far beyond, passing ethnic and religious boundaries. This process that was fuelled by the post-independent socialist one-party-state that sought to mass-mobilise the population, was facilitated by the transethnic, inclusive character of Kriston identity. By contrast, lusocreole baila music started to turn into Sri Lanka’s popular national music as early as the 1950s and has been largely state-free and, for most of the time of its expansion at least, apolitical. Different from Sri Lanka Guinea-Bissau has been characterised by an integrative state ideology. Developed by a creole, this ideology actually conceives the nation as an umbrella of various ethnic groups. Conversely, Sri Lanka is marked by an exclusive and militant pro-Sinhalese state ideology, emanating from political and intellectual representatives of the Sinhala majority.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ANTÓNIO, M.. Luanda, 'Ilha' Crioula. Lisbon: Agência-Geral do Ultramar, 1968. 13-62 BATALHA, G.. Situação e perspectivas do Português e dos Crioulos de origem portuguesa na Ásia Oriental (Macau, Hong Kong, Malaca, Singapura, Indonésia), in: Congresso Sobre a Situação Actual da Língua Portuguesa no Mundo. Actas. Volume I. Edited by Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1985. 287-304. BAXTER, A. N.. Notes on the Creole Portuguese of Bidau, East Timor. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 5:1:1-38, 1990. —. Kristang (Malacca Creole Portuguese) - a long-time survivor seriously endangered. Estudios de Sociolingüística 6:1-37, 2005. BITTENCOURT, M.. “A resposta dos “Crioulos Luandeses” ao intensificar do processo colonial em finais do Século XIX,” in A África e a Instalação do Sistema Colonial (c. 1885- c.1930). III Reunião Internacional de Historia de África. Edited by M. E. Madeira Santos, 655-671. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de Historia e Cartografia Antiga do Instituto de Investigação Ciéntifica Trópical, 2000. DIAS, J. Braz. Língua Crioula e Cultura Popular em Cabo Verde: Múltiplas vozes sobre as experiências de um povo. Papia 19:81-91, 2009. BROHIER, D.. Flashback to the Dutch Burghers of Ceylon in the mid-fifties. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka 43:33-37, 1998. CARDOSO, H. C.. Diu Indo-Portuguese at present. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21:359-370, 2006. —. The African Slave Population of Portuguese India. Demographics and Impact on Indo-Portuguese. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 25:95-119, 2010.
Christoph Kohl
79