Performance Based Design: Urban Rehab Tool by architekturinformatik

IvanBrkan|LuisHobe|AxelRasmussen|TaoSun

ChairforArchitecturalInformatics DepartmentofArchitecture TechnichalUniversityofMunich UrbanRehab Tool

3 4 6 8 10 14 22 26 28 30 32 34 Introduction Research&Motivation Ideation Concept Prototype UserInterface Discussion Outlook Collaboration Contact References TableofContents

TheUrbanRehabToolisintendedtoprovideabasisforsuchinterventions. Decisionmakersaswellasstakeholdersofallkindsshouldbeableto identifygrievances-presentandfuture-andproposeortakeappropriate measuresbasedontheanalysis.

Adynamicapproachmakesitpossibletoconsiderawiderangeoffactors intheanalysisandthusopensupthespectrumofpossibleconclusions.

Inanticipationofrapidlygrowingpopulationdensitiesincitiesaroundthe world,ensuringahighqualityoflifeinurbanareasisoneofthebiggest tasksofthecomingdecades.Themorepeoplemoveintocities,thegreater thepressureoncitycentersandtheirinfrastructurewillget.Thehigherthe populationdensitythere,themorecrucialitwillbetoreducetrafficandto beabletoreachallfacilitiesfordailyneedswithinwalkingdistance.And themorewehavetothinkaboutefficientwaysoflivingandhousinginview ofclimateprotection,themoreimportantitwillbetointerveneintheurban infrastructureinawaythathasbeenwellthoughtoutandsensiblydecided, takingintoaccountalltheimportantfactors.

However,italsorequiresahighdegreeofprecisionandqualityforthedata fedintothealgorithmandincreasesthedemandformeaningfulpreliminary considerationsbeforeusingthetool.Itisthusunderstoodasaframework fortheevaluationofacityorasectionofitwithrespecttoallcriteriathatthe userperceivesasimportant.

4 Introduction

[1]

AssumingthatJanGehliscorrectinhisassessment,wemustaskthe question:whythendowenotsucceedmoreoften?Amongmanyothers, oneanswertothisquestionisthatwhileweknowintheorywhatisinvolved insuchawell-servingcity,wefailinpracticetoapplythisknowledge specificallytoexistingstructurestomakeimprovements.Andwefail becausenobooktellsusexactlywhatinterventionsareneededina particularneighborhood-howcouldwe,wheneachofthemlooksdifferent intheworld,differentpeoplemovethere,anddifferentneedsexist?

„Nothinginthisworldismoresimpleandcheaperthanmakingcitiesthat providebetterforpeople.“-JanGehl.

Research&Motivation

Theattempttoanalyzeaparticularcityintermsofawidevarietyof parameterswasprovidedbyGarauetal.withanapproachtoevaluating theItaliancityofCagliariwithafocusonSustainableSmartCities.

Usingavarietyofindicatorsandsub-indicatorsincluding,amongothers, accessibility,availabilityofcertainfacilitiesand,forexample,theexistence ofgreenspaces,ascoringsystemwasdevelopedthatevaluatesthequality ofindividualareasofthecity,takingintoaccountallselectedfactors,and calculatesthe„SmartUrbanQualityindicator.“Theauthorshavealready statedinthisstudythattheappropriatechoiceofindicators,aswellastheir weighting,isthecriticalpointfortheevaluationofaparticularneighborhood andcanvarytoagreatextent.Themethoddevelopedinthispaperis alsousedtoalargeextentintheUrbanRehabTool.Thedifferenceisthat

7 IndicatorforSmartUrbanQuality(ISUQ)for theCityofCagliari(Italy)[2] AccessibilityforMunichevaluatedwithGOAT[3] neithertheareastudiednortheselectionoffactorsandtheirweightingisfixedfromtheoutset,and accordinglytheresultcannotbeauniformindexthatcanbecomparedacrossdifferentcities.[2] Withthefocusoncertainfactors,digitaltoolssuchasGOAT(GeoOpenAccessibilityTool)already existtoanalyzequalitieswithinacity.Thistool,limitedtoMunichandindividualothercities,evaluates theaccessibilityofcertainfacilitiesstartingfromaselectedlocation,takingintoaccountdifferent walkingordrivingspeeds.Basedonaselectedtimetobespentandspeed,isochronesaredrawn showingtheouterlimitsoftheareathatcanbereachedunderthespecifiedconditions.GOATalso makesitpossibletomergethetwoparametersofaccessibilityandpopulationdensity,combining thetwoquantitiesintoanindexthatcanbevisualizedovertheurbanarea.Manyapproachesforthe conceptandtheuserinterfaceweretakenfromthistoolandespeciallytheideaofdynamicinput optionswasadapted.[3]

