Mathematical Foundations and the Singularity

Page 1

Index #

C! -sphere, 53

S! /D! group, 24-25

S! /D! isomorphism, 21

S!" /D!" group, 45-46

S!" # symmetry group, 315

S!$ /D!$ group, 25

W%(1) Lambert W function, 86 Y& , Y! generators, 311

Basel problem, 276

Bessel function of the first kind, 279 bijection, 22 bijective, 48, 360 bilinearity, 31

binomial factorial series, 269 binomial theorem, 269

bivector, 125-131

bivector rotations, 138

Borel regularization, 274-275 boundary, 289

acceleration vector, 62 adjoint matrices, 44

adjugate, adj(M), 22 al-Haytham, 334 alternating harmonic series, 272-274 alternating inverse harmonic series, 275 alternating natural numbers, 274

Ampere’s law, 136

analytic continuation, 355

Angle Space Ring, 99

angle transformation, 101

angular frequency, 111, 277, 365-377, 390

anti-diagonal symmetry, 47, 312

anti-form, 371, 385, 425

anti-identity matrix, 312

antimatter, 371

antiproton, 371

anti-spacetime, 374

antisymmetric wedge product, 125 arc length, 104

arc segment distance, 103

arclength, 104

asymptote, 129-130

asymptotic cones, 137, 141-142

asymptotic functions, 134

asymptotic Lie algebra, e'(⁄) , 130

asymptotic light, 381-382, 389

asymptotic light algebras, 390

asymptotic light functions, 129, 138-139

Asymptotic Light Functions, 124

asymptotic light numbers, 413

Athena, 417

Athene noctua, 417

axis number determinants, 181 axis numbers, 171 B

Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula, 269, 281

ball, n, 263

cardioids, 357

Cartan algebra, 44-47, 168-169, 312, Cartesian coordinate system, 98

Cartesian plane, 98

Cartesian-to-polar form, 196

Cauchy-Riemann equations, 122-123

Cayley’s Theorem, 22, 188

characteristic polynomials, 187, 317-325, 331-332, 406

chiral Lie algebra, 192

chirality, 190

chirality change mapping, 193

chord distance, 157 chord matrices, 164 circle metric, 97 circular arcs, 108 circular curvature, 115 circular curvature - wave equation, 109 circular curve in the plane, 107 combinatorics, 269 commutative, 16, 53 commutativity, 75 commutator, 20 non-commutative, 20 commuting binomial theory, 269 complete inner product space, 38 complex angle space, 144 complex conic section, 197 complex conic space, 155 complex conjugate, 124, 132 complex curvature, 117- 119 complex powers, 20 complex signed curvature, 124 complex-angle space, 99-102 complex-angle space vectors, 101 complex-angled space sphere, 101 complex-differentiable, 122 composite number, 344

cone equation, 155

cone function spirals, 205

Cone Group, 166

cone number determinants, 180

cone number elements, 178

cone number geometry, 166

cone number permutation matrices, 169

cone numbers, 176, 191, 394

cone section generator, 414

A
C

congruent modulo, 346

Conic Group, 180 conic sections, 155

continuous Lie groups, 63 continuous mapping, 100 continuously differentiable, 123 convergent series, 275 coprime, 336

cosine and sine integrals, 259

cross product, 144

curl, 363

curvature, κ: curvature, 97, 103-109, 399-403

curvature - positive, 96

curvature -negative, 96

curvature of a complex function, 123

curvature of Light, 148

curvature of the asymptotic parametric curve, 149

curved geometry, 79

cutting planes, 155-156

cyclic Z+ :

cyclic groups, 16, 68, 177, 312-318, 338, 407

cyclic modulo shift, 52-53

cyclic shift, 74, 318

cyclic subgroup, 44

cyclic trigonometric function derivatives, 60

cyclic trigonometric functions, 59-60, 73, 425

Dirac delta function, 277-280 directional integration and differentiation, 268 distance metrics, 98

divergence, 137, 363

dodecahedron, 396

dot product, 125, 128, 260, 370

Dyson, Freeman, 358

eccentricity, 283 eigendecomposition, 34, 71, 80

eigenvalue matrices D+ , 340

eigenvalues, 398

Einstein, Albert, 399

Einstein-Minkowski spacetime, 129 electric field, E, 136

electric flux, 136

electromagnetic waves, 114, 135

electron, 371

ellipse, 155

Emerald Tablet, 425

energy, E, 367

energy-momentum relationship, 377, 389, 392

equilateral triangle group, 315

Euclidean:

