimore directories in 1858, when he is listed as a “bookkeeper.” See The Baltimore

Henry Brunt, “American Pottery Trade in 1908,” Brick 30, no. 3 (March 1909): 175.

The account of Bennett producing majolica in the 1850s seems to have been

City Directory (Baltimore: Richard Edwards and William H. Boyd, 1858): 152.

10

Worcester, MA, Ancestry.com. A family Bible owned by Haynes and now in

See Edwin AtLee Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States:

the possession of Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable confirms this, record-

An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art from the Earliest Times to

ing on the “Marriages” page that “D. Frank Haynes & Anstress Brown / were

the Present Day (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1893), 195–99. recent literature. See, for example, M. Charles Rebert, American Majolica,

married Dec. 14th 1858 at Barre Mass / By Rev Mr Derham.”

11

D. F. Haynes, the Sup’t of the job, which had to be done in record time, thus

Karmason with Joan B. Stacke, Majolica: A Complete History and Illustrated 3

Baltimore, Maryland, The Monumental City, the Liverpool of America, with the Finest Harbor in the World [. . .] (Baltimore: Baltimore American, 1894); and Baltimore: The Gateway to the South, the Liverpool of America (Baltimore: Mercantile Advancement Co., 1898).

4

Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is taken from Frances Haynes, ed., Walter Haynes of Sutton Mandeville, Wiltshire, England, and

assuring him he was loyally serving the Cause.” Haynes, Walter Haynes, 53, 153.

12

Grottoes, VA, and Shenandoah National Park.

Advertisement, Staunton Spectator and General Advertiser, August 25, 1868, 2.

14

Advertisement, ibid., November 30, 1869, 2. “Queensware” is a generic term used at the time to denote cream-colored earthenware.

15

October 1870, the damage to the ironworks was estimated to be several thousand dollars. “Mount Vernon Iron Works,” Staunton Spectator and General

George Adams, “Lowell Advertisements,” in The Lowell Directory (Lowell,

Advertiser, October 25, 1870, 2. By November, Haynes was liquidating his

MA: Oliver March, 1851), 9. A genealogical account of Brown and his daughin November 1851. Abiel Abbot Livermore and Sewall Putnam, History of the Town of Wilton, Hillsborough County, New Hampshire, with a Genealogical Register (Lowell, MA: Marden and Rowell, 1888): 328–29. David Francis is listed in the 1850 census as living with his family in Barre, MA. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, National Archives, Washington, DC (hereafter abbreviated as NAW), Ancestry.com. He first appears in the Lowell directories in 1853 (a directory was not produced in 1852). See George Adams, The Lowell Directory (Lowell, MA: Oliver March, and Merrill and Straw, 1853), 126.

6

Patent no. 13,157, dated July 3, 1855, for “an improved thief-detector or alarm apparatus to be applied to money-drawers,” https://patents.google.com /patent/US13157. For more on Brown’s patented products, see “Brown’s Safety Alarm Detectors,” American Farmer’s Magazine 10, no. 5 (November 1857): 290–91. Haynes was the junior partner with Brown in the venture to manufacture and sell the locks in the UK as is recorded in a partnership agreement dated September 15, 1855, and now in the possession of Haynes’s descendants Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable. In 1880, Haynes made another trip to

F I G . 3 2 . 5 1 . Kate DeWitt Berg (ca. 1857–1929) and Annie Haslam Brinton (1867–1947), decorators; Edwin Bennett Pottery, manufacturer. Albion ware, 1895–97. Earthenware with underglaze slip decoration, left to right: h. 4 × diam. 4 in. (10.3 × 10.2 cm); 13 ⅜ × 7 × 7 ⅛ in. (34 × 17.8 × 18.2 cm); 8 ⅜ × 8 ⅝ × 4 ¼ in. (21.2 × 21.9 × 10.6 cm). Left, painted mark: E. BENNETT POTTERY CO. / 1897 / Albion / K.B.; center, painted mark: E. BENNETT POTTERY / 1895 / K.B. / Albion; right, painted mark: E. BENNETT POTTERY / 1895 / A.B. / Albion. John Collier Collection.

140

MARTIN

England, and a reporter for the Crockery and Glass Journal noted in May, “He expects to renew many friendships formed during a twelve months’ residence there some twenty years ago or more.” “Baltimore Reports,” Crockery and Glass Journal (hereafter abbreviated as CGJ) 11, no. 21 (May 20, 1880): 19.

The death of Anstress Brown on February 20, 1870, was noted in Baltimore.

“Death of an Estimable Lady,” Baltimore Sun, February, 26, 1870, 1. In

Record Pub. Co., 1929), 118–20, 152–54.

ter Anstress, Haynes’s first wife, indicates that Haynes joined Brown’s firm

The plant, Mount Vernon Forge, was located near what is now the town of

13

Sudbury, Massachusetts, and His Descendants, 1583–1928 (Haverhill, MA: 5

His daughter noted that Haynes was unable to serve in the military during the Civil War because of a broken ankle that had healed badly, but Abbott “made

1850–1900 (Des Moines: Wallace-Homestead, 1981), 16–18; and Marilyn G. Survey (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1989): 142–44.

They were married December 14, 1858, in Barre, MA. Hartford Times, January 6, 1859, Newspapers and Periodicals, American Antiquarian Society,

first recorded by ceramic historian Edwin AtLee Barber (1851–1916) in 1893.

Subsequently, Barber’s account has been repeated almost verbatim in more

Haynes is listed in the 1855 Lowell directory. See George Adams, The Lowell Directory (Lowell, MA: Oliver March, and Merrill and Straw, 1855), 92. He is

For their generous assistance in the research for this essay, the author wishes to

store’s inventory. See advertisement, ibid., November 22, 1870, 2.

16

Ammidon & Co. advertisement in George W. Howard, The Monumental City, Its Past History and Present Resources (Baltimore: J. D. Ehlers and Co., 1873), 234. This partnership is dated April 1, 1871. “Copartnership Notices,” Baltimore Sun, April 7, 1871, 2. Founded in 1858 by John P. Ammidon, also a native of MA, the firm first advertised coal oil and patent lamps in September. Advertisement, ibid., September 22, 1858, 3. For a biography of Ammidon, see Lynn R. Meekins, Men of Mark in Maryland (Baltimore, Washington, DC, and Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnson, Inc., 1910), 2:123–24.

Ammidon and Haynes likely knew each other from their youth in Lowell, MA, where they both lived in the early 1850s, and remained lifelong friends.

Ammidon attended high school in Lowell, graduating in 1847. Ibid., 123. He is listed in the Lowell directories for 1849, 1851, and 1853. See The Lowell Directory and Business Key for 1849 (Lowell, MA: Oliver March 1849), 24; George Adams, The Lowell Directory (Lowell, MA: Oliver March, 1851), 19; and George Adams, The Lowell Directory (Lowell, MA: Oliver March and Merrill and Straw, 1853), 43. Both Haynes and Ammidon were leaders in the Brown Memorial Church of Baltimore. J. E. P. Boulden, The Presbyterians of Baltimore, Their Churches, and Historic Graveyards (Baltimore: Boyle and Son, 1875), 122. Although Ammidon preceded him in death, his son was one of the pallbearers at Haynes’s funeral. “Mr. D. F. Haynes Buried,” Baltimore Sun, August 28, 1908, 7.

Ma j o l i c a Ma d e i n B a l t i m o r e , Ma r y l a n d

141

17

“A Leading Baltimore House,” Crockery Journal 1, no. 10 (March 13, 1875): 6.

“Henry Oakes Brougham,” Find a Grave website, https://www.findagrave

display of “a large colonial buyer.” “The Sydney Exhibition: The Pottery Section,”

family in Hanley, Staffordshire, and continued the family trade in England

This publication was renamed the Crockery and Glass Journal from vol. 2, no.

.com/memorial/64261128.

Staffordshire Sentinel, May 17, 1879, 5. Hackney’s “vergonian” ware was almost

before immigrating to the US in the early 1870s. Census Returns of England

See “FOR SALE OR RENT—CHESAPEAKE POTTERY,” Baltimore Sun ,

certainly inspired by Wedgwood’s Vigornian ware (introduced 1878), which fea-

and Wales, 1851, 1861, and 1871, NAK; Twelfth (1900) and Thirteenth (1910)

1 (July 8, 1875).

29

18

Ibid.