Ideation

Basedontheresearchandmanydiscussions,someideasandrequirements emergedforthedevelopmentoftheUrbanRehabtool,alongwhichthe wholedevelopmentprocesswasdesigned.Oneimportantfactorwasthe requirementforflexibility.Thetoolshouldtheoreticallyworkforanymap sectionintheworldandinpracticeproducemeaningfulresultsforanyarea withurbaninfrastructure.Inaddition,theparametersfortheanalysiswereto befreelyselectableasfaraspossible.Thus,inadditiontofunctionsbased onexistingdata,suchasaccessibilityassessment,thegoalwastooffer optionsforusingone‘sowndatasetsfromstatisticalsurveysorforecasts forthefuture.

Despitethediversityofthecriteriatakenintoaccount,theaimwas tocombinetheresultsfromtheanalysesofindividualindicatorsina meaningfulwayandtobeabletomakeacomparisonwithintheareaunder study.Duetotherealizationthattheimportantindicatorscanbeindividual anddifferentineachurbanarea,aqualitativeapproachwaschoseninthe evaluation.Thus,theresultsshouldonlyshowwithinthestudiedareawhere thegreatestneedforimprovementexistsandwhichplacesalreadyshow highqualityincomparison.Thisapproachalsofollowstheideathatthereare thingstoimproveineverycity-regardlessofitscurrentstate-andthatthe goalmustbetocreateequallivingconditionsatthecitylevel.

Anothergoalwastocreateauserinterfacethatmakesiteasyfortheuser toperformananalysis.So,whilekeepingtheinputoptionsasflexibleas possible,anattemptwasmadetomakethemassimpleaspossibleand thentovisualizetheresultinadescriptiveway.Thisfollowedtheideathat, inadditiontoprofessionalusers,everycitizenofacitycouldbecomeauser ofthetool.

Earlyon,ourteamtookthedecisiontouseameshtohandletheinformation anditslaterdisplayfortheuser.Thisapproachenabledustospeedup thecalculationprocessofouralgorithm.Althoughnotimplementedyetin thefinalversionofouruserinterface,ifweweretoaddasettingsoptions menu,theuserwouldhavetheopportunitytochangethegridsizeofthe meshinordertomaketheanalysismorepreciseorsimplytospeedupthe calculationtimes.Fornow,changingthegridsizeisonlypossiblethrough thegrasshopperscript.

Besidesthegrid-size,wealsodiscussedifweshouldshrinktheoverall sizeofthemeshandhavea“cut-out”areanotbeinganalized.Intheend, wedecidedourselvestoshrinkthesizeofthecolouredmesh,sincethe resultsneartotheborderoftheimportedmapweresometimesincorrect. Thisisduetothefact,iftheuserimportsanmapwheresomefacilitieswere slightlyoutofthemap,theareasnearofthesecaseswouldreceivea“low qualification”inouralgorithm,althoughinrealitytheyindeedhadagood accesstothosefacilities.Topreventthesecasestohappen,wedecidedto decreasethesizeoftheanalyzedarea,whichtranslatedtoasmallermeshsize.

10 Concept

11 MapsectionimportedfromOpenStreetMap Centerpoints(blue)andpositionsoffacilities(pink) Distanceevaluation,consideringfacilitiesoutsidethismesh Meshthatleavesouttheouterareaofthemapsection

TheUrbanRehabToolcontainsthreecorefunctionsthatareconsideredfor theevaluationoftheurbanarea.

Thecalculationofthedistancetothenearestfacilityofagivenfunctionhas beenimplementedtoevaluateaccessibility.

Thesecondpillaroftheprogramisthecalculationofpopulationdensityona smallscale.Foreachfieldofthemesh,thepopulationdensityisdetermined. Thisinformationisimportanttocapturethedemandatcertainlocationsfor certainfacilitiesandincombinationwiththedistancetomakeastatementif theavailabilityissufficient.

Thelastelementimplementedisafreelyselectablefactor.Inthis,any informationcanbeconsideredthatcanbeexpressednumerically andfollowstheschemethatlowvaluescorrelatewithalowneedfor improvementandhighvaluescorrelatewithahighneedforimprovement intermsofinfrastructure.Thisfunctionisbasedonthefactthatthecriteria forananalysiscanbeindividuallyverydifferentandwewantedtocreatea possibilitytotakethisuncertaintyintoaccount.

