Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis sagvareulos istoriuli narkvevi
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saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT-erT warCinebulTa gvars miekuTvnebian Tavadi sumbaTaSvilebi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis naSromSi “aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa” Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis gvaris Sesaxeb aRniSnulia, rom “mTavarTa Soris awindelTa JamTa 1
warCinebulesni da SemZlebelni” arian “sumbataSvili”. qarTl-kaxeTis mefis, giorgi XII-is vaJi - ioane batoniSvili Tavis TxzulebaSi “SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa” Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb wers Semdegs: “36. Tavadi sumbatisSvili. eseni arian Zveladve somexTa mefeTa Tavadni, romel sumbat iyo lala ukanasknel mefisa artaSerisa arSakunianisa, welsa qristes aqeT 68-sa. Semdgomad amisa, odes moiwia mxedrobiTa didiTa baRdadis kerZodgan amir arabi da aRaoxra somexTa samefoTa adgili welsa qristes aqeT 882-sa, amaT sumbatTa naTesavTa anidgan ganivltnen azrumisa da trapizunis mxares da daSTnen mun. Semdgomad movidnen drosa mefisa giorgisa STamomavlobani maTni da miiRo mefeman giorgi Tavadobisa xarisxiTa sumbatis SvilebaT welsa qristes aqeT 923. da iwodebian munidgan sumbatis Svilebad da aw arian erT saxlad, paatas Svilebad, xolo Svili Svilni amaTni: 1) Tomas Svilebad, 2) ioanes 2
Svilebad da sxvani”. aseve ioane batoniSvils Tavis naSromSi, moyvanili hyavs cnobebi aznaur sumbaTaSvilebis Sesaxeb, sadac aRniSnavs: “28. aznauri manuCarovi. amaTni STamomavloba arian Zveladve sumbatianT gvarisani, romelic zemore aRvwereT sumbatis SvilebisaTvis da eseni arian gvarTagan maTTa, garna aznaurad miRebulni mefeTagan da traktatsa Sina moxsenebulni”.3 pirveli dokumenturi cnobebi Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi XIII saukuneSi. maTi gvaris Tavdapirveli forma iyo sumbatisZe. am 4
sagvareulos uZvelesi, istoriulad cnobili warmomadgeneli, aris hasan sumbatisZe. 1258 wels, istoriul dokumentis Tanaxmad, man meWurWleTuxuces da erisTavTerisTav kaxa Torels mihyida sofeli xovle.
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es nayidi sofeli kaxa Torelma rkonis
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RvTismSoblis eklesias Seswira. XV saukunis II naxevarSi, erTiani saqarTvelos monarqiis daSlis Semdeg, warmoiSva qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebi da samcxe-saaTabagos samTavro. politikurad daSlil saqarTveloSi didi da mcire saTavadoebis Camoyalibeba mimdinareobda calkeuli samefos SigniT. am drosaa savaraudo sumbaTaSvilTa saTavados Seqmna. Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis rezidencia sofel gareTubanSi iyo. XVI-XVIII ss.-Si iq maT sasaxle, cixe-simagre da karis eklesia hqondaT. maT saTavadoSi Semdegi soflebi Sedioda - Rvevi, zvrisi da lisi. sumbaTaSvilTa saTavados, iseve, rogorc sxva saTavadoebs, samarTavad unda hyoloda Tavisi moxeleebi (mouravi, mdivani, mamasaxlisi, xelosani da sxv.), magram amis Sesaxeb cnobebi istoriul wyaroebSi ar aris daculi. Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis saTavado, iseve rogorc Sida qarTlis sxva saTavadoebi, kerZod, amilaxvrebis, maCablebis, favleniSvilebis, falavandiSvilebis, xidirbegiSvilebis, diasamiZeebis, TaqTaqiSvilebis da sxv., qarTlis samefos memarjvene sadroSos Seadgenda. memarjvene sadroSos spasalarebad, anu sardarebad, tradiciulad, Tavad amilaxvarTa 7
gvaris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. XVI saukunidan moyolebuli, Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis qarTul istoriul sabuTebSi araerTxel ixseniebian.