October 13, 1881, 3; and “TRUSTEE’S SALE OF A VALUABLE POTTERY

tures decorations etched through the glaze, revealing the body color below (see

Censuses of the United States, NAW, Ancestry.com. In addition to working in

19

For Ammidon leaving the business, see “Mr. D. F. Haynes Dead,” Baltimore

AND BUSINESS PROPERTY,” ibid., December 16, 1881, 3. The sale also

fig. 26.4). Hackney’s 3-piece set took the form of “Greek Amphorae, in deep plum

Baltimore, Ash was employed in the pottery industry in Trenton, where he died

Sun, August 25, 1908, 12. D. F. Haynes & Co. is listed under “China, Glass

included both the Broughams’ homes as well as Tunstall’s.

colour glazed ware decorated in engravings by Mr. Northwood, of Stourbridge,”

in 1915. “Deaths: Ash,” Trenton Evening Times, January 4, 1915, 3; “Deaths

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 16, no. 3 (July 20, 1882): 14. The article incorrectly

the same glass engraver who worked on Wedgwood’s Vigornian ware. The set,

and Funerals: Jesse Ashe,” ibid., January 5, 1915, 2; and “Jesse Ash,” Find a

Baltimore City Directory (Baltimore: John W. Woods, 1877). The firm is no

spells Brookes’s name “Brooks.” For Watson, see “John Watson’s Burial

which was “designed, glazed, and fired” by Hackney, includes an engraving on

Grave website, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/37099015. He seems

longer listed under “Coal Oil,” “Lamps and Oil,” or “Oil Dealers and Refiners”

Saturday. Pioneer Machinist, Inventor and Auto Builder Dies at 79 Years Was

the central 24-inch-tall vase “after Sir J. Noel Payton, of Shelley’s ‘Prometheus

to have continued to specialize in porcelain and parian throughout his career,

as Ammidon & Co. had been.

Old Mason,” Trenton Evening Times, March 16, 1916, 11.

Unbound.’” “Fragments,” PGTJ 2, no. 5 (May 1879): 67. Hackney was also likely

including several years spent as manager of the clay department at the Ceramic Art Company of Trenton. “Pottery News,” Brick 15, no. 6 (December 1901): 276;

and Queensware” in the 1877 and subsequent Baltimore directories. Woods’s

20

30

D. F. Haynes & Co. brochure, 1882. I thank Nicolaus Boston for sharing this

31

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 16, no. 3 (July 20, 1882): 14.

responsible for the design of the new umbrella stands noted in the trade press

brochure with me.

32

Ibid. Although Toft seems to have been born and raised in Chipping

later that fall, including one “representing the stump of a tree” in “Argenta ware”

The text of Haynes’s first Maryland Queensware promotion includes the date

Campden, Gloucestershire, by his early 20s, he was listed as a potter in

(majolica featuring a white or light-colored ground). “Trade Items,” Pottery

56

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 17, no. 2 (January 11, 1883): 6.

“June 1st, 1879” even though it was published in August. See D. F. Haynes &

Hanley, Staffordshire. Census Returns of England and Wales, 1841, 1851, and

Gazette and Pottery & Glass Trades’ Journal 3, no. 29 (November 1, 1879): 426.

57

D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, ibid., no. 5 (February 1, 1883): 19.

Co. advertisement, CGJ 10, no. 7 (August 14, 1879): 12. A later report states

1861, NAK, Ancestry.com. He likely immigrated to the US in 1869, and he is

F. Hackney & Co. also advertised in the same issue, ibid., 404. The following

58

Wedgwood registered the design in 1878. “Boston Strawberry Set,” registered

that Haynes took the firm’s full production. “Baltimore Trade Reports,” CGJ

listed in the 1870 census as a potter in Slackwood, Lawrence Township, just

month, this advertisement was largely reproduced with “S. Fielding & Co. / (Late

design no. 327392, October 9, 1878, BT 43/71/327392, NAK. It was made in

11, no. 14 (April 1, 1880): 10. An 1885 article indicates the firm was founded in

north of Trenton. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York,

Hackney, Kirkham, & Co.)” at the head. See Pottery Gazette 3, no. 30 (December

pattern numbers M2634 (colored-ground majolica) and M2647 (Argenta

1879. “Maryland Queensware,” Baltimore Sun, December 17, 1885, 3.

1820–1897; and Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, NAW, Ancestry.com.

1, 1879): 456. The journal also notes the change to “S. Fielding.” “Fragments,”

majolica). Wedgwood Majolica Pattern Book 1876–1888, Victoria and Albert

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 16, no. 3 (July 20, 1882): 14. Toft is listed in the

ibid., 477. A legal notice was posted the same month of the dissolution of the

Museum, Wedgwood Collection at World of Wedgwood, Barlaston, UK,

“D. F. Haynes & Co. [. . .],” ibid., 16.

Trenton city directories for most of the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s, and he died

previous partnership between Hackney and Fielding. “Notice is hereby given

MS No. E62-33366. Presented by the Art Fund with major support from

23

“Baltimore Trade Reports,” CGJ 10, no. 23 (December 4, 1879): 18.

in Slackwood, Lawrence Township, in 1904. “Deaths,” Trenton Times, June

[. . .],” London Gazette, no. 24788 (December 2, 1879): 7165.

the Heritage Lottery Fund, private donations, and a public appeal. See also

24

“Baltimore Trade Reports,” CGJ 11, no. 14 (April 1, 1880): 10. McNulty was a

20, 1904, 7. Toft may have been recommended to Haynes by Thomas McNulty,

41

“Potting Notes,” Staffordshire Sentinel, October 2, 1880, 8.

native of Belfast, Ireland, who came to the US in 1861, served in the Civil War,

who also came to Baltimore from Ott & Brewer.

42

Haynes left New York for Liverpool on June 3, 1880, and returned on August

21

22

D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, CGJ 10, no. 7 (August 14, 1879): 12. See also

and worked in the Trenton potteries, before moving to Baltimore to manage

33

and “Pottery News,” Brick 18, no. 1 (January 1903): 6.

Bergesen, Majolica, 194.

59

An example of the George Jones wren jug, shape no. 5201, was sold at auction

Toft is only listed in the 1883 Baltimore directory, and by 1885, had again

3, 1880. See “Passengers for Europe,” New York Times, June 3, 1880, 3; and

in 2015. “A Rare George Jones ‘Robin and Ivy’ Pitcher, c. 1875,” in Strawser

Maryland Queensware (subsequently Maryland Pottery Co.), “Deaths: Mr.

found employment in Trenton. Woods’s Baltimore City Directory (Baltimore:

“Passengers Arrived,” New York Times, August 3, 1880, 8. The Crockery and

Auction Group, Fine Majolica for the Connoisseur, online auction,

Thomas McNulty,” Baltimore Sun, March 12, 1890, 6.

John W. Woods, 1883), 991; and 1885 New Jersey State Census, New Jersey

Glass Journal notes the trip and that “Mr. Haynes will no doubt have an eye to

31 October 2015, lot 54, https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/41373147

25

“D. F. Haynes & Co.,” CGJ 12, no. 17 (October 21, 1880): 32.

State Archive, Trenton, NJ, Ancestry.com. Haynes, however, retained a record

business while among the Staffordshire potters.” “Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 11,

26

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 14, no. 22 (November 24, 1881): 41. The transfer-

of the recipe for “Lewis Tofts Premium Sagger Mixture.” See “Bodies, Glazes

no. 21 (May 20, 1880): 19. Hackney arrived in Baltimore on the S.S. Grecian

60

This model was also copied by Griffen, Smith & Co. (see fig. 30.64).

printed decorations included “jockey scenes” as well as “American game—

&c. &c., Chesapeake Pottery, Baltimore, Md., 1881–1885, D. F. Haynes & Co.,

with his wife and 3 children on March 29, 1882. His occupation is listed as

61

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 17, no. 16 (April 19, 1883): 21. The author has been

birds, deer, ducks, partridges, orioles, etc.,” which had been “specially

Proprietors,” D. F. Haynes & Son Chesapeake Pottery Collection, MS 3238,

“Pottery Manager” in the ship’s manifest. Selected Passenger and Crew Lists

unable to locate a copy of this catalogue. It is not preserved in the Chesapeake

engraved for this firm by an American artist,” ibid. See also “Baltimore

Baltimore City Life Museum Collection, box 1, H. Furlong Baldwin Library,

and Manifests, NAW, Ancestry.com.