Allfactorscanbeaddedtogetherinanyweightingandresultinaheatmap thatprovidesananalysisbasedonthefactorsconsidered.

Thetoolmightbeusedbyresidents,investorsorurbanplanners.We designedtheinterfacehavingthisinmind.Ourapproachwastohavea clear,straightforwardandintuitiveinterface.However,themostrealisticcase wouldbeourtooltobemainlyusedbyurbanplannersorpeopleanalyzing thequalityofacityorcityarea.

13 Resultsofdistance+density Resultsofdistanceonly Resultsofdistance+density+additionalfactor Resultsofdensityonly

14 Prototype

Fortheproject,osmdataisusedsincetheaccessisfreeofchargeas wellasrelativelycompletecomparedtootherproviders.However,the qualityofdatadependsontheregionandthecity.CitieslikeMunich aremorecompletethanothers.Thussimilaritiesofthesecitiesneedto befoundaswellaspossibilitiesofadjustingthedata.Therefore,forthe chosenamenitiespharmacies,restaurants,andpost-officesarechosen. Additionally,roadsaredescribedindetailandsmallerpathsareadded. However,thebiggestproblemthatallplaceshadincommonwasthe lackofinformationaboutresidentialbuildings.Intheoptimalcase,each buildingincludesinformationoftheamountofpeoplelivingthere.Since thisinformationisnotavailable,thegoalwastoapproximatethevalues.

[4]

InputdatafromOpenStreetMap

Theapproximationisdonebymultiplyingthelevelsofabuildingwiththe areaanddividingitbytheaveragespacethatapersonhasforliving.In ourcasethisconstantis49m²/person .Theareaofabuildingisobtained easilysinceabuildingisdescribedasawayinosm.Awayconsistsofthe connectionofseveralnodes.Withthepositionofthenodes,theareacanbe calculated. Thebiggestchallengeinthisapproximationisobtainingtheheightofa buildingdescribedbylevels.Thisinformationisscarce.Thesolutionofthis challengeisbasedontheidea“similarbuildingsareclosetoeachother”.A

15 RawOSMData-OnlyPaths RawOSMData-PathsandBuildings buildingwithoutthelevels-tagwilladoptthevalueoftheclosestbuildinghavingthisinformation.This solutionisfastandgivesagoodapproximationofbuildingheights.Thedistanceoftworesidential buildingsisdescribedbythehaversinedistance.Theformulaprovidesthedistanceoftwopointsona sphere.Thatenablesabetterqualityoftheapproximation. Theadjustmentontheosmdataisdoneintwoseperatepythonscripts.First,thelevelsareadded. Secondly,thepossiblenumberofpeoplelivinginabuildingiscalculatedandaddedtotheinputfile.

Iftherearetwoormorepositionsofthesameamenity,onlytheshortestpath isconsideredinfurthercalculationsaswellasrepresentingtheconnection ofasquaretothefacility.

Thefacility-typeconsideredarechosenintheUserInterfaceofthetool.In theprototype,thefacility-typesarerestrictedtopharmacies,restaurants andpost-offices.However,thecalculationofdistanceisnotconnectedto specificfacilities.Therefore,otheramenitiescanbeadded,easily.

Ifthetopologycalculatorwasnotabletoconnectthecentralpointwithan amenity,duetolackofdataorotherreasons,thedistanceisobtainedby air-linethetwopoints.Inthetestingcases,thiserrorhandlingwasused1% ofallcases.

Thegoalistoobtainthedistanceofanamenitytoasquareofthemesh. Thesquareisrepresentedbyitscenterpoint.Thedistanceitselfis calculatedbythewalkingdistanceusingthepathsoftheosmfiles.The algorithmusedisbasedonatopologycalculatorforfindingpossiblepaths toanamenity.Outoftheselectedpaths,thebestischosenbytheA* algorithm,asearchalgorithm.

DistanceCalculation

17 Thisimageisascreenshotofananalysisof centralMunich,wheretheuserselectedthe distanceasonlyevaluationfactor.Totheright,we seeacloseupofanexamplehowtheevaluation ofthemapisdone. Theshortestpath(green)receivesalowervalue, whichmeansthattheneedforimprovementis lowe,incomparissontotheotherone(red),which receivesahighervalue,whichtranslatestoa higherneedforimprovement. 450m

DensityCalculation

Differentmethodswereexperimentedwith.Thebestsolutionisaddedtothe project. Inthefirststepallresidentialbuildingsareextracted.Afterwards,squares areobtainedwhichintersectabuildingorfullyencloseit.