Euclidean, 79, 96, 404

Euclidean distance, 104, 118

Euclidean geometry, 98

Dde Broglie wavelength, 365 de Broglie, Louis, 365

delta impulse, 282

delta impulses on the singularity, 282

derivative algebras, 56-53, 67-72

derivative subtangent group, 91 determinant, 68, 126, 193, 414

determinants of the exponential derivatives, 68

diagonalizable Lie algebra, 80

diagonalization, 63

diagonalized matrix, 410

diagonalized matrix of eigenvalues, D, 69

differential forms, 56

differentiation of a matrix group, 56

digamma function ψ(%)(z), 258, 337

dihedral forms:

dihedral cone group, D!" ⊞ , 183

dihedral cone group, D!" △ , 169

dihedral differential forms, 62

dihedral differential group, D!0 ', 68

dihedral differential group, D!$ ', 66

dihedral group tangent spaces, 77

dihedral group, D!" , 29

dihedral group, D+ , 13

Dirac delta distribution formula, 281

Euclidean plane, 116, 122

Euclidean space, 97, 196

Euclidean spaces, 382

Euclidean distance metric, 189

Euclidean space, 43

Euler product, 309-314, 355

Euler product formula, 301

Euler’s formula, 260, 277

Euler-Mascheroni constant, 255-257

Euler-Mascheroni constant γ, 337

even divisibility, 343-345

exponential mapping, 63

exponential mapping of cyclic trigonmetric matrix, 65

extended state, 263

extrinsic curvature, 104

factorial function, 337, 344

factorial integration operator, 249

Faraday’s law, 136

Fermat’s little theorem, 335

finite cyclic group Gn, 341

finite geometric numbers, 351

first-order derivative algebra, 64

430
E
F

Flowing Point:

flowing point, 359- 363 quantum, 364

flowing point ideals, 389

force vector, F, 144

form, 371, 385, 425

Fourier analysis, 281

Fourier domain, 278

Fourier transform, 277-283, 389

Fourier transformation and Lie theory, 281

frequency, 367, 377

frequency domain, 113, 277

Frobenius norm, 39

fundamental theory of algebra, 315

G

gamma function, Γ(s), 259, 337, 355, 423

Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 354

Gauss’s law, 136

Gell-Mann matrices, 45-46

generalized group differential, 72

generating set of a group, G, 338

geometric algebra, 125-145

geometric integer, 398

geometric number power-products, 352

Geometric Numbers G+ , 339-346

Geometric Primes, G1 , 339-347, 406-418

geometric prime rotation matrices, 417

geometric product, 125-135, 139-147

geometric series, 260, 269

geometric-dependent energy-momentum relationship, 381-382

geometric-dependent Schrödinger equation, 379-386, 392

geometric-dependent Schrödinger equation wavefunction, 383

group characteristic polynomial, 406-410, 419-420

group order, 338, 341

group velocity, 90, 91

guaranteed primary generators, 340 H

Hamiltonian, 370-371

harmonic logarithm field, 270

harmonic logarithm formula, 257

harmonic logarithms, 255-256

harmonic numbers, H+ , 256-257, 274, 305306, 336-337

harmonic numbers H+ , 339

harmonic series, 255, 272, 302, 306, 336

Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 389

Hermitian symmetric, 40

higher-order algebra derivatives, 73

Hilbert space, 37, 41

Hilbert-Schmidt norm, 39-43

holomorphic, 122

holomorphic function, 122

holons, 364 homeomorphic, 100 homomorphism, 100

hyperbolic geometry: hyperbola, 98, 116, 155

hyperbola asymptote, 399

hyperbola foci, 116

hyperbolic, 379

hyperbolic asymptote, 129-130

hyperbolic curvature, 116-121

hyperbolic functions, 627 372

hyperbolic geometry, 402

hyperbolic geometry of special relativity, 421

hyperbolic group, 61

hyperbolic hypotenuse, 98

hyperbolic Lorentz factor, 373, 390, 400, 403

hyperbolic metric, 97

hyperbolic orthogonality, 401

hyperbolic parameteric signed curvature, 118-120

hyperbolic radius of curvature, 118

hyperbolic rotation, 402

hyperbolic signed curvature, 118

hyperbolic spaces, 49, 96

hyperbolic trigonometric functions, 67-69

imaginary hyperbolic analog, 178

implicit differentiation, 104

incomplete gamma function, 259

infinite cone equation, 203

infinite cone matrix group, 204

infinite differential function, 243

infinite differentiation, 242

infinite differentiation operator, 252

infinite factorial differential operator, 249253

infinite integration, 242, 246, 269, 280-281

infinite integration functions, 54-56

infinite order cyclic groups, 338

Infinite Sphere of Tangent Spaces, 240, 256, 263, 276, 284-293, 371

infinite subtangent space, 256

infinite symmetry group, 273, 280, 283, 293, 285, 359

infinite unit cone, 207

infinitesimal distance, 104-105

injective, 48, 361

inner product, 38-39, 42

inner product on C2×+ , 39

inner product on C+ , 38

inscribed geometry, 332

inscribed sphere(s), 161, 165

integration operator, 247

invariant distance, 98

invariant mass, 389

inverse harmonic numbers, the natural numbers, 274

431
I

inverse mapping, 100 involutory, 193

Jacobi identity, 31

Jonquiere’s function, 271

kinetic energy, 368, 370 kinetic energy operator, 370

Lagrange, Joseph-Louis, 335

Lambert W function, 83-86

Lambert W function’s range, 87

Laplacian, 370

Legendre, Adrien-Marie, 354

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 335

Leonard Euler, 271-276

Lerch Transcendent, 272-273

Lie Theory:

Lie algebra, 31, 51, 62, 280, 289, 305, 372 generators, 314, 319 primary generators, 324

Lie algebra and differential forms, 71

Lie algebra set, 71

Lie bracket, 269

Lie group, 32

Lie group isomorphism, 130

Lie algebra, 21, 280

Lie group, 21

Light:

light asymptotes, 393, 403

light axes, 144

light cones, 129, 144, 404, 413-415

light cone section rotations, 419

light cone set, 416

light elements, 403

light functions, 140

light numbers, 412-419

light, square plane segment, 139

light-form, 388

lightlike, 129

linear transformation, 15

linearly polarized plane wave, 136 logarithm function, 358

Logarithmic Binomial Formula, 257

Logarithmic Path of Descent, Τ, 93 logarithmic spiral(s), 87-84, 358

Lorentz factor, 374, 378, 399, 402, 403

Lorentz transformations, 400

magnetic field, B, 136

magnetic flux, 136

mass energy relation, 373 mass, m, 368 matrix curl, 202

matrix decomposition matrix diagonalizable, 15 matrix derivative operation, 71 matrix derivatives, 56 matrix determinant, 284-285 matrix divergence, 202

matrix exponential, 21

matrix group conic sections, 155 matrix group exponentiation, 15

matrix group properties: associativity, 13 closure, 13 identity, 13 inverse element, 13

matrix groups: general linear group, 13 orthogonal group, O(n, F), 15 special linear group, SL(n, F) , 14

matrix logarithm, 63, 71 matrix powers, 21 matrix tranpose, 18 matrix-by-scalar derivative, 56 matrix-vector rotations, 320 matter, 371 matter-wave energy equivalence, 392 Maxwell’s equations, 136, 363, 399 metric, 97