Pottery collection at the Maryland Historical Society or in the holdings of

Reports,” CGJ 13, no. 16 (April 14, 1881): 32, and “Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 14,

Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (hereafter cited as Chesapeake

no. 12 (September 15, 1881): 42.

Pottery Collection, MDHS).

27

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 15, no. 3 (January 19, 1882): 26.

28

“Copartnership Notices,” Baltimore Sun, November 20, 1880, 2. Tunstall applied to construct 2 buildings and install a “steam boiler and engine,

35

For Hackney leaving the firm, see “Brief Locals,” Baltimore Sun, April 15,

43 44

1886, 4.

_a-rare-george-jones-robin-and-ivy-pitcher-c-1875.

direct descendants of D. F. Haynes, Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable.

D. F. Haynes, “American Pottery in Two Parts, Part One,” Home Magazine 3, no. 10 (August 1891): 10.

62

Bergesen, Majolica, 54, 196, 197.

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 16, no. 8 (August 24, 1882): 38; and “Baltimore,”

63

D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, CGJ 17, no. 22 (May 31, 1883): 6.

ibid., no. 9 (August 31, 1882): 30.

64

“Brief Locals: Beautiful Designs,” Baltimore Sun, May 11, 1883. The parian

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 16, no. 3 (July 20, 1882): 14. The birth of Frederick

45

“Baltimore Reports,” ibid., no. 11 (September 14, 1882): 18.

plaques include “Summer,” which depicts a young woman holding flowers, a

45-horse power” at the Chesapeake Pottery site earlier the same year.

Charles Hackney was recorded in the first quarter of 1848. England and

46

“Industries of Baltimore,” Baltimore Sun, September 14, 1882, 1.

plaque of a bull, and a companion plaque of a cow and her calf. Examples of

“Miscellaneous: Office Inspector of Buildings,” ibid., May 17, 1880, 2. Henry

Wales Civil Registration Indexes, London, England: General Register Office,

47

Unless otherwise noted, this section is drawn from the Baltimore American’s

these can be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (2011.321.5, https://

Oakes Brougham was born December 5, 1828, in Burslem, Staffordshire.

Ancestry.com. When recorded in the 1851 English census, he was living with

report, which is reprinted in “A Beautiful Display,” CGJ 16, no. 12 (September

www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/20757; and 2011.321.13, https://

England & Wales, Christening Index, 1530–1980 (online database),

his grandfather, who is listed as an “Engraver,” likely for the pottery industry.

21, 1882): 29–30.

www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/20736); and the National

Ancestry.com. Isaac Brougham was born in Tunstall, Staffordshire, and at

Census Returns of England and Wales, 1851, NAK, Ancestry.com. While

Haynes explained his wares’ names in a letter to the editor of the Art Amateur.

Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution (cat. nos. CE.96682,

age 8, was listed, like his father, with the occupation “potter,” as were all

Hackney’s mother, Martha, is listed as a “Dress Maker,” her 6 siblings, ages

See “Correspondence: The Nomenclature of the ‘Chesapeake Pottery,’” Art

http://collections.si.edu/search/detail/edanmdm:nmah_581059; and

of his older siblings (4 brothers and 1 sister), including his brother Henry,

12 to 22, all seem to have worked in the pottery industry. They are listed as

Amateur (hereafter abbreviated as AA) 8, no. 4 (March 1883): 97. He notes,

CE.96683, http://collections.si.edu/search/detail/edanmdm:nmah_581060).

age 22. Census Returns of England and Wales, 1851, National Archives,

“Potter,” “Engraver,” “Potter,” “China Paintress,” “China Gilder,” “Paintress.”

“Our underglaze ware we call ‘Clifton’ after a well-known suburb given to our

Priestman was born and died in Toronto, ON. However, he worked as a

Kew (hereafter abbreviated as NAK), Ancestry.com. In addition to noting

Hackney may also have worked in the glaze department of W. T. Copeland &

city by the late Johns Hopkins in his magnificent bequest.”

wood-carver, sculptor, and modeler in Boston, MA, for much of his life. Eighth

that he was employed by Edwin Bennett for 22 years (presumably previous

Sons, where in 1876, a “Frederick Hackney, mixer, in the employ of Messrs.

Haynes noted of Avalon, “This was one of the titles of Lord Baltimore, the

(1860), Ninth (1870), Tenth (1880), and Twelfth (1900) Censuses of the United

to and after his involvement with the Chesapeake Pottery), Brougham’s

Copeland” was a witness in a case against a man accused of stealing glaze

name of an estate of his.” Ibid.

States, NAW, Ancestry.com. Census of Canada, 1911, Library and Archives

obituary indicates he came to the US in about 1868 or 1869. “Obituary: Isaac

colors. “Police Intelligence,” Staffordshire Sentinel, November 29, 1876, 3. In

50

“Baltimore,” CGJ 16, no. 9 (August 31, 1882): 30.

Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Registrations of Deaths, 1869–1947,

Brougham,” Baltimore Sun, January 13, 1896, 7. Brougham first appears in

May 1878, the Pottery and Glass Trades’ Review stated that Hackney and his

51

D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, CGJ 17, no. 16 (April 19, 1883): 10.

Archives of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and Mount Pleasant Cemetery,

the Baltimore directories in 1870, living near Edwin Bennett’s factory. See

partner in the Railway Pottery, J. Kirkham, “for upwards of twenty years were

52

Wedgwood registered the “Bramble” Garden Pot in 1868. “‘Bramble’ Garden

Woods’s Baltimore City Directory (Baltimore: John W. Woods, 1870): 83.

in the fancy goods department of Mssrs. Wedgwood and Sons.” See “Notes and

Pot,” registered design no. 216895, February 18, 1868, BT 43/68/216895, NAK.

Tunstall also appears in the Baltimore directories that year, living at the same

Queries,” Pottery and Glass Trades’ Review 1, no. 10 (May 1878): 214.

However, the pattern M2903, “Bramble Tea Ware Argenta,” which was copied

A report in May 1878 highlights “the Trentham garden pot . . . in a dark brown

by Chesapeake, was not introduced until about 1878. Wedgwood Majolica

66

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 17, no. 25 (June 21, 1883): 10.

Tunstall was born in Chell, Staffordshire, less than 2 miles from Brougham’s

background with rustic work” and “the sun-flower vase,” which features “a

Pattern Book 1876–1888, Victoria and Albert Museum, Wedgwood Collection

67

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 18, no. 7 (August 16, 1883): 38.

birthplace, in about 1838. Tunstall, his father, and his siblings (2 brothers and

sunflower in high relief colored naturally, the whole fairly set off by a deep

at World of Wedgwood, Barlaston, UK, MS No. E62-33366. Presented by

68

“Correspondence: Chesapeake Pottery Again,” AA 9, no. 6 (November 1883): 131.

2 sisters) were all recorded as having the occupation “potter” in 1861. Census

Mazarine blue.” “Messrs. F. Hackney, J. Kirkham & Co.’s Railway Pottery,

the Art Fund with major support from the Heritage Lottery Fund, private

69

“The Household Art Movement,” CGJ 5, no. 16 (April 19, 1877): 5–6.

Returns of England and Wales, 1861, NAK, Ancestry.com. However, Tunstall,

Stoke-On-Trent,” Pottery and Glass Trades’ Journal (hereafter abbreviated as

donations, and a public appeal. See also Victoria Bergesen, Majolica: British,

70

Tiffany & Co. placed more than one order for Chesapeake’s “novel Calvert

outside of the Chesapeake Pottery venture, seems to have turned away from

PGTJ) 1, no. 5 (May 1878): 71.

Continental and American Wares, 1851–1915 (London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1989), 54, 195.

address as Brougham. See ibid., 598. The two were likely childhood friends as

36

37

his background. He is recorded as “Keeping Beer Saloon” in the 1870 census

38

“Designs of the Month,” ibid., no. 7 (July 1878): 105.

as well as in subsequent Baltimore directories until his death ca. 1890, the last

39

For the August 1878 report, see “What the Staffordshire Pottery Are Doing,”

48

49

53

“Baltimore,” CGJ 16, no. 9 (August 31, 1882): 30. This report records the firm

Toronto Trust, vol. 3, 1913, Ancestry.com.