Secondly,eachsquareadoptstheresidentialnumberofthebuilding obtainedinstepone.Thusgivingagoodapproximationoftheamountof peoplelivinginacertainarea.Additionally,thechallengingcaseofabuilding crossingtheborderofsquaresisdealtwithinanefficientfashion. AdditionalFactors

Thegoalofthedensitycalculationistoobtaintheamountofpeoplelivingin onesquareofthemesh.

Foranincreaseinflexibilityandusability,additionalfactorscanbeaddedin aninteractiveway. Afteruploadingtheosmfile,theadditionalfactorcanbeselected.Itenables thepossibilitytoassignvaluestospotsonthemapselectedbytheuser. Theselectionisdoneinteractivelybypointingtothespot.Thisway,tinkering andplayingaroundwithdifferentscenariosispossible.Thusincreasingthe qualityoftheresultaswellastheinformationgainedintheprocess. Whentheprocessofassigningvaluesisfinished,thevaluesandthe respectivepointscanbewrittenincsvfilesforfurtheranalysis.

Asaresult,theinformationofallbuildingsistranferedtothemesh. BluedotsrepresentthepointwheretheinformationofthebuildingAistransferedfromittothemesh. A

20 CombinationofFactors Bringingtogetherthevariousindicatorstoproduceoneresultisprobablythe mostcriticalpointoftheconcept.Therefore,variousmathematicalmethods weretriedandevaluatedbasedontestruns.Inadditiontotheaverage value,thenthroot,theproductoftheindividualresults,theentropyandthe sumwereexamined.Allscoresexceptthemeanwerenormalizedtoa0-10 scale.Variouscombinationsofgood,badandmediocreresultswerecreated forthetests.Thecriteriafortheevaluationweresensitivitytoparticularly badvaluesandanappropriatedistribution. Thefigureonpage21showstheresultsofsomecombinations.Itbecomes apparenthowdifferenttheoverallresultcanbedependingonthemethod used.ThemethodusedintheUrbanRehabToolismarkedingreen. Dependingonthenumberofindicatorsconsideredintheanalysisandtheir weighting,thenthrootistakenfromtheproductofallindividualresults (Equation1)andthenputonascalefrom1to10,withthehighestandthus worstscorebeing10andtheremainingresults arescaledaccordingly(Equation2). Equation1* YOverallResultabsolute XScoreIndicator wweightingfactor iindexfactor jindexsquare *Inequation1itwasassumedthatatotalof five indicatorsaretakenintoaccount. Equation2 YOverallresultabsolute YmaxMaximumoverallresultabsolute jindexsquare

21 Exemplarycombinationsofresultsofthreefactorsandtheirscorewithfivedifferentcalculationmethods

Weenvisionedaninterfacewithclearzoningshandlinginputsandoutputs separatelytominimisetheconfusionfortheuser.

Tomakemoreoutofit,wecameupwiththefunctionalitythatallowsusers tosavecalculationresultsintoseparatetabssothattheywillhavethe chancetorevisitandcompareacrossthedifferentresults.

BysettingupastandaloneUIfortheprototype,werecognisedthe underlyingmessageandtasks,thatthestandaloneshouldprovideextra valueratherthanjustamirroringfromtheRhinoviewport.Inotherwords: TheprimarygoaloftheUIshouldnotbejustapolishedversionofaRhino viewport.Itshouldbemorethanthis.

UserInterface

GUI Asagroupoffourmotivatedinterdisciplinarystudents,ourambitiondidnot justletussettlebyasemi-functioningscript,butthegoalwastodeliver afullyfunctioningwholepackageastheprototype.SotheGUIaswellas thevisualisationhasbeendeterminedasoneofthemostrelevanttopicsto tackle.