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gvaris
warmomadgenlebi
1630
wels
saqarTvelos
kaTalikos-patriarqma
zaqariam
(1624-1630),
Tavad
8
sumbaTaSvilis “naoxari mamuli”, uwyaloba elia zumbuliZes. 1634 wels qarTlis mefe rostomma (1633-1658), meiTar, Tavad manuCar sumbaTaSvils 9
qalaq Tbilisis mouravoba uwyaloba. 1660 wels qarTlis mefe rostomma (1633-1658), Tbilisis sionis eklesiis ymaTa Tarxnoba daamtkica. es sabuTi Tavisi xelmoweriT, aseve meiTarma, Tavad manuCar 10
sumbaTaSvilma daamtkica. 1664 wels qarTlis mefe vaxtang V-m (1658-1676), meiTar, Tavad manuCar sumbaTaSvils “saCerqezoSi erTi axlad gayvanili saCalTuki ru, romelic mdebareobda 11
gulamiras da darmanas rus Sua” uwyaloba. 1665 wels qarTlis mefe vaxtang
V-m
(1658-1676),
meiTar,
Tavad
manuCar
12
sumbaTaSvilis “300 sul cxvarze sabalaxosagan” gaaTarxna. 1670 wlis dokumentis mixedviT, Tavadi amiran sumbaTaSvili, ZmasTan farsadanTad erTad, mowmed ixsenieba saxl-karis nasyidobis wignSi, romelic mamuka amiraRaSvilma 13
asatura beJaniSvilisaTvis gadasca. 1675 wlis sabuTis mixedviT, Tavadi mirian amiranis Ze sumbaTaSvili mowmed 14
ixsenieba nasyidobis wignSi, romelic papinas Svilebma misces asatur baJaniSvilisaTvis. 1687 wels qarTlis mefe giorgi XI-is (1676-1688,1703-1709) brZanebiT, meiTarma, Tavad manuCar sumbaTaSvilma Tavis SvilTan paata sufrajTan erTad, samamulo dava daviT 15
falavandiSvilsa da TiRvel samxaraZes Soris gaariga. 1690 wels Tavad amiran sumbaTaSvilma mihyida qristesa beJaniSvils ymebi: xaxuta, 16
Ronena da beruka niniasSvilebi. 1695 wlis sabuTis mixedviT, Tavadi amiran sumbaTaSvili mowmed ixsenieba suelneTis miwis nasyidobis wignSi, romelic elizbar andronikaSvilma zurab 17
TumaniSvilis misca. 1695-1703 wlebs Soris qarTlis mefe erekle I-ma (1688-1703), meiTar, Tavad manuCar sumbaTaSvilis Svilebsa da maT yofil ymas - daviT mWedliZes Soris, romelic 18
“meiTris Svilebs gaqcevia da qsnis erisTavs misvlia ymad” gaariga. 1696 wels qarTlis mefe erekle I-ma (1688-1703), meiTar, Tavad manuCar sumbaTaSvilis SviliSvils, aslans, “papamisis naqoni glexebi Rvevs da zvarSi” 19
ganuaxla. XVII s.-is 80-90-ian wlebSi brZolaSi, romelic mefeebs, erekle I-sa (16881703,1703-1709) da giorgi XI-s (1676-1688,1703-1709), Soris mimdinareobda, Tavad sumbaTaSvilis gvaris warmomadgenelma, farsadanma, mxari erekle I-s dauWira da masTan erTad ibrZoda. amasTan dakavSirebiT, istoriul sabuTSi aRniSnulia - “qarTlSi ormefobis dros farsadani col-SviliT goris cixeSi SexiSnula. mterma mas mTeli mamuli auoxra, xolo SemdgomSi nazarali-xanma [erekle I-ma, i.b.] uwyaloba misi yofili mkvidri mamuli goris RmrTismSobelTan, romelic xan farsadanis ganayofs, 20
rostevanaSvils, eWira, xan ki mefeTagan sxvebze iyo wigniT gacemuli”. XVI-XVIII saukuneebis manZilze Tavad sumbaTaSvilebis gvaris warmomadgenlebi aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen qarTlis samefos politikur cxovrebaSi, rogorc mefis karis kacni da Tanamdebobis pirebi. kerZod, manuCari iyo meiTari, meriqifeTuxucesi da 21
Tbilisis mouravi,
22
imamyuli manuCaris Ze - sufraji, 3
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paata manuCaris Ze - sufraji,
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farsadan avTandilis Ze iyo Cilingdari,
25
paata qaixosros Ze - meiTari, 26
qaixosros Ze - navTluRis mouravi, molareTuxucesi da laSqarnivisi, 27
ivane (ninia)
iovane paatas Ze
- mdivanbegi. 1724 wels mefe vaxtang VI, 2000 amaliT, gadasaxlda ruseTSi, sadac, sxva TavadebTan erTad, Tavadi sumbaTaSvilebis imyofebodnen. erT-erTi maTgani Tavadi zaal sumbaTaSvili iyo.28 1744 wels mefe Teimuraz II-m (1744-1762) da misma vaJma, mefe erekle II-m (17441798), faqtiurad, qarTli da kaxeTi erT samefod gaaerTianes, (1744 w. de-faqto, xolo mamis - Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1762 w. de-iure).29 1783 wlis 24 ivliss qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris, georgievskSi, xeli moewera mfarvelobiT traqtats. qarTlsa da kaxeTSi TavadTa da aznaurTa oficialuri nusxa Sedgenil iqna mefe erekle II-s brZanebis Tanaxmad da warmoadgenda 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis oficialur danarTs. am nusxaSi moxseniebulia 62 Tavaduri (maT Soris Tavadi sumbaTaSvilebic) da 317 aznauruli gvari, romelTac, aRniSnili traqtatis safuZvelze, miniWebuli hqondaT ruseTis Tavadaznaurul gvarebTan gaTanabrebuli uflebebi.30 1795 wlis 10-11 seqtembers iranis Sahis, aRa-mahmad-xanis (1794-1797), Semosevis dros Tavad sumbaTaSvilTa gvaris warmomadgenlebma, aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes krwanisis brZolaSi. 