PROMOTING, ENHANCING AND CELEBRATING THE WAGYU SECTOR
Improved decision making using data and genomics
WAGYU World’s Luxury Beef
Editorial
Emily De Filippis − emily@wagyu.org.au
Contributors
Laird Morgan, Dr Matt McDonagh, Natalie Poole, Dr Anneline Padayachee and Jarrah Ransome.
Creative Director
Heather Frazier − heather@squishcreative.com
Printing
53
All steer progeny produced in the AWA-PTP are fed and slaughtered providing
Printed using soy vegetable-based inks with alcohol free solutions. The magazine is fully recyclable and printed in Australia.
Publisher/Distributor
Australian Wagyu Association communications@wagyu.org.au
Disclaimer
All content subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission. Opinions expressed in The Wagyu Quarterly Update are not necessarily those of the Association. Acceptance of an advertisement does not imply endorsement of any product or service by the magazine or the association, nor support any claims by the advertisers. Every effort is made to ensure information contained in this magazine is correct at the time of publishing. On the cover
President's report
Growing numbers: celebrating our members' contributions to FY2024 success!
Dear Members,
Since the last time I reported to you, your Board and Executive have been busy implementing the programs and strategies that have been agreed upon in past and previous cycles. It’s been a bit like a duck swimming - while all looks calm on the surface there is plenty going on underneath!
While the 2025-2030 Strategic plan was released, in November, the Executive has put a huge effort into developing a 2025-2030 Business Plan. This will continue to develop and deliver outcomes that will benefit all members. The Board is very aware that the monies (and labour) that are being budgeted for belong to the Membership. The outcomes of this plan will benefit not only all members but will continue to keep the Australian Wagyu Association at the forefront of breed development and R&D worldwide.
While the development of our business relationship with AbacusBio in creating the new BFI (Breeder Feeder Index) and upgrading of the F1T and FBT indexes, is significant in itself, it has been gratifying to see DNA sampling, registrations and data collection just keep pouring in. Registrations for FY2024 were up 54% on the previous financial year, with a huge 43,000 registrations recorded. With an approximate 33,000 active females registered in the AWA for the year, the extra numbers have been made up by breeders seeing the value we offer in registering and genotyping their Purebred and Content herds.
The first half of this financial year has seen nearly 6,000 carcase records submitted, compared with 3,000 over the same period in the previous financial year. This takes the total number of Fullblood carcase records to around 50,000. EBVs are trending very favourably. One astonishing number is that the EBV for marbling has gone from 1.4 in 2023 born calves to 1.8 in 2024 born calves. This is important as it shows the application of EBVs to improving commercial production across the whole herd, not just in select seedstock animals.
Congratulations to all members contributing to the success and progress of these numbers by submitting their data. As most of these contributors have worked out, this data is collected in normal management practices anyway, so it’s only a very simple process to submit for analysis, benefiting all members and progressing the whole industry.
A critical issue facing the Wagyu breed today is, in my opinion, horns. We all know what the disadvantages of these are. The good news is that there are a couple of solutions to this problem. We can either remove them by genetic technologies that have approved applications in other countries (eg. gene editing), or we can use polled Purebred cattle. Rather than go into the pros and cons of the different methods in this report, I would encourage members to engage in a conversation with other breeders, and bring forward ideas and thoughts to the Board. We have one of the key international authorities on gene editing, Dr Alison Van Eenennaam, at the WagyuEdge'25 in Perth. Alison will be able to enlighten us further on this subject and the application of gene editing in beef cattle breeding worldwide. I encourage all members to come and participate in this conversation and take the chance to speak directly with Alison.
Looking forward to seeing many of you at the conference in Perth, where I’m sure the excellent line up of domestic and international speakers will not only educate but entertain us.
Laird Morgan AWA President
CEO update
Delivering new projects and core business
WagyuEdge'25 Conference 09-11 April –Perth Western Australia
For our 2025 WagyuEdge Conference, we are taking our key Australian and International member engagement event to Western Australia for the first time in 30 years. So far, registration numbers are tracking well with prior WagyuEdge conferences, so we are expecting another great event, with an action-packed program and high attendance. Both of our conference tours are now sold out, with 80 people booked for our pre-conference Southern tour from Perth to Margaret River and Albany, visiting Stone Axe Pastoral and Irongate Wagyu. Our post-conference tour is sold out at 50 people for our Northern journey from Port Headland to Broome, with visits at Pardoo Station, Anna Plains and Liveringa Stations.
In a year where margins are tight and talk of trade barriers and tariffs is consistently on the radar, our program will be focused on the key global issues impacting the Wagyu Sector. We also will have speakers addressing the anti-meat agenda, biotechnology opportunities for improving Wagyu breeding, the progress of Wagyu in other countries around the world. We will have a focus also on Wagyu nutrition and breeding and bringing you insights on innovations and trends in Wagyu production. Our future industry leaders session will allow us to look forward through the eyes of two of our next generation industry leaders including Alex Hammond (Robbins Island Wagyu) and Fred Hughes (Hughes Pastoral). These current Wagyu Sector thought leaders will share their insights into the future of Wagyu in Australia and globally.
We'll combine our Welcome function with the 2025 Wagyu Branded Beef Competition BBQ and Awards night on 9 April at Optus Stadium in Perth, overlooking the evening Perth skyline. Global meat influencer, The Hardcore Carnivore herself, Jess Pryles, will be our guide for the evening, which showcases our leading brands and their product to the industry who supports them by breeding the best Wagyu on earth. This year we smashed prior records on number of entries in the competition. If you want to try the best entries from the Australian Wagyu Sector across Fullblood, Purebred, Crossbred and F1 categories, I recommend not missing one of the highlight evenings of the Wagyu calendar.
2025 Elite Wagyu Sale
Our Elite Wagyu Sale will be held at the Perth Conference and Exhibition Centre on the Swan River, the night of the 10 April. We will have a separate room for the Auction, with food and beverage options alongside the conference trade and foyer space so that guests can dine and relax, with access to the sale action the sale action whilst the Elite Wagyu Sale is underway.
2025 Wagyu Industry Dinner and Lifetime Membership Induction
Our 2025 Wagyu Industry Dinner will again be a true celebration of the global Wagyu Sector on Friday 11 April. We will be joined by a professional compare as we celebrate Mr Scott de Bruin as our newest Australian Wagyu Association Lifetime Member Inductee. Life Membership of the AWA is the highest accolade that the Association can bestow on an individual, recognising the significant contributions to the Wagyu Sector and the Association to the benefit of all Members. Scott will be inducted as AWA’s 8th Life Member for his extensive contributions to the AWA through leadership in building AWA’s data resources and long-term Board service and Presidency, alongside:
Peter Winkler
AWA’s first President
Keith Hammond AWA founding member and President
Bob Talbot Drove significant business change in AWA and served as President
Nick and Vicki Sher AWA founding members and creator of bullshead logomark
Greg Gibbons Long term AWA contributor and Board member
Dr Simon Coates AWA founding member, AWA’s second President and long term industry leader
Arthur Dew Long term AWA member, industry pioneer and contributor
At our Industry Dinner, you will get the chance to eat Wagyu beef from two of the winning entries from the 2024 Wagyu Branded Beef Competition before dancing the night away. We can ensure a night of pure Wagyu indulgence as we celebrate our industry and recognise the exceptional contribution of our AWA Lifetime Membership inductee.
March 2025 Board Update
The AWA Board has met in late February for review of the AWA half yearly (July to December 2024) performance against the 2024–2025 Operational Plan, assess statutory items and consider key items as follows:
1. The meeting reviewed joint agreement opportunities with other international Wagyu organisations to assist streamlining business and registration processes in different countries and expand AWA’s global genetic database to capturing diversity across our limited genetic resource.
2. The meeting reviewed progress and timelines for completion of AWA’s databases through partnership with the Helical Company. Significant advances have been made to improve AWA’s member services towards single touch DNA testing through to registration and display and access to data for AWA members.
3. AWA will conduct regional member updates along with providing online tutorials and webinars later in 2025 to assist members with familiarisation and training on AWA’s Helical database.
4. Review of AWA’s genetic analysis provision has been ongoing since AWA’s call for expressions of interest from genetic services providers in 2022. The Board reviewed progress to date and the next phases of its genetic projects.
5. The meeting reviewed a project to increase genetic linkage of Northern Wagyu Crossbred and high content herds to AWA genomic productivity, quality and efficiency tools. Research applications are being developed to undertake a large project to enable improved linkages between Northern extensive production systems and AWA’s core genetic tools and database.
6. Company operational and financial performance against KPIs for the first half FY2025 was reviewed, with progress to date against key work areas evaluated, noting the performance recording, DNA testing, animal registrations and membership activity against targets.
7. The meeting approved the admission to 55 new applications for membership including 48 new Full members and 7 new Associate members.
Final word from the office
On behalf of our wonderful team of dedicated and passionate staff, I thank you for working with us throughout 2024 and into 2025. I look forward to seeing many of you at the WagyuEdge’25 Conference and providing updates to you on AWA activities and new projects.