65

“It is quite interesting to note the evolution of one class of pottery [. . .],” CGJ 24, no. 5 (July 29, 1886): 22, 25.

jugs in assorted colors.” “Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 18, no. 20 (November 15, 1883): 14.

71

Large sales to California and Boston are noted in “Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 17,

year he is listed. Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, NAW, Ancestry.com;

CGJ 8, no. 7 (August 15, 1878): 5. This article is reprinted from the British

and R. L. Polk & Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1890 (Baltimore:

Mercantile Gazette. For the September 1878 report, see “Trade,” PGTJ 1, no. 9

R. L. Polk and Co., 1890), 1221. In 1879, Henry Brougham joined his brother

(September 1878): 137.

Baltimore, 1st Lord Proprietary of Maryland, and Arundel, from the

By March 1879, the firm was advertising under Hackney’s name alone. See “F.

Maryland county Anne Arundel, named after Cecil Calvert’s wife.

Chesapeake’s decorators. “Summary of the Week,” American Architect and

had relocated to Trenton, NJ, where he died in 1891. Passenger Lists of Vessels

Hackney & Co.” advertisement, PGTJ 2, no. 3 (March 1879): 44. Hackney and

“Correspondence: The Nomenclature of the ‘Chesapeake Pottery,’” 97.

Building News 14, no. 417 (December 22, 1883): 299; “Baltimore Reports,”

Arriving at New York, New York, 1820–1897, NAW; and 1885 New Jersey State

his partner created an ambitious set of vases in “vergonian” ware, examples of

“Artists and Artisans: The Development and Growth in Baltimore of Taste for

CGJ 19, no. 5 (January 31, 1884): 12; and “Baltimore Reports,” ibid., no. 16

Census, New Jersey State Archive, Trenton, NJ, Ancestry.com. See also

which were shown at the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879–80, part of a

Ceramics,” Baltimore Sun, December 5, 1882, 16. Ash was born into a potting

(April 17, 1884): 30. Chesapeake was represented by Thomas Donoher in

in Baltimore, immigrating to the US with his wife and children. By 1885, he

142

34

MARTIN

40

no. 25 (June 21, 1883): 10; and to the South in “Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 18,

had “three first-class modelers at work, with a large staff of mold makers.”

54

55

no. 6 (August 9, 1883): 18.

The name Cecil was taken from Cecil Calvert (1605–1675), 2nd Baron 72

The expansion included a 2-story brick building that would be used by

Ma j o l i c a Ma d e i n B a l t i m o r e , Ma r y l a n d

143

73 74

75

Boston. See Thomas P. Donoher, Manufacturers’ Agent advertisement, ibid.,

Gazette from June 1890 to May 1891, Hackney illustrated 4 products,

1944, 13. Her gravestone incorrectly states her birth date as November 1, 1861.

Chesapeake Pottery Collection, box 1, MDHS. Also in this collection, and

no. 24 (June 12, 1884): 24.

including a vase or lamp base seemingly identical to one made by Chesapeake

See “Frances Haynes,” Find A Grave website, https://www.findagrave.com

among the few letters to D. F. Haynes preserved there, is a 14-page letter

D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, CGJ 20, no. 7 (August 14, 1884): 10. In this

Pottery (see fig. 32.31B, center). F. Hackney & Co. advertisement, Pottery

/memorial/187569714. A family Bible owned by D. F. Haynes and his descen-

from Prime indicating that Haynes sent him samples of new and experimen-

first advertisement for Calvertine, the ware’s name is misspelled “Colvertine.”

Gazette 15, no. 156 (June 2, 1890): 62. By the following year, Hackney had

dants and now in the possession of Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable

tal wares and asked for his opinions on various questions. Prime responds

In the Calvertine advertisement, the image of the clock is signed

again crossed the Atlantic Ocean, this time to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where he

confirms these life dates.

in depth and also praises and encourages Haynes’s efforts. See William C.

“H.SENIOR.SC.N.Y,” (see fig. 32.29). H. Senior & Co. was a wood-engraving

died on April 8, 1892. Principal Probate Registry, Calendar of the Grants of

99

“Copartnership Notices,” Baltimore Sun, January 24, 1890, 2.

Prime to David F. Haynes, 31 December 1884, ibid. Prime may have also been

firm that created the images of the Chesapeake wares for Haynes’s advertisement.

Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the

100

“Artistic Chesapeake Pottery Exhibit,” ibid., April 17, 1894, 10.

responsible for an article in the Hartford Courant that praises Haynes and

“From Week to Week,” CGJ 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1885): 21. For the catalogue,

High Court of Justice in England, Ancestry.com.

101

Haynes, Bennett & Co. brochure, ca. 1893–94, Bennett Pottery Company

compares him to Josiah Wedgwood I. See “Baltimore Potteries,” Hartford

W. P. Jervis, The Encyclopedia of Ceramics (New York: 268–270 Canal Street,

Records, 1844–1981, Archives Center, NMAH. For Chesapeake’s award, see

Daily Courant, May 19, 1885, 2; reprinted in “Baltimore Potteries,” Baltimore

1885, Chesapeake Pottery Collection, box 1, MDHS.

1902), 75–76. Brunt had trained under a Cambridge University professor in “the

“Awards at the Fair,” Clay Record 3, no 8 (October 27, 1893): 12.

These lamps were probably first introduced in 1883, when the Crockery and

chemistry of potting.” See “Success of a Stoke Man in America,” Staffordshire

Glass Journal noted the “fine faience lamps being brought out.” The “leading

see “Chesapeake Pottery: Artistic and Staple Faience” catalogue, dated April 76

90

Sun, June 3, 1885, 6.

See “China Painting,” AA 31, no. 4 (September 1894): 95; “China and Glass

115

AA 1, no. 1 (June 1879): front cover, 1.

Sentinel, December 11, 1889, 3. He was working at a senior level before he left

Painting,” ibid., no. 6 (November 1894): 141; Haynes, Bennett & Co. adver-

116

Montezuma [Montague Marks], “My Note Book,” AA 8, no. 3 (February

patterns” were “foliage ornamentation in strong relief, the daisy vine, oak, and

England in the 1880s—he is listed as a “Potter-Manager” in the 1881 census.

tisement, AA 32, no. 3 (February 1895): 102; “China Painting,” AA 33, no. 4

hawthorne,” which were covered in a “very rich and brilliant glaze” in olive,

Census Returns of England and Wales, 1881, NAK.

(September 1895): 82; and “New White China for Decoration,” AA 34, no. 3

“Obituary,” Baltimore Sun, November 10, 1886, 4. Miller had been an investor

(February 1896): 78.

is too close to “Haviland Faience” and thus might be an attempt to fool an

blue or green—the same colors used on Calvert ware. “Baltimore Reports,”

91

102

1883): 57.

117

Ibid. Marks also suggests that Chesapeake’s brand name “Avalon Faience”

CGJ 18, no. 12 (September 20, 1883): 16.

or “special partner” in D. F. Haynes & Co. since 1882. “Baltimore Reports,”

103

“The Chesapeake Pottery,” Baltimore Sun, February 18, 1895, 8.

unwary customer. Haynes, in a letter to the editor published the following

77

“Maryland’s Exhibit at New Orleans,” Baltimore Sun, August 30, 1884, 2.

CGJ 15, no. 1 (January 5, 1882): 16. Miller and Haynes were likely friends

104

“D. F. Haynes & Son in Trouble,” CGJ 75, no. 8 (February 22, 1912): 80.

month, rebuts this accusation and traces how his product names are taken

78

“Maryland’s Resources: Her Collection of Products and Other Exhibits for

and business partners as Haynes served as one of his pallbearers. “Funeral,”

105

A large collection of correspondence detailing Frank Haynes’s attempts

from places and people associated with Maryland, Baltimore, and their histo-

New Orleans,” ibid., November 17, 1884, 5. The Maryland display, one of the

Baltimore Sun, November 12, 1886, 4. John P. Ammidon, Trustee, Chesapeake

to revive the pottery is preserved in Chesapeake Pottery Collection, box 1,

ries. “Correspondence: The Nomenclature of the ‘Chesapeake Pottery,’” AA 8,

largest at more than 8,000 square feet, was situated among the other states’

Pottery D. F. Haynes & Co., notice sent to customers, January 12, 1887,

MDHS. See also “New Pottery Plant Soon to Start,” Baltimore Sun, April 15,

exhibits in the United States Building.

