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Proceedings
Arte-Polis 6 International Conference Imagining Experiences: Creative Tourism and the Making of Place Bandung, 4-5 August, 2016
Volume 1
School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung INDONESIA
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Proceedings Arte-Polis 6 International Conference Imagining Experiences: Creative Tourism and the Making of Place Bandung, 4-5 August 2016 Arte-Polis 6 Advisory Committee Christopher SILVER, Prof. (University of Florida - United States of America) Nezar ALSAYYAD, Ph.D. (Univ. of California, Berkeley - United States of America) Alexander CUTHBERT, Prof. (em). (University of New South Wales - Australia) Mohammad DANISWORO, Prof.(em). (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Dr. Ir. Myra Puspasari GUNAWAN, MT. (Center for Tourism Planning and Development ITB - Indonesia) Himasari HANAN, Dr.-Ing. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Setiawan SABANA, Prof. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Indra Budiman SYAMWIL, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Togar M. SIMATUPANG, Prof. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Eku WAND, Prof. (Braunschweig Univeristy of Art - Germany) Basauli Umar LUBIS, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia)
Chairman, Arte-Polis 6 Organizing Committee Arif Sarwo WIBOWO, Dr.Eng.
Reviewers Allis NURDINI, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Aswin INDRAPRASTHA, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Foujita YASUHITO, Dr.Eng. (Tokyo Institute of Technology - Japan) Heru W. POERBO, Dr-Ing. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Himasari HANAN, Dr-Ing. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Indah WIDISATUTI, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Indra Budiman SYAMWIL, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Ismet Belgawan HARUN, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Iwan SUDRADJAT, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Lenia MARQUES, Dr. (Bournemouth University - United Kingdom) Masashi MORITA, Dr.Eng. (Yokohama National University - Japan) Monica SMIT, Dr. (TU Delft - The Netherland) Rino WICAKSONO, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Indonesia - Indonesia) Setiawan SABANA, Prof. Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Surjamanto WONORAHARDJO, Dr. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Tubagus Furqon SOFHANI, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia) Wiwik Dwi PRATIWI, Ph.D. (Institut Teknologi Bandung - Indonesia)
Editors Indah WIDIASTUTI Nova ASRIANA Hafshah SALAMAH
School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung
ISBN 978-602-70680-9-4 (jil.1)
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Copyright and Reprint Permission All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrival system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Arte-Polis Organizing Committee.
All Rights Reserved. Š 2016 by School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, INDONESIA Tel. +62-22-2504962, Fax. +62-22-2530705 Email: artepolis@ar.itb.ac.id
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Preliminary Studies of Urban Design Guidelines for Cultural Heritage District in Bandung Old City Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN School of Architecture, Planning, and Policy Development Institute of Technology Bandung INDONESIA aziz.soelaiman@yahoo.com
Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO Senior Urban Designer Urban Design Research Center (PSUD) INDONESIA yogiedwimaz@yahoo.com
David Anugrah KURNIAWAN Urban Designer Urban Design Research Center (PSUD) INDONESIA davidchalik@gmail.com
ABSTRACT As one of the most favorite tourist destinations in Indonesia with its panoramic view, weather, and colonial architecture, Bandung has also brought negative impact to the quality of building and environment character. This preliminary study investigates on what is the right strategy to reduce the negative impact that related to urban cultural heritage. By analyzing throughout historical study and typology significance of building and environment, this paper gives an illustration that there is a gap between the historical development of the city, the planning regulations or policies, and current condition. Therefore, detailed planning regulations or urban design guidelines as development control for cultural heritage areas are needed for further study. Keywords: Old city; tourism; preservation; cultural heritage; urban design guidelines
INTRODUCTION Bandung is increasingly known to be one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia evidenced from the influx of domestic and foreign tourists coming every year [1]. Not only being known for the scenery and cool weather, this colonial city also has many cultural tourism objects. Maryani (2006) in her research mentioned that Bandung’s cultural tourism objects dominate all type of tourist attractions (98%), while the natural tourism are still very few. Among all types within cultural tourism objects, historical or heritage buildings has the largest number of attractions. This fact shows that Bandung tourism has a potential to be developed throughout cultural heritage buildings. Undisputable, Bandung is one of the most important cities in Indonesia for colonial architecture, particularly for Art-Deco style. In fact, Bandung as one and only Asian city placed among the top 10 World Art Deco cities in a list published by Globetrotter magazine in 2001[2].