Jess Pryles Live Fire Cook, Author, & Hardcore Carnivore Founder
Jess Pryles is a respected authority in the world of meat and live fire cooking. She is the founder of the internationally renowned brand Hardcore Carnivore and the host of the popular television show of the same name. Her first cookbook, Hardcore Carnivore, earned widespread acclaim, and she is currently working on her highly anticipated second cookbook.
With a Graduate Certificate in Meat Science from Iowa State University, Jess combines academic expertise with practical know-how, bridging the gap between science and the art of cooking. Her work is celebrated for its authenticity, approachability, and deep respect for the craft of butchery and barbecue. Originally from Melbourne, Jess has made Austin, Texas her home.
Jess will host the 2025 Wagyu Branded Beef Awards in Perth on April 9.
Dr Matt McDonagh Chief Executive Officer Australian Wagyu Association
TM
Sunland Cattle Co.
Leading the way in Fullblood Wagyu breeding
Sunland Cattle Co Pty Ltd was founded in 1991 by Paul Harris and is a 100% family-owned business located in Central Queensland, Australia. The journey into Wagyu began in 2007 when Paul, alongside his late wife Clare, acquired over 1,100 Crossbred Wagyu females and Fullblood Wagyu bulls. This marked the beginning of a successful venture, which was further expanded in 2010 with the purchase of an entire Fullblood Wagyu herd of over 500 Fullbloods, embryos, and semen. Today, Sunland Cattle Co. proudly owns and manages over 10,000 Fullblood Wagyu cattle, renowned for their exceptional genetics and premium meat quality.
The Sunland team is dedicated and hardworking, with some employees having been with the company for over 27 years. Each member is highly valued and considered part of the extended Harris family. Key members of the leadership team include:
Paul Harris
Chief Executive Officer (Owner & Director)
Jennifer Harris
Chief Operations Officer (Director, Daughter)
Christopher Harris
Chief Financial Officer (Director, Son)
Sandra-Lee Kirk
Office Manager (Niece)
Jason Kelly
General Manager, overseeing Sunland's two prime properties Old Bombandy Station and Ten Mile Station.
Old Bombandy Station spans 11,072 hectares (27,359 acres) of freehold land and 236 hectares (583 acres) of leasehold land. Located on the Fitzroy Development Road, Valkyrie, Queensland, the property, purchased in 1991, features 23 kilometres of frontage along the Isaac River and 12 kilometres of frontage along the Fitzroy Development Road.
Ten Mile Station, acquired in 1994, covers 6,868 hectares
(16,972 acres) of freehold land on Apis Creek Road, Marlborough, Queensland. It features 8 kilometres of frontage along the Mackenzie River and 15 kilometres of deep-water frontage across two anabranches.
These properties combined grow approximately 15,000 acres of Leucaena, a highly nutritious forage that complements the grasses available to the cattle. As a legume, Leucaena enhances soil health by increasing nitrogen levels and improving soil structure. The established Leucaena plants, coupled with other pasture improvements like Buffel and Green Panic grasses, have significantly boosted the carrying capacity of the land. The properties benefit from an average annual rainfall of 650 mm (26 inches), and both have abundant water supplies. Silage is produced and stored in pits to assist with drought-proofing and ensure year-round feed availability.
Sunland’s Fullblood Wagyu cattle are sold across Australia, with Fullblood Wagyu bulls distributed throughout all states and females sold to breeders seeking Sunland’s superior genetics. The company also markets steers and occasionally spayed females to various feedlots. Over the years, Sunland has made significant improvements in infrastructure, plant, and equipment, contributing to the efficiency and success of the operation.
From conception to consumption
At Sunland Cattle Co., the foundation of their Wagyu operation is built on meticulous backgrounding and nutrition practices, managed by Jason Kelly. These processes are adjusted according to seasons and climate conditions. The breeders graze on Buffel and Leucaena pastures, with supplement feeding provided during drier months through lick, silage, and cotton seed. Calves are introduced to supplement feeding early on using creep feeders. Weaners are also given additional feed on Buffel and Leucaena country until they reach around 250kg. The cattle are
backgrounded on this same land, and in favourable seasons, they easily achieve the desired weight gain. During droughts, the cattle are fed a silage ration in paddocks to maintain condition. Bulls are rotated and given silage to sustain their condition during mating. Sunland consults an expert nutritionist who develops feeding programs ensuring optimal growth and performance.
The herd management practices at Sunland are designed to ensure sustainable and healthy cattle year-round. Their focus on consistent nutrition and adaptable feeding strategies allows the herd to thrive, even in challenging environmental conditions. The silage storage system and large feed shed are a part of Sunland's broader drought preparedness plan, contributing to their resilience in difficult seasons.
Sunland’s production process, from conception to consumption, is a highly collaborative effort, driven by data and focused on delivering both commercial
success and high-quality results. The team’s attention to nutrition, herd maintenance, carcase weight, marbling, texture, and feed conversion rates ensures that every aspect of the operation is optimised. This approach has led to competitive results, with Sunland winning numerous awards in state carcase competitions, including recognition for best-tasting meat, highest individual carcase value, and best pen of carcase value. Sunland also received accolades for the prestigious Net Feed Intake Award and highest profitability sire honours.
Artificial insemination (AI) is integral to Sunland’s breeding program, with females being inseminated to improve genetics and carcase production. The younger bulls, after proving themselves through data from their naturally conceived calves, are also utilised for AI. Semen is collected from top-performing bulls, but only after their potential has been confirmed.
This breeding method, alongside the use of a small percentage of outside commercially viable semen, ensures that Sunland’s herd remains diverse and high-performing.
Animal welfare is a top priority for Sunland, and they maintain rigorous health protocols, including vaccinations and parasite control. The cattle are raised on quality pastures in Central Queensland, and the company adheres to low-stress handling techniques to ensure the well-being of the animals. Sunland’s focus on sustainable farming practices includes growing Leucaena, a nitrogen-producing plant that benefits both the cattle and the land. This practice enhances the soil's health by sequestering carbon and improving its structure, while also promoting efficient rumen fermentation in the cattle and reducing methane emissions by 20-30%.
Looking ahead, Sunland Cattle Co. is focused on maintaining the production of premium-quality Wagyu beef. With all major infrastructure in place on their properties, they are exploring new ventures and continuing to work with exceptional Fullblood Wagyu genetics. Their data-driven approach helps ensure consistency and quality across their herd, with feed programs tailored by nutritionists to maximise animal performance.
Despite facing logistical challenges, such as unreliable mobile coverage and the costs of cartage to Southeast Queensland, Sunland remains committed to their goal of producing superior Wagyu. Rising feed costs are also a challenge, but the company utilises bulk purchasing and storage to manage these fluctuations. Additionally, unpredictable tropical weather requires constant vigilance, but the adaptability of Wagyu to their environment has proven advantageous.
The Sunland herd is built upon strong genetic foundations, with early bloodlines sourced from Excel Wagyu, which closely resemble those introduced by Chris Walker at Westholme. These cattle were primarily embryos from the USA, incorporating Kedaka, Totorri, and Dai 7 Itozakura bloodlines, as well as the Tajima bull 003. Two significant early females, Kinatomo and Shiromitsu, were direct descendants of one
of Japan's top sires, Kitaguni7-8. Their lasting influence on the herd is still evident today. Sunland acknowledges the innovative contributions of people like Chris, whose efforts in diversifying Wagyu bloodlines have played a key role in shaping the herd's future.
With their strong foundation in genetics, a commitment to sustainability, and a focus on animal welfare, Sunland Cattle Co. continues to be a leader in the production of premium Wagyu beef, ensuring their place at the forefront of the industry.
Sunland breeding objectives
In 2024, Sunland bid farewell to the last of their Purebred Wagyu, which had been used as embryo recipients, and now exclusively operates with Fullblood Wagyu. The herd, now numbering approximately 10,000 head, undergoes rigorous genetic testing, with tissue samples collected from all animals for parent verification. All Fullbloods are registered with the Australian Wagyu Association, reflecting Sunland's commitment to quality and excellence.
Sunland’s breeding programs focus on enhancing the pedigree of their herd through careful selection of exceptional bloodlines. The goal is to produce animals that complement the existing herd and meet the company’s high standards. Data from the herd is used to identify ideal sires for females, with a focus on minimising inbreeding while ensuring the economic viability of the breeders and feeders. This approach extends across both operations at Old Bombandy and Ten Mile Stations, into the feedlots, and ultimately to the boning room.
Key traits prioritised by Sunland include, high marbling, marbling fineness, heavy weights, large frames and large eye muscle areas. Additionally, the company works to improve maternal traits in females, such as milk production and mothering abilities, to ensure they consistently produce excellent progeny. Reducing adverse genetic conditions within the herd is also a priority.
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The Sunland Cattle Co. team is dedicated and hardworking, with some employees having been with the company for over 27 years.