E. Huston Bennett scrapbook and catalog, MS 3236, H. Furlong Baldwin

1913, 3; and “What the Potteries Are Doing,” CGJ 79, no. 22 (May 28, 1914): 19.

118

“Correspondence: Chesapeake Pottery Again,” AA 9, no. 6 (November 1883): 131.

In 1885, D. F. Haynes & Co. donated 11 of the pieces the firm exhibited in New

Library, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore.

The firm first advertised in the third month of the journal’s existence. See

119

[Montague Marks], “Ceramics,” AA 12, no. 4 (March 1885): 91.

Ibid.; “Embarrassment of a Manufacturing Firm,” Baltimore Sun, January 8,

Ammidon & Co. advertisement, Crockery Journal 1, no. 6 (February 6, 1875):

120

Montezuma [Montague Marks], “My Note Book,” AA 19, no. 1 (June 1888):

and they are now in the collection of the National Museum of American

1887, 4; “Business Assignments,” ibid., January 12, 1887, 4; “D. F. Haynes &

11. The periodical’s first issue was published on November 28, 1874, and it was

4; “China Painting,” AA 31, no. 4 (September 1894): 95; “China and Glass

History, Smithsonian Institution (hereafter abbreviated as NMAH), cat.

Co. Embarrassed,” CGJ 25, no. 2 (January 13, 1887): 21; “Notice,” Pottery and

renamed Crockery and Glass Journal with the July 8, 1875 issue.

Painting,” ibid., no. 6 (November 1894): 141; “China Painting,” AA 33, no. 4

nos. CE.96680–CE.96690. In addition, the Baltimore Sun reported that “the

Glassware Reporter (hereafter abbreviated as PGR) 16, no. 13 (January 13,

In the early years of the pottery, artists were mostly credited for designs of

(September 1895): 82; and “New White China for Decoration,” AA 34, no. 3

exposition police force captured a woman who had in her possession two large

1887): 17; “Affairs of D. F. Haynes & Co.,” CGJ 25, no. 3 (January 20, 1887): 22;

parian plaques. By the late 1880s and early 1890s (well after the production

boxes of stolen goods, mainly taken from the Maryland exhibit. In her posses-

“Business Changes and Embarrassments,” PGR 16, no. 14 (January 20, 1887):

of majolica had ceased), Chesapeake began to name the designers of both

sion were found one china clock and a lamp and several other articles belong-

17; “Sale of a Pottery,” Baltimore Sun, February 14, 1887, 4; and “Baltimore,”

earthenware shapes and decorations.

Science Monthly 40, no. 3 (January 1892): 290–322. Barber traces the earlier

ing to the fine china ware exhibit of D. F. Haines [sic] & Co. of Baltimore.”

CGJ 25, no. 7 (February 17, 1887): 19.

A rare surviving letter from Haynes’s correspondence is from Frederic Edwin

history of American ceramic manufacture in an article published the previous month. See Barber, “The Rise of the Pottery Industry,” ibid., no. 2 (December

79

Orleans to the United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution,

92

106

107

108

no. 4 (March 1883): 97.

(February 1896): 78.

121

Edwin AtLee Barber, “Recent Advances in the Pottery Industry,” Popular

“Thefts from the Maryland Exhibit,” Baltimore Sun, March 14, 1885, 6.

93

“Sale of a Pottery,” Baltimore Sun, February 14, 1887, 4.

Church (1826–1900) in 1885. The text of this document is telling in terms of

80

“Glimpses of the Exposition,” ibid., April 23, 1885, 6.

94

A report from March 1887 notes that “Mr. Huston Bennett has not yet been

Haynes’s interaction with artists and critics: “[illegible] Mexico July 30th

81

“A Maryland State Museum,” ibid., April 25, 1885, 6.

able to arrange matters . . . as to give much of his time to the Chesapeake.”

1885 / Mr. D. F. Haynes / Dear sir / Your letter of Dec 22 ’84 / was recently

122

Barber, “Recent Advances in the Pottery Industry,” 305.

82

“Maryland at New Orleans,” ibid., June 10, 1885, 5. That these pieces were

“Baltimore,” CGJ 25, no. 12 (March 24, 1887), 19.

forwarded to me to the City of Mexico. / I am much obliged for the samples /

123

Ibid., 306.

The Arundel service was “nearly ready to be put on the market” in June

you send for my examination and / acceptance and also for your kind / opinion

124

Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, 320–32. Barber’s book

Exposition is noted on both the accession card (“thro N. O. Ex.”) and in

1887, when a reporter for the Crockery and Glass Journal noted, “We were

of my judgment. / I shall take great pleasure in / seeing these new examples of

includes 1 photograph of Haynes and 9 of Chesapeake wares. This account of

a memorandum in the accession file (“Thro’ New Orleans Exhibition”),

surprised to learn that quite a good part of the modeling of the Arundel was

the / art you are so successfully developing. / There is much that is interesting

Haynes and Chesapeake Pottery also appears in the subsequent 1901 and 1909

Accession File 16971, NMAH, SI.

done by Mr. Brunt.” “Baltimore,” ibid., no. 25 (June 23, 1887), 25–26. See also

/ in works in pottery in Mexico. / Notably in Guadalajara. This / pot ware is

83

Severn ware likely takes its name from Maryland’s Severn River.

“Arundel Dinner & Tea Service” catalogue, dated July 1, 1887; and “Arundel

soft being used chiefly / for water coolers, but the shapes are / usually graceful

125

Ibid., 322.

84

“Business Changes and New Firms,” CGJ 21, no. 3 (January 15, 1885): 20; and

Dinner Ware in Avalon China, List of Decorations and Scales,” dated October

and the coloring / is often very beautiful being always / of soft and modest

126

Ibid., iv.

“Business Changes,” Baltimore Sun, January 1, 1885, 4.

1, 1887, Chesapeake Pottery Collection, box 1, MDHS. The price lists indicate

tints. / Trusting that your commendable / efforts to improve and develope

127

Curiously, Fannie failed to note her training at the Maryland Institute in her

“Business Changes and New Firms,” CGJ 23, no. 2 (January 14, 1886): 23.

an earlier price list for this service, dated July 1887.

[sic] art / in Pottery may meet with deserved / success / I am / Yours truly /

own short autobiography, which is published in a family genealogy: “After

exhibited by Haynes at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial

85

86

95

1891): 145–70.

editions.

Haynes received a permit to again expand the works, indicating continued

96

Montezuma [Montague Marks], “My Note Book,” AA 19, no. 1 (June 1888): 4.

F. E. Church.” F. E. Church to D. F. Haynes, 30 July 1885, Chesapeake Pottery

graduating at the Western High School of Baltimore, she took a short course

good business. “Municipal Affairs,” Baltimore Sun, December 19, 1885, 6.

97

See “Baltimore,” CGJ 28, no. 17 (October 25, 1888): 30; “Good for the

Collection, box 1, MDHS.

at the Metropolitan Museum Art Schools in New York. She taught modeling in

For Hart praising parian plaques of cattle as “charming and very artistic,” see

clay at Pratt Institute in Brooklyn for one year, and then took up designing for textiles and found a ready market for her patterns. A severe illness forced her

William Seemuller & Co. Auctioneers advertisement, ibid., December 18,

Amateurs,” ibid., no. 18 (November 1, 1888): 26; “The Philadelphia

1885, 3.

Exposition,” ibid., no. 20 (November 15, 1888): 23; “Philadelphia Affairs:

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 18, no. 16 (October 18, 1883): 40. Ball’s endorsement

87

D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, CGJ 24, no. 6 (August 5, 1886): 30.

The Pottery Exhibition,” Baltimore Sun, October 8, 1889, 1; “American Art

of Haynes’s parian as “exquisitely delicate and refined” was also reported in

88

“Brief Locals,” Baltimore Sun, April 15, 1886, 4.

