The Record Newspaper 29 January 1947

JstheCorporativeSchemeofthePopesPractical?

HowitMaybeFurtheredbyuseof'ExistingOrganisations

AnAlternativetoIncreased GovernmentControl

HowFarHasQuadragesimoAnnoAdvanced?

ByGERALDJ.SCHNEPP,S.M.

Wheneverweareexposedto adiscussionoftheencyclicals, wearepronetotaketheviewof themanwhopropoundedthat well-knownfadstiousdefinition ofaphilosopher.Hesaid:"A philosopherisonewhodives downdeeper,staysunderlongerandcomesupdrierthananyoneelse."Whenweseesomeonerisetohisfeettodiscuss thesematters,weareinclined tosaytoourselves:"He'sgoing downprettydeep,he'llstayunderprettylongandhe'llprobablycomeupdryasabone."

Oneofthereasonsforthisis thefactthatnotranslatorhas asyetcomeupwithaproduct thathassufficientlyshakenoff theheavinessofLatinconstructionandyetretainedthemeaningoftheHolyFathertobe calledapopulartranslation.I doubtwhetherthatcaneverbe done,becausetheemphasiswill alwashavetobeonaccuracy ratherthanonpopularcomprehension.Butwecoulduse paraphrased,stream-linedversionsofthevocationalgroup plan,writtenineverydaylanguageandenlivenedbyunderstandablechartsanddrawings withapopularappeal.

Anotherreason,relatedtothe first,isthefactthatmostofthe litehaturecommentingonthe encyclicalsiswrittenintechnicallanguageforexperts.Such materialinvariablyhasaforbidingaspectforthelayman andevenif,outofafeelingof goodwillorthecompulsionof duty,hepicksupsuchapublicationandreadsit,heismore likelythannottoconfessatthe endthatheknowslittlemore abouttheplanthanbeforehe readit.Or,ifhedoesmanage tograspthemeaningofthecorporatesystem,hewillreturnthe publicationwithashakeofthe headandthecrypticcomment: "Abeautifulplan.But,impos:Ode!"

kfinalreasonforourlackof enthusiasmistobefound,I think,inthechallengingnature oftheencyclicaldoctrine.In manyrespects,wearecharting newpathways,creatingnew thoughtpatternsanddeveloping newconceptsifwemakeany attemptatalltogobeyondthe languageofthePopes.Andsuch activitycomesundertheclassificationofhardwork,towhich mostofmankindisallergic. Furtherthanthis,everyonewill alwaysfeelacertainunderstandablerespectandcautionin dealingwithsuchaugustmaterial. Asonepriestputit: "Wehavetobecarefulforfear ofwhatthechanceryofficewill say."Areligiouswouldadd: "Whatwillmyprovincialsay?" Alayteacherchimesin:"What willthepresidentofthecollege ortheboardoftrusteessay?"

Despitethesedifficulties,westill haveanobligationinthismatter,towhichIwillalludeina moment. Letusassume,then,thatnone ofthesehaveanythingadverse tosay,andproceedtothematerinhand.Thefactremains thatonMay15,1946,wecommemoratedthefifteenthanniversaryofthepublicationof PopePiusXI.'sencyclical, "QuadragesimoAnno."Itis flittingatthistimetoreview whathasbeendoneintheory andpracticebyCatholicsociologistsandothers,toimplement theteachingsandenlargeon thesuggestionscontainedin thatfar-reachingandrevolutionarydocument. DefectsinOurSystem. "Butwhytalkabouttheencyclicalatall?Ourpresent stem,whilenotperfect,is functioninginfairlysatisfactory fashion.Certainlywe'llget alongmuchbetterifwetryto improvewhatwehaverather banimposeanentirelynewsystemofvocationalgroups."

tarswhichintelligentco-operativeactioncouldreadilysettle. Iknowthatthehighpressure agenciesofcapitalisticinterests arecontinuallyharpingonthis theme,butwemustrecognise thatitisabadAmericanhabit thatcanneverbetheultimate solutionofoursocialills,even thoughitmaybeausefulmeans tisecurequickandeffective actionin.aparticularcase. 1 usethistaxicabillustrationsolelybecauseitdemonstratestwo ofthedefectsofourpresent system-thewasteoftimeand effortduetoinadequateorno organisation,andthetendency toseekthesolutionofourproblemsjntermsofgovernment action. Weareallfamiliarwiththe longlistofotherdefectswhich, takencumulatively,presenta stongcaseforacompletereconstructionofthepresentsocialandeconomicorganisationor,moreproperly,disorganisation.Anysuchlistwouldincludetheconcentrationof wealthinthehand-ofafew;

ATwofoldDuty.

Firstofall,wemuststudy andteachtheprinciplesunderlyingthePope'sbroadproposal forthere-establishmentandrestorationofvocationalgroups withintheframeworkofacorporativeorganisationofsociety. In"QuadragesimoAnno"the treatmentofvocationalgroups isnecessarilybrief,coveringbut afewpagesintheEnglish .ranslation,foritisnotthe workoftheChurchtodrawup adetailedblueprintoftheeconomicandsocialorganisationof society.TheHolyFatherreliesoneconomistsandsociologiststheworldovertostudythe principlesoftheplan,toexpandthem,andtoapplythemto localconditionssuchasthey meetintheirrespectivelocalities.

Itmightbewelltorecallhere thewordsofFatherAresthat thecorporativeinstitutionis presentedtousbythePope"not asadogmaofFaith,"and hence,wecannotcondemnas hereticalthosewhoingood faithjudgethattherecanbe othermeansandhencedonot supportthecorporativeidea.His nextquestion,whetherthepapal declarationobligesCatholics,he answersinthenegative.But, hesignificantlyadds:"That doesnotauthoriseCatholicsto considerthedeclarationwith merecuriosity,withmuteor sullenrespect,muchlesstoignoreit.Ontheotherhand,

Inwidelyscatteredpartsoftheworld theGuildSystem'oranapproximationto itisactually

Thosefewsentencescontaina seriesofcriticismssometimes expressed,moreoftenimplied, insociologicalcircles.Weshall trytoanswerthemhereto-day.

Animmediateanswertoone ofthemcomestomindinan eventwhichwaslabelledeminentlynewsworthybytheAmericanpress. Iamsureyouall havereadsomethingaboutit. When200taxicabdrivershave tomakeaspectaculargesture thatreacheshalf-wayacrossthe countrytosecureahearingon whattheyconsiderajustgrievance,Itiscertainthatthereis morethanonethingwrongwith thesystemthatmakessuchtacticsnecessary.The"taxicab caravan"whichrolledfromChi,:agotoWashingtonafewweeks agorepresentsatremendous wasteoftimeandeffortina purelypropagandacampaign,to saynothingofthewasteof tyres,gas,brakesandhorns,and thefrayednervesofdriversand pedestrians.IfPopePiusXI. hadhadhisway,allthetaxi ownersandoperatorsinChicago wouldbeorganisedinonevocationalgroup.Assuch,they wouldhavebeeninaco-operativesituationwhichwouldhave madeimpossiblethedevelopmentoftheirtroubles.

Anotherdefectinoursystem exposedbythetaxitrekisthe Americantendencytoappealto theFederalGovernmentinmat-

inoperation

thedominationofmanyaspects ofourpolitical,socialandeconomiclifebythecapitalistic class;periodicallyrecurring periodsofexaggeratedprosperityanddepression;oppressionof thelabouringclasses,particularlytheseventy-fivetoeighty percent.whoarenotorganised intounions;thenecessityof costlystrikesiflabouristo secureitsjustdemands;the largenumberswhoareforcedto liveundersubstandardconditions eveninacountryas.richand powerfulastheUnitedStatesin thisatomicage;andtheeverpresentinternationaltensions, manyofwhichstemfromthe economicinsecurityofindividualsandgroups.

Butthereisnoneedto lengthenthelist.Noonecan lookobjectivelyatsocietytodayandsaythatitevenapproximatesaharmoniousfunctioningforthecommongoodof all.Further,ithardlyseems probablethatthedefectsofthe systemwillremedythemselves intime,assomewouldcontend. Itisalmostaxiomaticthatconsciousandplannedorganisation directedtorootouttheworst evilsmustbeundertakenbymen andwomenofgoodwill,thatis, peoplewhoarenotanimatedby thefurtheranceoftheirownselfishinterests,butbyatrue spiritofjusticeandcharitywith thecommongoodofallastheir ultimateaim.

theyoughttoreceiveitwith loyaltyandgratitude,andwork sincerelytoputitintopractice."

Besidesthisobligationof studyingandteachingthetheory,wealsohavethedutyto doourutmosttofosteranddevelopthoseagenciesinoursocietywhichhavebeencalled "precorporative,"thatis,which alreadyembodysomeofthe principlesandaremoreorless inaccordwiththesystemproposedbytheHolyFather. Underproperguidanceanddirection,theywillultimately blossomforthintoatrueguild system.

Turningnowtothevocational groupsystemitself,itisinterestingtoreviewsomeoftheinterpretationsof"Quadragesimo Anno"whichhavecomefrom thepensofvariousauthorities inthepastfifteenyears,andto noteacertainagreementcrystallisingandtakingshapein theprocessofexchangeofopinionandthoughtonthequestion.

Tostartwithadefinition,one thatisuniversallyacceptedis this:Avocationalgroup"isa naturalassociationofmenintermediatebetweenthefamilyand state,embracingallmeninthe sametypeoflabour,tradeor profession."Theemphasishere shouldbeplacedonthefactthat thevocationalgroupisnatural andnecessary,existinginde-

POPEPIUSXl.

wrotearevolutionaryandfarreachingdocument. Howfar hasitgotus?

pendentlyofman'swill,grantingthefurtherfact,ofcourse, thatmanyvocationalgroup, nowexistinaveryunorganised manner.Theverythingcalled forin"QuadragesimoAnno"is theorganisationofthesegroups. Anotherpointtoemphasiseis thatthevocationalgrouptakes ir,allmeninagiventradeor profession,i.e.,bothemployers andemployees.Oneofthedifficultiesinthis,asinmany otherareasofsociologicalresearch,isthatofterminology, andFatherTreheypointsout thattheterm"vocational group"isusedsynonymouslyin Americawiththeterms"occupationalgroup,""guild,""industriesandprofessions"and "guildsystem,"allofwhichare synonymous,inturn,withthe Europeanterms"corporation" and"corporativeregime."Itis importantthatmorestudybe devotedtothissoallwilluse thesameterms.

Regardingthecorporativeregime,thereisnostandardpat- ternsetdownbysociologists. Rather,theinsistenceisthat eachvocationalgroupshould haveitsowncorporativeformula.Further,thatthecorporationforeachoccupationor professionneednotbeorganised inthesamewayineverycountry. itHowever,wherenecessary, issuggestedthatthevocationalgroupsbeorganisedinto local,regionalandnational councils.Thelocalcouncilwill servetouniteseveralsimilarindustriesintoonegroup.InDetroit,forexample,alltheautomobileworkersandalltheautomobilemanufacturerswould unitetoelectalocalcouncil whichwouldstudyandpromote 'heinterestsoftheautomobile industryinthatareaandserve asapermanentcontactbetween theworkersandmanagement.

(ContinuedonPage12.)

wissConstitutionMaybeModel forUnitedStatesofEurope

emocratic VorkOut PrinciplesThat Successfully

Ifandwhen,theUnitedStatesof ropedecomesarealityitis uiteonthecardsthattheframers ftheConstitutionwilllookto iwitzerlandforinspirationand uidance.

TheSwissConfederationissolidybasedondemocraticprinciples and hasthebigadvantageof hundredsofyearsofsuccessfulworkingexperience.Ithassolvedin ineffectivewaytheknottyproblemofhowtocombineefficient federalunionwiththepreservation autonomybyeachofthepartici. eyingstatesorcantons,

TheConfederationconsistsof25 liffenentstates,calledcantons. Eachcantonis,initself,asovreignstatewithaparliament,a tovernment,cantonallawcourts tadmanyofthewell-knowninstitutionswhicharethelegalbasisof state.ThecantonofGeneva,for example,stilltodaystressesth, setthatitisforallintentsand purposes,astateofitsown,by ailingitselfonallofficialdocuments:"RepubliqueetCatonde Geneve."

WheredoesFederalsovereignty cmein?Foralldealingswith oreigncountries,forappointing ridreceivingdiplomaticrepresenatives,forconcludingtreatieswith oreignpowers,andformanymore unctions,suchasdeclaringwar, tc.,theConfederationassuchhas besupremepower,

ThismeansthattheStateSwitzerlandhasagoodnumberof rightsandmonopoliesreservedfor itself,whereasthememberstates o'theConfederationareboundto respecttheseconfederationmonopolies,butareotherwisetheirown tasters.

SomeinformativepracticalexamplesarequotedbyG.J.Keller ofthe"BaslerNachrichten"inthe "CentralEuropeanObserver":,Theconfederationhasthemonopolyofthecurrency,whichmeans thatthereisonlyonecurrencyfor thewholeofthecountry,theunit ofwhichistheSwissfranc.The cantonisthusnotfreetohaveany cantonalcurrencyofitsown.The sameappliestothepost,thetelephone,thetelegraph,toexciseduties,verylargelytorailwaysand manymanymoreinstitutions.

TheLanguageCrux, Ontheotherhandeachcantonis, forexample,freetohaveitsown officiallanguagewhichisusedin courtinofficialdocumentsandso forth.

ThustheTessin,borderingon Italy,hasdeclaredthePralianlanguagetobeitsofficialone,whereas anumberofcantonsborderingon FrancehavechosenGerman.The cantonde"Grison,"Graubuenden, hasalanguageofitsownepoken byroughly40,000people,tbt"Romansch."Thuswehave,inthe wholeConfederation,fourofficial languages,allrecognised,allbeing usedinofficialdeclarationsand documents.

If,forexample,a citizenof Zuerich,whereGermanisspoken, hascommittedsomeoffencein,say, Locarno,whereItalianisspoken, andhastostandhistrialthere,he cangiveanevidenceinhisown language(German),andthecantonofTessiniscompelledtogive himanofficialinterpreter.

TheFederalParliament.

twochambersoftheSwissparliament.Thesecondchambercon. sistsofroughly200memoerswho donotrepresentacertaincanton, butso-and-somanymembersofthe pcpulationofthewholecountry, ThissecondbodyiscalledtheNationalCouncil(National-Rat,Con. seilNational).Togethertheyform theSwissFederalParliament.They meetseparately,astwodistinct, differentchambers,butalwayssimultaneously.

.AccordingtotheSwissFederal Constitutionof1%8,amendedin 1874,andsinceadoptedgradually, therearecertainfunctionswhich canonlybeperformedbythetwo chambersmeetingtogether;the electionoftheSwissFederalConn. ail(Bundes-Rat,ConseilFederal) whichbodyconsistsofsevenmembersandisthehighestexecutive authority.Anotherfunctionwhich canonlybeperformedbyameetingofthecombinedchambersof parliamentistheelectionofaSupremeCommanderoftheSwiss ArmedForceswhohasthetitleof aGeneral,theelectionofthejudges forthesupremeFederalCourtof JusticeinLausanne,thedeclarationofwarincasethecountryis attacked(anaggressivewarisimpossible,asthecountrycanonly rakeuparmstodefenditselfaccordingtoconstitution)andcertain actsofpardonforcriminalswho havecommittedcrimesagainstthe State.

TheFederalCouncil. TheFederalCouncilis,asexplainedbefore,thesupremeexecutiveauthority.ThesevenFederal Councillorsareelectedforaterm offouryearsandcanhailfromany canton,butnevercantwohailfrom thesamecanton.Ithasbecome traditionthatthethreelargecantonsofBerne,ZuerichandWaadt shouldalwayshaveonerepresents tiveeachintheGovernment,and, oflate,theItalianspeakingcanton ofTessinhasalsohadaconstant representative.

EachFederalCouncillorcan,in turn,becomePresidentoftheConfederationforoneyear.Heis electedbythetwocombinedchambersandis,asitwere,PrimeMinisterandtherepresentativeHead oftheSenateatthesametime. Afteroneyearhehastostand downandare-electionisnotpossibleforanimmediateconsecutive term.nesimplybecomesamemberoftheFederalCouncilagain, which,ofcourse,hehasremained duringtheyearsofhispresidency itmayberememberedthatM. Motta,whohasbeenaFederal Councillorfor25yearshasbeen PresidentofSwitzerlandfourtimes.

WhereEveryCitizenHasinitiative

therearetwoconditionstobefulfilled:(a)amajorityofcitizensof thewholecountryhastoadoptthe proposal,and(b)amajorityofcantons(Staendemehr)hasalsoto adoptit.Ifthatisthecase,then itbecomeslawafteracertainlapse oftimeandaftercertainfinalformalitieshavebeenfulfilled, Verymuchthesameprocedure appliesagaintothecantons, wheretherearethesameprinciples andwheretherearealsoreirlismentstolegislateonthosematters wheretheConfederationdoesnot legislate.

CITIZENARMYDEFENDED NEUTRALITY, Switzerlandisrightlyproudof herpeople'sarmy.Everysoldier canbecomea non-commissioned officer,andeveryN.C.O.anofficer, providedhetakesthespecialcoursesprescribedandpassesthenecessaryexaminations, Ifduringthewar,anarmyof nearly800,000menstoodreadyto defendSwitzerland'sneutrality, thisfactisduetotheagelimit havingbeenloweredto18from20 andraisedto60from48years.

EverySwisssoldierhashisuniform,hiswholeequipmentand, aboveall,hisrifleplusseveral roundsofammunitionathome.He undergoesrefreshercoursesevery yearandthus,whenbeiscalled up,hecangointoactionafew hoursafterleavinghisprivateoccupation.

-

TherepresentativesofeachcantonformtheFederalParliament. Eachcantondesignatesanequal numberofdelegates,namely,two, whoarerepresentingthiscanton intheFederalParliamentin Berne.Thisbodyiscalledthe StateCouncil(Staende-Rat,Conseil deeEtats)andformsoneofthe

Howarelaws"made"inSwitzerland?Bythetwochambersof parliament,buttherearetwoways tobringanewlawaboutEither oneofthetwochamberstakesthe initiativeorthecitizen-anymale citizenwhohastherighttovotetakesit.Theso-calledinitiativeis oneoftherightsguaranteedtothe SwisscitizenbytheFederalconstitution.Itmeansthatthecitizenwhowantstobringinacertainlawhastoprocureacertain numberofsignatures(50,000)of othermalecitizenswhohavethe righttovote.Ifhesucceedsin doingso,theFederalParliamentis compelledtotakeuphisideaand todebatetheproposedlawaswell astovoteonit.Ifthelaw touchesinanywaysomeofthe fundamentalrightsoftheSwiss, thereferendumtakesplace,which meansthattheproposal,asitis finallyformulatedandshapedby parliament,hastobevotedonby thewholecountry.Insuchacase

ModerationinUseofVetoEssentialto SecurityCouncil'sAuthority

ByROBERTA.GRAHAM.

Thevetoquestion,whichseizedtheheadlinesfromthefirst dayoftheGeneralAssembly,is notthekindtobesettledfor gcodatonesittingoftheUnited Nations.Thisisawayofsayingthatwearedealinghere withamoralandconstitutional questionsoprofoundthatafinal decisionisnotamatterofweeks ormonthsbutofyears.Itis hardtofindasinglefeatureof theUnitedNationsuponwhich thefuturecharacterofinternationalsocietymoredirectlydepends.Theargumentsandcounter-argumentswhichweare hearingatFlushingMeadow ParkandLakeSuccessareonly, thecontinuationofagreatdebitethatbeganevenbeforethe SanFranciscomeetingand whichisnotlikelytoberesolvedintheimmediatefuture.