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However, the development of tourism is not in line with the quality of the building and environment character. Its impact, together with population growth, can lead to other problems, such as traffic loads, urban sprawl, and the reduction of open space. Many physical transformation issues occurred as an impact of the dynamics of urban development, which include economic and social transformation. The advancement in technology and population growth has also encouraged many urban morphology changes, including existing buildings that have historical values. Modernization has often leave no space for buildings that have uniqueness (Hall/Pfeiffer, 2000) such as heritage buildings, and it could be a serious threat to cultural products of architecture and built environment. The policies provided by the government even not enough to handle or solve all of the problems, as there are still many developers keep built properties that damage or destroy heritage buildings and reduce the visual quality of the area. Villa and Non-Villa District around Gedung Sate and Riau Street is used as a case study for further analysis to ease the study and assessment before it leads to make its guidelines. This district is chosen as it has more important heritage buildings and landmarks that become tourist attractions than other areas, which more related to tourism heritage. Under Garden City concept from the colonial period, the district also has more significance level on its character than other areas, thus the assessment will be more focused. This paper tries to fill the gap between the regulations, theories, and history of architecture and built environment in Bandung, thus they can correlated each other to preserve the cultural heritage buildings without hindering the tourism development as part of city’s economic growth. The objective of this paper is to have a guideline through preliminary study, which then can be an initial drafting of the regulations to control the physical design of Bandung heritage district. Original Plan and Development (Colonial Era) Of Gedung Sate – Riau Villa and Non Villa District Specific and detail development plan for spatial structure and building mass of Gedung Sate complex district and Gedung Sate - Riau villa and non-villa district has been regulated on Uitbreidingsplan Bandoeng-noord document (Masterplan for early North Bandung district development plan) in 1917 which made by Ghijsels and AIA Berau. This district exclusively designed for residential environment of European citizen and government building complex with low density characteristic followed by pattern axis, orientation, and visual axis with strong landmark feature element, open spaces, buildings, and streets by garden city principle. Streets were designed as morphology structure configurator divided the district over clusters of development. Strong axis and knots was configurated by straight and curved road, forming the unity of district segments with coherent development clusters (Siregar, 1990). Development characteristic of each cluster was made through plots dimension and land use typology which were residential neighborhood, public service and government buildings (non-residential), and open green spaces typology. Physical Transformation Issue Currently occurring, physical and environment, transformation leads to the authenticity degradation of physical and environment characteristic on some parts of the district. Land use changes, residential to commercial, has made alteration on landscape spatial and buildings style originality in its plot, as well public spaces surround it. Those Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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alterations, oftentimes, followed by land owner urges to modify or erect on the original building architecture following the current property development trend and architecture style. Bandung success story on transforming some passive parks to become active parks (replenishment of pavement, street furniture elements, and support buildings) and pedestrian facilities rearrangement in some districts have brought positive impact to the city image, escalation of tourism attractions, and vacation destination alternative for the citizen. On the other side, those transformation have brought negative impact to the park ecological, used to be passive parks, environment noise and safety nuisance, escalation of on-street parking, emersion of informal traders, and disappearance of berm. Mass public transportation (LRT) infrastructure development on a district would impact on the escalation of land use value of its corridor. Land use value escalation would impact on the rise of transformation pressure on the plots along the corridor. Line structure and stations, if not well planned and integrated with the environmental conditions of the area as a whole part of the development, would impact on the degradation of physical and visual district quality. Planning Regulation Study According to Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kota Bandung 2013-2031, a protected cultural heritage area is a preservation area of physical buildings that has a historical and cultural value for Bandung. Criteria for protected cultural heritage area are space around high cultural value building and sites that has high benefits for knowledge development. Function of buildings in the cultural heritage area may be changed however its original shape still preserved. Related to the plan for KDB, KLB maximum, and KDH maximum regulation, mentioned construction in nature conservation area is only allowed for vital infrastructure and facility, preserve existing building, and adaptive reuse is allowed while maintaining intensity and masses of existing buildings. It shows that the priority in preserving cultural heritage area along with buildings in it is to preserve and restore as much as possible to its original form. The purpose