Industry,” CGJ 30, no. 16 (October 17, 1889): 28; L. W. Miller, “Industrial

1883. “Baltimore Reports,” ibid., no. 7 (August 16, 1883): 38. Two promotional

89

Hackney set up his decorating business in 1887. See “Office of Inspector

Art: The Exhibition of Art Industry at Philadelphia,” AA 21, no. 6 (November

flyers for Chesapeake Pottery parian plaques are preserved in the collection

Sun, October 17, 1882, 4; and Sixteenth Annual Report of the State Board of

of Buildings,” ibid., November 29, 1887, 2. He does not appear in the 1887

1889): 134; “The Chesapeake Pottery Wins Again,” Baltimore Sun, November

of Haynes’s descendants Alisse Cable Craig and J. David Cable, and they

Education, Showing the Condition of the Public Schools of Maryland for the Year

Baltimore directory, but in 1888, he is listed as a “china decorator.” R. L. Polk

19, 1889, 4; “Awards of Prizes,” CGJ 30, no. 21 (November 21, 1889): 25; and

include “testimonials” from Church, Hart, Ball, and Ward, as well as from

& Co.’s Baltimore City Directory for 1888 (Baltimore: R. L. Polk and Co.,

“Art Industries Exhibition Prizes,” AA 22, no. 1 (December 1889): 28.

Daniel Huntington (1816–1906), Erastus Dow Palmer (1817–1904), and Arthur

These vases and their designers are described in detail in “Baltimore,” CGJ

Quartley (1839–1886), among others.

1888), 468. In the 1889 directory, he is listed with the same occupation in a decorating business with James E. Donaldson. R. L. Polk & Co.’s Baltimore

28, no. 17 (October 25, 1888): 30. Fannie Haynes’s vase was purchased after

City Directory for 1889 (Baltimore: R. L. Polk & Co., 1889), 484. By the end

to give up this work after five years.” Haynes, Walter Haynes, 153.

128

See “The Maryland Institute: Business Chances for Young Women,” Baltimore

Ending September 30, 1882 (Hagerstown, MD: Mail Job Print, 1883): 30–31.

129

“Artists and Artisans: The Development and Growth in Baltimore of Taste for Ceramics,” Baltimore Sun, December 5, 1882, 16.

[William C. Prime], “The Contrast,” New York Journal of Commerce 99,

130

“Art Work at the Chesapeake Pottery,” ibid., May 23, 1884, 4.

the exhibition and put on display at the Pennsylvania Museum. See Amy

no. 18019 (November 24, 1882): 2. Long excerpts from this editorial were

131

Ibid.; “Exhibition of Art Work of the Maryland Institute,” Baltimore Sun,

of 1889, Hackney had returned to England, where he operated a pottery

Seville Wolff, “Women Potters and Their Work,” Times (Philadelphia), August

published in Baltimore. See “Baltimore Pottery in New York,” Baltimore Sun,

June 3, 1884, 4; “The Maryland Institute Schools of Art and Design Annual

in Hanley that made majolica and other decorative and useful earthen-

2, 1896, 16; reprinted in Clay Record 9, no. 4 (August 28, 1896): 21–22. This

November 25, 1882, 1.

Commencement,” ibid., June 4, 1884, 5; and “Maryland Institute Art Schools:

ware until the spring of 1891. He is recorded as a “China Manufacturer” in

vase is no longer in the collection and was likely sold in the 1940s or early

“Death List of a Day: William Cowper Prime,” New York Times, February 14,

Exhibition of Student Work, The Annual Commencement Tonight,” ibid., June

that year’s census. See “Legal Notices,” Staffordshire Sentinel, December

1950s, when the museum deaccessioned substantial amounts of its ceramics

1905, 9; and Lee Sorensen, ed. “Prime, William Cowper,” Dictionary of Art

24, 1889, 2; “Messrs. F. Hackney & Co.,” ibid., no. 159 (September 1, 1890):

(see chap. 9). The vase designed by Brunt and Beattie is illustrated in Susan

Historians website, http://www.arthistorians.info/primew.

4; “Sales by Auction: To EARTHENWARE MANUFACTURERS, MR.

H. Myers, “Aesthetic Aspirations: Baltimore Potters and the Art Craze,”

CHARLES BUTTERS [. . .],” Staffordshire Advertiser, March 7, 1891, 4; “To

American Ceramic Circle Journal 8 (1992): 46, and is in the collection of the

MANUFACTURERS, DECORATORS, DEALERS, and Others.—BROAD

Maryland Historical Society.

STREET WORKS, JAMES STREET HANLEY,” ibid., April 25, 1891, 8;

144

98

109

110

111

112

Fannie Haynes was born January 27, 1860, in Baltimore. See Haynes,

First Biennial Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics and Information of Maryland, 1884–1885 (Baltimore: Guggenheim, Weil and Co., 1886), 139.

William Cowper Prime, Pottery and Porcelain of All Times and Nations (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1878).

113

2, 1885, 4.

132 133

Ibid., 179. The report indicates that the “wages paid in Maryland potteries

This testimonial first appeared in D. F. Haynes & Co. advertisement, CGJ 17,

[are] regulated by the scale of prices adopted in the State of New Jersey, which

no. 5 (February 1, 1883): 19.

is the centre of the Eastern pottery trade,” ibid., 140. The weekly wage for

[William C. Prime], “Pottery and Porcelain,” New York Journal of Commerce

female decorators is listed at $7.20, lower than the “$10 to $12 a week” made

“Trade Notes,” Pottery Gazette 16, no. 163 (January 1, 1892): 61; and Census

Walter Haynes, 153. By the end of her life, she was known as Frances Haynes.

Returns of England and Wales, 1891, NAK, Ancestry.com. In the advertise-

She died in Towson, MD, on May 28, 1944, and was buried in Baltimore’s

105, no. 18960 (December 28, 1885): 2. It is telling that an offprint of this

by “some of the young ladies” noted in “Art Work at the Chesapeake Pottery,”

ment for his business, F. Hackney & Co., which ran monthly in the Pottery

Green Mount Cemetery. See “Death Notices: Haynes,” Baltimore Sun, May 29,

article was retained by Haynes and his son and is still preserved in the

Baltimore Sun, May 23, 1884, 4.

MARTIN

114

Ma j o l i c a Ma d e i n B a l t i m o r e , Ma r y l a n d

145

The most highly skilled decorators were to be paid $1.20 to decorate a 14-piece

1849), 35. In the 1851 directory, the firm advertises as “E. & W. BENNETT,

set, a raise of 20 cents. See “Baltimore,” CGJ 23, no. 11 (March 18, 1886): 26.

MANUFACTURERS OF ROCKINGHAM AND YELLOW IRON-STONE

See also “A Pottery Strike: Female Decorators Resist a Reduction and Secure

WARE, CORNER OF CANAL ST. AND CANTON AVENUE, TWO

an Increase of Pay,” Baltimore Sun, March 9, 1886, 1; and “The Chesapeake

“New Inventions,” CGJ 17, no. 11 (March 15, 1883): 30; and “Miscellaneous

bronze panels on monuments to civil war soldiers in Hollidaysburg, PA, and

Inventions,” Scientific American 48, no. 22 (June 2, 1883): 345.

Pana, IL. “Bronze,” Monumental News 8, no. 5 (May 1896): 316; and “Bronze

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 18, no. 12 (September 20, 1883): 16; and “Baltimore

Panel for Soldiers’ Monument at Pana, Ill.,” Monumental News 10, no. 8

SQUARES EAST OF THE Philadelphia and Wilmington Rail Road Depot,

Reports,” ibid., no. 23 (December 6, 1883): 28. Many of these syrup jugs are

(August 1898): 461. Between 1896 and 1909, Beattie designed at least 8

Pottery Decorators,” ibid., March 10, 1886, 4.

BALTIMORE.” Matchett’s Baltimore Director for 1851 (Baltimore: R. J.

marked BEN NET T ’S PATEN T, and some carry the additional date JA N. 23,

patented designs for stoves for the Sill Stove Works of Rochester, NY. See,

Third Biennial Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics and Information

Matchett, 1851), 381. In 1855, E. and W. Bennett were listed as proprietors

1873 as part of the mark. The author has not been able to trace a patent granted

for example, patent no. 26,262, Cooking Stove, November 10, 1896, https://

of Maryland, 1888–89 (Annapolis: George T. Melvin, 1890), 24.

of a “Queensware factory.” Matchett’s Baltimore Directory for 1855–56

to Edwin Bennett for this date or any patents for such a syrup jug shape.

patents.google.com/patent/USD26262S; and patent no. 40,356, Stove,

136

Ibid., 23.

(Baltimore: Richard J. Matchett), 44. Edwin Bennett continued to be listed

165

Ibid.

137

Ibid., 82.

as a manufacturer of cane and Rockingham wares from the late 1850s until

166

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 19, no 16 (April 17, 1884): 30.