Thestruggleconcernstherelativepositionofthegreatand smallPowersintheframework ofaworldpeaceorganisation.

Themoralissuestemsfromthe factthattheCharterrecognises. intheveto,adistinctionamong theMembersbasedsolelyon power.Theconstitutionalissue comesfromthepositionofprivilegeenjoyedbyonegroupof Membersoveranother,inapparentconflictwiththeprincipleof the"sovereignequalityofallits Members"uponwhichtheOrganisationissupposedtobebased.SirCarlBerendsen,head oftheNewZealanddelegation, hititoffaccuratelyonOctober awhenhesaidtotheAssembly: Thevetopower...isinessencetheapplicationofthe falseandpaganprinciplethat mightmakesright.Itisa negationintheinternational fieldofthoseprinciplesof equitabledemocracywhichare sodeartosuchalargesection ofmankind.

Thepiecederesistanceconsists ofafewwordsinthethirdparagraphofArticle27oftheCharterreadingasfollows:"DecisionsoftheSecurityCouncilon (non-procedural)matters shallbemadebytheaffirmative vcteofsevenmembers,includingtheconcurringvotesofthe permanentmembers."TheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,theSovietUnion,FranceandChinaare thepermanentmembersofthe Council.Theword"veto"never occursanywhereintheCharter, butsinceallofthebigFivemust beontheaffirmativesideofa propositionitisclearthatby withholdingitsvoteonegreat Powercanpreventadecision.It shouldbenotedinpassing,however.thatthisappliesonlyto theSecurityCouncil.Thereis novetointheGeneralAssemblyortheSocialandEconomic Council.

TheAssemblyhastwopropositii.nsbeforeitnow.Onewas presentedbyGuillermoBelt, quietandunostentatiousheadof theCubandelegation.This callsforaconstitutionalconventiontorevisetheCharter, particularlytoeliminatethesocalledvetoprivilege.Theother wasintroducedbyAustraliaand merelyasksthatthevotingprocedureintheSecurityCouncil bediscussedwithaviewtoarrivingataworkableinterpretationofitsterms.Inthesetwo proposalsthevetoisattacked fromdifferentquarters.The Cubanproposalismanifestly basedontheincompatibilityof thevetowiththeprinciplesof theCharter.TheAustralians take,amoreconservativeview andattempttomodifytheevils ofthevetosystemthrough"interpretation" rather than

Soviet'sAbusesaNegationofEquitableDemocracy

EffortsofSmallNationstoEffectReform

AccordingtoSirCarlBerendsen,headoftheNewZealanddelegation.thevetopowerintheU.N."isanegationinthe internationalfieldofthoseprinciplesofequitabledemocracy whicharesodeartoalargesectionofmankind?"Ishis chargejustified?

throughconstitutionalrevision. SenorBeltwasfullyawarethat aconstitutionalchangeitself facesaveto,butheapparently feelsthatatleastheisemphasisingtheprinciplebyputting itontheagenda.

AtthissessionoftheAssemblytheissueisnotsomuchthe principleofthevetoasitsbroad interpretationandthefrequent usetowhichithasbeenput. TheviewoftheBelgiandelegationasexpressedbyM.F.van Langenhoveprobablyrepresents across-sectionofmoderate opinion.OnOctober24hesaid tothemembersoftheAssembly: WhattheBelgiandelegation hasfoughtandstillfights againstistheexcessiveextensionofthevetorule,andthe wayinwhichitsapplicationis abused. Ifthemembers oftheCouncildonotmake prudentuseofthespecial powerswhichhavebeenconferreduponthem,anamendmentoftheCharterwilleventuallybecomeessential,or,if suchamendmentsarenot made,theSecurityCouncil,reducedtoimpotencyandincapableoffulfillingitsmission. willseetheauthoritywhichit shouldenjoyvanishcompletely.

TherecordoftheSecurityCouncilsincethefirstdaysofitsexistencehasbeenoneofindiscriminateuseofthevetobythe SovietUnion.Thisprivilege, whichthegreatPowerspromisedatSanFranciscowouldbe used"sparingly,"hasinfact beeninvokedaboutadozen times.Franceuseditonce.

Buttheconspicuousoffenderhas beenRussia.Thevetohasnot beenusedbytheSovietUnion toprotectitsownvitalinterests orinmattersinvolvinggreatresponsibilityorrisk,butonlyas aninstrumentforpoliticalpurposes.Theuseorthreatofthe vetohasmadetheSecurity CouncilwhattheBoliviandelegate,AdolfoCostaDurels,terms a"CouncilofInsecurity,"in whichthepeacefulsettlementof disputeshaseitherbeenheldup ormadepartofapoliticalmanoeuvre.

Thetechniqueisthis.The U.S.S.R.orasatellitebringsup anitem,sayachargeagainst Britain,France,theNetherlands orSpain.Theissueisdebated., thechargeisamendedoritsre jectionmoved.Atthispoint theSovietdelegateinterposesa veto,sothatifhisownmeasuredoesnotcarryintermsto hisliking,nothingisaccomplished.Inotherwordsheselects hisownissuesandthenblocks withhisvetoanyvariantsofhis motionwhichdonotsuithispurposes.TheRussianswouldapparentlypreferthedangerous situationtofesterunattended ratherthanhaveittreatedina mannerwhichisnotonehundredpercentaccordingtotheir wayofthinking.

PhilipNoel-Baker,spokesman fortheBritish,hasexpressedhis contemptofoneparticularinstanceofthis"recklessuseof theveto."TheUkrainianrepresentativechargedhiscountry andGreecewithfomentingwarlikeincidentsintheBalkans.By

ninevotestotwotheCouncil's verdictwasinfavouroftheaccusedMembersoftheUnited Nations.Butthatverdictcould notbeformallyrecordedbecauseofaSovietveto."But whatfollowedthen?"heasked, withsomefeeling.

SomemembersoftheCouncilfeltthattheremightbean explosion,thattheCouncil oughttoinvestigatethefacts onwhichtheallegationshad beenmade.Theyproposed, therefore,tosendacommissionofinquirytothespotto findout,onbothsidesofthe frontier,whatwasgoingon AgaintheSovietUnion imposedaveto,vetoedaninquiryintochargesthatthey themselveshadmade!

Asimilarsituationaroseduring thefirstweeksoftheCouncil's lifeinLondon,whenthewithdrawalofBritishandFrench troopsfromSyriaandLebanon wasdemandedbythelattertwo countries.TheSovietdelegate, havingbeendefeatedonamos iionraisedbyhimself,interposedavetowhichlefttheCouncil withnodecisionwhateveronthe issue.(Totheircredit,Bidault andBevinacceptedthewillof themajorityalthoughnotlegallyboundtodoso.)Another instancehasbeenreferredtoby theBelgiandelegation.Herethe Sovietdelegatevetoedarecommendationdrawnupbyasubcommittee,onthescorethatit "didnotgofarenough,"thatis tosay,didnotfullymeetthedemandsoftheSoviets.Here againnoactionwastaken.

TheSovietuseofthevetohas beendemonstrablymaladroitin severalinstances.Atthevery starttheRussianswerepanicked intoaccusingBritainofthreateningthepeacebykeeping troopsin:Grace,therebyviolatingtheirowncardinalprinciple ofunanimityamongthebig Powers.Monthslater,thanks toanotherSovietveto,theSpanishquestionwasmaintainedon theagenda,theSecurityCouncilwas"seizedofthematter" astheysay,althoughthatfact blockedactionbyanyotherorgan.WhentheAssemblymet recently,itwasnecessaryfor ForeignMinisterMolotovto swallowhispride,reversethe standofhisunderlingGromyko andaskfortheitem'sremoval fiomtheCouncil'slistinorder toclearthewayforitsconsiderationbythemembersoftheAssembly.

Forthepastyear'srecordof frustrationthe Americans sharesomeoftheblame.It istooeasilyoverlookedthatthe "veto"wasfirstandforemostan Americanconception.Andeven nowthatGovernmentisnotpreparedtoaskforaconstitutional amendmentinlinewiththeCubanmotion.Backofthisidea is,ofcourse.theoldquestionof absolutenationalsovereignty. TheSovietUnionquitenaturallyfellinwiththevetoconception,forwhichwegavethelead.

TheRussiansprefertospeak ofthe"unanimityofthegreat Powers"ratherthanofthe "veto."Itmustbeadmitted thatunanimityisapositiveconceptionandifitexistedtheSe-

curityCouncilwouldbeaneffectiveinstrument.Butthefear thattheSecurityCouncilwould beasupremedirectorateofthe BigFiveimposingitswillupon theworldhasproventobeso farfromrealitythatthereis dangerofcompleteparalysisin theCouncil.Despitetheirdislikeoftheterm,thereismore vetothanunanimityintheactionsoftheU.S.S.R.

Therecordhasjustifiedthe Cubanproposalsforaconstitutionalconventiontorevisethe Charter.Mostcountries,however,appearmoreinclinedtoacceptforthetimebeingtherealitiesofthesituation.IncommentingonSirCarlBerendsen's characterisationoftheunionof thevetoandtheCharterasa "shotgunwedding,"theLuxembourgdelegate,JosephBech,said philosophicallythatitisrathera marriageofreason."Itisa well-knownfact,"heobserved, "thatunionsofthiskindarein thelongrunfrequentlyhappier thansentimentalunionswhich failtotakerealityintoaccount."Theonlytroubleisthat thevetoandtheCharterappear incompatible,evenasamarriage ofreason.

Therearemanywaysofskinningacat,andifactionmustbe takenbytheCouncilawayout canalwaystiefound.The Iraniancase,forexample,despiteGromyko'swalkout,was conductedfromstarttofinishas aproceduralmatter,inwhich thereisnoveto.Thevetocan alsobeusedtostopaveto,as when,onJuly10,thesiaarman, Dr.FranciscoCastilloNajera, ruledthatacertainquestionwas procedural,andinreplyto Gromyko'sthreatenedvetosaid thathisrulingstoodunlessrepudiatedbytheCouncil,thereby puttingthevetoontheother foot.

Butsuchsolutionsaretemporaryexpedientsandunlessthe BigThreecanagreethatthe vetoshouldberestrictedinits interpretationanditsfrequency, therewillbeanendoftheauthorityoftheSecurityCouncil. Itisnotinsignificantthatifthis takesplacetheSovietwillbe theheaviestloser.Theposition oftheUnitedStateshasbeenexplainedbyformerSenatorAustin,headofourU.N.delegation, asa"programmeofinterpretationandapplication,"aprocess of"clarificationthroughdefinitionandregulationandpractice."IftheSovietscanbe madetoseethatintheirownintereststheuseoftheveto shouldbetemperateratherthan reckless,agooddealcanbedone towardsmakingtheCouncilan effectiveinstrumentforthe peacefulsettlementofsituations anddisputes.

Arealhandicaptoaworkable solutionisthattheSovietand theirsatellitesappeartoregard attacksupontheveto,whether byCuba,Australiaoranyone else,asmotivatedbysinister anti-Soviethatred.Inlinewith their.fundamentalprincipleof regardingeverymatteraspurelypolitical,theycannotunderstandthattheoppositionsterns fromlegalconceptionsquiteindependentofRussia'spartinthe question.Muchlesscanthey comprehendthemoralobjections toadivisionofnationsonthe basisofpoweralone.Thisdifferenceinideologymakesthe solutionofthevetoproblem moredifficult.Itisonlyadifferentaspect,however,ofthe greatproblembeforetheUnited Nations-thatofbuildingone worldatpeace.

PO4.4P4P4P.

HaveyourRacquetRestrungor RepairedbyNorm.Beast,expert stringer,14BonMarcheArcade.

OrdersPromptlyAttendedTo

/I39341.

By FrancisGilbert

THEUBIQUITOUSAPE

WhenProfessorGrahamWedell,ofOxfordUniversity,told thePan-AfricanPre-History CongressatNairobirecently thatman'ancestorwas"both manandmonkey,amiddle creaturehavingcharacteristics ofboth,"herevivedacontrovcrsaryasdeadandasmusty astheSterkfonteinfossilised remainsuponwhichhebasedhis guess.Duringthelastcenturyscientific materialists, sweptofftheirbalancebythe plaUsibilityofDarwinism, preachedevolutionasthemost rigiddoctrineandgleefullyproclaimedthatitfinallydisposed ofChristianity.Thefragmentarychronologicaldataofthe Hebrewgenealogistsisfrequentlyallegedbyrationalists tohavebeendisplacedbythe animaloriginofmankindandtheageofmanonthe earth.Scientificdiscoveryin thefieldofarcheologyandkindredstudiesisclaimedtohave impugnedtheverynatureof God,theveracityoftheBible, andthedogmasofsinandits atonement.

Butoncethejubilantshouting andtumultofthe19th.century rationalistshadsubsided,itbegantoappearthattheirdogmas restedmoreonwishfulthinking thanonscientificevidence.So muchsoinfact,thatafew yearsagoSirJohnAmbrose FlemingtoldtheBritishPhilosophicalSocietythattheDarwinianTheory"wasaproduct oftheimagination,whereasthe bodilyresurrectionofChrist wasoneofthemostcertainly attestedfactsofhumanhistory. Fromascientificpointofview therewasnoexplanationofhow manhadbeenevolvedfromthe animalform.Allthefacts,indeed,weremoreconsistentwith

Weincorporatewithusthe

theBiblicalaccountandwitha post-glacialdateforthecreationofmankind."

Inthismatterofevolution themindoftheChurchisquite cleardespitethelackofofficialpronouncements.Ifevolutionimpliesthedevelopmentof man'sbodyandsoulfroma loweranimal,thenitiscertainlyopposedtoCatholicteaching. Man'ssouliscertainlynotthe restofevolution,butimmediatelycreatedbyGod.Asregardshisbody,thereisnodogmaticteachingconcerningits precisemodeofformation,but theChurchstandstotheordinaryteachingthathisbodyhas notevolvedfromlowerbeings, butthatitalsowasproduced bythespecialinterventionof God.Theideathatthebody ofmanhasevolvedfromlower animalsisscientificallyand philosophicallyhighlyimprobableandcannotbeheldwith eithersafetyorprudence.Sciencehasprovednothingconcerningtheoriginofman's bodynorhisageontheearth, andismerelyintheconjectural stage.Inviewofthesefacts theliteralBiblicalaccountisto bepreferredtotheevolutionary hypothesis.Presumptionstands fortheliteralsenseuntilthe contraryhasbeendemonstrated.

ThedatednatureofProfessor Wedell'sremarksarebetrayed inhisemploymentoftheterm "missinglinks."Itisenough tosaythatsomanyaremissing thattheSterkfonteinremains couldnotpossiblysupplythe holesintheargument.Indeed SouthAfricahasratherarecordforrashnessinthematter ofprehistoricconjectureswhich probablyemboldenedtheOxford doninhisguesses. Irecall whentheChairofArcheology wasestablishedintheRand Universityin1935,itsfirstoccupant,ProfessorC.vander

RietLowe,stated:"SouthAfrica'scontributionstotheseti:s ofdiscoverieswenttoprovethat man'sexistenceuponearth,as. computedbyHebrewgenealcgists,stretchedbackforovera millionyears."Somanywidelyvaryingandentirelyconjecturalestimatesofthesamekind havebeenmadeduringmany yearspast,thatonebeginsto wonderwhytheProfessorsdon't invoketheaidofAstrology.It wouldbeeverybitasscientific a::theirpresentmethods.

Fromthestandpointofreligiousfact,thenatureorthepowerofGodisinnowayaffected whethercr,,ationwasinstantaneousorgradualoveralong periodoftime.Notheoryof evolution,however,explainsthe factofmind.Theonlyexplanationwhichadequatelyfills thecolossalgapbetweenthe highestanimalandthelowest manisthatofadirectinfusio" bytheCreatorofasoulintothe body.HencetheOxforddon's speculationsaboutman'sancastorbeinga"middlecreature" advancesourknowledgenotone whit.Itcomplicatesitno end.Foronhishypothesisthe problemwasnottofind"alink" missinginman'scompletemakeup,buttogetridofthemonkey.TherewasnoMissing Link;therewasaUbiquitous Ape.Everyonemaynowturn fromradioquizzestotheproblemofthemoment:"Where. ohwhere,ismylittlegibbon gone?"

RELIGIOUSFILMS

Mr.D.W.Moore,vice-chairmanoftheAustralianReligious FilmSocietyinW.A.whohas recentlyreturnedfromavisit toMelbourne,reportsthatthe firstdemonstrationofthenew religiousfilmsusedinchurch worshipintheIndependent Church,ColinStreetwaswitnessedbyacapacitycongregation. Peoplepackedthepewsandaislesandhundredswereturned away."TheSociety,"stated Mr.Moore,"believesthathigh qualityreligiousfilmsarenot onlyforchildren,butshouldbe usedaspartofanormalchurch service.Notjustasanentertainment,andtheycanbemade apotentforceforadults.The societyproposestosetupareligiousfilmlibraryineachcapitalcity.

Whilstrecognisingthevalue ofreligiousfilmsasamedium ofinstructionandameansof stimulatingspiritualinspiration wefeelthatProtestantdenominationswouldbewelladvised tobearinmindthedangersthatcanbeincurred bysubstitutingthescreenfor theusualformsofworship.No doubtthisnewschemewillappealtomanydevoutChurchgoers,andwillhelptofillempty Churches,ashashappenedin Melbourne,butitwouldbedifficultindeedtoascertainhow manyofthoseinattendance

cameoutofpurelyreligiousmotivesandthoseinclinedtotreat thedemonstzation'justasan entertainment.'Theremaybea strongtendencytoturnaplace ofworshipintoaSundaynight picturetheatre. Thegreatclangerinthis schemecanreadilybe perceived. Theinstructionofreligionlike allothersubjectscallsforactive teachingontheonehandandon theother,thedesiretolearn andtheabilitytoabsorb.Religiousfilmstomeunderthe visualinstructioncategoryand requireonlyapassiveapproach tothesubject.Inthelightof :hisfactitishardtoseehow suchfilms"canbemadeapotentforceinmakingChristianityalivingandworkingfaith foradults."TheChristian FaithrequiresactiveparticipationofallprofessingChristians. Itcanonlybeinculcatedinto peoplebytheirdesiretolearn, andtheirwillingnesstoaccept, ifneedsbe,thehardshipsincurredbythatthirstforChristian knowledge.

TheChurchherselfhas,and stilldoes,usevisualeducation asameansofimplantingknowledge,butonlyasasecondary course.Manyyearsagothe EnglishCatholicTruthSociety foundedalibraryforcirculatingreligiousfilms,andinAmerica to-daytheReligiousFilmsDivisioncirculatesuchfilmsamong Churchorganisationsforexhibitionatmeetingnights.Films depictingtheLifeofOurLord, OurLady,theSaintsanddoctrinalthemeshaveprovedquite asuccess,butithasneverbeen thintentionoftheseorganisa-tionstoreplacereligiousinstructionbymeansoffilmsfor otherandmorereliablemethods.

-o0oRUSSIANFIRINGSQUADSENFORCE"RELIGIOUSFREEDOM."

AnItalianCommunistwhovisitedtheU.S.S.R.,hastoldtheItalianPressthatthereiscomplete religiousfreedomthere.Fora secondtimeVaticanRadiodealt withthisstatement,andreferred notonlytorestraintsonreligionin Russia,butalsointheSovietdominatedcountriesofHungaryand Jugoslavia.

Inatalkentitled"IsThereReligiousFreedomintheU.S.Sill"?