PURCHASING QUALITY BRED WAGYU
Stanbroke is looking to purchase quality bred Wagyu F1 and Fullblood feeder cattle by AWA registered Wagyu Fullblood bulls following Stanbroke genetic values.
Supply chain vendors recieve full feedback information on livestock performance.
Sinclair George sinclairg@stanbroke.com +61 0477 606 249
Richard Sheriff
richards@stanbroke.com +61 042 8557 258
Cattle will be processed for our award-winning Diamantina brand.
Russel Handley
russelh@stanbroke.com
+61 041 812 0605
Why Wagyu?
Wagyu is simply the best beef in the world! It's unrivalled for its marbling and superior eating quality both in tenderness and flavour. Wagyu cattle are fertile and profitable.
Sunland has long utilised advanced reproductive technologies, including Artificial Insemination (AI), Embryo Transfer (ET), and In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF), to accelerate genetic progress. Annually, between 3,500 to 4,000 females undergo AI, with all females backed up with quality Sunland-bred bulls. Sunland has also carried out over 800 Embryo Transfers in one year.
The company uses the Outcross Stockbook system to record detailed animal data, including weights, joins, treatments, and movements, from birth to death. This enables the tracking of animal performance and breeding information across both properties, ensuring lifetime traceability for every animal.
Sunland also collects individual carcase data from abattoirs, which provides valuable feedback on their breeding programs’ performance. The company uses MasterBeef and BREEDPLAN information to analyse animal performance and inform future breeding decisions.
With a commitment to advancing their herd’s genetics, producing high-quality meat, and maintaining a sustainable
and efficient operation, Sunland Cattle Co. continues to lead the way in Wagyu production.
In recent years, the Harris family has observed a surge in the prices of Wagyu cattle, which, in turn, led many commercial producers to enter the Wagyu market without fully understanding the immense resources and commitment required for success. This influx of unproven feeder cattle has created an oversupply, a scenario that has been seen before in the industry. While market conditions have stabilised, the current Wagyu market remains heavily influenced by external factors, such as the Australian dollar and international export markets—variables that are beyond individual producer control. The Harris family does not anticipate significant changes in the near term.
Despite these challenges, Sunland Cattle Co. has continued to find Wagyu cattle more economically viable than other breeds. Through data-driven decisions and a relentless commitment to improvements, the Harris family has consistently achieved substantial returns, even during the toughest conditions. Their dedication to the Wagyu industry remains steadfast, as they navigate its inherent ups and downs with confidence.
Over the past three decades, the Wagyu cattle industry in Australia has made significant strides. With ongoing innovation and advancements in data collection and science, continued improvements are on the horizon. At Sunland, genomics has been one of the most reliable advancements in breeding, enabling them to further elevate the quality of their herd.
Aerial imagery from Sunland Cattle Co.
The Harris family is confident that Wagyu will continue to experience rapid growth within the Australian cattle industry. The breed’s many advantages—its high value, strong fertility, excellent temperament, superior carcase quality, and adaptability— ensure that its prominence will only continue to grow in the years to come.
Sunland and the AWA-PTP
Sunland has been involved in the Australian Wagyu Association Progeny Test Program (AWA-PTP) from the beginning, and currently into their fourth year of joinings as a contributor herd, having produced 440 progeny from the first three cohorts. The AWA PTP is run in conjunction with their own breeding programs with the progeny produced, grown and backgrounded the same as all other Sunland progeny. Throughout the program, they have also nominated 2 sires
SUNFH2241 - Sunland Itoshigenami H2241 and SUNFH0035 - Sunland Yoi Rei R35
The AWA progeny trial gives Sunland an opportunity to benchmark how their sires compare with another cohort of sires external to their herd.
The Harris’ said being a part of this program has entailed more work, but they have benefited by increasing their pool of genetics (including overseas sires not previously used in their herd) and they will continue to collect, record and analyse all data to enhance the accuracy and reliability of their own genetics.
Sunland’s dedication to supporting the AWA PTP shows their commitment to advancing the Wagyu breed as a whole. Participation in this program not only benefits their operation but also contributes valuable data that drives breed improvement across the entire industry.
Why our participation matters
Data collection and benchmarking
Contributing performance data helps identify superior genetics and provides benchmarking for growth, marbling, and maternal traits across different herds.
Industry-wide progress
By collaborating with the AWA, Sunland are fostering innovation and supporting research that benefits the broader Wagyu community.
Mutual benefit
Their focus on herd improvement through AI, ET, and advanced management aligns perfectly with the goals of the AWA PTP, creating a win-win scenario.
The data they generate helps guide their breeding decisions while advancing the genetic knowledge base for Wagyu in Australia.
Research and development focus
Their proactive approach to embracing research and technology further positions Sunland as an industry leader.
AWA is to be complimented on their bold innovation. Sunland would also like to thank the AWA staff involved in this project as they have been very obliging and professional throughout this project. ��
AWA's Progeny Test Program
Insights from COHORTS 1 - 4 and the role of data in genetic evaluation
The Harris family of Sunland Cattle Co, have been dedicated supporters of the AWA Progeny Test Program since its inception in 2021.
Figure 1
Current EBV accuracy for two Sunland Sires from COHORT 2 of the PTP, with the change in accuracy since entering the program. Data is from Wagyu BREEDPLAN December Run 1.
SUNFH2241
SUNFR0035
Each year, Sunland have generously donated up to 400 Fullblood cows to the program which are artificially inseminated with semen from sires that are nominated by members all over the world. They have dedicated their time and effort into collecting data that feeds back into BREEDPLAN and the AWA Progeny Test Program to help measure and benchmark genetic performance across the registered Wagyu herd. As well as being a contributor herd, Paul and Jennifer have also nominated two sires in COHORT 2 (2022). One of the benefits of participating in the PTP as a contributor herd owner is the improvement in genetic merit estimations for the females in your herd, along with increases in the accuracy of their EBVs as the cows and calves are measured for various traits throughout the program. In particular, gestation length, birth weight, milk and mature cow weight are being influenced by the data collected on the cow and calf and this will assist the herd owner for future breeding generations through producing more accurate breeding outcomes in their own herd.
Figure 1 illustrates the current accuracy changes for the two sires submitted by Sunland into the Progeny Test Program. SUNFH2241 has four carcase progeny submitted, which is reflected in the carcase trait accuracies. SUNFR0035 has not yet had any progeny carcase data submitted to BREEDPLAN; however, significant accuracy changes are evident for gestation length, birth weight, and 200-day weights.
2 A complete list of sires and the number of calves born to each sire in COHORT 1, by sex.
COHORT 1
COHORT 1 consists of 1,010 Fullblood and Purebred calves, with an average of 26 calves per sire. However, the number of calves per sire varies, influenced by factors such as reproductive performance, semen quality, and contributor herd conception rates. A complete list of sires and the number of calves born to each in COHORT 1 is presented in Figure 2.
Recently, animals from COHORT 1 born in our contributor herds, Longford and Sunland, have been slaughtered – 45 from Longford and 80 from Sunland. Both steer contemporary groups were fed at Kerwee Feedlot (Stockyard) for approximately 400 days before being processed at John Dee Warwick. All animals in these cohorts underwent AUS-MEAT carcase grading, with additional objective data collected using the MiJ camera, and samples were taken for Fatty Acid testing. A breakdown of the carcase performance for these two groups will be presented at the WagyuEdge '25 Conference in Perth.
COHORT 2
COHORT 2 has recently had all calf registrations finalised where 950 Fullblood and Purebred calves have been registered. For the standard sires in COHORT 2, there have been significant increases in accuracy (see Figure 3), particularly in gestation length, birth weight, and 200-day weight. This improvement is attributed to the substantial number of records submitted to BREEDPLAN. As additional data is collected and recorded, we anticipate further significant increases in accuracy across all other traits.
COHORT 3
COHORT 3 calves are expected to finish calving in March 2025, with 158 calves registered so far. Samples from Sunland’s COHORT 3 calves have recently been sent to Neogen for DNA testing, as part of the Progeny Test Program all calves born are 100K Genotyped to aid in the expansion of the wagyu reference population. In the coming months COHORT 3 sires owners should expect to significant increases in accuracies for gestation length and birth weight as calves are born and registered.
Figure 3 Accuracy average, and change since entering the PTP, for all standard sires from COHORT 2.
Figure
FB and PB CALVES
FB and PB CALVES
FB and PB CALVES
+1,330 COWS JOINED
COHORT 4
Over 1330 cows were joined in 2024 with the remaining cows to be joined in Autumn 2025. Where calving is expected to begin in June 2025.
This year, we welcomed two new contributor herds to the AWA Progeny Test Program: Bective Station Wagyu and Australian Country Choice. The AWA is grateful to have them join us and looks forward to collaborating with them throughout the program.
BECTIVE STATION WAGYU is located just outside Tamworth NSW and is a subsidiary of the AAM Investment group. AAM Investment group is a wholly Australian owned company specialising in strategic investment, asset management, and operational services within Australia's agricultural sector.