138

Ibid., 114. Other potteries surveyed included Edwin Bennett’s and Maryland

1871, when he was listed as making “white, yellow and Rockingham ware.”

167

“Illustrations of Artistic Wares, Manufactured by Edwin Bennett.” Bennett

Challen Beattie (1839–1881) came to Taunton, MA, in the 1870s to work as a

Pottery Co.

Woods’s Baltimore City Directory (Baltimore: John W. Woods, 1871): 50.

Pottery Company Records, 1844–1981, box 3, folder 2, Archives Center, NMAH.

designer for Reed and Barton, a leading manufacturer of fine silver goods, a

In 1906, he gave the institution a bequest of “41 pieces of chinaware.” See

Bennett’s Rockingham ware has been recognized in recent major studies on

“Baltimore Reports,” CGJ 20, no 14 (October 2, 1884): 12. See also “Baltimore

major industry in the city during the 19th century. William B. McCord, ed.,

“Presents for Institute,” Baltimore Sun, February 13, 1906, 6.

the topic, including in Jane Perkins Claney, Rockingham Ware in American

Reports,” ibid., no 15 (October 9, 1884): 24. For examples of the parian flowers,

History of Columbiana County, Ohio and Representative Citizens (Chicago:

140

See note 2 in this chapter.

Culture, 1830–1930: Reading Historical Artifacts (Hanover, NH: University

see NMAH, 1986.0446.12A-Q and 1986.0446.17.

Biographical Publishing Co., 1905), 662. Possibly his most significant design

141

Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on “Autobiography of Edwin

Press of New England, 2004); and Diana Stradling, ed., “Fancy Rockingham”

For the incorporation, see “Local Matters,” Baltimore Sun, September 3,

was the Progress Vase, which was featured in Reed and Barton’s display at the

Bennett” and “Bennett Family History,” Bennett Pottery Company Records,

Pottery: The Modeller and Ceramics in Nineteenth-Century America, exh.

1890, 4. Recognition of Edwin Bennett’s significant role in the pottery indus-

Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia and is now in the collection of

1844–1981, box 1, folder 1, Archives Center, NMAH. The “Autobiography of

cat. (Richmond, VA: University of Richmond Museums, 2005).

try was also highlighted in January 1890, when he was elected president of the

the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. See 2015.3135, https://www.mfa.org

In 1850, the Bennetts entered “a lot of domestic queensware.” See “Local

United States Potters’ Association, an office he held for two terms. See “United

/collections/object/progress-vase-made-for-the-1876-centennial-international

134

135

139

Edwin Bennett” is “copied from his hand written notes written or recorded

154

163 164

168

169

November 16, 1909, https://patents.google.com/patent/USD40356S. 182

After beginning his career in Birmingham, England, Beattie’s father, William

at the age of 78 years (1896)” by the wife of Edwin Bennett’s grandson,

Matters: Fair of the Maryland Institute,” Baltimore Sun, October 22, 1850, 1.

States Potters’ Association,” Baltimore Sun, January 23, 1890, 1.

-exhibition-628203. He is recorded as an “Artist Designer” in the 1871 census

Portia Filbert, who donated the Bennett Pottery Company Records to the

They entered queensware again in 1852. “Local Matters: Fair of the Maryland

170

“City News in Brief,” ibid., July 24, 1890, 2.

for Birmingham, England, and as a “Designer” in the 1880 US census for

Smithsonian.

Institute,” ibid., October 20, 1852, 1. In 1853, the firm won a gold medal for its

171

Edwin Bennett Pottery advertisement, ibid., July 11, 1890, 3. This classified

Taunton, MA, and on his death in the same town in 1881. Census Returns

Jewitt notes that the “Wooden Box Pottery” was established in 1817 and had

“domestic queensware.” “Fair of the Maryland Institute: Awards of Premiums,”

advertisement reads, “China Decorators Wanted—Lady China Decorators,

of England and Wales, 1871, NAK; Tenth Census of the United States, 1880,

“been successively worked by Mr. Robinson, Messrs. Harrison and Cash,

ibid., November 1, 1853, 1. In 1854, it earned a certificate of merit for queen-

those used to working in a pottery preferred, also, intelligent Girls to learn the

NAW; and Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911, New England Historic

Messrs. Hallam & Co., and Messrs Watts and Cash.” Llewellynn Jewitt, The

sware. “Fair of the Maryland Institute: Mr. Vansant’s Address, Distribution of

business. Apply to Manager Edwin Bennett Pottery Company, Canton and

Genealogical Society, Boston, MA, Ancestry.com. See also “William Challen

Ceramic Art of Great Britain from Pre-Historic Times Down to the Present:

Premiums, &c, Closing Scenes,” ibid., October 19, 1854, 1.In 1855, the Bennetts

Central avenues.”

Beattie,” Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and

Being a History of the Ancient and Modern Pottery and Porcelain Works of the

showed 75 pieces of queensware. “Local Matters: The Maryland Institute

172

“Baltimore, MD.,” PGR 24, no. 17 (January 19, 1891): 9.

Ireland, 1851–1951 (online database), http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person

Kingdom and of Their Productions of Every Class (London: Virtue and Co.,

Fair,” ibid., October 17, 1855, 1. In 1856, they were awarded a certificate for

173

“Progress of American Art,” PGR 25, no. 15 (July 16, 1891): 19.

1878), 2:165–67.

their queensware. “Fair of the Maryland Institute: Address of the President,

174

“An Exhibit of Maryland Pottery,” Baltimore Sun, April 8, 1893, 10.

143

Ibid., 160–61.

Awards of Merit, &c.,” ibid., November 3, 1856, 1.In 1858, “E. Bennett” was

175

One reporter recorded an “urn in Rockingham ware” and described it as

ited at the Royal Academy and Royal Scottish Academy. He worked in the

144

Bennett & Brothers trade card, Bennett Pottery Company Records, 1844–

awarded a gold medal for queensware and a silver for “iron stone yellow

“Greek, with dolphin handles and vines in relief.” “One of the World’s Fair

Potteries from about 1850 through the early 1860s, and he was a modeler

1981, box 3, folder 3, Archives Center, NMAH.

ware self sealing jars.” “Close of the Maryland Institute Fair, Address of the

Features,” PGR 20, no. 3 (April 20, 1893): 6. A late 19th-century photograph

and designer principally for Josiah Wedgwood & Sons, as well as for Minton

Later in life, Bennett generally indicated he came to Baltimore in 1846,

President, Award of Premiums,” ibid., November 3, 1858, 1. In 1863, Bennett

of an urn matching this description is preserved in Bennett Pottery Company

& Co.; W. T. Copeland; T. C. Brown-Westhead, Moore & Co.; and others.

although Eugenia Calvert Holland suggests it could have been as early as

showed “cane and Rockingham ware.” “Local Matters: Maryland Institute

Records, 1844–1981, box 3, folder 5, Archives Center, NMAH.

“William Beattie,” ibid., http://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id

1844. Calvert Holland, Edwin Bennett and the Products of His Baltimore

Fair,” ibid., October 20, 1863, 1. Interestingly, Edwin Bennett’s member-

A jug in the Persian decoration is illustrated in Trumbull White and William

=msib6_1203328550; Robin Reilly, Wedgwood: The New Illustrated

Pottery (Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 1973), 2–3. An 1880 account

ship card to the Maryland Institute, which granted admission to the fair, is

Igleheart, The World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 (Boston: John K.

Dictionary (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1995), 59;

in the Baltimore Sun notes that he “came to this city in 1845, and the following

included in the company archive at the Smithsonian. See Bennett Pottery

Hastings, 1893), 117.

Maureen Batkin and Paul Atterbury, eds., The Parian Phenomenon: A Survey

year established this manufactory.” “Local Matters: Baltimore Queensware

Company Records, 1844–1981, box 3, folder 3, Archives Center, NMAH.

For the first report, see “An Exhibit of Maryland Pottery,” Baltimore Sun,

of Victorian Parian Porcelain Statuary and Busts (Somerset, UK: Richard

Edwin Bennett was granted patent number 16139 on December 2, 1856, for

April 8, 1893, 10. For the second report, see “One of the World’s Fair Features,”

Dennis, 1989): 260; Maureen Batkin, Wedgwood Ceramics, 1846–1959: A

“Proceedings of the City Council,” ibid., May 14, 1847, 4. Bennett had evidently

“Improvement in Earthen Vessels for Hermetical Sealing Purposes,” and

PGR 20, no. 3 (April 20, 1893): 6.

been in Baltimore for some time prior to this permission being granted as the

patent 18078 on September 1, 1857, for “Sealing Fruit Jars.” On November 2,

178

“An Exhibit of Maryland Pottery,” Baltimore Sun, April 8, 1893, 10.