minimal element, 177, 294-302, 314-315, 321, 405, 408-411

minimal element cone numbers, 179

minimal element matrix representation, 179 minimal slicing, 176

Mirabilis Group, 92-93

modified Bessel function, 266 modulo operation, 337, 342, 345 momentum, 368

Montgomery, Hugh, 358

natural logarithm, 20

natural number matrices, 349

natural number set, 274

natural numbers, 176, 302, 342

natural numbers, closed form, 274

n-dimensional Euclidean ball, 423 negative curvature, pseudosphere, 103 negative minimal element, 412 neighborhood of the identity, 80 net-zero, 381, 407

net-zero point, 244

net-zero splitting, 423 non-Euclidean, 96

non-Euclidean geometry, 98

432
J
K
L
M
N

null curve(s), 155-157, 166

number theory, 358

numeri mirabiles, 81

odd and even partition geometry, 176

offset logarithmic integral, 355

omega constant, 86 orbitons, 364

outer product, 260-272

outer-product regularization, 275

distribution, 298

geometric prime number algebras, 313 geometric prime numbers, 299, 312-313 geometric primes, 301 polygon vertices, 299 prime decompositions, 326 reciprocal prime factors, 302

pair correlation conjecture, 358 parabola, 155 parallelogram, 125-126

parametrized signed curvature, 106 partial sum, 272-274

particle physics, 271

Pauli matrices, 193

period of a waveform, 277 permutation, 22

phase transition, 265

phase-shift, 62-68, phase-shift dependency, 82

phenomenology, 404

phenomenology of light, 134

photon energy, 390

Pietro Mengoli, 276

pilot wave, 363

Planck’s constant ℏ, 365

Plank length, 371

Plank’s constant, 365

Plank-Einstein relation, 367

p-norm, 38

Poincaré-Hopf theorem, 315

polylogarithm, 271

positive curvature, sphere, 103

positive integer function, 354

positive integer waveform function, 346

positron, 371

potential energy, 365

pre-Hilbert space, 38-40 primality, 349

primary generator(s), 61 341, 346, 397

primary minimal element, 177

prime number theory:

prime characteristic polynomial, 327

prime decomposition, 342

prime minimal element, 297

prime number, 296

polygon vertices, 298

prime number generators, 297

prime number matrices, 349

prime number theory, 334

prime numbers, 294, 310, 328, 343, 345, 353, 354-356

asymptotic distribution, 354

prime-counting function π(n), 354 primordial algebras, 78 primordial light, 391 primordial symmetries, 78 principal-valued logarithm, 21, 70 product log function(s), 83, 92 projective forms, 50-51 projective transformation, 52 proton, 371 pseudosphere, 97 Pythagorean identity, 116 Pythagorean theorem, 382 Pythagoreans, 425

quantum chromodynamics, 45 quantum field, 370 quantum mechanics, 260, 370 quasi-particles, 364 quaternion ismorphism to geometric algebra bivectors, 157 quaternions, 157

radius of convergence, 263 radius of curvature, 103, 108 random matrices, 358 rapidity, 375, 400 ratio of curvatures, 110 reciprocal factorial series, 269 reciprocal prime number, 296 recursive differential operation, 253 recursive integration operation, 250 reduced Planck’s constant, 390 reflections/rotations of inscribed SU(2) sphere, 160 regular n-gon, 78 regular pentagon, 323

regularization of outer product array, 275 regularized infinite outer-product summation, 275

relativistic energy equivalence, 376 relativistic energy-momentum, 376 relativistic mechanics, 371, 373 relativistic velocities, 399