Bective Station serves as the base for AAM's seedstock Wagyu program, supporting the genetic improvement and expansion of high-quality Wagyu cattle. Its strategic location and extensive resources make it a key site for AAM’s long term commitment to premium beef production and supply chain sustainability.
AUSTRALIAN COUNTRY CHOICE (ACC) is a vertically integrated company with properties and feedlots across Queensland. Their operations span the entire supply chain, including seed stock production, cattle breeding, backgrounding, farming, lot feeding, processing, retail packing, and distribution.
While ACC has primarily specialised in short-fed, grainfinished cattle, they have also expanded into long-fed programs, including Wagyu and Black Angus.
This year, approximately 470 high-content registered females were joined in November 2024, creating an opportunity for large contemporary groups, where the progeny will flow through the ACC supply chain from birth to processing.
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SIRE NOMINATIONS ARE OPEN FOR COHORT 5. ENTRIES CLOSE APRIL 17
Only THREE more intake years left
Nominate your sire today. More details about the intake and how to nominate your sire on the AWA website. Scan the QR code for more information.
How are animals compared in contemporary groups? Raw data Vs Normalised data
Contemporary groups are a critical component of genetic evaluation, as they help separate an animal's true genetic potential from environmental influences. However, several factors must be carefully considered when analysing contemporary groups, including age, environment, sex, and management practices, as these can significantly impact performance data. In the Wagyu Quarterly Update, Volume 89 Spring 2024, page 18 we highlighted how to get the most out of your performance data by optimising contemporary groups.
One important factor to consider when collecting, submitting, and analysing data is that traits are not always recorded on animals at the exact same age. For instance, within a contemporary group, the first and last calves born can be up to 60 days apart. When recording 200day weights, all calves are weighed on a single day based on the group’s average age, meaning some calves may be as much as 60 days younger than others. As a result, the lightest calf in the group may not necessarily have the lowest genetic growth potential—it may simply be younger and have had less time to grow. This age variation creates challenges when comparing raw weight data.
Once raw data (e.g., 200-day weights) is submitted to BREEDPLAN, a normalised trait value is generated and assigned to account for age differences. Normalised trait values aid in a like-for-like comparison, making it possible
to evaluate animals from various herds despite differences in data collection and management practices. A prime example is the Progeny Test Program, where multiple herds submit data to BREEDPLAN. Without normalising traits, comparing animals between herds would be challenging.
An example of how normalised trait values are used in the analysis of a contemporary group can be seen in Figure 4 which shows two PTP born animals in the Sunland herd that are in the same contemporary group. When comparing contemporary groups BREEDPLAN assigns a normalised trait, an analysis group, a contemporary group average and a trait difference (Figure 4).
The first animal, SUNF22T3002 , has a normalised Weaning Weight (WW) of 135.1 kg, which is 42.2 kg lighter than the average weaning weight of the contemporary group (177.3 kg). The second animal, SUNF22T3007, has a normalised WW of 196.7 kg, making it 19.4 kg heavier than the average.
This comparison ranks SUNF22T3007 as heavier at weaning than SUNF22T3002 . These rankings align with their respective EBVs, as shown in Figure 5. Birth weight, gestation length, and yearling weight are also displayed in the table (Figure 5), following the same principles.
Figure 5 EBVs for the two Sunland animals used as an example in Figure 4.
Figure 4 Normalised trait values for a group of Sunland Cattle Co. PTP animals
Another example of using normalised trait values is the comparison of two herds from the AWA Progeny Test Program.
SUNLAND CATTLE CO, located in central Queensland, weighed their COHORT 1 calves at an average age of 217 days, with an average raw weight of 197 kg. When normalised, the 200 - day weight is 183 kg.
IRONGATE WAGYU , situated in southern Western Australia, weighed their COHORT 1 calves at an average age of 157 days, with an average raw weight of 137 kg. When normalised, the 200 - day weight is 163 kg. This results in nearly a 60 day difference in the age of weight collection between the two herds and an average weight difference of 60 kg between the groups. As shown in figure 6, the older Sunland Cattle Co. calves appear heavier than the younger Irongate calves, introducing bias that makes it challenging to accurately assess genetic performance.
Figure 7 uses the same animals as Figure 6, but their weights have been normalised through BREEDPLAN. This graph
shows a significant shift, bringing the herds' weaning weights closer together as age is considered in the weights. By using BREEDPLAN 200-day normalised weights, it illustrates that despite data being collected at different ages and under varying environmental conditions, normalisation allows for a fair comparison of phenotypic differences between the two herds. Once the data is normalised, the genetic differences within each herd can be determined.
Common sires used over multiple herds also aids in a more direct comparison between herds, identifying maternal and environmental effects. An example can also be seen in figure 7 where the average calf normalised 200-Day Weight for the sire HPWFP0518 is 150 kg within the Irongate Wagyu herd and 178 kg through the Sunland Cattle Co. herd. It is important to note that normalised traits have only been adjusted for age and do not account for management or environmental factors. Management and environmental differences can only be considered in the analysis within contemporary groups.
Figure 6
Herd comparison of RAW 200-Day Weight.
Cattle Co Irongate Wagyu
Figure 7
Herd comparison of NORMALISED 200-Day Weight.
No. of calves
No. of calves
UNLEASHING THE POWER OF GENETICS
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Fats Unwrapped: Balancing health, flavour and science
By Dr Anneline Padayachee
Fat. Few words in nutrition spark such polarising debate. It’s simultaneously blamed for expanding waistlines, praised for its role in brain function, shunned by dieters, and embraced by food lovers for its ability to transform flavour and texture. But fat, like all nutrients, is neither inherently good nor bad— it’s context that matters. From butter-laden croissants to the rich marbling of Wagyu beef, fat is integral to the sensory and nutritional experience of food (Lichtenstein et al., 2021 ). Yet, its reputation has been shaped as much by science as by shifting dietary trends. So, let’s unwrap the complexities of fat—its role in health, why it makes food taste so good, and how to navigate the landscape of ‘good’ versus ‘bad’ fats without falling into the trap of oversimplification.
A Brief History of Fat: From Essential to Feared
Fat has played an essential role in human diets for millennia. Early hunter-gatherers prized fat as a dense source of energy, especially during colder months when food was scarce. Ancient cultures valued fatty foods, from the olive oil used in Mediterranean diets to the fatty cuts of meat favoured by nomadic tribes ( Eaton et al., 2019 ). Fat was not only a vital energy source but also a crucial component of traditional medicine and religious rituals.
The fear of fat, however, began to take hold in the mid-20th century. In the 1950s, physiologist Ancel Keys published research linking dietary fat—particularly saturated fat—to heart disease. His Seven Countries Study suggested that populations consuming high amounts of saturated fat had higher rates of cardiovascular disease (Keys, 1970). This led to a widespread movement against dietary fat, culminating in the low-fat craze of the 1980s and 90s.
Not all fats are harmful and that excess refined carbohydrates may have played a greater role in chronic disease.
During this era, government dietary guidelines and the food industry pushed low-fat products, often replacing fat with refined carbohydrates and sugars (Teicholz, 2019) Ironically, rather than improving health, these dietary changes contributed to a rise in obesity and metabolic disorders. More recent research has questioned the simplicity of the original anti-fat message, highlighting that not all fats are harmful and that excess refined carbohydrates may have played a greater role in chronic disease ( Mozaffarian et al., 2020 ).
Today, fat is experiencing a renaissance as scientists and nutritionists acknowledge its complex role in health. While trans fats remain harmful, natural fats from whole foods— such as dairy, nuts, fish, and unprocessed meats—are being re-evaluated for their potential benefits. Given that we eat food (not individual nutrients like fat), the cultural and regional differences also need to be understood when looking at the role of fat in the diet and its impact on health.
Dr Anneline Padayachee
Cultural and regional dietary considerations
Different cultures incorporate fats into their diets in various ways, demonstrating that dietary fat is not a one-size-fitsall issue:
1. Mediterranean Diet: Rich in olive oil, nuts, fish, and full-fat dairy, this diet has been linked to heart health benefits ( Estruch et al., 2013 ).
2. East Asian Diet: More fish-based fats and minimal use of processed oils contribute to balanced nutrition ( Zhengetal., 2020).
3. Traditional Indigenous Diet: Often rely on whole food animal fats, such as those found in wild game, which offer unique nutrient profiles. For example, the Inuit diet, rich in marine fats from fish and seal, has been traditionally associated with low rates of cardiovascular disease, despite its high-fat content ( Dewailly et al., 2001 ). Similarly, the Maasai people of East Africa, whose diet is high in dairy and animal fats, historically exhibited low levels of heart disease ( Mann et al., 1972 ).