Baltimore Sun notes that “examinations he has made of the clay in the vicinity

1869, Bennett was granted patent number 96869 for “Improvement in Fruit

179

“None Finer than These: Baltimore’s Display of High Art in Pottery,”

of Baltimore” led him to conclude “a superior article” of queensware could be

Jars.” The 1869 patent papers are preserved in Bennett Pottery Company

Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser, April 8, 1893, 4. An

made in the city. See “Local Matters: Queensware Manufactory,” ibid., April

Records, 1844–1981, box 2, folder 1, Archives Center, NMAH. For a discussion

example that might match the yellow color described was sold in 2007. See

14, 1847, 2.

and illustrations of one of Bennett’s patented jars, see William C. Ketchum Jr.,

“E & W. Bennett Pottery White Terra-cotta Griffin Fern Stand,” in Skinner

Earthenware, ‘Silver Grey’- Trefoil shaped basin on column supported by 3

147

“Bennett Family History.”

American Country Pottery: Yellowware and Spongeware (New York: Knopf,

Auctioneers, European Furniture & Decorative Arts, sale cat., Boston, 14 July

griffins with upraised wings. Made by Edwin Bennett Pottery Co.” The piece

148

Bennett Rockingham ware is held in most major collections of American

1987), 21, 57, and fig. 17.

2007, lot 445, https://www.skinnerinc.com/auctions/2369/lots/445.

was subsequently deaccessioned on May 26, 1941. Philadelphia Museum of

142

145

Manufacture,” Baltimore Sun, August 14, 1880, 4.

146

ceramics including those at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Metropolitan 149

150 151

156

Unless otherwise noted, this section is based on David J. Goldberg, “Charles

& QUEENSWARE ALLSO [sic] YELLOW / & ROCKINGHAMWARE &

and sculptor, he was based in Quincy, MA, where he died in 1918. “Quincy:

Coxon: Nineteenth-Century Potter, Modeler-Designer, and Manufacturer,”

SELF-SEALING / FRUITS JARS & C.” See “Bennet, Edwin Pottery Company

Herbert W. Beattie,” Boston Globe, November 16, 1918, 5; Census Returns of

American Ceramic Circle Journal 9 (1994): 28–64.

– Cor. Canton & Central Av.,” lithograph by E. Sachse & Co., 1869, Small

England and Wales, 1871, NAK; Tenth (1880), Twelfth (1900), and Thirteenth

“Daybook,” 1853–1871, Bennett Pottery Company Records, 1844–1981, box 6,

Print Collection, H. Furlong Baldwin Library, Maryland Historical Society,

(1910) Censuses of the United States, NAW, Ancestry.com.

folder 1, Archives Center, NMAH.

Baltimore. Edwin Bennett was granted design patent 4175 for a “a rice or

Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States, 198. Pottery and

vegetable dish,” likely to be made in ironstone, on June 28, 1870.

Kensington Art School” in London, where he was awarded two silver medals

181

William Beattie was a versatile sculptor and designer who frequently exhib-

New Appraisal (London: Richard Dennis, 1982), 232.

184

Edwin AtLee Barber to Dalton Dorr, 26 October 1893. Philadelphia Museum of Art Achives, Dalton Dorr Records, Box 10, f. 2, Series IIa, Edwin AtLee Barber correspondence, letter no. 4.

185

Beattie was born in Birmingham, England, in 1863 and immigrated with his family to the US, to Taunton, MA, in 1875. For much of his career as a modeler

The acquisition was described as “Given by Edwin Bennett Pottery Co. . . .

Art Archives, Pennsylvania Museum Accession Book, 1876–1919, page 591.

186

The firm featured the fern stand in a full-page photograph on the back of the 1898 catalogue. “Edwin Bennett Pottery Co. Price List, 1898,” Bennett Pottery Company Records, 1844–1981, box 3, folder 1, Archives Center, NMAH.

187

Edwin AtLee Barber, The Pottery and Porcelain of the United States: An Historical Review of American Ceramic Art from the Earliest Times to the

“Baltimore,” CGJ 28, no. 17 (October 25, 1888): 30. Beattie attended the “South

Present Day, 2nd ed. (New York, London: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1901), 472.

188

Berg was a native of New Brunswick, NJ, who trained at the Pennsylvania

Glassware Reporter describes a “large pitcher in majolica ware” in its report on

157

Howard, The Monumental City, 499–500.

for designs in 1885. “Academy and Art School News: National Competition

Museum and School of Industrial Art (PMSIA). Following her work for

Bennett’s 1893 historical display, likely the same one Barber describes. “One

158

Edwin Bennett advertisement, Crockery Journal 1, no. 5 (January 23, 1875): 5.

of Schools of Art, 1885,” Artist 6, no. 69 (September 1, 1885): 274–75. In

Bennett, she served for many years as the librarian for the PMSIA before

of the World’s Fair Features,” PGR 20, no. 3 (April 20, 1893): 6. The Baltimore

159

The Baltimore city council gave Bennett permission to “erect a tile and

1896, Beattie, “Quincy’s well-known modeller” and “graduate of the South

her death in Philadelphia in 1929. “Funeral Held for Kate De Witt Berg in

American in its description of the pottery’s planned displays for Chicago also

earthenware factory” on June 3, 1876. The Ordinances and Resolutions of the

Kensington London Art School,” was giving classes in “clay-modelling, free

Philadelphia,” Daily Home News, July 17, 1929, 4. Originally from Lancaster

notes “a large pitcher, of majolica ware” but describes the vases as being “of

Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Passed at the Annual Session of 1876

hand drawing and monumental designing” at a local YMCA. “Notes from the

County, PA, Brinton also trained at the PMSIA prior to her work at Edwin

Palissy design.” “None Finer than These: Baltimore’s Display of High Art in

(Baltimore: John Cox, 1877), 109.

Quarry and Shop,” Stone 13, no. 5 (October 1896): 508. Beattie designed a

Bennett’s. Later in life she was a teacher at the George School, a Quaker

“Maryland Institute Fair,” Baltimore Sun, November 12, 1878, 1; and “Some

monument to honor the soldiers and sailors from Sudbury, MA, who fought

boarding school near Newtown, Bucks County, PA. “Miss Anne H. Brinton,”

Recent Inventions,” Scientific American 40, no 10 (March 8, 1879): 154.

in the Revolutionary War, which was unveiled in 1896. “Dedication of the

“Local Matters: Baltimore Queensware Manufacture,” Baltimore Sun, August

Sudbury Monument,” Spirit of ’76 2, no. 11 (July 1896): 289; and “Among the

14, 1880, 4.

Sculptors,” Monumental News 8, no. 3 (March 1896): 191. He also designed

160

It was likely destroyed in a fire that devastated the Bennett factory in 1913.

161

Lumber Mill District Gives Firemen Hard Sunday Fight,” Baltimore Sun, May 26, 1913, 12.

146

180

“EDWIN BENNET / MANUFACTURER OF WHITE STONE / CHINA

See “BENNETT POTTERY DAMAGED $50,000: Spectacular Blaze in

153

In an 1869 image of the factory, the facade is painted with the sign

177

Museum of Art, Newark Museum, and Brooklyn Museum.

Pottery,” Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser, April 8, 1893, 4.

152

155

176

.php?id=ann_1291045546.

183

162

French slip-decorated wares, known as “barbotine” ware, were first brought to the attention of the American public at the Centennial Exhibition of 1876.

Industries of Maryland. A Descriptive Review of the Manufacturing and

Edwin “Bennet” was first listed in 1849 as “fire proof & cane manufacturer”

Mercantile Industries of the City of Baltimore (New York, Philadelphia, and

in Matchett’s Baltimore Director, for 1849 ’50 (Baltimore: R. J. Matchett,

Baltimore: Historical Publishing Company, 1882), 241.

MARTIN

Intelligencer Journal, April 3, 1947, 2.

189

Ma j o l i c a Ma d e i n B a l t i m o r e , Ma r y l a n d

147