representation theory, 281 rest mass, 372

Riemann Hypothesis, 356

Riemann surface(s), 361-362

433
O
P
Q
R

Riemann zeta function, 271-272, 307-308,

355

critical line, 356

critical strip, 356

zeta function zeros, 356

Riemann, Bernard, 355

Roman factorial, 256

rotational symmetries polygon, 338 S

scalar momentum, 373

scalar portion, 128

Schrödinger, Erwin, 365

Schrödinger’s equation, 365-369, 386

second-order derivative algebra, 65 semi-major axis, 117

sequence, 268

signed curvature, 104-107, 118

sinc function, 278-280

sine cardinal function, 279

singular value decomposition, 17-19, 36 singularity, 207, 240

singularity boundary, 291

skew-Hermitian, 77

skew-symmetric, 31

skew-symmetric matrix, 76

skew-symmetry, 47, 77

smooth, 76

smooth manifolds, 76

smooth path, 76

SO(3), 33

space and time curvature, 116

space of angles, 98

spacelike, 129

spacetime, 116, 374

spatial domain, 113

special relativity, 116, 389, 399, 402 speed of light, 115, 377, 399 sphere of tangent spaces, 293 spherical Bessel function, 279 spherical delta function, 282

spinon, 364

spira mirabilis, 89

split complex number, 422

split of the identity, 423

split trigonometric functions, 60 square-integrable functions, 38

Standard Model, 158

SU(2) subgroup of the symmetric conic group, 188

SU(2), inscribed sphere of the light cone, 158

SU(2) group, 158, 404

SU(2) set, 163

SU(3) group, 45 subgroup chirality, 192 subtangent space, 245-246, 285-290 superluminal, 403 surjective, 48

symmetric conic group, 178, 193 symmetric conic group, S!" △ , 180 symmetric dot product, 125 symmetric group, S+ , 23 symmetric groups, 22

symmetric/dihedral conic group, S!" △ , D!" △ , 176

symmetric/dihedral group, S!0 /D!0 , 47 symmetric/dihedral group, S!$ /D!$ , 26 symmetry group, S! , 23

Tangent Spaces:

tangent matrix, 56

tangent space, 56, 281-283

tangent space addition, 102

Tangent Space Complex Symmetry Group, 292

tangent space element as polygonal form, 199

Tangent Space of the Cone, 163

Tangent Space Rotation, 200

tangent space velocity, Tv, 82

tangent space, TϵG, 76

tangent sphere, 206-207

tangent vectors, 76

tangential angle, 104

tangential force, Ftan, 145

Tau function, Τ, 308

tensor algebra, 260

tensors, 260

tetrahedral numbers, 307

Theory of Light, 359, 393

third-order derivative algebra, 65 three-way cyclic trigonometric functions, 65

three-way exponential functions, 45 three-way trigonometric functions, 58 time-dependent Schrödinger’s, 377

time-domain, 277

timelike, 129

torque, 144

torque bivectors, 145

torque vector, τ, 134

trace of a matrix, 271

traceless, 193

triangular numbers, 303-307, 314

inverse sums, 307-308

inverse/reciprocal, 305

two-norm, 36

U(3) symmetry group, 30

U(3) unit sphere, 165

unextended state, 636

Unified Field, 370-371, 382, 391

unified geometry, 138

unified light functions, 138, 144-147

434
T
U

unit basis vector(s), 125-126 unit hyperbola, 67, 118, 165 unit hyperbolae, 383 unit impulse, 278-279 unit invariant mass, 389-393 unit normal vector, 103 unit singularity, 289 unit tangent vector, 103 unitary, 17 unitary asymptotic light generators, 391 unitary group, U(1), 21 unitary group, U(3), 32 universe, 425

vertex element set, 343

Waring, Edward, 335 wave domain, 277 wave equation, 114 wave number, 111 367-368 waveform, 274 wavefunction, 136, 194, 365, 370, 386, 392 wavelength, 111, 365, 377 wavenumber, 277, 365, 377, 386, 392

wavenumber-angular frequency relationship, 137

wave-particle duality, 134

wave-particle duality of light, 134 wedge product, 125, 128, 133

Wilson, John, 3334-33

Wilson’s theorem, 334-337, 347, 351

X -type matrices, 313

Y subgroup of the symmetric conic group, 186

zero curvature, 120

zero derivatives, 244

zero-dimensional, 157, 359, 364-365, 371, 423

zero-dimensional point, 54, 391, 423-424

zero-dimensional point of primordial light, 391

zero-point, 245-246, 257, 273

zeta zeros trivial, 356

435
V
W
X
Y
Z

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