VaticanRadiosaid:"Wedevoted atalktothissubjectonAugust 22 To-dayanewspaperasserts thatthereisinfactfullreligious freedomintheU.S.S.R.,andrefers toaso-calledBishopattachedto theVladimirCathedralinLeningrad.Wehavepublishedofficially documentedaccountsofthedemocratictreatmentreservedforour cc-religionistsinHungaryand Jugoslavia.

"Notknowingwhattodowith thisgenerouslyconcededfreedom, theyhaverottedinprisonandfaeedthefiringsquad.

"Wordsareonethingbut,unfortunatelyfactsdemonstratethat theprisonsarefullofclergy,mem-

bergofreligiousorganisationsand laymen,whowilllaterbeliquidated byplatoonsofslavesunderthe eyesoftheirforeignmasters.in. differenttothisfratricidesolong asithastensthefuturetheydesire.

"TheCatholichierarchiesinHungaryandJugoslaviahavepublicly denouncedthisoutrageagainst man'ssacredrighttoservehisown God,notintheformwhichseems convenienttothosewhohaveobtainedworldlypower,butinthe formwhichGodHimselfhasdetermined.

LittleMother'sProtection.

"Whathavethesenationsand theirattitudetoreligiontodowith U.S.S.R.?Simplythatthesecon. ditionsbegantotakeshapewhen thesecountriesmadetheirtrium. plantentryunderthegreatpro. testingwingsoftheLittleMother -theU.S.S.R.-representedbyher divisions,commissionsobservers, andpoliticalcounsellorswhoareso generouswiththeirdemocraticsurgeslonaespeciallywhenreligious andpoliticallibertyisconcerned.

"AsfortheU.S.S.R.itself,everyonewillremembertheastonishmentwhichgreetedthepublicity giventothenewreligiouspolicy plannedbytheSovietGovernment, Inpressarticlesfullofconciliatory andcongratulatoryphrases,import. antpersonagespaidtributetothe meritsoftheOrthodoxChurch.

"Therewereevensuggestionsin officialcirclesthatthe1918law separatingChurchandStateand Article124oftheSovietConstitutionweredeliberatelyvagueand thatthisArticlewouldprovidethe fundamentalbasisforrelationsbe. tweenChurchandState.

NewConceptionofFreedom.

"Itwasmodifiedin1925and 1929,andtookonamoredefinitelyanti-religiouscharacter.ftalh.wedpeople'freedomofreligious confessionandofanti-religious propaganda',butthismeantthat theactionsofbelieversandthe professionoftheirrespectivereligiousfaithswerelimitedstrictly thecircleofbelievers,andthatall religiouspropagandawasregarded a,outsidethelawandtherefore punishable.

"Thisgivesusanewconception offreedomofconscience,diametric. allyopposedtothatoftheother civilisedpeoplesandcharacteristic onlyoftheIkdshevicproletarian ideawhichseesfreedomasthe righttoprofessreligionsolongas noneisprofessed:inotherwords freedomfromalldogmaticormoral ties.

"NaturallytheCommuniststry tospreadtheidesthatthereisfull religiousfreedomintheU.S.S.R., andalsointheoccupiedcountries, Austria,Bulgaria,Rumaniaand Hungary.ButonceletCommunismcometopower,asinPoland andJugoslaviaandthereisat oncerevealedthetyranicallydespoticcharacterofthisideology, whichcried'Freedom,freedom'beforeitsgoalwasreachedandafterwardscrusheditinthemostin. famousmanner."

Wednesday,January29,1947.

ALBANIA"RULEDBYMOSCOW."

"AlbaniaatpresentfindsherselfunderCommunistdespotism, andisthereforecontrolledand directedbyMoscow,"saysthe "OsservatoreRomanis"

National Catholic Girls' MOVEMENT

"InAlbania,asinBolshevik RussiaandYugoslavia,everythingCatholicisostracised."

SOUTH-WESTDAIRYPROPERTY,PERTH(BN.29611).

10(rtes.freeholdland,situate 11milesfromsidingandschool; 25aes.partcleared,allringbarked;timberedwithjarrahand redgum;boundaryallcattle proof,partlysheepnetter,internal3barb-6paddocks;wateredby2wellsandgoodpermanentsoak;4-roomedasbestos andJ.W.B.cottage,frontand backverandah;2x1,000gal. tanks,milkingshed,asbestos dairy,pigstyes,loading,good stockyard,poultryandfeed sheds.PRICE:£850bare. Stockatvaluation.Delivery inMarc)'.

Forfurtherparticularsapply toGOLDSBROUGH,MORTAND COMPANY,LIMITED,PERTH, BRANCHESANDAGENTS.

KATANNINGDISTRICT GRAZINGPROPERTY (KA253R).

1,400acs.freeholdland,situate12milesfromsidingand school.Timberedwithjam,york andscrub;600acs.cleared;boundaryrabbitnetted,wellsubdivided-10padocks;wateredby 3dams,2goodsoaks;4-roomedstonehouse(good),verandah backandfront,smallshed;carryingcapacity600sheep. PRICE:30/-peracrebare, Cash.Thispropertyissuitableforwheatandoatsaswell asgrazing.

Forfurtherparticularsapply to-

GOLDSBROUGH,MORTAND COMPANY,LIMITED,PERTH, BRANCHESANDAGENTS.

AAA-AWHEAT FARMSNAP, intheWagindistrict,1,270 acres,5milesfromsiding, withschoolbuspasttheproperty;allfreehold,1,000acres cleared,60acrespartlycleared, 200acresfallow;wellfencedand subdividedinto15padocks; good5-r.j.w.b.house,barn, grainshed,machineryshed,cow shed,garage,fowlruns;well watered,mostlyfirst-classcountry.Thispropertyhasbeen understocked,andhasanabundanceoffeed.Isportionofestateandmustbesold.Price: 1'4,300;dep.£1,000;balancearranged.No.W21.

SMALLMIXEDFARM,suitableforpoultry,pigsandgrazing;12acres;miletogetbus; allcleared,somesummerland; bndry.fencedandsubdidivedinto 5padocks;5-r.j.w!b.andasbestoshouseandsleep-out;also outbuildings;4acresofvines and1acremixedorchard;well andmill,r.w.,tanks,creek throughproperty;100fowlsand cow.Price:£1,250.No.48.

AMODELPOULTRYFARM, handytoPerthandonregular busroute;6acresoffirst-class soil,3acressummerland,and allclearedandwellfenced;6-r. brickbungalow,smallhouse,orchard;2acresunderirrigation; fowlhousesandrunsupto 2.000-4,000,allinexcellentrerair;2largebrooderhouses, packingshed;waterlaidonto allpens;2,000headoffirst-class younglayinghens.Allnecessaryplant,includingpowerdrivenchaffcutter,foodmixer, andgrister.Withafrontage totheriver,thispropertyisparticularlywelllaidoutandinexcellentrepair.Werecommend yourimmediate inspection.

Price:£3,500.

HALBERTSERVICELIMITED, FirstFloor,LONDONCOURT, ST.GEORGE'STERRACE, PERTH.

CATHEDRALBRANCH.

Ourlastgeneralmeetingwas quiteasuccess,andthedatefor thenextisTuesday,February4, at8p.m.,intheCathedralHall. Activities.

TennisagainonWednesday, February8-thecourthasbeen bookedindefinitely.NorthCottesloeisthemeetingplacefor Sunday,5th.,andmemberswill betravellingonthe10a.m. and2pm.buses.

Basketballseemsmorethan popular,andwehopetoarrange extrateamsnextTuesday. Therewillalsobetennisdrill andbadminton,andwearehopingtohavesomeexpertinstructionforthelattersport.

RememberthesocialweekendatKalamundaonFebruary 15-16.

NEDLANDSBRANCH.

Dancingclasses,from8to9 p.m.,willbeheldasusualatSt. Theresa'sHall,Tyrell-street, Nedlands,onFebruary4.

AtennispartyattheZoohas beenarrangedinconjunction withtheY.C.W.Wewillbe meetingattheBarrack-street Jettyat10.30onFebruary9. Bringlunchandjoininthefun. Therewillbeonlyasmall chargeforthecourts.

TherewillbeaProvisional CouncilMeetingatHeadquartersonMonday,February3,at 8p.m.Delegates,pleasenote. Themeetingwillbefollowedby aGeneralLeaders'Rally,commencingat8.30p.m.Allleadersarecordiallyinvitedtobe present.

YCW ACTIVITIES

DiocesanHeadquarters: NationalMutualBuildings,81St. George'sTerrace,Perth.

'Phone:B2546.

DIOCESANHEADQUARTERS.

SummerSchool.

TheY.C.W.Leaders'second annualSummerSchool,heldat AquinasCollege,wassuccessfullyattendedby64 leaders. Everybodyfeltthatgreatbenefitwasderivedfromthespiritualexercisesandconferences, andbigimprovementscanbeexpectedinthemovement.

Nextweektherewillbea morecompleteaccountofthe proceedings,plusaphotograph.

LEEDERVILLEBRANCH.

Dances. Ourfortnightlydancesare justregainingimpetusfollowingthelapseduringthebazaar period.Thenextoneison Friday,February7.

CATHEDRALBRANCH.

Picnic.

OnSunday,February9,there willbeacombinedY.C.W.N.C.G.M.picnictoRockingham. Inthenextissuefurtherdetails regardingtimeofdeparture, etc.,willbegiven.Transportationwillbebymeansofseveralbuseswhichhavebeenhiredforthepurpose.Feewill be3/6perhead.

Rally. Ageneralrallywillbeheld onFebruary11inCathedral Hall.

Cricket.

OnSundaywearetoplay MaylandsatForrestPark.CricketpracticeisheldeveryTuesdayandThursday,aswellason Sundaymornings,whenwehave nomatchtoplay.

FortnightlyDance.

H.A.C.B.S.

OurLady.HelpofChristians' Branch,EastVictoriaPark. OurusualfortnightlymeetingtookplaceonTuesday,January21.Wewerepleasedto learnthatBro.B.Kentwasout ofhospital.Bro.E.McCarthy isstillinhospital.Itwasdecidedto-sendhimaletterwishing himtheverybestforaspeedy recovery.

Itwasbroughttoournotice tokeepSunday,February23, open,asthatwasthedayfor ourgreatHibernianpicnic.Our nextmeetingwilltakeplaceon Tuesday,February4,at7.30 p.m.

St.Kevin'sBranch.

Attendanceatthefortnightly n-.eetingheldonJanuary23was fair.Bro.Sweeneypresided.

Finalarrangementshavenow beenmadeforthebeachparty andbarbecue,tobeheldatCity Beachonournextmeeting night,February6. Buswill leaveSt.Joseph'sHallat8.15 p.m.,andwillmakethereturn tripatapproximately10.45p.m. Asthiswillbeourfirstsocial outingfortheyear,wewould 1,ketoseeasmanymembers andtheirfriendspresentaspossible.

Membersareremindedthat February6isquarterlynight, andowingtotheearlydepartureofthebusthemeetingwill commenceat7.30p.m.

St.Patrick'sBranch.

Theabovebranchheldtheir fortnightlymeetingonJanuary 20.Bro.J.McIntyrepresided, andtherewasagoodattendance ofofficersandmembers.The fixturesfortheinter-branch competitionshavebeenreceived andarrangementsarebeing madeformemberstopractice.

Itwasunanimouslydecidedto havebranchcompetitionsatour roomoneveryfreeMonday night,i.e.,oneveningswhenthe branchplayersarenotengaged inM.S.Councilcompetitions.A prizewillbeawardedtothe player-sisterorbrother-who willhaveobtainedthegreatest numberofpointsattheendof thesocialyear.Quoits,darts, tabletennis,bobsandcardswill beincluded.

Monday,February3,isthe dateofthenextmeeting,andit isquarternight.Weexpectto haveagrandsocialonthateveningatwhichapresentationwill bemadetoourPastPresident, Bro.P.J.O'Reilly.Supperwill bedispensedbytheladies'committee.

St.Brigid'sBranch,West Perth.

Atthemeetingon20th.inst., therewasagoodattendanceof members,andarrangements weremadeforthepreparation ofteamstoparticipateinthe inter-branchcompetitions. Accordinglybadmintonandtable tenniswillbeavailableatthe meetingonFebruary3,anda goodattendanceofmembers isdesired. St.Malachi'sBranch.Highgate.

Atthemeetingon22nd.inst. clearanceinrespectofSister PatriciaSmithfromSt.Mary's Branch,Kalgoorlie,wasaccepted.Inviewofthefactthatthe inter-branchcompetitionswill commenceinMarch,arrangementsweremadeforthememberstoprepareforthematches, andatthemeetingonFebruary 5membersarerequestedtoattendinfullforcetoparticipate inbadmintonandtabletennis practice.Arrangementswere madetoconductaspecialsocial onApril16,inhonourofPast President,SisterK.Orrell. Memberswere'remindedofthe MetropolitanSocialCouncil's AnnualPicnicatKeane'sPoint onFebruary23.

THIRDORDEROF ST.FRANCIS

EXPOSITION.

St.Joachim'sConvent VICTORIAPARK

JUNIORUNIVERSITYEXAM-

INATIONRESULTS,1946.

100PerCent.Passes.

GladysSmith:Eightsubjects.

MaryWells:Eightsubjects.

MayTowers:Sevensubjects.

PatriciaPatience:Sevensubjects. JoanFariss(adding):Two subjects.

PeggyKelly(completing): Twosubjects. MUSICEXAMINATION RESULTS.

TRINITYCOLLEGE,September,1946. (100PerCent.Passes.)

JuniorPianoforte: Doris Jones(Hons.,85marks);Glenys Pearce(Merit);MargaretWilliams(Merit),ConnieWilliams (Merit),PattieBloom(Merit), KathleenRosgiter(Merit).

AdvancedPreparatoryPianoforte:DorrieEgglestone(Hons., 8.marks).

PreparatoryPionoforte:LesleyClatworthy(Merit),Fay Kersley(Merit),BerylNorris (Merit),GeraldineBranigan (Merit).

FirstStepsPianoforte:BarbaraMcManus(Hons.,90); MargaretFinlayson(Hons.,88 marks).

InitialPianoforte:ColeenMcGuiness(Merit).RayBlack (Merit).

UNIVERSITY-November,1946

GradeI.Pianoforte:Vincent Wiliams,TeresaWhately.

GradeLII.Singing:Pattie Harford(Hons.,85).

GradeIV.Pianoforte:Doris Jones(Hons., marks); YvonneWard(Pass),Maureen Webster,RuthEhlers.

GradeV.Pianoforte:Pattie Bloom(Hons.,85);BerylNorris(Hons.,85);JennyWorsfold (Credit),JamesDoohan(CreditI,PeterHeagney(Pass), MollieEarnshaw,Lawrence Fisher,KevinJennings.

GradeV.Violin:RomaCullen (Credit),EdwardDavis(Pass).

GradeVI.Pianoforte:JeanetteArchibald(Hons.,88),Fay Kersley(Hons.,88),Evelyn Bruce(Hons.,85),ErrolNewman(Credit),GlenisWilkins (Credit),GeraldineBranigan (Credit),LesleyClatworthy (Credit),Valerie McIntosh (Pass),KathleenO'Connor, VelmaCarlisle.

GradeVI.Violin:JohnMcManus(Credit),JoyceOwens (Pass).

PreparatoryViolin:RoySamwell.

PreparatoryPianoforte:Janet Smith,NormaCottrell,Faye Curtis.

HOLYNAMESCHOOL, CARLISLE.

UNIVERSITY,1946.

GradeIII.Pianoforte:Dolores Smith.

GradeIV.Pianoforte:Juliette Wright(Credit),LynetteBergh (Pass),BerylAppleton.

GradeV.Theory:Juilette Wright(Bons.).

GradeVI.Pianoforte:KathleenO'Leary.PatriciaHorton, LaurelMonkhouse,

PreparatoryPianoforte:Gwen Gwyther,MaureenTracey.

ST.ANNE'SSCHOOL,BELMONT. TRINITYCOLLEGETHEORY (June,1946).

AdvancedJuniorTheory: HelenFaulkner(Hons.).

JuniorTheory:NormaFaulk ner(Hons.),ChristinaSaligari (Hons.).

Preparatory:MaryMaggenti (Hons.),JeanetteMcGregor (hons.).

FirstSteps:RobertCribb (Merit).

UNIVERSITYMUSICRESULTS,November,1946.

GradeVI.Pianoforte:ChristinaSaligari(Hons.),Norms. Faulkner(Credit),MaryMaggenti(Credit),JeanetteMcGre gor(Credit).

PreparatoryPianoforte:RobertCribb.

Remember!AnnualHibernian Picnic,S.S."Perth"toKeane's Point,onSunday,February23, leavingPerth10.30a.m.Good Sports!Lotsoffun!Bringyour friends!

Ourlastdance,heldonJanuary24,wassatisfactory,but thereisstillplentyofroomin ourhallformore.Thenext dancewillbeheldonFebruary 7.

OneachTuesday,st830am ExpositionoftheMostBlessed SacramentcommencesatOurLady Chapel,VictoriaSquare,andends withBenedictiontotheeveningat .15.115pm.

Thegeneralpublic,aswellas themembersoftheThirdOrder, areinvitedtopayasmanyvisits aspossibleeachTuesday.

***AND

PRIEST-AMBASSADORPLANS WORLD'SGREATESTTRANSOCEANICMIGRATION.

ApriestwiththerankofAmbassadorExtraordinaryand MinisterPlenipotentiary,isflyingtheAtlantictocarryoutthe greatestplannedtransoceanic migrationofpeoplestheworld haseverknown-thetransferenceof4,000,000men,women andchildrenfromwar-battered areasofEuropetoanewlifeof hopeandsecurityinArgentina.

Thepriest,FatherJoseClem'riteSilva,aSalesian,isonhis waytoRome,wherehewillestablishhisheadquarters.

Hewillbeassistedbyastaff includingasecretary-general,a diplomatandanaccountant.

MeanwhiletheArgentine Governmentisnegotiatingin NewYorktopurchaseshipsto taketheemigrantstoSouth America.

ItisprobablethatFather Silvawillco-operateconstantly withthePapalservicesforrefugees,andwiththeBishopof KellerofErmland,whomthe HolyFathersomemonthsago appointedtotakechargeofrefugeesfromtheEastinWesternGermany.

BishopKellersaidinarecent audienceoftheHolyFatherthat hehopedtoplacesomeofthe refugeesinothercountries.

FatherSilva-thepriestto whommillionsofall-butdesperateDisplacedPersonswill nowlookwithrenewedhope -hasbeenformanyyearsrectoroftheSacredHeartCollege

OTES

atLaPalateandoftheOratory ofSt.FrancisdeSalesin BuenosAires.

OneofthegreatestauthoritiesoneducationinArgentine, hewasoffered,butdeclined, thepostofMinisterofEducation.Hehas,however,been actingasoneoftheMinistry's chiefadvisers.

FatherSilvawasoneofthe principalorganisersoftheInternationalEucharisticCongress inBuenosAiresin1934,at whichthepresentHolyFather presidedasPapalLegate.

TheorganisationofChildren's Dayduringthecongresswashis specialresponsibility.

Therearenofewerthan400 SalesianhousesinSouthAmerica.

SalesiansaretheleadingeducationistsinArgentina.

"FRANCEFORGOD"HAS 10,000,000MEMBERS.

Membersofamissionary movement,whichstartedin Lourdesin1943,andwhichis pledgedtobringbackthewhole ofFrancetoGod,havenowenlistedtenmillionpeopleina campaignofprayerandpenance,travelled60,000miles,and visited12,000parishes.