Recognising these diverse dietary patterns highlights that fat intake should be viewed within the broader context of dietary culture and tradition (Willett et al., 2019; Kuhnlein & Receveur, 1996 ). Cultural and regional differences influence not only the types of fats consumed but also the ways in which they are prepared, combined with other foods, and integrated into daily meals ( Drewnowski & Almiron-Roig, 2010 ). Respecting these dietary traditions is essential for developing sustainable, practical nutrition recommendations that align with people's lifestyles, access to ingredients, and food preferences (Kittler & Sucher, 2016). Additionally, cultural food practices often have deep-rooted historical and social significance, making them an important aspect of personal and communal identity (Johnston et al., 2014 ). Rather than imposing a universal dietary model, a balanced approach should acknowledge these variations while emphasising whole, nutrient-dense foods and mindful consumption ( Bermudez & Tucker, 2004 ).
Understanding fat’s role in sensory pleasure and appetite regulation helps contextualise its influence on metabolism and health.
Fat, flavour, and the science
of pleasure
Fat is one of the most important components of flavour and mouthfeel, contributing to the rich textures and depth of taste in many of our favourite foods. It enhances the perception of creaminess in dairy, the succulence in meats, and the indulgence of chocolate. Fat serves as a carrier for fat-soluble flavour compounds, helping to release aromas that make foods more appetising ( Keast & Costanzo, 2019 ).
Beyond taste, fat triggers the brain’s reward system. When consumed, it stimulates the release of dopamine and endorphins, promoting feelings of pleasure and satisfaction (Small et al., 2020 ). This response, combined with fat’s role in slowing digestion and prolonging satiety, makes fat-rich foods particularly appealing. However, this pleasure mechanism can also lead to overconsumption, as the brain craves repeated stimulation of its reward pathways, particularly when combined with sugar and salt in processed foods.
Many modern processed foods exploit this effect, carefully engineered to be hyper-palatable by blending fat with sugar, salt, and refined carbohydrates. This combination overrides natural satiety signals, making it easy to over consume calorie-dense foods, contributing to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction ( Hall et al., 2019 ).
Understanding fat’s role in sensory pleasure and appetite regulation helps contextualise its influence on metabolism and health. As with all nutrients, moderation and food quality are key in balancing enjoyment with long-term health outcomes.
The essential nature of fat
Fats are broadly categorised into saturated and unsaturated fats, each differing in chemical structure and physiological impact. Saturated fats have no double bonds in their fatty acid chains, making them more stable and solid at room temperature. They are predominantly found in animal products like red meat, butter, and dairy, as well as tropical oils like coconut oil. While saturated fats have long been associated with elevated LDL cholesterol, recent studies suggest that their role in heart disease is more nuanced.
The impact of saturated fat depends on its food source and dietary context. When consumed as part of whole foods such as dairy, unprocessed meats, and coconut oil, saturated fats appear to have a neutral or even beneficial effect on health. These sources contain bioactive compounds, proteins, and essential micronutrients that influence cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular function ( Astrup et al., 2020; De Souza et al., 2015; Mensink, 2016 ). In contrast, saturated fats from highly processed foods, often combined with refined sugars and unhealthy additives, are more strongly linked to adverse health effects, including increased LDL cholesterol and systemic inflammation ( De Souza et al., 2015; Mozaffarian et al., 2020 ).
Unsaturated fats, on the other hand, contain one or more double bonds, which create kinks in their structure, keeping them liquid at room temperature. They are further classified into:
Monounsaturated fats (MUFAs)
These contain one double bond and are abundant in olive oil, avocados, and nuts. MUFAs are known for their cardioprotective properties, helping to improve cholesterol balance by increasing HDL and reducing LDL oxidation (Calder, 2021)
Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs)
These contain multiple double bonds and are primarily found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts. PUFAs include essential fatty acids like omega-3 and omega-6, which play crucial roles in inflammation regulation, brain function, and cell membrane integrity. However, an imbalance in omega-6 to omega-3 ratios, often due to excessive consumption of processed vegetable oils, has been linked to chronic inflammation and metabolic disorders (Mozaffarian et al., 2021; Calder, 2021; Micha et al., 2021). That
said, seed oils themselves are not inherently harmful—after all, they provide essential fatty acids necessary for body functions. The problem arises when they dominate the diet, particularly in the form of deep-fried and nutritionally refined foods. Rather than fearing seed oils outright, it’s more practical to consider overall dietary patterns. The real question is: why is anyone consuming excessive amounts of oily foods in the first place? A well-balanced diet naturally includes a variety of fats, reducing the risk of overrelying on any one type and maintaining a healthier omega-6 to omega-3 ratio.
While both types of unsaturated fats are generally beneficial for health, their sources and balance within the diet matter significantly. Prioritising whole-food sources of MUFAs and omega-3-rich PUFAs while minimising processed fats can enhance overall metabolic health and reduce disease risk.
Fat isn’t just a macronutrient; it’s a biological necessity. Every cell membrane in the human body is made up of a lipid bilayer, ensuring structural integrity and fluidity (Stanhope, 2020). The brain is roughly 60% fat, with omega-3 fatty acids playing a crucial role in cognitive function and mental health (Gómez-Pinilla, 2018). Fat is also the vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), which means that a diet too low in fat could compromise absorption of these essential nutrients (Jones et al., 2021)
Fat plays a vital role in metabolism, serving as both an energy source and a regulator of metabolic processes. When dietary fat is consumed, it is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the digestive system. These components are either used immediately for energy or stored in adipose tissue for later use. The body’s ability to efficiently metabolise fats influences weight regulation, hormonal balance, and overall metabolic health (Stanhope, 2020 ).
Fat and metabolism: energy, hormones, and weight regulation
Fat is the most energy-dense macronutrient, providing 37kJ (9 kcal) per gram, more than double the energy provided by carbohydrates and protein, which each supply 17 kJ (4 kcal) per gram. This makes fat an efficient energy source, particularly useful during prolonged physical activity and fasting states when glycogen stores become depleted (Stanhope, 2020 ).
However, during prolonged physical inactivity and overconsumption, fat can become more problematic. When energy intake exceeds expenditure, excess dietary fat is readily stored in adipose tissue. Unlike carbohydrates, which have limited storage capacity as glycogen in the liver and muscles, the body has an almost unlimited capacity to store fat, which can contribute to weight gain and metabolic imbalances ( Hall et al., 2019 ). Additionally, excessive fat accumulation—particularly visceral fat around internal organs—has been associated with insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases ( Mozaffarian et al., 2020 ). This highlights the importance of balancing fat intake with physical activity to ensure that it serves as a beneficial energy source rather than leading to metabolic dysfunction.
Beyond energy, fat plays a crucial role in hormonal balance. Essential fatty acids contribute to the synthesis of steroid hormones, including testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol, which regulate reproductive health, stress responses, and metabolism (Jones et al., 2021 ). Adequate fat intake is particularly important for women, as low dietary fat levels can disrupt menstrual cycles and impair fertility.
Fat also influences metabolic health through its impact on insulin sensitivity and inflammation. While excessive intake of trans fats and highly processed fats can contribute to insulin resistance, healthy fats from sources like fish, nuts, and olive oil improve insulin function and reduce inflammation, helping to lower the risk of metabolic syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes ( Mozaffarian et al., 2020 ).
Additionally, dietary fat affects appetite regulation by slowing gastric emptying and promoting satiety, reducing overall calorie intake compared to diets high in refined carbohydrates (Hall et al., 2019). This is why low-fat, highcarbohydrate diets often leave people feeling unsatisfied, leading to increased food consumption and weight gain. Fat is essential in appetite regulation due to its role in slowing digestion and promoting fullness. Key mechanisms include:
Leptin and Ghrelin Regulation: Dietary fat influences these hunger hormones, which signal satiety and appetite control (Benoit et al., 2015; Schwartz et al., 2017)
Slower Gastric Emptying: High-fat meals take longer to digest, helping individuals feel fuller for longer (Blundell et al., 2018)
Palatability and Satisfaction: Fat enhances flavour and texture, reducing the likelihood of overeating in response to bland, unsatisfying foods (Drewnowski, 1997; Small, 2009)
By understanding fat's role in satiety, individuals can use dietary fats strategically to support healthy eating patterns. Understanding fat’s impact on metabolic health naturally leads to its influence on cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health, where different types of dietary fats play distinct roles in regulating LDL, HDL, and VLDL lipoproteins.
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins: LDL, HDL, and VLDL
Cholesterol is often misunderstood, yet it is essential for hormone production, cell membrane integrity, and bile acid synthesis. Cholesterol, a lipid molecule essential for various physiological functions, is influenced by dietary fat intake, metabolic activity, and overall health status. The body produces cholesterol primarily in the liver, and it is transported through the bloodstream via lipoproteins: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).
LDL Cholesterol : Often labelled as “bad” cholesterol, LDL transports cholesterol from the liver to cells throughout the body. While necessary in moderate amounts, excess LDL can lead to plaque buildup in the arteries, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (Mozaffarian et al., 2018; Siri-Tarino et al., 2010; Mensink et al., 2016)
HDL Cholesterol: Known as “good” cholesterol, HDL carries cholesterol away from cells and back to the liver, where it is either reused or excreted. Higher levels of HDL are associated with reduced cardiovascular risk (Calder, 2019; Jakobsen et al., 2009; Santos et al., 2022 ).