of regulation on cultural heritage area is to provide protection for function, intensity, mass spatial and style of the area and building that need to be preserved, also expected to provide an effective protection to the continuity of functions and cultural heritage of the city. Bandung Local Regulation no. 5/2010 is about buildings stress on preserving buildings and areas which gives characters to the city’s identity. Maintaining heritage values for the benefit of knowledge and cultural, intensify societies awareness about historical importance. Cultural heritage building is a human made buildings whether unit or group aged more less than 50 years or represent certain architectural style and style period aged more less than 50 years, and considered has important values for history, knowledge, and culture. Cultural heritage criteria are historical values, architectural values, knowledge values, socio-cultural values, and age. Cultural heritage classification: class A (utama), class B (madya), class C (pratama). This regulation also mention about proceeding on restored area or building along it definition and scope. Purpose of this provision is to realize the implementation of a functional building, technically reliable and in harmony with its surrounding. Constitution Law (Undang-Undang) RI no.11/2010 about cultural heritage regulate all related to cultural heritage, whether it be objects, buildings, sites or areas. According to UU no. 11/2010, cultural heritage area is an unity of geographical spaces which has two or more cultural heritage states that were located neighboring and or shown same spatial characteristic. Establishment of cultural heritage areas or its delineation Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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based on amount of cultural heritage sites in one area, landscape, utilization or evidence of human activity in the past. The regulation also stated that management including protect, develop, and utilize the cultural heritage through control policy of planning, implementation, and supervision for all society wellness. According to Local Regulation no. 19/2009, Government of Bandung defined cultural heritage area as urban spaces with main purpose of protection or cultivation which its boundary and system determined based on functional aspect and has certain style as well. Establishment cultural heritage class can only be done by Mayor through designation team of experts. All activity related to restoration are in the authority of the Mayor, including designation team of experts, restoration approval, discontinuation of restoration and or destruction of cultural heritage buildings. Municipal Law no.921/2010 about cultural heritage building and area management is a follow up of Local Regulations so that the things that are the scope and principal not covered in these rules. In addition, this Municipal Law also set the cultural heritage area that is manageable, one of them is Villa and Non-Villa Housing buildings or area. Strategically, aim of this Municipal Law is motivated by the need of further management or details through institutional, delegation, ordinances, and delimitation of cultural heritage area assertively. This regulation is no longer explaining understanding of cultural heritage in terminology, but rather on institutional arrangements, mechanisms, procedures, and determination of cultural heritage area boundary. Findings on Current Regulations Bandung's current regulations consists the basics of criteria of heritage buildings, preservation principal, preservation methods as general, management aspect, and incentive as a stimulant to encourage people to preserve heritage buildings. Although it has covers the basics, it is not applicable yet to cover the occurring rapid transformation. Technical and tight regulations was needed to correlate between preserving motivations and real acts, and it need to be done with specific advanced studies. Although the Local Regulations has stated about restoration and differentiation in cultural heritage buildings class, it should be applicable on utilization planning in cultural heritage areas. Applications on preserving and utilizing cultural heritage buildings/regions: Restoration, is an act to restore or maintain cultural heritage buildings/regions through rehabilitating, restoring, reconstructing, adaptive, and preserving. Development, is an act to enhance the information, values, and promotions of cultural heritage. As well as utilizing through studies, revitalization, and adaptation. There is not any legal regulating physical boundary or delineation of Bandung restoration districts specifically, although Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kota Bandung and Municipal Law no.921/2010 have defined cultural heritage districts from its characteristic and typology. Also there is not any legal regulating restoration and development act on cultural heritage districts (Sari et al., 2014). METHODOLOGY In a development progress of a city, pressure on building and environment physical transformation is inevitable. The transformation requires, often degrading, alteration local heritage building and environment physical qualities. Current regulations on cultural heritage area solely defined cultural heritage land use from its current characteristic and typology (Sari et al., 2014). The cultural significance is a concept to Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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examine the value of a place with the aim of understanding and assessing the cultural values contained in an area, a building, or object that is considered as an asset. Determining the value of such significance can be an inventory and determine how those assets treated and developed. Burra Charter [3] (2013) is one of many references that can be used to determine the cultural significance value, which has five main values: aesthetic, historic, scientific, social, and