Agroupofthememberswho recentlywalkedfromFranceto RomewerereceivedbytheHoly Father,whocalledtheirwork "abundantandmagnificent"and encouragedthemtopersevere "alongtheroyalroadofthe Cross."

"REDCROSSSCANDALOF MOSCOW."

AccusationbyAmericanPriest. Ashockingchargethatnearly£7,000,000inreliefsupplies donatedbythepeopleofthe UnitedStatesthroughtheAmericanRedCrosstoalleviate needyRussiansinWorldWar IL,wasgobbledupbytheSovietSecretPolice,touseasit sawfit,hasbeenmadeinapublicstatementbyFatherLeopold Braun,whoformorethanadecadewastheonlyCatholic priestintheSovietcapital.

Characterisingtheincidentas the"RedCrossScandalofMoscow,"FatherBraunsaidthat hemadeprotestationstoAmericanRedCrossofficialsin Moscowoverthewaytherelief supplieswerehandled,buthis effortsprovedunavailing.

EffortsFrustrated.

"Iprotestanddeclare," FatherBraun'sstatementsaid, "thattheAmericanpeoplewho contributedtothenation-wide campaignfundoftheAmerican RewCrosswerefrustrated. Dealingswithunprincipledleaderssuchasaretobefound plentifullyovertherealways bringsaboutdisastrousresults.

Hischargesbroughtadenial fromEdwinH.Powers,AmericanRedCrossnationalpublicity director.

Inresponse,FatherBraunissuedwhatheterms"myown responsiblestatementundermy ownsignature,"totheAmerican people.

"MillionsofneedyRussians inthecapital(Moscow)were normallyexpectingsomepalpablemanifestationsofcorporal reliefapartfromhospitaland surgicalsupplies,"FatherBraun said,speakingofthewaryears.

FatherBraun'sChallenge.

FatherBraunemphasised that"theAmericanpublichad neverbeentoldthatinallthe U.S.S.R.thereisnotonesingle distributingpointopentothe generalneedypublicwhere thesesuppliesarehandedoutas theAmericanpeoplesurely mustthinktheyare.

FatherBraundeclaredthat hewaspreparedtoconfrontany AmericanRedCrossofficialwho hadservedinMoscowduring thepastwarandsubstantiate hisstatements.

CONVERTJEWWINSHIGH CATHOLICHONOUR.

DavidGoldstein,LL.D.,outstandingCatholiclaymanfrom Boston,andfounderoftheCatholicEvidenceGuild,hasbeen chosenbythefacultyofSt. BonaventureCollegeastherecipientoftheCatholicAction Medalof1946.

ActingwiththecompleteapprobationofPopePiusXI.,St. BonaventureCollegehasbestowedthismedaleachyear uponindividualCatholicleaders intheUnitedStateswhosezeal andintegrityhasearnedthis uniquehonour.Amongtheoutstandingrecipientsinthepast were:AlfredE.Smith,former GovernorofNewYork;JohnM. Burke,PresidentofAltmans, NewYork;JamesCraig,Tulsa, Oklahoma;ThomasParran,SurgeonGeneraloftheUnited States,andJefferson,present AmbassadortoFrance.

NOTEDBIBLESCHOLAR DIES.

Rev.HughPope,0.P.,recognisedasoneofthegreatestbiblicalscholarsofthepresentage, hasdiedatEdinburgh,where hewassuperioroftheDominicanvicariate.Hewas77and hadmarkedthegoldenjubilee ofhisordinationtothepriesthoodtwomonthsbeforehe died.FatherPope,whowas thesonofaconvert,studied medicinebeforeheenteredthe DominicanOrder.

THERAPEOFLITHUANIA.

(ByaLithuanianRefugeein Canada.)

Aveilofsecrecyguardsthe fateofthethreeBalticcountries,Estonia,LatviaandLithuania,sincetheyweretakenunderSoviet"protection."

Onthis28th.anniversaryof Lithuania'sformerindependence,thefollowingfactsshould bebroughttotheattentionof theU.N.O.delegates: SovietRussiahasexplicitly guaranteedherindependence timeandagain;theLithuanian andSovietTreatyof1920,the non-aggressiontreatiesof1926 and1944,themutualassistance eactofOctober10,1939,Molotov'sDeclarationofOctober31, 1939=that"Russiarenounced illrightstoLithuaniaforall time."

POPEONPRESSAND CINEMA.

ThePope,inareplytoattacksontheChurchbyanticlericalweeklies,questionsthe advisabilityof"unconditional liberty"ofthepressandcinema'Toallowjournalsand filmstounderminethereligious sndmoralfoundationsofpeople'sliveswouldbe"tolegalise" i'cenceandunhingethedefence ofpublicmorality,"hesays.

CHRISTIANUNITYNEEDED INPRESENTCHAOS.

Thenecessityofnotallowing minordifferencesinlessermatcrstoleadtoanactualsplit amongthosewhosebasicideals aremutualandsupremelyimportant,isemphasisedby"OsservatoreRomano"inanarticle commentingonthereportedformationofanewCatholicpoliticalpartyinItaly.

Entitled"TheSenseofUnity,"thearticleurgesthatwhile differencesofopiniononsubordinatemattersmaybelegitimate,theyshouldnotbeallowedtodividethosewhohold majoridealsandaimsincommon.Bysuchadivisionunimportantaimstendtobecome exaggeratedandoverwhelm thefarmoreimportantideal sv-hichallshouldholdincom-

arefacedto-daywiththe dutyofguardianship,"states theVaticanCitydaily,"even morethanwiththerightofgift, ofthetreasureoftheGospeltheChristian'goodtidings'-in thenewageemergingfroma chaos,amoralandcivilruin,so similartothatuponwhichthe lightoftheNativityshone."

Notingthecriticalimportanceto-dayofthosesupreme principleswhichstanduppermostintheCatholicconscience, 'hearticleshowedhowtheaflrmationanddefenceofthese principlesshouldformapoint ofconvergeance,ofwelding,of fusion,andofunityforallwho :reandprofesstobeCatholics inthefullconsistencyoftheir faithandthought,inprivate aswellasinpubliclife.

DeplorablePhenomenon.

TheVaticanwarnsthatthere isathreatthatsuchprinciples aretobeoncemoreignoredin spiteoftheterribledemonstrationtheworldhashadofwhat itcoststoforgetanddeny them.Thisdeplorablephenomenonsurpassesinimportance anyothermoralorpoliticaldevelopmentsincethewar,and thisfactmakesthereasonfor unityaneedaswellasaduty inthepresentemergency.

"Themoretheconscienceof nationsseesamongCatholic unionofideasandefforts,"concludesthe"Osservatore,""the moreitwillbepersuadednotto confuseChristiancivilisation withotherconcepts-nottolook uponitasattheserviceand mercyofdifferentpartisaninterests."

Inherdisputeswithhermore powerfulneighbours,thislittle 'nuntryhadtogiveintimeand again.SheyieldedtoPoland intheVilnadispute,toGermanyintheMemelquestion,and toRussiandemandsforarmy bases.SherefusedaNazidemandfortheformationofa Lithuanianlegion,whichwasto fightagainstRussia.

UndertheSovietregime, Lithuaniaisdoomed.Some 100,000Lithuaniansweredeportedorexecutedduringthe Russianoccupation,with50per cent.ofthepopulationfated forexile.

UndertheSovietregime,religiouspersecutioncontinues, accordingtothereportsofexiledBishops.Russiaruinedher economically,culturallyandsodaily.Theyruinedheragricultureandprivateproperty. Theyabolishedafreepress,disbanded6,000organisations,they burnedherlibraries,forbadereligiousinstruction,executed clergy,strippedchurches,museums,etc.,andravishedthe women.

TheAlliednationsaremorallyboundtorestoreherindependence,fortheyhelpedarm theSoviet-heraggressor.Russia'sseizureofLithuaniawasa violationofinternationallaw.

OnJuly23,1940,theU.S.State Departmentlabelledthe"election"afraud.Todate,45 nations,includingtheU.S.,refusetorecognisethisusurpalanguageiscompulsorynow;andLithuania,oneof theoldestlanguagesinthe world,isfatedtobecomeextinct.Lithuanianindependence datesbackathousandyears,extendingatonetimefromthe BaltictotheBlackSea.

ThousandsofLithuaniansare starvingbecauseofSovietnonrecognitionoftheRedCross andRussia'sfailuretodeliver 80,000,000dollars'worthof U.N.R.R.A.goodstoLithuania. Shoulditreallybetheendof acountryof21millionpopulation,withoneoftheoldestculturesinEurope?

FluePipesforStoves,Bath Heaters,Paints,Varnish,Calcomine.Hassell'sStoresPerth.B6307.

VICTORIAHOTEL

HAYSTREET.SUBIACO. RenovatedThroughout. EssenceofComfort. W.F.ARTIS,Proprietor. ',LateofBalmoralHotel,Vic.Park)

CHINA,GLASSandPLATED WAREIMPORTERS.

OtleyPlace,offMurraySt. (rearSavoyHotel) Convents,Colleges,Institutions andSchoolsSpeciallyCateredfor PriceListsandCatalogueon Application.

PhoneBOWL

Kelly&Rodoreda LateofIOHNDYNON&CO.

Gaciget.W/orski

Viewsof DangerousNonsenseFrom IdlersAboutDomestic Drudgery

ByADAMMARSH,in"TheUniverse."

Tuninginmywirelesstheother dayinthesearchforsomething worthwhile,IaccidentallyincurredthevoiceofoneofourMicromagi.

Thlawisemanoftheetherwas inthemidstofalecturewhich mayhavebeengoodandsalutaryin thebulk,butthefirstcroonsthat reachedmyearsappearedtobea sungofimpassionedpraise of someonecanonisedforsavingthe soulsofunnumberedwomen.

AlectureonSt.TeresaofAvila, Idecided,butjustthenthespeakea-madeitplainthatitwasall aboutLabour-Savinggadgetsinthe home,andthatthebeatihewasexaltinginlanguagefitonlyfor churchuse,hadmerelyinventeda wipelessplateorsomeotherkitchenmarvel.

Whathemeantby"savingwomen's"soulswasthatbythehelp ofthisgadgethousewiveswould Rowbegivensomanymoreminutesoffreedomtoseektheirkingdomofheaven-whichIgathered wasthelocalOdileumwhengloriousTechnicolourwasinbloom.

NowItooknowtheemotions ofthescullerywhenplatesare greasyandthehotwatersystem lasdecidedto"go-slow,"andthereforenotonlyhaveamoatsympatheticoutlookonhouseworkbuton tieinventionofanythingthatwill alleviateit.NeverthelessIdo mostvehemently'protestagainst severalthingsinthiskindoftalk.

First,Iobjecttotheunwarrantableuseofreligiouslanguagefor trivialmundanematters:thespeakermightjustaswell-orillhavetalkedaboutbeingWrapt.Up totheSeventhScullerybyaVision o,aNewAtomicWashMachine. Thiswouldplainlybeagrossabuse ofsacredterms,yetitisnomore ridiculousthantotalkofsaving women'ssoulsbytheinventionof anewegg-whiskorsomesimilar kitchenutensil.

WANTED.

Wantedurgen,ly,aHousekeeper fortheNorthamPresbytery. ApplicationstobeaddressedtoParish Priest,CatholicPresbytery,Northam.

J.NEILSON OPTICIAN

S.DANNELL,F.S.M.C.(London), W.A.0A. OPTOMETRIST. TeL132014. 16PLAZAARCADE.PERTH.

F.HUFNER

29MABELST.,NORTHPERTH TUNESandREPAIRSPIANOS andORGANS. PhoneB5824.

Oddfellows'Hotel SOUTHTERRACE,FREMANTLE BESTBRANDSSTOCKED. NewlyFurnishedThroughout. ALLWELCOME. G.MULCAHY,Proprietor.

Wm.A.YOUNG

FAMILYBUTCHER CornerTORN&FITZGERALD STREETS.PERTH. FORQUALITYMEATYOU'LLLOVETOEAT Plums114111.

InvolvesFa omeLife Ise

Andithasgainedthisunenviableunpopularitybecause,against allphilosophicexperience,themodernsactasthoughworkinitselfis intrinsicallywrong,andthatto evadeit,cutitdownandavoidit asaSacredDutyduetoRightof EveryMantoHaveaGoodTime.

ThisnewphilosophyofRights beforeDutiesignoresallthose thingsofthespiritthatmakework somethingmorethat;merehard labour.Itignoresthefactthat dittiesbringtheirrewardincouttntmentandhappyliving,that nothingworthwhilecanbe won withouteffort,thatdeclineitselfis thefruitofslacknessnotdrudgery;yes,andthatevendrudgery ceasestobedrudgeryiftackledin theproperwayandwithChristian courage.

Againdonotmistakeme:Iam allforgadgets.Itisnotthegadg.isthatarewrong;theyare blessingsproperlyused.Itisthe spiritofthegodget-werahiPPeri thatisdestructive;thatspiritthat makeswork,andparticularly house-work,ameanandsqualid thingandbysodoingantagonises awholeworldagaias:it.

Here,indeed,theewphilosophy runscounternotonlytomoral teachingbuttohumanexperience. Allworth-whilemindsdownthe ageshaveagreeduponthenecessityofworkforhumanhappiness. Itis,iefact,oneofthefewfundamentalsuponwhichKarl

Yetevenmoreunwarrantableto mymind,istheuseofsuchlanguagetoboostafalsephilosophyof lifeandparticularlyattheexpense ofthefamily.Forthatiswhat ;hisspeakerandhundredsmore likehimaredoingwiththeirtalk ofdrudgeryofhomeworkandthe needforopeningupa"fullerlife" forwivesbytheinventionoflaboursavinggadgets asifanythingcouldbefullerthanthefamilylifeproperlylivedintheright spiritandtherightoutlook.

ThatisthepointIamconcerned with.Don'tmisunderstandme.I sumallforhelpfulinventions.What Ichallengeisthismakinginventionsmoreimportantthanthe thingtheyserve,themoralqualityofhomelife,asthegadget's,do.

Inordertojustifyandpushtheir inventionstheyareforevertalkingaboutthis"drudgery"ofthe dullnessofmerehousework,ofthe intolerableburdenofwomenlookingafterahouse,ofthesoul-destroyinggrindofdomesticity. Merelytosaythesethings,andto keeponsayingthemmust,surely, persuadethousandsofshallow mindsthathomelifeisabadsort oflife;adull,slave-lifeunworthy ofanybodywithamodernoutlook.

Indeed,youhaveonlytoconsiderthecontemporaryattitudetowardshouseworktorecognise thatinmanymindsthehomeisregardedasaplaceofsub-humanexistencebecauseofthemeannessof it,work,fromwhichintelligent aumenseizeeveryopportunityfor escape.

Thisoutlookis,ofcourse.nonsense,andisprovedsheernonsense bythetensofthousandsofhardworkingwivesandmotherswho, despitethedrudgery,areanything butlostsouls.Butthatitisalso dangerousnonsenseisevidentfrom thealmostuniversalacceptance oftheoutlook.

Theunpopularityofthehomeis, indeed,sodefiniteathingthatit hasbecomeaworldproblem,Its declineiscausingnotonlyCatholicprelatesbuttheleadersofall creedsandpoliticstourgetheneed forstrengtheningandrebuilding familylife.Yethowcanitbe anythingbutunpopularwhenthe wholemoderntendencyistoassamethatitisadingy,aecond-rate, dullerandharderformoflifethan anyother?

andtheIndividual.

AUSTRALIAMUSTBEPOPULATED

-FACTSWEMUSTFACE-

OURDESPERATENEEDFORMIGRANTS.POPULATIONPLANSMUSTHAVE FIRSTPRIORITY.WEARELOSINGOURBIGGESTCHANCE-ANDTHEOPPORTUNITYFOROURCHILDREN. THESECURITYOFOURNATION.

THEWELFAREOFOURMOTHERHOOD.THEDEVELOPMENTOFOURRESOURCES. THEREDUCTIONOF'OURTAXATION.

THEPROGRESSOFAUSTRALIA.

FARMERS,TECHNICIANS,SCIENTISTS,TRADESMEN,ANDGENERALWORKERS. FINANCIERS,ANDNEWINDUSTRIALISTS,WILLBEWELCOME.

Whereisthislargepopulationtocomefrom?UnfortunatelytheBritishIslesandthe UnitedStatesofAmericacansupplyonlyaverysmallproportion.Europemustofnecessity supplythebulkofthemostsuitableimmigrantsforAustralianconditionsandoutlook.

CONDITIONS.

ITISNOTCONSIDEREDessentialthattheEssaysbeof-theHIGHESTLITERARY STANDARD,butmustcontaintheessentialideaspertainingTOAUSTRALIA'SABILITY, ANDTHEORGANISATIONNECESSARYFORTHEABSORPTIONOFSUGHATREMENDOUSINFLUXOFPOPULATION.TheEssaysarenotlimitedinsize.

Thiswillnecessitateanincreaseofruralpeopleandimprovedfarmingconditions.CreationofNewandGreatExpansionofExistingIndustries:Food,Clothing,Steel.Miningand Fishing,andGeneralManufacturing.

Theorganisationnecessaryforthereceptionandtheplacementofthemigrants,Children andAdults,HugeNationalGovernmentalDevelopmentSchemes,Reservoirs,Irrigation,Communications,Roads,Railways,AirandSea,HospitalandEducationalFacilities,Housingand Decentralisation,andExportDevelopment.Theseareafewoftheheadingsthatmaybe aguidetoyourefforts.

THEAMENDEDCLOSINGDATEWILLBEFEBRUARY10,1947. TheawardswillbemadeonFebruary18,1947.AllessaysmustbeforwardedtoService PrintingCo.Ltd.,971-3Hay-street,PERTH,beforetheaboveclosingdate,andclearly marked"EssayCompetition,"whentheywillbehandedimmediatelytotheJudgingBoard.

TheJudges'decisionwillbefinal-andthePublishershavetherighttopublishtheWinningEssaysintheStatePresswithoutfurtherobligation.

THISNEEDISVITAL--SURELYITINTERESTSYOU. THINK-ANDENTERTHECOMPETITION.

ShamLearning,

ThesubjectoftheSacredScriptureshas,withinrecentweeks,beenprominentlybeforethepubliceye,and hashadtobearthebruntofashareofhereticalcriticism fromaprofessor.Beforeenteringuponadiscussionof theallegedincompatibilityexistingbetweenportionsofthe Bibleandmodernscholarship,wemightpausewithsome amusementtoconsiderthehistoricaljokeofhowthehereticsofoneageareinvariablycontradictingthehereticsof another.,ThecatchwordoftheProtestantsofthelast centurywasthattheylivedbytheBibleandthatCatholics werenotallowedtoreadtheWordofGod.To-day,in ourowncity,andwithmuchwiderapplication,thetestof progressivespiritualityforProtestantsisatolerantpity forthesimple,whostillbelievetheBible,andaninsinuatedjibeagainstCatholics,whostillinexplicablyholdto itastheInspiredWordofGod.Inthis,asinmany anothermatterofreligion,theolderProtestantswereinfinitelysuperiortothemoderns.They,atleast,hadthe keytothetrutheveniftheyresolutelyrefusedtoaccept itslogicalconsequences.Themoderns,however,haveas theirruleoffaiththeterriblesufficiencyofindividual "experience."