1798 wels qalaq TelavSi gardaicvala qarTl-kaxeTis mefe erekle II. samgloviaro procesiaSi, Telavidan mcxeTis sveticxovlis kaTedralur taZramde, monawileoba Tavadma sumbaTaSvilma miiRo. cnoba amis Sesaxeb, Teimuraz batoniSvilis TxzulebaSia aRniSnuli - “welsa ganÃorcielebiTgan sityÂsa RmrTisa CRJÀ [1798], TTuÀsa ianuarsa, ricxusa ia [11], dResa orSabaTsa, Jamsa ganTiadisasa micualeba sanatrelisa, didebulisa da memkÂdrisa sruliad saqarTueloÁsa da sxuaTa da sxuaTa mpyrobelisa mefisa irakli meorisa, Zisa cxebulis mefis Teimurazisa, romlisa saukuno iyavn sufeviT netareba, qarTulsa qoronikonsa zeda upv [1312+486=1798]. amasTan sanatrelis mefis iraklis guami unda epyrasT brwyinvaleTa TavadTa qarTlisa da kaxeTisaTa.”.31 1810 wlis 13 maiss Tavadma, qaixosro wereTelma, moaxerxa imereTis mefe solomon II-is ganTavisufleba, romelic TbilisSi, navTluRis mouravis, Tavad ivane (ninia) paatas Ze sumbaTaSvilis saxlSi iyo datusaRebuli. amis gamo Tavadi ivane (ninia) paatas Ze sumbaTaSvili ruseTis qalaq permSi gadaasaxles, sadac man ori weli gaatara da dabrunda saqarTveloSi. cnoba amis Sesaxeb, bagrat batoniSvilis TxzulebaSia aRniSnuli - “ninia sumbaTaSvili meiTris paatas Ze, romlisa saxlSi idga mefe [solomoni, i.b.], da eseca ubralo dasjil iqna. misrulni eseni permis qalaqsa cimbirs, romelnica Semdgom JamSia ganTavisufldnen xelmwifisagan da miqcnen mamulad Tvisad”.32 1801 wels, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da rusuli mmarTvelobis sistemis damyarebis gamo, sumbaTaSvilebis saTavado administraciulad gauqmda, magram sumbaTaSvilTa gvars arc maSin daukargavs Tavisi brwyinvaleba: Tavadi sumbaTaSvilebi, rogorc warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenelni, aRiarebuli da Setanil iqnen ruseTis imperiis Tavadebis sia
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gamoyenebuli wyaroebi da literatura 1. vaxuSti batoniSvili. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. “qarTlis cxovreba”, t.IV. teqsti dadgenilia yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb, 1973, gv.35. 2. ioane bagrationi. SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa. redaqtori da gamomcemeli z.kacelaSvili. Tb., 1997, gv.36. 3. ioane bagrationi. SemoklebiT aRwera saqarTvelosa Sina mcxovrebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa. redaqtori da gamomcemeli z.kacelaSvili. Tb., 1997, gv.56. 4. T.Jordania. qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriis da mwerlobisa. t.II. Tb., 1897, gv.132-135; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.II. gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i.doliZem. Tb., 1965, gv.57-69; С.С.Какабадзе. Грузинские документы института народов Азии. М., 1967, стр.378. 5. T.Jordania. qronikebi.., t.II. das. naSr. gv.132; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.II. das. naSr. gv.57; С.С.Какабадзе. Грузинские документы института народов Азии. М., 1967, стр.378. 6. T.Jordania. qronikebi.., t.II. das. naSr. gv.132; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.II. das. naSr. gv.57; С.С.Какабадзе. Грузинские документы института народов Азии. М., 1967, стр.378. 7. Г.Анчабадзе. Источниковедческие проблемы военной истории Грузии. Тб., 1990, стр.164; И.Джорджадзе. История военного искусства Грузии. Тб., 1989, стр.159-160. 8. saqarTvelos centraluri istoriuli arqivi (scia), f.1450, davTari 31, saqme #145; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.IV. masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades: g.oTxmezurma, g.mWedliZem, m.surgulaZem, d.JRentma, a.baqraZem, T.eniqiZem da d.kldiaSvilma. tomi Seadgines m.surgulaZem da d.kldiaSvilma. Tb., 2007, gv.211. 9. scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #84; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades: d.kldiaSvilma, m.surgulaZem, e.cagareiSvilma, g.jandierma. Tb., 1991, gv.342. 10. scia, f.1449, aRwera 1, saqme #1813a; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.356. 11. scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #99; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.298. 12. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Hd-9382 (1665 w.) (xelnaweri); pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.300. 13. scia, f.1450, davTari 49, saqme #102; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.IV. das. naSr. gv.211. 14. scia, f.1450, davTari 49, saqme #118; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.IV. das. naSr. gv.212. 15. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Sd-499 (1687 w.) (xelnaweri); pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.259. 16. scia, f.1450, davTari 49, saqme #101; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.212. 17. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Sd-6 (1675 w.) (xelnaweri); pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.212. 18. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Hd-14906 (1695-1703 w.) (xelnaweri); pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.286.
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19. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Sd-564 (1696 w.) (xelnaweri); pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.I. das. naSr. gv.282. 20. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Hd-13167 (1695 w.) (xelnaweri); pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.IV. das. naSr. gv.212. 21. scia, f.1450, davTari 8, saqme #150; scia, f.1450, davTari 9, saqme #150; scia, f.1450, davTari 21, saqme #2; scia, f.1450, davTari 22, saqme #61; scia, f.1450, davTari 22, saqme #67; scia, f.1450, davTari 22, saqme #119; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #81; davTari 53, saqme #84; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.III. masalebi Sekribes da gamosacemad moamzades: a.baqraZem, l.ratianma da g.oTxmezurma. tomi Seadgines d.kldiaSvilma da m.surgulaZem. Tb., 2004, gv.51. 22. scia, f.1450, davTari 8, saqme #145; scia, f.1450, davTari 8, saqme #150; scia, f.1450, davTari 11, saqme #109; scia, f.1450, davTari 21, saqme #2; scia, f.1450, davTari 48, saqme #146; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #86; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #92; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #96; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #99; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.III. das. naSr. gv.51. 23. scia, f.1450, davTari 8, saqme #145; scia, f.1450, davTari 8, saqme #150; scia, f.1450, davTari 11, saqme #109; scia, f.1450, davTari 21, saqme #2; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #81; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #86; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #87; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #92; scia, f.1450, davTari 53, saqme #99; pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni XI-XVII ss. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT. t.III. das. naSr. gv.51. 24. xelnawerTa instituti, fondi Hd-13167 (1695 w.) (xelnaweri). 25. bagrat bagrationi. axali moTxroba. teqsti gamosca Tamar lomourma. Tb., 1941, gv.106. 26. bagrat bagrationi. axali moTxroba. teqsti gamosca Tamar lomourma. Tb., 1941, gv.106. 27. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t.VIII. gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo i.doliZem. Tb., 1985, gv.938. 28. vaxtang VI-is amalis 1737 wlis sia. wignSi: s.yubaneiSvili. daviT guramiSvili qarTul husarTa polkSi. Tb., 1965, gv.134. 29. papuna orbeliani. ambavni qarTlisani. teqsti daadgina, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo e.cagareiSvilma. Tb., 1981, gv.102-106; saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.IV. tomis redaqtori m.dumbaZe. Tb., 1973, gv.454. 30. georgievskis traqtati. 1783 wlis xelSekruleba ruseTis mfarvelobaSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Sesvlis Sesaxeb. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali da SeniSvnebi daurTo g.paiWaZem. Tb., 1983, gv.57,84. 31. Teimuraz bagrationi. daviT bagrationis istoria. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo T.enuqiZem. Tb., 1972, gv.80 32. bagrat bagrationi. axali moTxroba. teqsti gamosca Tamar lomourma. Tb., 1941, gv.106. 33. qarTl-kaxeTis TavadTa da aznaurTa ojaxebi. fototipiuri gamocema z.WumburiZis redaqciiT. Tb., 2005, gv.64-65.
i.biWikaSvili
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