VLDL Cholesterol: VLDL is another lipoprotein that transports triglycerides from the liver to tissues. Unlike LDL and HDL, which primarily carry cholesterol, VLDL’s main function is to distribute triglycerides, which are then used for energy or stored in adipose tissue. VLDL is considered less significant than LDL and HDL in terms of cardiovascular risk because it is quickly converted into LDL in the bloodstream ( Micha et al., 2021; Harris et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019).
The balance between LDL, HDL, and VLDL is more critical than the absolute levels of cholesterol in the diet. Consuming unsaturated fats (found in olive oil, nuts, and fish) can help raise HDL while lowering LDL, whereas trans fats and excessive saturated fats can contribute to elevated LDL levels ( Micha et al., 2021 ).
Dietary choices
Whole foods vs processed alternatives
The source of dietary fat plays a crucial role in its impact on health. Whole food sources such as red meat, dairy, fish, nuts, seeds, and avocado provide a natural balance of fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals that contribute to overall well-being. These foods contain essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins that support brain function, hormone production, and metabolic health (Mozaffarian et al., 2021).
RED MEAT
Provides high-quality protein, iron, and B vitamins. While grassfed varieties contain slightly higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants compared to grain-fed beef, the overall nutritional difference is relatively small within a balanced diet ( Daley et al., 2010; Van Elswyk & McNeill, 2014; Ponnampalam et al., 2017 ). Importantly, accessibility and affordability must be considered—many individuals cannot afford exclusively grass-fed meat, and it is critical to ensure they do not feel discouraged from consuming red meat as part of a healthy diet. In Australia, where 66% of the land is non-arable, cattle are typically pasture-raised for most of their lives but may require grain finishing for up to 100 days due to environmental constraints. This ensures consistent nutritional quality and animal welfare while maintaining economic viability for farmers in regions with limited pasture availability ( McAllister et al., 2011; Hocquette et al., 2018 ). Penalizing farmers in less arable areas for utilising sustainable grain-finishing practices would ignore the complexities of food production and land use, which vary significantly based on geography, climate, and resource availability.
DAIRY
Contains a unique combination of saturated fats, proteins, and calcium. The fat in dairy is part of a complex food matrix that interacts with other nutrients, influencing digestion, satiety, and metabolic health. Dairy fat contains short- and medium-chain fatty acids, which are more readily oxidised for energy rather than stored as fat. It also provides conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which has been linked to potential anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits. Additionally, dairy is a rich source of calcium and vitamin D, which support bone health, and whey and casein proteins, which play a role in muscle maintenance and satiety. Fermented dairy, such as yogurt and cheese, also delivers probiotics that promote gut health, further enhancing its overall nutritional profile ( Kratz et al., 2020; Thorning et al., 2017; Pimpin et al., 2016 ).
FISH
Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3s, which reduce inflammation and support heart health. In addition to their beneficial fats, these fish provide high-quality protein, vitamin D, and selenium, which work synergistically to promote immune function, muscle maintenance, and cardiovascular health (Calder, 2021; Mozaffarian et al., 2020).
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Understanding fat in the context of the food matrix is crucial—its interaction with proteins, fibre, and micronutrients influences digestion, satiety, and long term health outcomes.
Nuts and Seeds
These are nutritional powerhouses that provide a mix of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, fibre, plant proteins, and essential micronutrients like magnesium and vitamin E. Their healthy fat content supports cholesterol balance, while their fibre content aids digestion and satiety, making them beneficial for metabolic and cardiovascular health (Ros et al., 2018; Guasch-Ferré et al., 2017)
Practical takeaways: making peace with fat
Navigating fat in the diet doesn’t have to be an allor-nothing game. Here’s how to embrace fat while maintaining health and balance:
Prioritise whole foods: Instead of obsessing over isolated fat types, focus on minimally processed, nutrient-dense foods. Olive oil, nuts, dairy, eggs, meat, and fish provide fats in a balanced nutritional context.
Avocado and Olive Oil
These are excellent sources of monounsaturated fats, which help maintain healthy cholesterol levels, reduce inflammation, and support heart health. Avocados also provide fibre, potassium, and antioxidants, enhancing their role in overall metabolic health. Olive oil, particularly extra virgin olive oil, contains polyphenols that contribute to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, reinforcing its place in a balanced diet (Estruch et al., 2013; Schwingshackl & Hoffmann, 2014)
In contrast, highly processed foods often contain refined vegetable oils, artificial trans fats, and synthetic additives that disrupt metabolic health. Many plant-based meat alternatives and ultra-processed dairy substitutes rely on industrially processed ingredients that lack the full nutrient spectrum of whole foods. While they can be part of a balanced diet, overreliance on these alternatives may lead to nutrient deficiencies and increased consumption of pro-inflammatory fats (Mellor et al., 2022)
Understanding the differences between whole foods and processed alternatives allows for more informed dietary choices that support long term health and well-being.
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Balance Omega-3 and Omega-6: Western diets tend to be heavy in omega-6 fats (from vegetable oils) and low in omega-3s. Increasing fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts can help restore balance and reduce inflammation.
A balanced diet should integrate a variety of fat sources. For example:
Use extra virgin olive oil for cooking and salad dressings.
Incorporate fatty fish like salmon or sardines twice a week for omega-3 benefits.
Snack on a handful of nuts instead of processed chips.
Choose full-fat dairy in moderation if you do not have any chronic disease conditions to consider to take advantage of its nutrient-dense profile. If you do have chronic health conditions, particularly cardiovascular or high blood pressure related issues, it may be best to use reduced fat options as recommended by your health care provider.
Reduce intake of deep-fried and heavily refined processed foods by preparing meals at home with whole ingredients.
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Emerging research or debates
Nutrition science is constantly evolving, and fat remains one of the most debated topics. Some key discussions include:
The role of saturated fat: Once demonised, newer research suggests its impact on heart health is more complex than previously thought (Astrup et al., 2020; De Souza et al., 2015; Siri-Tarino et al., 2010)
Omega-6 vs. Omega-3 balance: Western diets are high in omega-6 fatty acids, and scientists debate whether this imbalance contributes to chronic inflammation (Mozaffarian et al., 2020; Calder, 2021; Micha et al., 2021)
Personalised nutrition: Emerging research suggests that genetic factors influence how individuals metabolise and respond to dietary fats, highlighting the importance of individualised dietary recommendations (Ordovas & Smith, 2010; Ferguson et al., 2020)
These discussions highlight the complexity of dietary fat recommendations and emphasise the need for nuanced, evidence-based dietary guidelines that consider both population-level data and individual metabolic responses.
Bringing it all together: The role of fat in a balanced diet
Fat is neither hero nor villain—it is a vital component of a well-balanced diet. Throughout history, fat has been
essential for survival, providing energy, supporting cellular function, and enhancing the sensory experience of food. Modern science has helped us understand that fat's impact on health depends on its type, source, and the overall dietary pattern in which it is consumed.
Whole foods like fish, nuts, dairy, and olive oil offer a diverse array of fats alongside essential vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that work synergistically to support metabolic health. Meanwhile, excessive consumption of processed fats, often found in refined vegetable oils and deep-fried foods, can contribute to inflammation and metabolic disorders.
Understanding fat in the context of the food matrix is crucial—its interaction with proteins, fibre, and micronutrients influences digestion, satiety, and longterm health outcomes. Dietary choices should be guided by balance, variety, and nutritional quality rather than a fear of fat itself. Whether it's the rich marbling of beef, the omega-3s in salmon, or the creamy texture of dairy, fat plays a central role in both nourishment and enjoyment.
Rather than adhering to rigid dietary rules, focusing on minimally processed, nutrient-dense sources of fat allows us to appreciate its complexity while making informed, healthconscious choices. Ultimately, food should be both nourishing and enjoyable—because eating well is about more than just nutrients; it’s about embracing the pleasure and tradition of food in a way that supports overall health and well-being. ��
Pedigree vs genomic breeding and inbreeding
Understanding the differences and benefits
Breeding livestock has long relied on pedigree information to track ancestry and estimate genetic merit. However, with advancements in genomic technology, breeders now have more precise tools for genetic selection. This article explores the relationship between traditional pedigree-based breeding and genomic breeding and how this also applies to inbreeding.
Pedigree-based breeding: understanding bloodlines
Pedigree breeding is based on recorded ancestry, tracing lineage through generations. This extends to traditional pedigree inbreeding calculations, which rely on pedigree information in registered populations.
Although the AWA holds the most complete pedigree records for Wagyu, which trace back into the original Japanese registration certificates, these typically truncate 2-4 generations prior to the export of the Foundation animals from Japan in the 1990’s.
We know that there was a significant amount of inbreeding within the Japanese Black population prior to the export of animals and genetics from Japan. Pedigree-based inbreeding calculations cannot account for this.
The AWA recently released Genomic Inbreeding calculations for registered animals with genomic profiles.