WhileagreatdealofmodernapathyhasledultimatelytodisbeliefintheBible,thereisalsoaclassofpeople whobelievetheymayjustifyacourseofconductbycastingdoubtontheBibleasonthesoletestofbothbelief andconduct.Thiswasalwaysthemostvulnerablepoint cfProtestantism,thatwithallitsdevotiontotheBible, theyneverunderstoodthedifficultywhichwouldariseout ofthetextabout"certainthingshardtobeunderstood whichtheunlearnedandunstablewrest,astheydoalso theotherScriptures,totheirowndestruction."Wehave thegreatestsympathywithpeoplewhoarehonestlyendeavouringtobuildupacoherenttheologyuponatotally inadequatephilosophicfoundation.Butaclassstillsurvives,whichwasdiscreditedandlaughedoutofcourtlast century-the"highercritics."Itisdifficulttohaveany patitnce,letalonesympathy,withthisshamlearning,especiallywheneveryadvanceinarcheologicalresearch inrecentyearshasdrivenyetanothernailintotheirmusty ,coffin.WhenaUniversityprofessordescribestheBible as"agroupofpoeticlegends,"wecanaffordtosmile, knowingthatthesamemanwhorejectstheBiblicalfacts whichmodernscholarshipoverwhelminglyendorses,isthe samewhoingenuouslyswallowsallthemodernguesses abouttheageoftheearth,prehistoricman,andthesubjectivenatureofallknowledge.

DEATHS 4I HolidayResorts

THOMAS.NoraRita(Dolly).Inlovingmemoryofmydear wife,Dolly,whopassedaway sudenlyatGoomallingon January22,1947. -Insertedbyherlovinghusband,Gus.

44INMEMORIAM44

OnService.

MITCHELL,ClementPatrick.Insadandlovingmemoryof ourdearsonandbrother,Pat, killedinactionatWau,New Guinea,February3,1943. Everrememberedbyhislovingmother,sistersandbrothers.

SacredHeartofJesus,have mercyonhissoul.

BUCKLEY.-Inaffectionate memoryofmydearhusband, Dan,whodepartedthislife January27,1946. SacredHeartofJesus,have mercyonhim.

ImmaculateHeartofMary, prayforbim.

-Insertedbyhislovingwife, Mary.

DOWLING,Ellen.-Ofyour charity,prayfortherepose ofthesoulofourdarling mother,whopassedawayFebruary5,1942.R.I.P.

Thepassingyearswillnever dimsweetmemoriesofyou, dearmother.

-Insertedbyherloving daughters,Mollie(Mrs.Frederick),Ciss(Mrs.JackCoultas) andfondson-in-law.

DUFFY.-Ofyourcharity,pray forthesoulofRuthGertrude, whodiedFebruary11940,belovedwifeofWilliamVincent,motherofSisterAssumpta(St.JohnofGod,Bunbury),Anselm(Victoria),and Kevin(Subiaco).

FISHER.-Inlovingmemoryof mydearhusband,Samuel, whopassedawayatSt.John's Hospital,February4,1939. R.I.P.

Ihavelostmylife'scompanion, Alifelinkedwithmyown. DaybydayImisshisfootsteps AsIwalkthroughlifealone.

-InsertedbyC.Fisher.

WATERS,James.-Inloving memoryofourdearDad,who passedawayjustayearago. Neverforgottenbyhiswife andfamily.

Jesus,havemercy. Justamemoryfondandtrue, Toshow,dearDad,wethink ofyou.

TOLET.

Furnishedsingleroom;all conveniences;tobusinesslady, WestPerth.ApplyM.J.,this office.

SITUATIONSVACANT.

WantedHousekeeper.Apply CatholicPresbytery,Osborne Park.

SITUATIONWANTED.

Wellrecommendedlad,16 years,seeksapprenticeshipelectrician,plumberorcabinet maker.ApplyB94.

Whilethe"ordinaryperson-isnutqualifiedtoscientificallyexaminetheBible,hecanatleasttreatitashe doesanyotherspecialisedknowledgeofwhichheavails himself.Hecanmakesureofthecredentialsofhisspecialist.ThehistorywrittenbytheEvangelistsisatleast asreliableashistoryasthewritingsofSocratesand Plato.Regardedpurelyasanhistoricdocument,theNew TestamentpresentsthecredentialsoftheCatholicChurch toteachauthoritativelyinthenameofJesusChrist.Added tothisisChrist'spromiseofDivineguidanceinspiritual matters.Everythingelsefollowsupontheacceptanceof thisauthoritativeteachingbody.AsearlyinChristian historya,the4th.century,St.Augustinewrote"Iwould notbelievetheGospelunlessmovedtheretobytheauthorityoftheChurch."Thatistheall-importantargument. Butonpurelyreasonablegroundsitseemsthatatheist mustconcedethatnodhasmadeknownHiswilltoman, sincethe9nlyconceivablereasonofman'sexistenceisthe serviceofGod.ThereisnopointinadmittingthatGod's pftheDivinerevelationunlessonealsobelievesthatGod's infiniteintelligenceleftthatrevelationinsuchawaythat mancouldattaintoitwithabsolutecertainty.SubjestivismmocksatthewisdomofGod.Thesrevelation wehaveinthesacredScripturesandtheircertaininterpretationthroughtheInfallibleTeacherappointedbyChristtheCatholicChurch.

MASSTIMETABLE.

Albany: it Sunday:7,30am.and945 a.m.

DailyMassat7.30a.m.during schoolholidays;6.30am other times.

Bunbury: St.Patrick'sChurch: AllSundays:7.30a.m.and930 11.111. HolddaysofObligation:7n.m. end8am.

SouthBunbury: 8a.m.onallSundays, HolidaysofObligation:7am,

PinjarraParish:

Sunday.February2:9a.m.

Sunday,February16:8a.m.

Fremantle: 7,9,and1030arn.

Beaconsfield: 7and9am.

Spearwood: 8.30a.m.

Rockingham: 10amonallSundaysduringhob.

andDistricts:

February2:Busselton,7.30am.; larrabwood,9.30a.m.

February9:Busselton,730a.m.: Cowaramup,10a.m.

February16:Busselton,7.30 a.m.;MargaretRiver,10am.

February23:Busselton,7.30 a.m.;Marybrook,9.30am.

March2:Bussel'eon,7.30a.m.:

Cundenup,10a.m.

March9:Busselton,7.30a.m Cowarmup,10a.m.

March16:Busselton,7.30a.m.:

MargaretRiver,10a.m.

March23:Busselton,7.30a.m.:

Nlarybrook,9.30a.m.

March30:Busselton,7.30a.m

Karridale,10a.m.

April6:Busselton,7.30cm

Cundenup,10a.m.

Scarborough: EverySunday:8a.m.

NorthBeach: EverySunday:8,15a.m.

OsbornePark: EverySunday:7.30and10a.m.

LegionofMary

BankofN.S.W,Chambers, 65St.George'sTerrace (FormerlyC.G.M.Headquarters).

EXPOSITION:

ExpositionoftheBlessedSacramentisheldeveryThursdayinthe LegionofMaryChapel,atthe aboveaddress. Acordialinvitation,isextendedtoallLegionaries, ActiveandAuxiliary,andtothe Catholicpeopleingeneral,topay avisitduringtheday,Exposition commencesafter8a.m.Mese,and concludeswithBenedictionat5,26 p.m.

ROSARY,

TheRosaryisreciredpublicly eachdayintheChapelat12.40and againat1.30p.m.'MakeapracticeofvisitingtheChapelforthe recitationofyourdailyRosary.

LUNCHEONROOMS, TheLuncheonRoomsareopen eachdaybetween12noonand2 0m,Acupofteaisobtainable atasmallchargeof2d.Thissir. viceisavailabletoall,andbusiness girlsareespeciallyinvitedtospend theirlunchhourinthehappyenvironmentoftherooms.

WARTIMEDISPENSA, TIONFROMABSTINENCE TOCEASE.

ThedispensationfromAbstinence,whichasawar. timeprivilegehasbeenoper. atingintheArchdiocese,will ceaseasfromAshWednesday(February19th.)ofthis year,Onandfromthatdate thelawofabstinencefrom meatonFridaysandother prescribeddayswillagainbe Inforoe.

Pre-warPaintsandEnamels availableatHassell'sStore,569 WellingtonStreet,Perth.

ACCOMMODATION.

Urgentlyrequired,goodhome, preferablybetweenClaremont andPerth,forquiet,studious countrygirl,justleftboarding school;studentofmusicand languages.Replybyletterto MissKavanagh,MusicandDramaticSchool,778Hay-street, Perth.

WANTED.

Tailoress,high-classcoathand. ApplyW.J.Croy,456Fitzgerald-street,NorthPerth.

BOARDANDRESIDENCE.

Asmallsuburbanhotelhas vacanciesfortwogentlemen; board32/6aweek;handytransport;6d.returncity.Apply "Hotel,"thisoffice.

Universitystudent,18years, refined,quiet,requiresboardand lodgingsvicinityUniversity; ownlinenifnecessary.Reply Country,thisoffice.

Wantedboardandlodgings foryounggirl;Subiacopreference.ApplyD.C.,thisoffice.

Outfittingtheyoungmissforthereturntoschool

Girls'CotttonUniformsfrom 10/9

Girls'SergeUniformsfrom 16/3

Girls'FlannelBlazersfrom 12/11

Girls'WhiteBlousesfrom 5/11

Girls'CollegeShoesfrom 2011

Girls'PanamaHats 226

iseriminations

LATEREVIEWS Note:Thefollowingreviews havebeenheldoverfrompreviousissuesof"TheRecord"owingtospacedifficulties:

ONE-ACTPLAYS

PerformancebyDramaStudents

Threeone.actplayswereproducedintheSomervilleAuditorium onJanuary13bymembersofthe DramaCourseconductedbyMr. KeithGeorgefortheAdultEducntiortSummerSchool.

Mr.Georgeexplainedattheoutsetthattherewouldbeinadequacle:.astocostumingandscenery becausetheplayswerestumedand producedmerelyasclassexercises. AvailablematerialattheUniversityhadbeenused.lieindicated thattheplayswouldcallforameasureofsympatheticunderstanding -onthepartoftheaudience,

Actuallytheplayswerenotat allWO,takingintoconsideration thattheyweretheworkofonly nineortendays'preparation-and allowing,too,forthefactthat -castingtotypewasrestrictedto thepersonneloftheDrama -Course.

Neithertheproducersnorthe playerswerementionedonthe improvisedprogramme.Therefore,nobodyinparticularcanbe commendedorcriticised

Threedistincttypesofplaywere presented.ThefirstDrinkwater's "X-.0;ANightoftheTrojan War,"wasanessayinclassical drama.Thesecond,GeorgeBernardShaw's"TheManofDestiny,"wasanexerciseinintellectualagilityaboundinginclever linesandcleverersituations.To garnishthedishtherewasadainty touchofhumour.

Thethirdandfinalplaywas"The RustlingoftheVoices,"byDr. LloydRoss,theLeaderofthere. centSummerSchool.Itwasgiv. enanextraordinaryreceptionby theaudience-areceptionwhich oughttoinduceDr.Rosstoburn itquickly.Apparentlywrittensome yearsagowhendepressionstalked thelandandeffusionssuchasCliffordOctets'"WaitingforLefty" enjoyedabriefvogue,"TheRustlingofVoices"demonstratesconvinebiglythatdramatobepermanentoughttoberelatedtopermanentvaluesandnotmerelyof topicalinterest.Productionof boththeseplaysinPerthrecently hasshownthemtobeliteraryan. achronisms.Itisremarkable, really,thattheywereapprovedfor production;anditIsanotablecoin. eideneethatthesponsorsofboth shouldcomefromorganisations connectedwiththeUniversityof W.A.Isthereanywonderthat theUniversityisassociatedin manypeople'smindswiththediffusionofarepugnantbrandofrevolutionarydoctrine?

"TheRustlingofVoices"isan attempttodramatiseclasswarfare.Writtenseriouslyandin. tendedtobetakenseriouslyasa eeeitildocumentwithamessage,it wasreceivedwithlaughterand tookonthecharacterofburlesque.

Itwasobviousthattheauthorintendedtoarousesympathyfor thedowntroddenandunemployed, buttheemotionsoftheaudience wereleftcompletelyuntouchedby beingtreatedtodosesoffierysoapboxoratoryfromtheSydneyDomain,Thedisgruntledpeoplein theplaywereeasilyrecognisedas thestormypetrelswhoflaptheir wingsthreateninglyeverySunday ineverybigcity.Theyhaveceasedtobeeveninteresting,and theirextravagantanticsaredeservingofthegentleridicule metedouttothembyallsane people.NoelCowardputthem intheirproperperspectiveinhis delightfulfilmofEnglishfamily life-"ThisHappyBreed."J.B.

hammerstrokesthatproclaimedthecomposer'sfirmwilland defianceofdestiny,whileatthe sametimerelievingthewild strainingandsoul-shattering despairofthemusic.

Priestley,inhisplay"Musicat Night,"adoptsasimilarhealthy linetowardsthem. -DEGUSTIBUS.

"MotherGoose"

BrightPantomineandClever Vaudeville

Theshownowbeingperformedatthedailymatineesatthe TivoliTheatreisonetowhich alltheadjectivesofhigh-pressurepublicitycouldsafelybeapplied.Becausewearenotoften inthepositionofbeingableto praisetheTivoliunreservedly, itisagreatpleasuretobeable towaxenthusiasticover"Mother Goose."Theentertainmentis abalanceddietofpantomime andexceptionallygoodvaudeville.

Itisimpossiblewithashowof thiskindtodomorethanpraise itingeneralterms.Thereisa tiemendouscast,andthereare nolessthantwenty-twodifferent scenes.Mostofthecomedyis suppliedbyMaxReddy,buthe hasseveralableassistants. StellaLamondimpressesasthe principalboy.

Amongthespecialtyacts

Wheelo,theWonderonWheels, deservesspecialmention.What hecan'tdowithbicyclesisnot worthknowing.Rebla,the Juggler,andtheEightImps,acrobaticperformers,arealsomarvelloustowatch.

Thereisacare-freeairabout theshowwhichisquiteexhilarating.Adultsandchildrenwill beequallyamusedandinterested,andthereisnotanobjectionablelineanywhere.

"MotherGoose"isdefinitely recorrmended.

-DE

GUSTIBUS.

PaulSchramm

UndertheauspicesoftheenterprisingAdultEducation Board,PaulSchramm,thepopularViennesepianist,gaveanotherEveryman'sMusicRecital onSaturday,January25.The concertwastohavebeenheld intheSomervilleAuditorium, butduetoasuddencoolchange intheweather,itwaswiselydecidedattheeleventhhourto transferittoWinthropHall.

AsIhavecoveredallthe Perthrecitalsofthisfineartist, andhisfinalprogrammecontainedmanyitemsfeaturedin previousconcerts,Iwillonly brieflycommentonthefew workswewerehearingfrom Mr.Schrammforthefirsttime.

Thevariedandwell-balanced programmecommencedwitha vividandexcitingperformance ofStradal'sarrangementof Bach's(W.F.notJ.S.)Organ ConcertoinDMinor.This grandworkgave)thesoloistfull scopeforhisvigorouspowersof expressionandonefelthissensitivespiritualappreciationwas presentbeneathitall.Itwas notpresenttothesameextent inBeethoven'ssoul-stirring"Appassionata"whichfollowed.Like manyothervirtuosiSchramm's toorapidtempi,intendedno doubttodisplayhistechnical brilliance,weremaintainedfor toolong.TheconcludingPresto becameabreathlessand,at times,indistinctPrestissimo, andonemissedthethundering

AfterafamiliarChopin groupwhichcontainedthe quaintEcossaises,weheardDebussy's"TheGirlWiththe FlaxenHair"(toobaldforthe piano)and"TheGolliwogs' Cakewalk."Mr.Schrammseems tohaveaspecialliking,not sharedbyeveryone,forFrancis Poulenc,andweheardthiscomposer's"Pastourelle"and"Waltz inAMajor"(asanencore).The nextgroupwastakenfrom Prokofieff'ssuite,"Musicfor Children,"andweheardhis TriumphalMarche(from"Peter andtheWolf").AfterWeber's "InvitationtotheDance,"a compositionwhichseemstobe featuredhourlyontheradio thesedays,weheardLiszt'sunusual"St.FrancisWalkingthe Waves."Mr.Schrammturnedthiscompositionintoan, amazingtour-de-force,and,althoughitappearedlikelyat timesthatIIPoverellowasin dangerofbeingengulfed,he madetheshoresafely.

Thelargeaudiencegavethe artistaflatteringreceptionand wasaccordedseveralencores,including"FantasieImpromptu" (Chopin),"PolonaiseinAFlat Major"(Chopin),and"Pistons" (Schramm). -"GROUCHO."

"TwoSisters FromBoston"

OnceagainHollywoodhas madealengthy,ornateand ratherboringfilmaboutthe veryfamiliarstoryofthegirl whobecomesthestarofthe oi)era.Althoughtheenergetic comediain,JimmyDurante, worksalmostaroundtheclock toinfusesomelight-hearted gaietyintothepiece,andJune Allyson,contrarytocustom, dissolvesintotearsthreeorfour tithesonly,andwhilstKathryn Graysonrevealedability,hithertounsustpected,tosingintune forbriefperiods,thegeneraleffectviewedfromanyangleisno moreexcitingthanatripto Aunty'sontheSouthPerth ferry.

AsthetemperamentalMetropolitanOperastar,Lauritz Melchiorshouldhaverevelledin therole,butheseemedasmuch ateaseaswouldbeashark strandedintheSahara.He hasatrulymagnificentvoice, butwithonenotableexception, thesongshehadtosingwere musicallydistastefularrangementsbyM.G.M.'sCharlesPrevin(onwhombemaledictions) ofworksbyLizst,Mendelssohn, WagnerandDelibes.Ifthe handsomeoldAbbecouldhear yetanotherartificialquasi-musical-comedysettingofhis "Liebestraum,"hewould,no doubt,returntohismonastic cellatthedouble;andIamsure thatifMendelssohnheardMr. Previn'svocaladaptationof thePriests'Marchfromhis "Athalie,"andtheghastlytreatmentoftheetherealloveliness oftheslowmelodyfromhis ViolinConcertoinEMinor,he, likeQueenVictoria,wouldnot beamusedtoanyappreciable extent.IdonotthinkIam cruelorvindictive,butsometimesIwouldliketoseethe habitualmusicarrangerofthese modernso-calledmusicalfilms 20,000feet,deepintheultimate destinationoftheincorrigibly unrighteous,asajustreward fortheircrimes.

PeterLawford,whoisimprovingrapidlyineachfilm madesincehewassupportedby Lassiein"SonofLassie,"providesthemaleloveinterestfor JuneAllyson:BenBlue,althoughslightlysubdued,excelledinbriefcomicinterludes.

Itislikelythatmanywillenjoy"TwoSistersfromBoston," butImustconfessthatitsstale plot,alliedtothemusicalbutcheryoftheclassics,wastoo muchforthiscritic,andthe prospectofanenthusiasticrecommendationfrommeis,as theladyin"Pygmalion,"succinctlyobserved,notlikely. -"GROUCHO."

St.Charles'Seminary SpectacularSuccesses

CatholicSchoolsCaptureThree Exhibitions

Astheresultofthe'recent LeavingCertificateExamination,theEducationDepartment awardedfourspecialandsix generalExhibitions.StCharles'Seminary,Guildford,gainedtheExhibitionfortwolanguagesotherthanEnglish,and alsogainedageneralExhibition.TheChristianBrothers' College,Perth,alsosecureda guieralExhibition.Thesuc, cessfulstudentswere

KevinE.Byrne,ofSt.Charles'Seminary:Twolanguages otherthanEnglish.