spiritual values. These values are used separately in several methods, from historical study, regulation analysis, public consultation, to significance assessment. HERITAGE DISTRICT DELINEATION WITHIN OLD DISTRICT Throughout Bandung development’s history, evidences showed that each of the heritage area was built in different timeframes or periods. Moreover, environmental characteristics of each area are also different, thus the scope of cultural heritage area in Bandung becomes unclear. In order to clarify the scope of the area to be analyzed areas, it is important to firstly do an area delineation to determine the boundary. Three categories are set to determine the boundaries of heritage area in Bandung Old District, such as administrative boundary of Bandung in 1945, road infrastructure and buildings that were built until the end of colonialism period, and also from the most established city planning structure and network which was issued in 1933. To identify and determine the analyzed area, three approaches are used. The first is literature approach through Municipal Law (peraturan Walikota no. 921 tahun 2010), Community Study from Bandung Heritage Society, and Postgraduate Student Study from ITB. Second is the expert judgment that involves sources from urban history of Bandung City. The last approach is empirical approach, which is done by conducting site observation to compare the old planning map, made in 1946 with the current map. These approaches would give a clearer picture about the delineation of heritage area within Bandung Old City. As the result of the area delineation identification, there are 17 cultural heritage areas identified within 6 (six) main regions based on the aspects of the main function, supporting activities, and physical structure/form of the region. The illustration of the area division can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Area Delineation of Cultural Heritage Districts in Bandung Source: Center of Urban Studies (PSUD), Bandung Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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TYPOLOGY AND REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE ANALYSIS Typology approach is one of the design approaches that focus on the repetition of type, pattern or style in an area (Widiastuti, 2001). This approach emphasizes on the classification of architectural object composition in urban context, or the synchronic iteration pattern aspect although the objects have been existed for a long time and have undergone changed. The objects of the analysis are including urban configuration, building mass, structure, image, and also the function. The main objective of this approach is to be the reference or standard in determining the restoration area character through its buildings as the forming element of environmental character. The result of this approach is used for regional significance analysis and as an object for restoration guidelines that can be applied in other places. The area delineation identification identifies 17 cultural heritage areas within Bandung old district which are divided into 6 (six) main typologies/regions: city center area, commercial district, residential area, village region, military district, and industrial area. Those regions have typical pattern or character, such as building function and form that are identified using 11 forming elements of environmental character. All elements describe the typology of every region and represent several aspects, such as accessibility, visibility, activity and open space. Table 1 below shows the forming elements of environmental character for Villa and Non-Villa District in general. Table 1. The Description of Villa Residential Area Typology based on Site Survey Analysis Source: Center of Urban Studies (PSUD), ITB No 1
Element Road Pattern
2
Road Hierarchy
3
Plot Type
4 5 6 7
Activity Landmark and Visual Axis Vegetation Public Open Space
8 9 10 11
Pedestrian Path Fence/Barrier Street Furniture Building Typology
Description Using ’garden city’ concept, where cluster environment pattern and open spaces as an orientation of the residential buildings. The pattern of road network create an axis, which is ends up with open space or building. Consist of primary roads that connecting between districts and secondary roads as internal road. Above 500 m2 for Villa Housing and under 500 m2 for kleinwoningbouw. Residential, market, school and public facilities. No specific landmark, while the axis is in the form of picturesque and natural Large and lush trees as shade. Made of green open spaces as a green belt (ecology) and also environment axis. 1-1,5 m width, with greenery on the outside of the path. No barrier in general. Streetlighting. Villa housing, Non-Villa housing, and Public Facility.
Along with the development of the study and to make it more objective, the 11 elements that form the environmental character of each region then developed and classified to become 3 main elements, consist of 18 sub-elements or components for further assessment. Such components are used to identify the regional significance, so the environmental character of Bandung Old City in the present time can be compared with the original plan in 1945 by using score sheet for each sub-region. There are 4 (four) levels of grading that shows the level of changes applied to the area, where the score (1 to 4) will be representing the degree or number of transformation occurred to the original condition up until the current state or condition. The score then summed and classified based on 3 (three) level of heritage categories. The benefit of this analysis is to force the development concept or Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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guideline to be more contextual. The classification for heritage area based on scoring with one of the sub-region or district that has been assessed could be seen from Figure 2 below.