The AWA recently released Genomic Inbreeding calculations for registered animals with genomic profiles. This analysis showed that using genomic inbreeding calculations, which accurately account for real inbreeding at a DNA level, the average inbreeding within the registered Japanese Black population was around 12%. This is much higher than prior pedigree predicted inbreeding (6%) because it accounts for the prior inbreeding that occurred in Japan before export.
This article will walk through how genomic data can be used to accurately calculate trait performance and actual inbreeding and how genomic data can be used to assist inbreeding management and genetic improvement.
Genomic breeding: A modern approach
Genomic selection uses DNA testing to assess the genetic merit of an individual at a molecular level. Instead of relying solely on ancestry, it evaluates thousands of genetic markers across the genome, providing a more accurate prediction of an animal’s genetic potential. It can determine which genetic material is inherited from parents, grandparents and great grandparents.
Advantages of Genomic Breeding:
Directly measures genetic material rather than inferring it from ancestry
Identifies animals with superior genetic potential early in life.
Reduces the uncertainty of breeding decisions by providing precise trait estimates.
Helps manage inbreeding by assessing actual genetic diversity rather than assumed relationships.
Progeny relatedness: parents vs grandparents
Pedigree breeding and analysis:
This approach assumes that desirable traits are passed down in an averaged and predictable manner, relying on estimated trait performance derived from historical and performance records and mid-parent (averaged) EBVs.
Key benefits of pedigree breeding:
Provides a structured method to track family history.
Helps preserve desirable bloodlines and breed characteristics.
Aids in estimating genetic merit based on family performance.
However, pedigree breeding has limitations. Because it relies on assumed genetic inheritance rather than measuring the actual DNA that was inherited. Only 50% of each parents DNA is passed on to offspring. Hence, a parent’s full genetic merit is not passed on to its offspring. We can see large variations within full siblings (brothers and sisters) that are not accounted for, potentially leading to unexpected trait expression in progeny.
Likewise for regions of DNA that contain inbreeding, pedigree inbreeding calculations assume an average relatedness and do not account for variation between siblings in inbreeding, which can be equally as large as trait variation between siblings.
Each calf inherits 100% of its genetic material from its parents—50% from the cow and 50% from the bull. However, the specific 50% inherited from each parent varies between full siblings, creating genetic diversity even among calves with the same sire and dam.
While full siblings are 100% related by pedigree, meaning they share the same recorded lineage, they are only 50% related by genomic content on average. This difference arises due to Mendelian sampling, a process where the sperm and egg carry a random selection of the parent’s genetic material. As a result, when these gametes combine during fertilisation, they create unique genetic combinations in each offspring.
While full siblings are 100% related by pedigree, meaning they share the same recorded lineage, they are only 50% related by genomic content on average.
Full sibling 1
Chromosome pairs: autosomes 1 to
Full sibling 2
Understanding genetic variation through Mendelian sampling
The figure above illustrates how chromosome segments are passed from grandparents to parents and then to progeny through recombination during gamete formation. Each parent produces genetically unique sperm or eggs, meaning that no two offspring inherit the exact same DNA combination, even if they share the same parents.
This random genetic recombination results in full siblings having a range of genetic similarity—some may be as low as 35% related while others may be as high as 65% related. The variation is even greater when considering genetic contributions from grandparents, where an individual calf may inherit as little as 20% or as much as 30% from any one grandparent, rather than the expected 25%.
Genomic inbreeding %
Genomic inbreeding percentage in cattle refers to the lack of genomic sequence diversity within an individual animal. It is measured using genomic data and can be used to predict the likelihood that an individual has inherited the same allele from both parents (homozygosity), which determines true inbreeding (loss of genetic variation).
How does it work?
Genetic Data Collection: To measure genomic inbreeding, DNA samples are taken from the cattle, typically through a tissue sample unit. The genetic information is then analysed using a genomic test (100K is ideal).
Marker-based Evaluation: The test looks at specific genetic markers across the animal's genome. These markers
are regions of DNA that vary among individuals. The more markers that are shared between the animal's parents, the more likely the offspring will inherit the same alleles, leading to homozygosity which is true inbreeding at a DNA level.
Calculation of Inbreeding Coefficient: Pedigree inbreeding coefficients (F values) are a measure of the probability that two alleles at a given locus in an individual are identical by descent. Genomic inbreeding coefficients are calculated by measuring actual homozygosity across the entire genome and express the proportion of the genome that is homozygous (i.e., the two alleles at a locus are the same) as a percentage.
Genomic inbreeding analysis provides a much more precise and accurate estimate of inbreeding than traditional pedigree-based methods. You can consider the genomic inbreeding is actual inbreeding, whereas pedigree inbreeding is an assumed statistical average.
Implications for breeding decisions
In applying genetic tools to assist your breeding decisions, the distinction between pedigree and genomic breeding and inbreeding, has significant implications for efficiency of genetic improvement and long-term productivity and sustainability.
Pedigree breeding and inbreeding estimates rely on ancestry and expected inheritance patterns but do not account for the variation in actual genetic material passed to offspring. As a result, they may overestimate or underestimate an animal's genetic potential and inbreeding, having lower relative reliability and reducing rates of genetic gain.
Figure 1 Genetic inheritance through Mendelian sampling.
In contrast, genomic breeding and inbreeding tools use precise DNA analysis to identify the specific genetic makeup of each animal, allowing producers to select individuals with superior traits such as carcase traits, growth rates, or genetic conditions and high or low relative inbreeding. This genomic data has higher reliability and increases the accuracy of breeding decisions, accelerating genetic progress within the herd.
Implications for breeding programs
The findings from this study reinforce the importance of accurate genomic selection tools to aid traditional pedigreebased methods. While pedigree-based selection has been a cornerstone of breeding programs, it does not accurately account for the genetic composition of an individual animal. Genomic testing provides a more precise understanding of an animal’s genetic potential, allowing breeders to make more informed selection decisions.
For instance, the variation in marbling performance, growth rates, and carcase yield observed among full siblings underscores the need for genomic evaluation in breeding
PEDFA201 MONJIRO J11550
WKSFM0164 WORLD K'S MICHIFUKU
programs. By incorporating genomic data, breeders can enhance genetic progress, optimise breeding strategies, and improve overall herd performance.
Using the example of the 49 full siblings and the variation in genomic inbreeding demonstrated in the following figure. If a breeder sought to retain certain individuals with low inbreeding (low GIP) as the basis for future breeding animals within their herd, they could significantly reduce the accumulation of inbreeding in future generations by selecting low genomic inbreeding coefficient animals.
This analysis also illustrates the substantial genetic variation that exists even among animals with identical parentage. The variation in genomic inbreeding, carcase performance, and marbling ability highlights the benefits of aiding pedigree-based selection and breeding with accurate genomic tools. As genomic technologies continue to advance, Wagyu breeders and other livestock producers must leverage these tools to maximise genetic gains and improve sustainable genetic gain. ��
PEDFA215 MICHIKO J655635 (AI)
KWBFU0003 KUROGE F U3 (AI) (ET)
LOCFZ0505 WESTVALE TERUCHIKA (ET)
LOCFV0009 WESTVALE AMY (AI) (ET)
view EBVs view EBVs
Figure 1
Case Study example: Pedigree of dam and sire and then the scale of actual genomic inbreeding (GIP) in 49 full siblings from these parents. In which the Pedigree
Inbreeding Coefficient (F) = 3.7 for every animal.
The findings from this study reinforce the importance of accurate genomic selection tools to aid traditional pedigree-based methods.
A Case Study: Analysis of inbreeding variation in Full Siblings
In reviewing past articles, we revisited a compelling case from the Australian Wagyu Association (AWA) database, where a breeder repeatedly flushed one of their elite cows to the same sire, resulting in 48 full siblings with genomic data. This unique dataset provides valuable insights into the extent of genetic variation in full siblings and its implications for breeding programs.
The pedigree and genomic inbreeding analysis shown in the figure includes a dataset of 49 full siblings from the same dam (LOCFZ0505) and sire (WKSFM0164). This provides a detailed example demonstrating the principle of genetic variation among full siblings. Despite identical parentage, these siblings exhibit significant genomic diversity as demonstrated by the range in genomic inbreeding (measured as homozygosity across the genome).
Of note, is that the predicted pedigree inbreeding coefficient (F) for every single full sibling progeny is 3.7. That is, the pedigree predicted inbreeding is exactly the same for each of the 49 full siblings.
The actual Genomic Inbreeding (GIP) Coefficient for each full sibling is provided in the figure. The actual genomic inbreeding ranges from a low of 11.8 to a high of 17.7 across the full siblings. This broad range demonstrates that full siblings do not inherit identical genetic material, emphasising the complexity of genetic recombination and the value of genomics to decipher this variation. ��
Gateway Wagyu: A legacy of breeding excellence
This April marks a rare opportunity for Wagyu breeders and enthusiasts alike—the complete dispersal of the renowned Gateway Wagyu herd and properties. For over a decade, the Erasmus family, based near Gloucester in the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, has been committed to breeding elite Wagyu cattle, crafting a genetic legacy that has left a lasting imprint on the industry.