JohnA.Barden,ofSt.Charles'Seminary:GeneralExhibition. ColinJ.Kilmartin,ofChristianBrpthers'College,Perth: GeneralExhibition. Theall-roundresultsofSt. Charles'Seminaryinthepublicexaminationswerestriking. Ofthefivecandidatespresented fortheLeavingallpassed,four ofthefivesecuringeachofthe sevensubjects.Thewinnerof theSpecialExhibition,Kevin Byrne,securedadistinctionin

eachofhissevensubjects,while JohnBardengainedfivedistinctionsinsevensubjects.

KevinByrnereceivedhisearly educationattheNorthamConvent,whileJohnBardenwas educatedattheMullewaConventandatChristianBrothers' College,Geraldton.HeisstudyingfortheGeraldtonDiocese.

IntheJuniorExaminations onlyonefailedoutofeight candidates.

OfthePhilosophystudents, threepassedLeavingGreek,one withdistinction.Inthepast coupleofyearsSt.Charles'has wontheLynnScholarship.

Twomorestudentswillleave fromSt.Charles'forSydneyin Marchtostudytheology,makingatotaloffive.AlltheteachingatSt.Charles'isgivenby astaffofdiocesanpriests.Rev. FatherSlowey,whohasbeenattachedtothestaffofSt.Charles,willleaveshortlyforIreland,andwillbereplacedby Rev.FatherMcNamara,who wasrecentlyordainedforthe Aithdiocese.

PresentationConvent,Goomalling

EXAMINATIONRESULTS, 1946.

UNIVERSITY

Music-Theory(May,1946).

GradeVI.:HelenRoyal,BonnieAhern,TerryJohnson(Honours);JulieFoley,YvonneHey (Credit);CarmelCurley.

GradeIV.:ThelmaMaisey (Honours).

Music-Practical(Nov.,1946).

Preparatory:KayeRoyal,May Smith,GeraldAlmond,Victor Richards.

GradeVI.:AllanMcKenzie (Credit),KathleenDay,BeverleyKendall. GradeV.:BonnieAhern, YvonneHey(Credit),Helen Royal,FrankBunney.

GradedV.:CarmelCurley.

GradeIII.:JudithBowen.

GradeII.:ThelmaMaisey. ArtofSpeech.

GradeVI.:MaySmith,Bobby ackenbury. GradeV.:NellyBowen(Credit).

GradeIV.:YvonneHey,ColltenHocking(Credit).

GradeIII.:ThelmaMaisey (Credit).

TRINITYCOLLEGEOF MUSIC.

Theory(June,1946).

FirstSteps:HelenGlatz, NellyBowen,GeraldAlmond (Honours);ZoeBooth,May Smith(Credit).

Preparatory:AllanMcKenzie, FrankBunney,DenisAlmond

(Honours);BeverleyKendall (Merit),KathleenDay. Practical.

Preparatory:ShirleyGlatz, TerryJohnson.

FirstSteps:NellyBowen. VictorRichards(Merit).

Initial:PatHillman(Merit), GeofferyPickersgill. ClassSinging-Preparatory (Merit). Elocution.

JuniorVerse-SpeakingChoir: Honours.

PreparatoryVerse-Speaking Choir(Boys):Merit.

Junior:RaeNelson(Merit).

AdvancedPreparatory:KathleenDay.

Preparatory:ZoeBooth,MarionSawyer,KevinMcKenna, GeraldAlmond,BobbyBrackenbury(Merit).

FirstSteps:FayLee,Mervyn Chitty(Merit),YvonneSlater. WinnerofGovernmentScholarship: MauriceCaldwell.

CITYCOMMERCIALCOLLEGE.

Bookkeeping:

GradeIII.:MargaretWindsor, ThelmaMaisey,JoyWhite,JedityBowen,PatriciaBrennan.

GradeV.:ThelmaMaisey,JudityBowen,JoyWhite,Joy Beard,PatriciaBrennan.

Typewriting: GradeV.:ThelmaMaisey, Margaret Windsor, Judity Bowen.

GradeIV.:ThelmaMaisey.

('PHONE:B5754.)

TENTHOUSANDVOLUMES FORREADERSOFALL TASTES.

THENEWESTBOOKSINTHE FOLLOWINGSECTIONSARE Al'THEDISPOSALOFALL SUBSCRIBERS: Fiction-Biography-Travel -Westerns-DetectiveSociology-Devotional-GeneralHistory-ChurchHistory -Theology-Livesofthe Saints-Liturgy-VosaysNationalGeographicalMagazines.

TERMSANDCONDITIONS OFMEMBERSHIP.

City1bookexchange:10s.year. 2books:12s6dyear.

3books:15s.year. 4books:17s6dyear. Quarterly,4s(G'tee£1ontwo books).

Half-yearly:Is6d(G'tee10s. ontwobooks). Country£115s.yearly(4booksand fortnightlyexchangeoftwo books). £1,sixmonths(ditto.) (Freightpaidoneway.)

ReadersMayRetainBooksfor TwoWeeks.3d.perweekon OverdueBooks.

Subscription('ardsAreNot Transferable.

ExtraBooksMaybeTakenat AnyTime. 3d.perhook. BEGINTHISYEARWITHA MEMBERSHIPTOTHECENTRALCATHOLICLIBRARY.

CanaCatholicbeLordChancellor?

ViscountSimon'sViewof ReligiousDisqualification

(Reprintedfrom

CanaRomanCatholichold theofficeofLordChancellor?

Thisquestionwasrecentlyaskedbyanumberofletter-writers to"TheSundayTimes"(London).Resultwastoelicit,in thatpaper,anexhaustivestatementbyViscountSimon,who hashimselfoccupiedtheoffice ofLordChancellor,andwhofor manyyearshasbeenwidelyrecognisedasoneofBritain'smost distinguishedjurists.

..ViscountSimonowes"Smith's" agoodturnasheoncewonan appealatthePrivyCouncil againstaverdictgiventhis paperbytheN.S.W.FullCourt! Or.thesubjectheisnowheard it'safirst-ratecounsel'sopinion. Hegivesitasamootpoint.

Thequestion,statesViscount Simon,isoneofStatuteLaw; andthereareagreatmany statutes,someofwhicharevery perplexingtoconstrue.

WhatisclearisthatnoRomanCatholichasoccupiedthe Woolsackforseveralcenturies.

TheTestActof1672,passed inthetimeofCharlesJI.,requirednotonlythateveryMinisteroftheCrownbutthat everybodywhoservedtheCrown inanycapacityshould,besides takingtheoathsofallegiance andsupremacy,makeatthe sametimeadeclarationofhis disbeliefinthedoctrineof ttansubstantiation.

ViscountSimonpointsoutthat thiswasdesignedtohavetheeffectofexcludingRomanCatholicsfromany vice,andinthecaseofevery conscientiousandhonourablebelieverofthefaithitwoulddoso.

In1677Parliamentwentso farastoprovidethatnomemberofeitherHouseofParliamentshouldsitorvotewithout makingsuchadeclaration,and -tomakemattersabsolutely plain-thedeclarationwasenlargedtoincludearepudiationof theinvocationoradorationof theVirginorthesaintsandof theSacrificeoftheMass.

Intolerancewentevenfurther inthesucceedingcenturybyincludinginthebanpeoplewho wishedtofollowvariousprofessions.

'ROTTING ISTHE PREMIER SPORT IN

"Smith'sWeekly.")

Barristers,headsofcolleges, schoolmasters,andmanyothers wereputbyParliamentunder thesametest.

Mostoftheserestrictionswere removedbytheultimatesuccess ofthemovementforCatholic Emancipation.

TheActor1829providedthat RomanCatholiclaymencouldsit andvoteineitherHouseofParliamentontakingintheprescribedformanoathofallegiancewhichdidnotviolatetheir conscience.

Atthesametimeitwasstipulated.. that"nothinghereincontainedshallextendorbeconstruedtoextendtoenableany personorpersonsprofessngthe RomanCatholicreligion"tohold certainnamedoffices.

Oneofthesewastheofficeof LordHighChancellor.

Followingthestatementthat "theideathattheLordChancellormustbeanAnglicanisquite mistaken,"ViscountSimongoes ontosaythathethinksthebetterviewisthataJewmightfill theposition,forwhatformerly excludedmembersofthatfaith wastherequirementthatthe oathtobetakenmustbetaken "onthefaithofaChristian."

Thatrequirementvanishedin 1867. WhetheraRomanCatholic «uldnowadaysoccupytheWoolsack,ViscountSimonconcludes, seemsamootpoint.

In1872,sodistinguishedand learnedanauthorityasSirJohn Coleridge,whenAttorney-General,wasaskedthequestionin theHouseofCommons;andhe wentthroughtherelevantVictorianstatutesandgaveitashis opinionthatthedisqualification hadnowbeenremoved.

Inthelastdaysofhislast Government,Mr.Gladstone broughtforwardabillwhich wouldassuredlyhavesecured thisresult;butthebillwasdefeated,andtheproblem,therefcre.remainsinsomedoubt.

Whatisquitecertainisthat inthesedays-andindeedfor some70or80yearsback-a LordChancellor,ontakingoffice, doesnottakeanyoathormake anydeclarationwhichaRoman

ATEST

Moneypaidinstakes isatestofthepopularityofasport.By thistesttrottingis thepremiersportin WA.

Themagnitudeof trottinginthisState isshownbythefact thattheannualturnoveroftheWA.TrottingAssociationnow exceeds£2,000,000.

Theadministration costs,includingthe costofsupervisingfor countryclubs,areless than3percent.

PopularPriestNamed

CoadjutorBishop ofSandhurst

Rev.BernardDenisStewart, D.D.,B.A.,LLB.,hasbeesappointedCoadjutor-BishopofSandhurst,withtherightofsuccession, byHisHoliness,PopePlusXII. Oneofthemostpopularpriestsla theArchdioceseof Melhourae, Dr.Stewarthasbeesen. gagedactively in anumber ofspecialworksinthepastsix. teenyears,besideshisordinary parochialduties,andsine.1942has beenAdministratorofStMary's StaroftheSeaparish,Melbourne West,whichlaInchargeofHis GracetheCoadjutorArokbIshop, MostRev,J.D.Simonds,D.D., Ph.D.

QuestionBox.DuringtheSecond hasgiventalksandconductedthe WorldWarhewasseniorchaplain L.O.C.andwasdirectoroftheCatholicWelfareOrganisation.Evidenceofhiebusinessacumenis furnishedbythefactthatthe C.W.O.inVictoriawasinstrumentalinraisingthesumof£248000. OnNewYear'sDay,Dr.Stew. art,accompaniedbyArchbishop Simonds,paidavisittoBendigo.

ST.THOMASMO

-lastCatholicLordChancellor ofEngland,whodiedforthe FaithunderHenryVIII.

Catholicwouldhesitatetoaccept.

Inotherwords,thereis nothingintheseoathswhich wouldcreateanobstacleifa RomanCatholicwereappointed.

ButViscountSimonthinksit ieequallyclearthatnoPrime Ministerislikelytomakeanappointmentwhichwouldbechallenged,especiallysinceMr.Gladstone'sbillwasdefeatedbythe HouseofCommons.

Ifonlyasamatterofprudenceandclearness-perhaps alsoasamatteraffectingconstitutionaltradition-anenabling ordeclaratoryActwouldfirstbe required.

VictoriaSquare Schools

EXAMINATIONRESULTS, 1946.

LEAVINGCERTIFICATE.

A.Carr:6subjects,Idistinction.

AFontana':5subjects.

J.Gascoigne:5subjects.

M.McGurk:5subjects, 1distinction.

P.Clancy:3subjects.

H.Flynn:3subjects.

JUNIORCERTIFICATE

A.West:9subjects.

MBrophy:9subjects.

N.Ahern:8subjects.

G.Anderson:8subjects.

E.Edmonds:8subjects.

M.Carr:8subjects.

M.Kelly:8subjects.

J.Sanderson:8subjects.

J.McAloney:'nsubjects.

L.Bellman:7subjects

MMcComish:7subjects.

H.Fitzgerald:7subjects.

A.Gamble:7subjects.

JMale:6subjects.

K.O'Connor:6subjects.

D.O'Connor:6subjects.

PCollings:6subjects.

Lons:6subjects.

V.Lyons:6subjects.

D.Cassidy:6subjects

V.O'Sullivan:5subjects.

B.Henrys:5subjects.

MDoran:5subjects.

D.Percival:5subjects.

N.Horgan(completing):2subjects.

JUNIORCOMMERCIAL. Shorthand,Typewriting,CommercialMethodsandBookkeeping.

M.Brennan:3subjects.

MChamberlain:3subjects.

B.Hutchins:2subjects.

GAnderson:3subjects

AGamble:3subjects

M.McComish3subjects.

J.McAloney:28subjects.

Dr.Stewartwillbeconsecrated intheSacredHeartCathedral, Bendigo,onTuesday,February11. Theconsecratingprelatewillbe MostRev.J.D.Simonds,D.D., PbD.,Coadjutor-Archbishop of Melbourne.

BernardDenisStewartisinhis 47th.year,havingbeenbornon August2,1900,atEssendon.His father,thelateMr.RonaldStew. art,whowasaconvert,wasaleadingMelbourneCatholiclayman,not theleastofhisactivitiesbeinghie contributionstothenowextinct "AustralLight." Hismother livesat"RioGrande"Dandenongroad,Armadale.Dr,Stewartis abrotherofMr,RonStewart,Dr. BasilStewart.Mr.ThomasStew. art,Mr.GodfreyStewart,andMr. LeoStewart,allofwhomarewell knownintheprofessionallifeof Melbourne. Hissister,Mrs.C. Mathews,livesatWerneth(Vic. toria),andSisterMarySt.Pierre oftheGoodShepherdConvent, Leederville(W.A.),isanaunt.

TheCoadjutorBishop-Electwas educatedatSt.Columba's,Essendon,andSt.Joseph'sChristian Brothers'College,North Mel. bourne.Amonghiscontemporar. iestherewereMostRev.M.Beovich,ArchbishopofAdelaide,and MostRev.P.F.Lyons,Si-shopof Christchurch(N.Z.).ThusDr. Stewartwillbethethirdoldboy ofSt.Joseph'stobeelevatedto theEpiscopacy.

AtPropagandaCollege, AtMelbourneUniversityDr. StewartgraduatedBachelorof ArtsandBachelorofLaws.

In1926Dr.Stewartentered PropagandaCollege,Rome,andin December,19').wasordainedto thepriesthoodbytiltlateCardinal VanRossum,PrefectoftheCon. gregationofthePropagationof theFaith.AtPropagandaCollegeDr.StewarthadascontemporariesBishopLyons;Mgr.T.V. Cahill,D.D..Ph.D.,Secretaryto theApostolicDelegation;Mgr,J. AHannan,formerlyNationalDirectorofthePropagationofthe Faithandnowamissionaryat Torokina,Bougainville:andRev. 1'.O'Hanlon,P.P.,Mansfield(Vic.

SincereturningtoVictoriain 1930,Dr.Stewarthaslabouredin thefollowingparishes:Fitzroy North,FootscrayWest,Kyneton, Newport,Footscray,Carlton,and M.lbourneWest. Ilehasbeen AdministratoratMelbourneWest siresOctober,1942 CatholicEvidence.

lir.Stewarthasbeenaspiritual directoroftheCatholicEvidence Guild,towhichherenderedconstructiveserviceinitsdifficultfor. mativeyears;ontheSundayeveningCatholicHourbroadcasthe

BISHOPMoCARTHY, Dr.StewartwillbeCoadjutorto MostRev.JohnMcCarthy,D.D,, whowasappointedtotheSeeon February14,1917,insuccessionto thelateMostRev.Dr.S.Reville, 0.S.A.,whodiedin1916.Dr. SevillehadsucceededthefirstBishopofSandhurst,MostRev.Dr. M.Crane,O.S.A.,whosedeath occurredin1901.

Dr.McCarthycametoMelbourne fromhisnativeIrelandin'1890, andservedasapriestintheArchdiocesefor27yearsbeforehiselevationtotheEpiscopacy.Under thelateArchbishopCarr,whohad notbeenslowtohighlyassesshis zeal.diligenoeandability,heeery. edfirstasInspectorofschoolsand afterwardsas Chancellorand Vicar-GeneraloftheArchdiocese andprivatesecretarytotheArch.. bishop.Dr.McCarthycelebrated fiftiethanniversaryofhisordinationtothepriesthoodonMay 3,1933.PreachingintheSacred HeartCathedralatthePontifical HighMassontheoccasionofthe jubilee,ArchbishopMannixsaid Dr.McCarthywasamodelprieet andBishop,popularamonghiscol. leaguesandthetrustedfriendof everyBishopinAustralasia.

Dr.McCarthyis88yearsofage. TotheChurchinIrelandandVictoriahehasrenderedinestimable serviceandashisworkinamul. :iplicityofspheresisdeservedly admired,sohisnameisuniversally respected.

TheCatholicpopulationofthe Sandhurstdiocese,accordingtothe 19(19Commonwealthcensus,is 35,833.Inthediocesethereare 29parishes,124 churches,80 clergy(diocesanandregular), religiousBrothers,251nuns,1,414 highschoolpupils,and4,280primaryschoolpupils.

In1874thedioceseofSandhurst, alongwiththatofBallarat,was establishedasasuffragandioeeee. Theareaofthedioceseis17,270 ,,piaremiles

AllMenareArtists BeforetheChallenge ofEmptiness

ExternalisingtheVisionofGod's Goodness

J.GERARDMEARS,S.J.

4Reprintedfrom"TheFounder.')

Thereisnomorepregnant wordinanylanguagethanthe word"create"-meaningtomake somethingoutofnothing.Thinkingaboutitopensupnewand fascinatingthoughts.

Inthetruesenseoftheword, onlyGodhasevercreated,that is,producedsomethingoutofno pre-existingmaterial.Hiswas theonlytrueactofcreation whenHebroughtthevastand complexuniverseintoexistence byanactofHisomnipotent Will.Wheretherewasnothing before,Hehungtheconstellationsandsetmovingthetremendouschickworkofthestars. WheretherewasdarknessHe madelight.OnonesmallplanetHemademanandstocked hisearthlyabodewithallthat heneededforlifeandcomfort, mixingbeautyandutilitywitha creativegeniusthatwassublime. Ourvauntedscienceismerelya catchingupwith,andgroping discoveryofthesurpassingwondersofGod's-ifwemayuse theword-ingenuity.Itisthe wide-eyed,butoftengrateful, perceptionofanintelligentchild ofthegiftsofagenerousand providentFather.Themere considerationofourselvesand worldforcesanyobjective critictoadmitthatthismasterpieceofCreation-thisworkof transcendentart-couldhave beenconceivedandachievedonly byanArtistwhowasdivinelyintelligentandomnipotent.

Therearemanytraitsand powerswhichweinheritfrom ourCreator,forwearemadein Hisimage.Theyarefaint shadows,buttheyindicateour lineageandthesevestigesof God'spowersthatremaininus, dignifyournatureandraiseus highaboveallotherearthlycreatures.

Thepowerto"create"isone ofthese.Whatawonderful giftitistohavevisiontoconceivesomethingbeautiful,to evokefromthemysteriouscrucibleofthesoulanewtransformationandbybrainandhand andeyebringoutofdeadand shapelessstuffathingofbeauty andgrandeur,beitabook,a painting,asymphony,agreat cathedral,asoaringbridge,a skyscraper,orathrobbingenginealivewithharnessedpower.

Thecreativeimaginationthat erablestheartist,theinventor, thearchitect,todreamupnew ,formsofbeautyandutilityisa

Remember!AnnualHibernian Picnic,S.S."Perth"toKeane's Point,onSunday,February23, leavingPerth10.30a.m.Good Sports!Lotsoffun!Bringyour friends!