Figure 2. The Area Classification and Scoring for each Sub-Region Source: Center of Urban Studies (PSUD), Bandung
As a further study, Villa and Non-Villa District which is one of 17 heritage districts is used to analyze more thoroughly through building typology and regional significance analysis. This district is located in the prime area in North Bandung, which planned using Garden City concept and has some historical buildings. Before the identification is taking place, the district is divided to simplify the assessment process. The division of the district into sub-region can be seen in Figure 3 below.
Figure 3. The typology of Villa House, Non-Villa House, and Public Facility building (left) and an illustration of Villa and Non Villa District’s sub-region (right) Source: Center of Urban Studies (PSUD), Bandung
According to regional significance analysis in the previous step, there are 5 subregions within the Villa and Non-Villa district. Each sub-region was assessed using the scoring table, and the result shows that most of the buildings are classified in Category Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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I and Category II, meaning that this area is still having a potential to be preserved as heritage district. However, there are still a few aspects in this Villa and Non-Villa district that should be considered, such as land use transformation, open space, and road network. The successfulness in controlling this district’s aforementioned aspects can set an example for other districts to be followed on. Furthermore, there is a need of more strict regulations for other districts that have been significantly changed. Based on yr 1921&1933
Based on yr 2015
Figure 4. The map of Villa and Non-Villa District based on land use. Left: the original land use plan; Right: current land use plan Source: Urban Design Research Center (PSUD)
As the analysis through significance assessment and land use identification conducted, it shows that there are quite different character occurred to the colonial settlements as the result of the dynamic process of urban development. From figure 4 above, it can be clearly seen that the original land use plan, which dominated by villa and nonvilla housing, has changed into various typologies including commercial uses. CONCLUSION Bandung in one hand has the potential of tourism that to be developed, including its cultural heritage buildings which dominated the tourism attractions. On the other hand, the development of tourism has a negative impact to the physical character of buildings and environment. From the analysis of city development history with its documentation in the early 1990s, it shows many changes have occurred compared with current condition, whether in terms of the form, intensity, building function or land use. These changes need to be controlled as an effort to preserve the cultural heritage area, particularly through government regulation. Based on current planning regulation study which related to cultural heritage preservation, from national to local level, it can be seen that current legal products are too general and less technical to be applied. Moreover, there is no regulation that specified on physical boundaries or area delineation as the scope of the controlled area. This shows that there is a lack of basic knowledge or background making then becomes a gap between the history, existing condition, and regulations. This study tries to connect those three elements by analyzing throughout typology significance of building and environment. The expectation from the identification conducted is to give an illustration before making detailed planning regulations or urban design guidelines as development control for cultural heritage areas. The Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN
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guidance should be done to help or educate the society, especially for developer or architect, more aware to the historical values of a place, also to avoid the lessening of tourism potential in Bandung old district. ENDNOTES 1] Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kota Bandung (2014), supported by an article from CNN Indonesia news about tourism [http://www.cnnindonesia.com/gayahidup/20150210162426-269-31086/survei-bandung-kota-terfavorit-wisatawan-seasean/] and also Bandung website [http://portal.bandung.go.id/tahun-2016bandung-targetkan-1-juta-wisman]. [2] Jakarta Globe website, about Bandung’s Parisian Influence Seen in Art Deco Style. Source: http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/features/bandungs-parisian-influenceseen-art-deco-style/ [3] Burra Charter Practice Note – Understanding and Assessing Cultural Significance, from Australia ICOMOS, 1 November 2013, replacing Guidelines to the Burra Charter: Cultural Significance (1998). Source: http://australia.icomos.org/wpcontent/uploads/Practice-Note_Understanding-and-assessing-culturalsignificance.pdf
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Tubagus M. Aziz SOELAIMAN, Yogie Dwimaz SUSANTO, David Anugrah KURNIAWAN