23 InputArea OutputArea OSMFileofthearea fortheinvestigation Tabsforcurrentview andsavedcaptures Resultheatmap Legendforheatmap Dashboardsummerizingtheinputfactors Selectionforfactors tobeconsidered intothecalculation Furtherdetailedsettingsforeachfactor Togglebetweenstatic anddynamicdisplay Captureresult GUILayout

24 Features Theabilitytoswitchbetweenstaticanddynamicdisplaymode Thepossibilitytointroduceadditionalfactorsintothecalculation

25 Byusingthe“savetocapture”function,theusercouldsaveupto4differentresults, whichenableslatercomparison

Mechanism WechosethepluginHumanUItobuildouruserinterfaceupon.Facingthe factthattheprototypeisprimarilyrunninginthescopeoftheGrasshopper+ Rhinoenvironment,theGHpluginHumanUIisthemostsuitable. Thenthechallengecameup.DespitethattheHumanUIoffersahighly extensivetoolkittoconstructtheUI,therewasnowaytolettheHuman UImirrorthecontentfromaRhinoviewport.Accordingtothedeveloper ofHumanUI,thepluginissupposedtoworkalongwithRhino,insteadof replacingRhino. WefinallyfoundtheworkaroundbydiggingintotheSDKofRhinoand Grasshopper.Thissolutionincludesconstructingaso-calledExternal DisplayCore(EDC)scriptedinC#todirectlyaccesstheRhinoApptotake andshowthescreenshotsfromtheRhinoviewportintotheHumanUIonce thecoredetects-throughthelistenercomponent-changesintheinputs. Besidesthat,theExternalDisplayCorealsohandlesotherfunctionalities suchasthe“saveheatmaptocaptures”.

TheHumanUIgatherstheinputdata,whichwillbeprocessedandparsed byasetofGHpython-basedonIronPython-scriptsintothealgorithmbuilt withinGrasshopper.Afterthecalculationisdone,theresultwillbedrawn anddisplayedinRhino,wheretheEDCtakesascreenshotinstantlytolet theHumanUIshow.Inthisway,thecircleoftheUImechanismisfinally closed.

27 Rhino Grasshopper HumanUI IronPython Inputs Calculation Connectivity DisplaySource Interection ExternalDisplay External Display Core C#

Consideringthreefactorswitheachascorebetweenoneandten,ifonly integernumbersareconsideredandnoweightsadded,wewouldhaveto compare220differentcombinationsofnumbers.220differentcasesaretoo muchtohandle.Thusfocusingonfiveedgecasesanddecidingwhatseems tobethemostfitableforus.

Theresultsofdifferentmapscannotbecomparedduetothequalitative

focuses. Aglanceofthestrugglecanbevisibleinthefigure“combinationof results”.Sincetheliteratureitselfdoesnotcomeupwithasolution,wehad totryoutdifferentformulasindifferentcasesandcomparethemourselves.

Byitscore,theprototypeworksasintended.Osmfilescanbeuploaded, distancesanddensitiescalculated,valuescombinedandresultsshown. However,onebigissueliesatthepoint“valuescombined”.

Thereforeadifferentformulacanhaveasignificantimpactontheresult.So ataskforthefuturewouldbetoresearchmoreaboutdifferentformulasand methodstocombinedifferentnumericalvaluesintooneresult.

Theaspectofcomparisonneedstobeaddressedaswell.

Everyformulahasitsstrengthsandweaknessesbutmoreimportantlyits

Thecombinationofvaluesintooneresultedinabiggerchallengethan expected.Manydifferentformulasarepresentedinvariouspapers.

28 Discussion

approach.Ascoretoacertainsquareisboundtotheworstandbestresult ofitsmap.Incaseofdistancecalculation,thefurthestdistanceononemap is450meterswhileonadifferentmap,it’s200meters.Bothsquareswould getascoreoften.However,inthesecondmapthedistanceismorethan double.Thesamephenomenonisvisibleinthedensitycalculation.Asquare cancontainover1000peopleandgetascoreof10.However,adifferent maphasascoreof10for100people.Thusgettingthesamescorefora differenceinfactor10.

Additionally,theresultofthecalculationhighlydependsonthequalityofthe osm-file.Itisnotguaranteedthateverymaphasthesamequalitystandards Aninstancewouldbethatcurvesaresimplified,resultinginshorterpaths. Anotherinstancewouldbethataresidentialbuildingisnotdeclaredas such.Bothcaseswouldresultinfalsifieddistanceanddensitycalculation andthusfalsifytheoutcome. Thisphenomenonisincreasesthedifferenceinoutcomebetweenmaps.