Phone13. Box124

AustraliaHotel IALGOORL/E.

C.T.A.andR.A.C.House. OneMinutefromSt.Mary's Church.

HotandColdWaterinHotel Bathrooms.

RefrigerationThroughout. OnlyLock-UpGaragesinthe CentreofTown. 14.J.DILLON,Licensee.

ATRUESTORY GOD'SFIDDLER

Tonyhadbeenastrangelad always,mooningroundthesmall delapidatedhouse,wherethe paintpeeledoffthewindows,and theparchedlawnanddejected flowerswiltedunderthemercilesssun.

TherewereeightinTony's family,andallbutTonyhad headsofblazinggold,andlaughingblueeyes.Theywerea merrymob-allbutTony.

ofamightywindintheP.O.W. ccmpound.Mencametothe wirefences,bodiespressed againstthemesh;hundredsof yeslookedhopefullyatthe blindfiddler.No,itwasnoillusion;itwasreallyhe.

Themusicroseinagreatpeen ofexultation,offreedom.then slowlydreaminghestartedto Way"SurMariLucia,"etc."

raregiftandhewhopossesses itisapricelessman.Heis challengedandexcitedbyemptiness.Hisrestlessimagination looksatablankwallandprojectsuponitglowingcolourand livingforms;aboveabarrenhilltophewillenvisionmounting turretsandsun-litcasements.

ArtistsandCreators. Therewasatimewhenthe landonwhichthegreatbasilica ofSt.Peter'sstandswasan emptyfield;therewasatime whenabarewalllookeddown onamonasteryrefectorybefore LeonardodaVinci'sbrushmade italivewiththeimmortal"Last S'upper;"WillShakespearelookeddownonsheetsofblankwhite paperbeforehisquillscratched onthemplaysthatwillnever die;andmutesilencehungabout Mozartbeforethefirsttentative notesofasonataelectrifiedthe emptyairwithbeautifulsound. Emptinessandblanknessprecede theconception,thetravailand thebirthofbeauty.Butnotall creationisonthisexaltedplane. Lesserdreamersanddoersmeet thischallengedailyinthebusy world.Anunfilledhalfhouron theradio,apileofblankpaper besideatypewriter,abarestage, avacantlotonthecorner,an emptystorewindow,anunset table,abackyardovergrownwith weeds-alltheseandathousand otherunusedcanvases,soto speak,excitethathighhuman urgetobringintoconcreteactualitythenebulousstuffof dreams.

Comparativelyfewaregifted withthisra:ecreativepower. Therearethousandswhocan fetchandcarry,laybricks,mix paintandfollowblueprints,for onewhocancatchavisionof beautyandfixitinexternal form.Mostofusarenotartistsorcreatorsinthetechnical sense,butinawidersensewe are.Eachday,whenyoucome tothinkofit,islikeafreshcanvas.Wefillitwithwhatwe thinkandsayanddo.Atthe day'sclose,whetherwewishit ornot,wewillhavecreated somethingoutoftheclayorpigmentsofthoughtsandwordsand deeds.Outofthematerialsof humancontacts,routineduties, habitsandactionswewillhave wroughtapatternandstructure ofbeautyorugliness,harshness o;harmony,pleasureorpain. Everymanisanartistwhoexternalisesdailythevisionand designthatiswithinhimand thecompletedworkwillbehis life,ofwhichGodwillbetheincontrovertiblecritic.

Everymanfindsallabouthim emptyplaceswhichcanbebeautified,brokenthingstoberestored,voidswhichcanbefilled withfruitfulandnoblecreations. Fashionersofhappinessand kindness,whoexternalisethe visionofGod'sgoodnessonthe freshcanvasofeachnewday, are,perhaps,thegreatestartists afterall.Theirhomes,their work,theirenvironmentareall opportunitiesandchallengesto producesomethinggoodandusefulwherebeforetherewasemptiness.Theycarryon,ina smallway,thegreatcreative fiatofHimWhomadethelight andwarmthofthesunshine,the beautyofbirdsongandflower,of waveandforest,topleasethe heartofHiscreature-man.

"Andsureit'sthedarkshadow alwayssitsaboutwithhim,"his motherusedtosay."Leavehim beTim,thechildisfey."

Thenonedayhediscovered God,suddenly,alonebyhimself inthebushesthatflankedthe Irishgarden.Itwasasifall theSisterattheConventheattheSisterattheConventreattendedrantogetherinoneblindingflashoflight.Atonemomenttherewasadustyroad, andaploddinghorse,andhis fathercominginfromthemilking,andthenhelookedupatthe skyandthereGodwaslooking downonhim.Itwasasifall theearthhadrolledupintotwo andparted,revealingGod.

Hecouldnotexplainit.He justknew.Itwasthenthat, droppingunconsciouslyonhis knees,hebegantopray,and gavehislifeentirelytoGod.

Thegreatlinerslowlyedged awayfromthewharf;hundreds ofkhakilinedfigurescheered andshoutedinItalian.Mussolini'sinvinciblearmywasmovingofftoTripoli.Itwastheir day.Standingslightlyaloof gazingatthefadingItalian coastline,Tony,nowanordainedpriest,hummedtohimself thesongthemenwerenowsinging.Then,takingfromunder hisarmhismostprizedpossession,hisviolin,hebegantoplay. Thecrowdabouthimgrew,men harmonisedtheair,thegrand voicesfallingandrisingonthe wind,andontheshoretherelativesjoinedinthechoruses,forgettingtoweep.

SlowlythemenfellbackbeforetheadvancingRussians. Slowlyandpainfullymendied andwerehurriedlyburiedby theircomrades.Slowlyandinevitablythisremnantofthe oncebravehordesrushedupto helptheGermansstemtheRussiansteamroller,receded,and gavewayandfinallybroke. Therewasconfusioninthe ranks,proddedat,andherded likecattleintotheP.O.W.compounds.Itwasthenthemen heardit,thesweetthinwailing ofaviolin,andsuddenlyastillnesscameoverthem.Even theRussianslistened.Itwas mildmusic,eerie,thewailofa nationinextremis.ThenfollowedaRussiandance,andthe VolgaBoatsong.Themen vegantosing,friendsandfoes alike.Withtheendofthesong barbarityandthebloodlustof warreignedoncemore.

Hebecameacommonsightin theenvironsoftheP.O.W.cages. Theoldblindfiddler,withthe torturedhands;sometimeshis noteswereblurred,wherehis bluntedstumpsoffingerspatheticallygroped. TheRussianswerekindtohim.They flunghimfood,andhelpedhim toeatit.TheGermanshad torturedhim,sothestorywent.

"Giveusthe'Internationale,'" criedthesoldiersonenight.

"Yousingitforme,"hereplied,speakinginsigns.

Fumblingly,hepickedupthe tuneandthereafterheplayedit daily.Nearlyeverynighthe playedforthem,sittingtherein thedarknessoutsidethecamp. Thenoneday,itwasEaster Thursday,heplayed"Santa Lucia."Therewasarustleas

Strangemovementstookplace inthedarkness.Mendropped ontheirknees.Stilltheviolin playedon-playednowbyaprisonerinsidethewirewhilethe fiddler'shandswereraisedin blessing.

"Innomine." Asuddenpeacecametothe camp.Evenfromthesleeping ranksoftheRussiansfigures cametowardsthebrokenhut wherethefiddlerslept.Men's eyestookonanewhopefulness. Godseemedverynear-thestars hippromisesofhope. Mendieddaily,butdiedwith adifference.

Thenthewarended.Americantroopscamewhistlingdown thebroadblackroadthatledto thecamp.TheAmericansand Russianshadaparty.Sometime duringthenightsomeonerememberedtheblindfiddler.He camestumblingintothebright circleoflight,andputtinghis violinunderhischinheplayed.

Thatweektheprisonerswere marchedawaydowntheroadon theirfirststageoftheirjourney hcme.Stilltheblindfiddler wentwiththem.Therewasno roomforhimonthetrain; roughlyaguardpushedhimoff thefoot-board,andthetrain crawledawayintotheblackness, thesameblacknessthatwail screeningthemetamorphisisof theblindfiddlerintoTony, slim,andhalf-starved,andwith hisbrown'hairnearlywhite withtorture.

ItwasanhourlatertheAmericansfoundhim,chattering withcold,andextremelyill.He diedthreedayslaterinthecamp hospitalnearthelittlebombbatteredrailwaystation.

To-dayanoldIrishmother,to whomanAmericanofficerwrote thestory,sitsandproudly strokesthestringsofascarred violin."God'sfiddler,"shesays proudly."Healwayswasdifferent-fey-myTony."

-MOLLIESIMEONASPHAR.

RodBeaton's Hannah'sHotel

OPENYOURHOMES toCatholicStudents

UNIVERSITYANDTRAININGCOLLEGESTUDENTS NEEDHOMESTHISYEAR.

PleaseaddressyourofferstoNewmanSociety,thisoffice.

P.H.JAMES

BUTCHER, Rd.,Beaconsfield. PHONEL2492 FORPRIMESTQUALITYMEAT. YourRecommendationAppreciated.

AUSTRALASIANCATHOLICASSURANCE Co.,Ltd.

ASSETSEXCEED£2,000,000. SAFEGUARDTHEFUTURE. Effectan"A.C.11,1,PolicynowandshareIntheCompany'sprosperity,asPolicyholdersreceiveatleast90peromit,oftheprofits, HEADOFFICE:A.C.A.BUILDING,68KINGSTREET,SYDNEY. P.J.RYAN,Secretary.D.J.MOONEY,ManagingDirector.

HANNANSTREET, RALGOORL/E.

"gnatsLucia!SantaLucia!"

HowIndustrialCouncils

CouldBegintoOperate

(ContinuedfromFrontCover.)

Automotiveplantsinother partsofthecountrywouldsimilarlyorganiselocalcouncilsand thengroupingswouldtakeplace fortheestablishmentofregionalcouncilstotakecareof regionalneeds. Theregional councils,inturn,wouldsendrepresentativestothenational council.Variationswoulddependonthenatureofthegroup.

Forsomevocationalgroups, whosemembersarefewinnumberandveryscattered,thefirst unitmightwellberegional.On

theotherhand,specialisedeconomicactivitieswhicharerestrictedtoadefiniteregion wouldrequireonlylocaland regionalcouncils.

CriticismAnswered. Inanswertothecriticism thatthevocationalgroupsystem isfascisticinnature,Catholic scholarshavedemonstratedthat itsproceduresarefundamentallydemocratic. Furthermore, theyhavestatedemphatically thattheideaisnottosetupa corporativecongresssidebyside withapoliticalcongress.The

WIRELESS

TheProfitableHobby

Ifyoucanrepairyourownradio,yousavetheexpenseof mechanics. Youcanearnmoneybyservicingradiosforother people.

StudywiththeC.C.C.oursimplehome-studyCourse.It consistsof25comprehensivelessons,inwhichallunnecessary technicaltermshavebeenavoided.Ithasbeenwidelypraised byamateursandservicemen,foralthoughthelessonsare simplywritten,theygivedetailedinstructionaboutALL TYPESOFWIRELESSRECEIVERS.

COMMERCIALCORRESPONDENCE COLLEGE

SHEFFIELDHOUSE.713.21HAYSTREET,PERTH.

DP6R byKODAK

DEVELOPING,PRINTING &ENLARGINGSERVICE

TheKodakDevelopingPrintingand EnlargingServiceistypicaloftheKodak Servicetoamateurphotographers expertskillandattentiontodetailisthe keynote. TheKodakprintonevery snapshotisyourguaranteeofquality

reasonforthisisclear:thestate issupremeinthematerial sphereandneithervocational groupsnoranyotherkindsof groupscanplacethemselveson aparwithit.Thestate,then, "shouldpossessauthoritytointervenewhennecessary,inorder toco-ordinatetheir(thevocationalgroups')separateactivities,andtodirect,encourage andrestraintheminrelationto thegeneralwelfare."Thisisthe well-knownprincipleofintervention.

Eventhoughthestateissupremeinitssphere,itsactions mustbegovernedbytheprincipleofsubsidiaritywhichmay bestatedthus:menhavearight toformassociationsforany lawfulpurpose,andsocialorder demandsthatthestatemustnot assumetaskswhichcanbeperformedefficientlybysubsidiary bodiesinthesocialorganism.To defendasystemwhichviolates thisprincipleistodefend,in thefinalanalysis,thetotalitarianstate.Vocationalgroups arethese"subsidiarybodies" whichmustfunctionindependentlyandwithdemocraticprocedure. Thevocationalgroup systemis,then,areversalof theAmerican"there-ought-tobe-a-law"complexwhichincreasinglyreliesonthestateto controlmoreandmoreactivities ofmoreandmoreofitscitizens.

Thepublic-legalstatusofthe vocationalgroupsorguildsmay proveastumblingblocktosome becauseitinvolvesthepower whichthegroupshaveover theirmembers.Thepresentdaylabourunionisnotavocationalgroupinthetruesense oftheterm,becauseitlacksauthorityoverallthemembersof aparticulartradeoroccupation. Itistrue,ithassomeauthority overthememberswhohave joinedtheunion,buteventhey arefreetorenouncetheirmembershipintheunionatwill. Overnon-unionmembers,ithas noauthorityatall.Theessentialpointisthatithaveauthorityoverallthemembersofa tradetobeatruevocational group.Toclarifytheconcept ofpublic-legalstatus,thecomparisonofacityinregardtoits inhabitantsisfrequentlyoffered. IfIdecidetomakemy homeinCleveland,Imustabide bythelawsofthiscity.IcannotsaythatinSt.Louiswedo thusandsoandhencecannot seewhyIamforbiddentodo thesamehere.Itistrue,I canmoveoutofCleveland,but thenIwon'tbeaClevelander anymore.Applyingallthisto thevocationalgroupsystem,a steelworker,forexample,would havetoabidebyalltherules andregulationssetdownbythe local,regionalandnationalsteel councils,astheyapplytohim. Hewouldnotbefreetosaythat hewouldkeepsuchandsuch rules,butnottheseandthose. Hisfreedomislimitedtobeing asteelworkerandabidingbythe rules,orofsteppingoutofhis occupationandbecomingabutcher,abaker,anundertaker,or 4hathaveyou.

Twoquestionsstillremainto beansweredaboutthepubliclegalstatusofvocational groups.Thefirstis,wheredo theygettheirauthority?The answeris,ofcourse,fromthe state."Therulesanddecisions oftheguildhavea juridical value,thatistosay,theyhave theforceoflaw."Theother questionis,atwhatstageofthe developmentofaguildshould thestatedelegatethisauthority?FatherTreheypointsout thatinPortugala1934lawpermitsemployerstoapplyfor staterecognitionwhenfiftyper centoftheemployersrepresentingatleastfiftypercentofthe transactionsinthatregionhave bandedtogetherinaguild.HoweverheaddsthatCatholicsociologistshavenotstipulatedadefinitepercenkage,leavingthat detailtotheparticularstateto decide.

orgroupsbyapplyingsanctions whenrulesareviolated;(4)to passjudgmentondisputesbetweengroupsthroughalabour relationscourtestablishedunderitsauthority;and(5)torepresenttheclaimsofonecorporationtoothercorporations ortothepublicauthority. Importantinthevocational groupsystemisthatnotonly doeseachgrouphavelocal,regionalandnationalcouncils,but ateachlevelthereisinter-guild organisationsothatthecommongoodofallwillbe.achieved.Thisismerelyarecognitionofthefactthattheprosperityofalldependsonthe prosperityofeach.Asoneauthoritysays,"Thecommongood demandstheco-ordinationand collaborationofallfunctions: industrial,agricultural, commercial,financial,the liberal professions,andthepolitical functionofthestate."All mustworktogethersothattheir mutualbestinterestsareserved. Ifanincreaseinpriceof manufacturedproductsisproposed,thismustbeconsidered inthelightofitseffectsonthe farmer,thedoctor,thebanker, andthediplomatinhierelations withotherstates.Consumers alsoshouldberepresentedinthe Interguild councils, either throughrepresentativesthey wouldelectdirectlyorthrough astateofficialtheywouldname toperformthisfunctionfor them.

GuildSysteminAction.

Somuchforthetheory.The immediatequestiononalltonguesis:Willitwork?Thesimpleansweristhatinwidely scatteredpartsoftheworldthe guildsystemoranapproximationtoitisactuallyinoperationorbeingcontemplatedin thenearfuture.InChapterIX ofhisvolume,FatherTrehey describesinsomedetailtheorganisationofthemeatindustry, theleatherindustries,theproposedguildofartisansandthe maritimeguild-allinpre-war France. Healsodevotessome spacetotheguildmovementin SwitzerlandandinCanada. Sincethelatterissocloseto home,afewwordsaboutitare inorder.FatherTreheysays: " theproposedsocialreconstructionoftheProvinceof Quebechasalreadybegun.This factisdue,toanimportant extent,tothepriorexistenceof manyorganisedgroupswhich wereincludedinandadaptedto theneworganisation.Such weretheorganisationsinagriculture,industryandtheliberal professions,andinsuchoccupationsasthoseofelectricians, painters,barbers,andjournalists.Incommerce,manyorgansofliaisonalreadyexisted, suchaschambersofcommerce, merchants',grocers',andbutchers'associations. Industry haditsunionswithsuperiororgansofliaison,forexample, tiradecouncils,industrialfederationsandcentralcouncils.Agricultureneedsbutanofficialstatuteandlegalinvestitureinordertobecomeaguild.Three liberalprofessions,namely,the bar,medicine,andnotaries,alreadyenjoythestatusofguilds. Thebarnotably,possesses a trueguildstructure,andauthenticguildpowersregulatory, disciplinary,arbitralandadministrative. Theseprofessions, thusorganised,offerproofthat, notonlyisthegenuineguildnot afascistinstitution,butitis realisableinafreeanddemocraticcountry."

andrepresentation,butthecollaborationofemployersandemployeesislimitedtonarrow fieldsofactivityandnoneshow "anyevidenceofsharingprofits,managementandownership asstepstowardcompletecollaboration."Onthecriterionof relationshipwiththegovernment,therailroadsdemonstrate verylimitedapplicationofpapal principles,whilethecoalindustryshowstheopposite,i.e.,progressivegovernmentintervention.Thetripartitecollaborationofthepublic,employerand employeerepresentativesinthe othertwoinstitutionsmeets withapproval,butiscriticised onthescorethatitistoocloselyconnectedwithcentralised governmentalmachinery.As FatherMuniersays:"Thereis needformoretripartitecollaborationatthelocalandregionallevels."Onthelastof thecriteria,legalstatus,after showingthelimitednatureof thelegalstatusofallfourinstitutionsjudgedinthelightof thePope'sproposals,Father Munieraddressesa30-second sermontoAmericanlabour,the lastpartofwhichreads:

Organisedlabourinthis countryhasbeen depending moreandmoreonthepower ofgovernmenttoachieveobjectiveswhichinsomecases atleastcouldberealised throughcollectivebargaining andthroughlabour'sowneconomicpower.Thistrendis notconducivetothestatutory recognitionofautonomous bodies. areallhopefulsignsofgrowth towardthevacationalgroupsystem.

Conclusions.

Fromthisbriefsketchofthe vocationalgroupsystemintheoryandpractice,thefollowing conclusionsareoffered:

(1)Somereorganisationof oureconomicandsocialsystem isdesirableandnecessaryinthe lightoftheextentandseriousnessofthedisorganisationevidentatpresent.

(2)Thevocationalgroupsystem-Tsapracticalplanwhichis worthyofcarefulstudyandconsiderationbylabourandindustrialleaders interestedinabetterAustralia.