At the heart of Gateway Wagyu is Carl Erasmus, whose vision and dedication have shaped one of the most meticulously developed Wagyu herds in Australia. With their breeding journey coming to a close, we sat down with Carl to explore the philosophy and strategy behind the herd’s success.
The foundation of Gateway Wagyu Gateway Wagyu is built on two prime properties. The first, a 3,000-acre farm between Gloucester and Krambach, provides ideal conditions for breeding, with improved pastures of Rhodes, Kikuyu, and clover. Here, calves are weaned at approximately seven months, undergoing a specialised 10-day breaking-in program that ensures they are well-adapted to handling and feeding routines. Bulls, once fully conditioned, achieve daily weight gains of up to 2kg, while heifers gain between 1-1.2kg per
day—testament to the superior feeding and management practices at Gateway.
The second property, spanning 2,700 acres, has undergone significant development, including 18km of new fencing and extensive roadworks. Boasting over 6.5km of river frontage and high annual rainfall, this property holds immense potential for future breeders, comfortably supporting 500 breeders with room for expansion.
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Why Wagyu? The pursuit of excellence
With a background in game farming in South Africa, the Erasmus family understood the value of superior genetics in achieving financial and breeding success. Wagyu was a natural choice, not only for its premium market value but also for the challenge of refining its genetic potential.
“When we started in 2015, we recognised that many breeders were working in isolation, using only their own genetics,” Carl explains. “We saw an opportunity to acquire and blend the very best genetics from leading Wagyu breeders. We didn’t just want to breed Wagyu; we wanted to develop a herd that stood out at the top level.”
Through strategic matings and meticulous selection, Gateway Wagyu incorporated elite bloodlines, including genetics from Peter Lee’s renowned herd and Sumo Wagyu, while maintaining a strong working relationship with industry leaders. Carl spent countless hours analysing breed data, running mating predictions, and refining breeding strategies to achieve exceptional results.
“ We saw an opportunity to acquire and blend the very best genetics from leading Wagyu breeders. ”
Pioneering the future with polled Wagyu
One of Gateway Wagyu’s most ambitious projects was its investment in Polled Wagyu genetics—an area Carl identified as an emerging force in the industry as early as 2014. When the first Polled Wagyu semen became available in Australia in 2016, Gateway Wagyu was among the first to incorporate it.
“We believe the future of Polled Wagyu is incredibly bright. The global supply is still limited, which creates a tremendous opportunity for breeders to develop elite seedstock,” Carl explains. By selectively breeding Polled Wagyu with high - performing Fullblood genetics, Gateway has contributed to advancing the quality of commercial Polled Wagyu worldwide.
The
road ahead for Wagyu breeding
Carl sees a promising future for the Wagyu industry, noting the increasing calibre of breeders entering the space. However, he emphasises that success in Wagyu requires dedication, financial backing, and an unwavering commitment to quality.
“You can’t cut corners in Wagyu breeding. To prove sires, to refine genetics, to truly produce elite cattle—it takes time, investment, and passion,” Carl states. “The sires and dams that dominate today’s industry didn’t get there by chance; they represent years of careful selection and strategic breeding.”
A new chapter for the Erasmus family
The dispersal of Gateway Wagyu marks the end of an era for the Erasmus family. While the decision to step away from breeding has been difficult, Carl and his family are looking forward to spending more time with loved ones and embracing new adventures.
“This has been a family endeavour, and we’ve poured everything into it. But now, it’s time to reconnect with family and friends, to travel, to enjoy the life we’ve built,” Carl reflects. “Farming is in our blood and Wagyu will always be a part of us, but the Great Barrier Reef is calling.”
As the Wagyu community prepares for this landmark sale, one thing is certain—whoever takes on the Gateway genetics will inherit not just exceptional bloodlines, but a legacy of breeding excellence that will shape the future of the industry for years to come. For inquiries about the cattle, contact George Lubbe at 0408 502 787. For property inquiries, contact Rob Chapman at 0428 577 202.
A new dawn arising for Gateway Wagyu
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Pestivirus in Australian cattle
Less calves, late calves, sick calves
Pestivirus, also known as Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV), is a significant challenge for the Australian cattle industry, affecting both beef and dairy sectors. In this article, we explore the impact of pestivirus on reproductive health and immune function in cattle and evaluate the viability of vaccination programs.
Impact on reproductive health
Pestivirus profoundly affects cattle reproductive performance. When a susceptible cow is infected during pregnancy, it can cause embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths, birth defects, weak calves and the birth of Persistently Infected (PI) calves. PI’s which continuously shed the virus, are particularly problematic as they perpetuate the infection cycle. These animals were exposed to the virus in utero and, as a result, carry the virus for their entire lives. PI cattle serve as a constant source of infection, shedding large amounts of the virus through bodily fluids such as saliva, nasal discharge, urine, and faeces. This constant viral shedding makes it easy for the virus to spread to other susceptible cattle in the herd through direct contact or contaminated environments.
In northern Australia, pestivirus has been shown to reduce pregnancy rates by 23% and increase calf loss by 9% in herds/mobs with high infection rates1 . In another study, running PIs with naive heifers prior to artificial insemination reduced conception rates by 45% 2
Immune suppression
Beyond reproductive issues, pestivirus significantly suppresses the immune system. Transiently infected (TI) animals, especially calves, are more susceptible to diseases like pneumonia and scours. This leads to higher morbidity, mortality, treatment costs, and slower growth rates. In dairy calf sheds, the presence of PI calves has been shown to increase the risk of scours by 6.4x and the risk of mortality under 2 days of age by 3.4x 3 In feedlots, infected cattle are 70% 4 more likely to develop Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), driving up antibiotic use and costs.
Economic impact
The economic cost of pestivirus in Australia is substantial. A 2015 report by Meat and Livestock Australia (MLA) estimated the annual cost of the virus at $114 million, second only to cattle tick. This figure likely underestimates the true cost, as it does not account for increased disease pressure occurring from immune suppression or the broader impacts on herd productivity from disrupted calving patterns.
Viability of vaccination
Vaccination with Pestigard is an effective strategy to manage pestivirus. A recent study showed that vaccination can improve pregnancy rates by 5%, reduce abortion rates by 40%, and decrease foetal infection rates by 80% 5
The economics of pestivirus vaccination
For a hypothetical farmer with 100 cows and 20 replacement heifers, the vaccination costs at say $6 per dose would be:
ANNUAL VACCINATION cost for 100 cows: $600
INITIAL TWO DOSES for 20 replacement heifers: $240
TOTAL ANNUAL VACCINATION cost excluding labour: $840
To cover the vaccination cost, farmers need just one additional calf to make it to market in 2 of 3 years. Beyond this breakeven point, driving better reproductive performance is one of the key factors of productivity and profitability on farm, making pestivirus vaccination a sound investment.
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Key message
Incorporating Pestigard® into a producer’s annual vaccination schedule offers a compelling economic benefit. The reduction in reproductive losses and the improvement in overall herd health and productivity justify the cost of vaccination. By preventing the spread of pestivirus, farmers can safeguard their herds and ensure sustained profitability.
Pestigard is a simple and effective means of controlling the disease. Start vaccinating your heifers now to make sure they have had 2 doses prior to spring joining.
For more detailed guidance on pestivirus management and vaccination protocols, please speak with Zoetis. Proactive vaccination measures can significantly enhance the economic resilience of your farming operation.
Hear directly from vets and producers
You can also hear from a number of beef and dairy vets and producers around Australia on why they use Pestigard to protect their business.
FOR STORIES
Livestock Solutions with Zoetis – YouTube
Watch their stories
Key vaccine features
Dosage and administration:
Administer 2 mL subcutaneously.
The initial vaccination schedule involves two doses given 4 weeks to 6 months apart, making this a very flexible vaccination schedule on farm.
Annual booster doses are recommended, ideally administered 2-4 weeks prior to joining/insemination.
Best practices for use:
Calves can be safely vaccinated from 3 months of age.
Pregnant cows can be vaccinated as Pestigard is an inactivated vaccine and shown to be safe during pregnancy.
Vaccination to reduce reproductive loss is most effective when completed prior to breeding.
References:
1. McGowan, M., et al., Epidemiology and Management of BVDV in Rangeland Beef Breeding Herds in Northern Australia . Viruses, 2020. 12 (10).
2. McGowan, M., et al., A field investigation of the effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection around the time of insemination on the reproductive performance of cattle Theriogenology, 1993b. 39 : p. 443-449.
3. Bates, A., et al., Reduction in morbidity and mortality of dairy calves from an injectable trace mineral supplement . Vet Rec, 2019. 184 (22): p. 680.
4. Hay, K.E., et al., Effects of exposure to Bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1 on risk of bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle . Prev Vet Med, 2016. 126 : p. 159-69.
5. Newcomer, B.W., et al., Efficacy of bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccination to prevent reproductive disease: a meta-analysis . Theriogenology, 2015. 83 (3): p. 360-365 e1.