30 Outlook

Currently,thetoolhasthreetypesofamenitiestobeselectedandwalking asamodeoftransport. Onthesepoints,thetoolcanbeextended.Newtypesoffacilitiescanbe addedeasily.Thelimitationisjusttheavailabilityofinformationintheosmfilesimported. Agreaterchallengeisaddingnewformsoftransportationsincenewissues needtobeconsidered.Walkinghasthebenefitofreachingeveryspotwitha constantspeedandbarelyanylimitationsintermsofenvironment. However,thatisnotthecasefornewmodes.Publictransportationisthe bestexample. Besidesobtainingthedifferentaveragespeedsofdifferenttypesofpublic transportation,thedepartingtimesandtimesforswitchingtransportation needtobeconsidered.Missingthenextmetrowillresolveinafiveminutes timeloss,inMunich,whichaddsupiftransportationneedstobeswitched multipletimes.However,thefiveminutetimelossisonlyonweekdays. Onweekends,thetimelosscanbe20minutesifthemetroarrivesatthe sametimeatthesamestation.Toextendonthisissue,thetimelostand thewaitingtimesdifferfrommetrolinetometroline.Additionallybusesand tramsneedtobeconsideringwiththeirowndepartingtimesandactual positionsforswitchinglines.

Addingtothat,thewalkingdistancebetweenpublictransportationand centralpoint,andfacilityneedstobeaddedtothecalculationextendingthe difficultyfurther.Furthermore,additionalfactorsneedtobeconsideredwhen addingpublictransportationwhichincreasesthedifficulty.

Tokeeptheuniformityofthetoolthenewfactorshouldbeimportedby usingtheosm-fileastheinformationsource.Thiscanbedoneeasilyby addingtagsforthenewfactorsiftherearenoexistingtagsavailable.Asan example.airpollutionwillincreaseinimportanceinthefuture.Spotsonthe mapcangetthisnewtagdescribingthequalityofair.Thisoptionisnow availableasadefaultoptionandtheusageofthetoolisimproved.

Extensionofthetoolcanalsobedoneintermsoffactorsconsideredby default. Currentlytheprototypeislimitedtodensityanddistancefactors.Other factorscanbeaddedviauploadofafile.Thisprocesscanbechanged.Ifa newfactorincreasesinimportanceandinnumberofusages,thisnewfactor canbeaddedasadefaultoptiontothetool.Thecombinationoffactorsis notlimitedtotwothereforeadjustmentscanbedoneeasily.Theonlyruleis thatthescoreneedstobemappedtoanumericalvaluebetweenoneand ten.

Workingtogetherontheprototypewascertainlythebiggestchallengefor agroupoffourinthisseminar,alsobecauseGrasshopperisnotthemost suitableplatformforsuchcollectivecollaboration.However,byusingGit, awaycouldbefoundforallteammemberstocontributeacomparable amounttotheprogrammingoftheprototype.

Especiallytowardstheendofthesemester,asboththeconceptandthe productbegantotakeshape,thejoyoftheprojectwasevidentinthegroup dynamics.

Weeklyvideoconferenceswiththeentiregroupandregularexchangesvia textmessagesallowedforasensibledivisionoftaskstobefoundagainand again,sothateveryonehadsomethingtodoandcouldcontributetothe project.Thefeedbackfromthepresentationsandopen-helpsessionswas veryhelpfulintakingthenextsteps.

Successfullyorganizinggroupworkinadigitalprojectseminarwithan internationalandinterdisciplinaryteamiscertainlynottheeasiesttask.At thebeginning,youfeltthechallenges,sinceyoufirsthadtogettoknow andadjusttoeachotherandlearntounderstandtheworkingandthinking methodsoftheteammembers.However,overthecourseofthissemester, averyconstructivecollaborationhasdevelopedinwhicheveryonehasbeen abletocontributetheirstrengths.Thebackgroundsoftheteammembers rangefromarchitecturetoengineeringtocomputerscienceand,inasense, areallreflectedintheprojectoutcome.

Collaboration

33 Ivan Tao Luis Axel

34 References

[1] N.Ferraro,„Planetizen,“18August2013.[Online].Available:https://www. planetizen.com/node/64678. [2] C.GarauandValentinaPavan,„EvaluatingUrbanQuality:Indicatorsand AssessmentToolsforSmartSustainableCities,“Sustainability,25February 2018. [3] Plan4better,„WasistGoat?,“10March2022.[Online].Available:https:// plan4better.de/was-ist-goat/. [4] „WohnungsbauatlasfürMünchenunddieRegion-PerspektiveMünchen,“ LandeshauptstadtMünchen,ReferatfürStadtplanungundBauordnung, München,2018.

35 Contact IvanBrkan 03682833 4.SemesterM.SC.Informatics LuisHobe 03726096 4.SemesterM.Sc.R.N.B AxelRasmussen 03690472 1.SemesterM.A.Architecture TaoSun 03697319 1.SemesterM.A.Architecture