(3)Theplacetostartinorganisingvocationalgroupsis thelabourunionandexisting mployerassociations.Bestresultswillbeattainedifthedevelopmentisnatural,making useofinstitutionsalreadyinexistence-whatstudentsofthe questioncall "precorporative elements."

(4)Guildorganisationmust goslowlyandnaturally,withoutforcing,towardthefinalobjective,,howeverdistantthat mayseemtobenow.Noovernighttransformation,noblcody revolutiontoputthesystemin practicecanbecontemplated.

(5)Thevocationalgrouporganisationmustbekeptflexible, withvariationsfromcountryto countryandindifferenttrades andoccupationswithinthesame country.

(6)Finally,thegenuineguild isnotafascistinstitutionbutis realisableinafreeanddemocraticcountry.Consequently, inaslightlymodifiedpopular phrase,"Itcanhappenhere."

MAKEITEASY.

KocakueatersC7

Concerningthepowersofthe local,regionalandnational councils,FatherAresistheauthorityforthepresentdivision intofiveexplicitpowers:(1)to regulateconditionsoflabour, andstabilisationofproduction andmarketingbytradeagreementsonproductionandprices; (2)toadministertheservice unitsofthevocationalgroup, suchasemployment,professionaltrainingandsocialinsurance;(3)todisciplinemembers

IntheUnitedStates,accordingtoFatherMunierwhofinishedrisstudyin1943,thereare novocationalgroupswhichapplyfullytheprinciplesofthe encyclicals,butthereareanumberofinstitutionswhichembody partoftheencyclicalprogramme.Heanalysesindetail fourofthese:therailroadindustry,thebituminouscoalindustry,industrycommitteesset upundertheFairLabour StandardsActandtheNationalWar LabourBoard. Heexamines eachoftheseinthelightoffour criteriaofPiusXI.:thecommongood,organisationandrepresentationrelationshipwith thegovernmentandlegalstatus.

Hisfindings,inbrief,are these.Therailroadandcoal industriesfailtomeasureupto theprincipleofthecommon good,whiletheindustrycommitteesandthelabourboarddo. Allfourshowgoodorganisation

Aticketinthe"Charities" makesiseasyforLucktohelp you.Luckalonedecideswhois towin.TheNo.351Charities Consultationisopen. Tickets 2/6.Firstprize£3,000.

ST.LOUISSCHOOL,S.J.

WILLRE-OPENON TUESDAY.FEBRUARY4, 1947. BoardersreturnontheeveningonFebruary3rd. ,M0104111

GRANDANNUALHIBERNIAN PICNIC.

ToKeane'sPoint,Sunday, February23.

S,s."Perth"leavesBarrackStreet Jettyat10.30am

Tickets:Family,4s.;single,2s.; children,9d Sports;drinksandsweetsfreeto children. ThisPicnicNOTconfinedtoHibernianmembersonly.

WASOUR LORD BORNON DECEMBER 25?

1.B.,Cottesloe,asks:

1.HowwasthebirthofChrist finallyfixedasthe25th.December,whenithadbeenalteredseveraltimes?

Answer:Thedirectanswerto ourqu,stionIsthatthewhole oftheWesternorLatin-speaking halfoftheancientworldadoptedforthecelebrationofChrist's birthdaythedateobservedat Rome.

Butthinkyouaremoreinterestedintheproblemasto whythe25th.ofDecemberwas everadoptedatRomeoranywhereelse.Theanswerto thatquestionis:Wedon'tknow. Justas,withinrecenttimes,the feastofChristtheKinghas beenaddedtothecalendar,so variousfeastshavebeenadded inthesuccessivecenturies,but inthebeginningthenumberof eventsthatwerecelebrated withspecialfeastdayseach yearwereveryfew.Ofcourse rightfromthebeginningEaster andPentecostwerecelebrated, andatsomeearlydatetheFeast oftheAnnunciationorIncarnationwascelebrated,andfor somereasonthisfeastwascelebratedonthe25th.ofMarch, andmanyscholarsthinkthat thedayofChrist'sbirthwas reckonedsimplybycounting ninemonthsforgestation,and sothe25th.ofDecemberwas reached.IthasalsobeensuggestedwithsomedegreeofprobabilitythatthePopesatRome wereinfluencedinthedecision tocelebrateOurLord'sbirthin Decemberbyadesiretowean thepopulationoftheeternalcity fromtakingpartinpaganfestivalscelebratedatthattime.

Thosewhowanttostudythe questionwillfindaveryscholarlytreatmentofthewholematterintheCatholicEncyclopedia, inthearticleon"Christmas." TheEncyclopediamaybeconsultedintheCatholicCentral Library,inPier-street.

DIVORCE WHERE NO

MARRIAGEEXISTS

2.Sometimeago,inanswerto aquestion,youstatedthatthe Churchwouldtolerateadivorceifoneofthepersonswas anon-Catholic,andthemarriagehadnotbeenperformed byaCatholicpriest.

Answer.Withaslightemendationyourstatementiscorrect. Ishallputitthisway:Omitting allsubtletiesaboutwhatmight happenonthedesertisland, mentionedintheoriginalquestion,ifaCatholicandanonCatholicattempttogetmarried inanywayotherthanbeforea dulyauthorisedCatholicpriest andtwowitnesses,themarriage willbenullandvoidinthesight ofGod,andalthoughtheparties mightbelegallymarriedinthe eyesofthecivillaw,theywould neverthelessreallybesingle persons,andconsequentlyhave nomoralrighttoliveasmarriedpersons.

Ifthenthesepeoplewanted togobeforeacivilcourtandget adivorce,theywouldmerelybe securingarecognitiononthe partoftheStateofthefact thattheywerenotmarriedto oneanother.Naturallythe Churchwouldnotwishsuchpeopletoabstainfromgettinga divorce;toavoidscandaland abusestheyshouldgettheapprovaloftheirbishopbefore

CHURCH'S POWEROVER WEDLOCK

Nextquestion:

Howaboutthesanctityofthis marriage?

Answer:TheChurchhasnot onlytherighttoforbidabaptisedpersonfromgettingmarried,butithaspowertoprevent it.Thesepeoplewhotriedin defianceoftheChurch'slawto getmarriedwithoutthepresenceofthepriest,simplywere notmarried.Therewasho marriage,andconsequentlyno sanctity.Yousee,ChristOur Lordelevatedthenaturalcontractofmarriagewhenbetween baptisedpersonsintoasacrament.Itissomethingthat orksatremendousspiritualeffectinthepersonsgettingmarried;thereforeitcomeslike otherspiritualthingsunderthe jurisdictionoftheChurch.The Churchhasconsequentlyforthe benefitofbaptisedperson,made ccrtainlawsrestrictingtheir powertogetmarried.The Churchhasdonethisinvirtue ofthepowergiventoitby ChristOurLord."Whatsoeveryoushallbindonearth shallbeboundalsoinheaven," saysChrist,Thatis,whatever rulingyoumakeonearthshall beratifiedbyGod.

MEANING OF THEHOLY NAMES

3.YourCatechismstatesthat "Jesus"signifies"Saviour."

Answer:Thatisso,thestatementdoesoccurinaCatholic Catechism,thoughnotinthe Catechismcommonlyusedin thisdiocese.

Nextquestion:

Howdoyouarriveatthistranslation?

Answer:Byconsultingadictionary.

Theholyname,"Jesus,"isa GreekformofaHebrewword, whichoccursseveraltimesin theBible,insuchformsasYehoshua,andYeshua.Literally itmeans"Yarweh(i.e.,God)is Saviour"or"Salvationfrom God,"andaccordingtotheHebrewusagetheimplicationis thatGodistosavethroughthe personthatbearsthename. TheCatechismisthenrightin statinginsimpleformthat Jesusmeans"Saviour."You willfindafullexplanationof thematterintheCatholicEncyclopediaorHasting'sDictionaryoftheBible,orinanyof thebetterencyclopedias.

Nextquestion: AndthatChristsignifiesthe anointed.

Answer:Andsoitdoes.The word"Christ"isderivedfrom theverb"chrio,"whichmeansto anoint.Youmayremember howtheprophetanointedDavid asasignthathewastheman chosenbyGodtobeKingofthe Jews;sotheprophetsforetold thatGodwouldsendamantheanointedone,theChrist-to betheKingwhowastoredeem thepeopleofGod.Jesus,by Hismiracles,bytheholinessof Hislife,andbyHisResurrection,provedthatHewasthe Christ.

Perhapsyouwillremember howitwasPeterwhowasthe firstofthedisciplestoproclaim JesustobetheChrist:"Thou arttheChristtheSonofthe livingGod,"hesaid.After sayingthatPeter'srecognition ofHimhadbeenaresultofdivineinspiration,Jesusspokethe wordscitedasatexteacheveningatthebeginningofthissession.Peterhadrecognised JesusforwhatHewas-the Christ-theChosenandtheSon ofGod;Jesuswouldnowinturn greetPeter,declaringthatPeter, too,waschosenbyGod:"And IsaytoThee,thouartPeter, anduponthisrockIwillbuild MyChurch."

Well,then,itisquiteclear fromthedictionaryandfrom thetextoftheGospelsthat Jesussignifies"Saviour"and "Christ"signifies"theanointed one."

CHURCHWELCOMES SCHOLARSHIP

Nextquestion:

Jesusisacommonnamein GreeceandtheFarEast.

Answer:Yes,inseveralcountries"Jesus"isacommonname. Childrenaregiventhenamees amarkofdevotiontoJesus, God-become-Manforloveofus. However,evenbeforethebirth ofOurLord,thenamewasin commonusebytheJews,becauseithadbeenborneseveral hundredyearsbeforebyleadersofthepeoplewhowerecalled"God-is-Saviour"orJesus,in testimonyoftheJewishbelief thatGodwouldsendaSaviour toredeemHischosenpeople.

Sothatfinishesmyanswersto yourquestions,A.B.;Ihopeyou willfindthemsatisfactory. I myselffoundyourlettervery interesting.Itwas,Ithought, verysincereandeachtimegot directlytothepoint.Butit setmethinking;attheriskof readingbetweenthelines thoughtsthatarenotthere,I shallsaythis:Igottheimpressionthatyouwereundertheimpressionthattheteachingofthe CatholicChurchmightnotbe abletostanduptoexamination atthehandsofscholarsandexperts.Well,thatisveryfar frombeingso.

TheCatholicChurchisGod's Church,setupbyChristOur LordwhoisGodHimself-the Creatorofallthingsandthe sourceofallknowledge.Consequentlytherecannotbeany clashbetweenCatholicteaching andtruelearning,truehistory, truefindingsofexpertsinancientandmodernlanguages.The Churchwelcomesthemall.The moremenstudytheChurch,the moretheywillfindittobegenuineandofdivineorigin,and themoreexperttheyarethe better.Eachyearbringssome moregreatscholarsandmenof learningintotheChurch.Only lastweekIreadofthereception ofagreatJewishhistorian, intotheCatholicChurch.

Andifyouyourselfwishto enquirefurtherintotheclaims oftheCatholicChurch,rememberthatyouareexamining somethingthatclaimstobeappointedbyGodtospreadthe truth;pray,therefore,toGod forlightandguidance.

"Only-This,"Nedlands,writes: AnswerThis:WhoarethemembersoftheChurch?

AidtheAnswer:ThemembersoftheChurchonearthare thePope,whoistheVicarof Christ,andwithhimallthebishops,priests,andpeoplewho arebaptised,andwhoacknowledgethePopetobetheVicarof Christonearthandthevisible headoftheChurch.

COSMETICSAND COMMON SENSE

Nextquestion:' Andnochat,please.

Answer:Verywell,"OnlyThis,"Ishallsayonlythat.

"Sweet-Seventeen"writes: "Ititwrongtouselipstickand thelike?

Answer:Letusthinkitouta bit;somegirlsworkalldayin shopsinartificiallight,andit sometimeshappensthatsuchartificiallighthastheeffectof makingpeoplewhoarequite healthylookasthoughthey werepalidandill.

Now,customersdon'tliketo beservedbyghostsandinvalids,sosurelyitwouldbe quiterightforgirlsworkingin suchcircumstancestousewhatevercosmeticswouldserveto counteracttheunpleasanteffects oftheelectriclight.

So,too,actorshavetouse make-upwhenonthestage,

otherwisetheywouldlook naturellypale..SoIthinkyou willagreethattherearesome girlswhohaveaduty-thatis adutytotheiremployer-touse make-up,sothattheycando theirworkproperly.If,then, itissometimesadutytouse make-up,theuseofitcannotbe

(ContinuedonPage15.1

WASOURLORDBORNON

DECEMBER26?

.1.B.,Cottesloe,asks:

I.HowwasthebirthofChrist finally fixedasthe25th.December,whenithadbeenalteredseveraltimes?

Answer:Thedirectanswerto yourqu,stionisthatthewhole oftheWesternorLatin-speaking halfoftheancientworldadoptedforthecelebrationofChrist's birthdaythedateobservedat Rome.

But.1thinkyouaremoreinterestedintheproblemasto whythe25th.ofDecemberwas everadoptedatRomeoranywhereelse.Theanswerto thatquestionis:Wedon'tknow. Justas.withinrecenttimes,the feastofChristtheKinghas beenaddedtothecalendar,so variousfeastshavebeenadded inthesuccessivecenturies,but inthebeginningthenumberof eventsthatwerecelebrated withspecialfeastdayseach yearwereveryfew.Ofcourse rightfromthebeginningEaster andPentecostwerecelebrated, andatsomeearly(latetheFeast oftheAnnunciationorIncarnationwascelebrated,andfor somereasonthisfeastwascelebratedonthe25th.ofMarch, andmanyscholarsthinkthat the(layofChrist'sbirthwas reckonedsimplybycounting ninemonthsforgestation,and sothe25th.ofDecemberwas reached.IthasalsobeensuggestedwithsomedegreeofprobabilitythatthePopesatRome wereinfluencedinthedecision tocelebrateOurLord'sbirthin Decemberbyadesiretowean thepopulationoftheeternalcity fromtakingpartinpaganfestivalscelebratedatthattime.

Thosewhowanttostudythe euestionwillfindaveryscholarlytreatmentofthewholematterintheCatholicEncyclopedia, inthearticleon"Christmas." TheEncyclopediamaybeconsultedintheCatholicCentral Library,inPier-street.

DIVORCEWHERENO MARRIAGEEXISTS

2.Sometimeago,inanswerto aquestion,youstatedthatthe Churchwouldtolerateadivorceifoneofthepersonswas anon-Catholic,andthemarriagehadnotbeenperformed byaCatholicpriest.

Answer.Withaslightemendationyourstatementiscorrect. shallputitthisway:Omitting cellsubtl,tiesaboutwhatmight happenonthedesertisland, mentionedintheoriginalquestion.ifaCatholicandanoncatholicattempttogetmarried inanywayotherthanbeforea dulyauthorisedCatholicpriest andtwowitnesses,themarriage willhenullandvoidinthesight ofGod,andalthoughtheparties mightbelegallymarriedinthe eyesofthecivillaw,theywould neverthelessreallybesingle persons,andconsequentlyhave nomoralrighttoliveasmarriedpersons.

Ifthenthesepeoplewanted togobeforeacivilcourtandget adivorce,theywouldmerelybe securingarecognitiononthe partoftheStateofthefact thattheywerenotmarriedto oneanother.Naturallythe Churchwouldnotwishsuchpeopletoabstainfromgettinga divorce;toavoidscandaland abusestheyshouldgettheapprovaloftheirbishopbefore

iallOOSaq;`auopstlug; aauolnqlanoaaq;2ulyasoJelds

CHURCH'SPOWEROVER

WEDLOCK

Nextquestion:

Howaboutthesanctityofthis marriage?

Answer:TheChurchhasnot onlytherighttoforbidabaptisedpersonfromgettingmarried,butithaspowertoprevent it.Thesepeoplewhotriedin defianceoftheChurch'slawto getmarriedwithoutthepresenceofthepriest,simplywere notmarried.Therewasno marriage,andconsequentlyno sanctity.Yousee,ChristOur Lordelevatedthenaturalcontractofmarriagewhenbetween baptisedpersonsintoasacrament.Itissomethingthat worksatremendousspiritualeffectinthepersonsgettingmarried;thereforeitcomeslike otherspiritualthingsunderthe jurisdictionoftheChurch.The Churchhasconsequentlyforthe benefitofbaptisedpersonsmade ccrtainlawsrestrictingtheir powertogetmarried.The Churchhasdonethisinvirtue ofthepowergiventoitby ChristOurLord."Whatsoeveryoushallbindonearth shallbeboundalsoinheaven," saysChrist.Thatis,whatever rulingyoumakeonearthshall beratifiedbyGod.

MEANINGOFTHEHOLY NAMES

3.YourCatechismstatesthat "Jesus"signifies"Saviour."

Answer:Thatisso,thestatementdoesoccurinaCatholic Catechism,thoughnotinthe Catechismcommonlyusedin thisdiocese.

Nextquestion: Howdoyouarriveatthistranslation?

Answer:Byconsultingadictionary.

Theholyname,"Jesus,"isa GreekformofaHebrewword, whichoccursseveraltimesin theBible,insuchformsasYehoshua,andYeshua.Literally itmeans"Yarweh(i.e.,God)is Saviour"or"Salvationfrom God,"andaccordingtotheHebrewusagetheimplicationis thatGodistosavethroughthe personthatbearsthename. TheCatechismisthenrightin statinginsimpleformthat Jesusmeans"Saviour."You willfindafullexplanationof thematterintheCatholicEncyclopediaorHasting'sDictionaryoftheBible,orinanyof thebetterencyclopedias.

Nextquestion: AndthatChristsignifiesthe anointed.

Answer:Andsoitdoes.The word"Christ"isderivedfrom theverb"chrio,"whichmeansto anoint.Youmayremember howtheprophetanointedDavid asasignthathewastheman chosenbyGodtobeKingofthe Jews;sotheprophetsforetold thatGodwouldsendamantheanointedone,theChrist-to betheKingwhowastoredeem thepeopleofGod.Jesus,by Hismiracles,bytheholinessof Hislife,andbyHisResurrection,provedthatHewasthe Christ.

Perhapsyouwillremember howitwasPeterwhowasthe firstofthedisciplestoproclaim JesustobetheChrist:"Thou arttheChristtheSonofthe livingGod,"hesaid.After sayingthatPeter'srecognition ofHimhadbeenaresultofdivineinspiration,Jesusspokethe wordscitedasatexteacheveningatthebeginningofthissession.Peterhadrecognised JesusforwhatHewas-the Christ-theChosenandtheSon ofGod;Jesuswouldnowinturn greetPeter,declaringthatPeter, too,waschosenbyGod:"And IsaytoThee,thouartPeter, anduponthisrockIwillbuild MyChurch."

Well,then,itisquiteclear fromthedictionaryandfrom thetextoftheGospelsthat Jesussignifies"Saviour"and "Christ"signifies"theanointed one."

CHURCHWELCOMES SCHOLARSHIP

Nextquestion:

Jesusisacommonnamein GreeceandtheFarEast.

Answer:Yes,inseveralcountrks"Jesus"isacommonname. Childrenaregiventhenameas amarkofdevotiontoJesus, God-become-Manforloveofus. However,evenbeforethebirth ofOurLord,thenamewasin commonusebytheJews,becauseithadbeenborneseveral hundredyearsbeforebyleadersofthepeoplewhowerecalled"God-is-Saviour"orJesus,in testimonyoftheJewishbelief thatGodwouldsendaSaviour toredeemHischosenpeople.

Sothatfinishesmyanswersto yourquestions,A.B.;Ihopeyou willfindthemsatisfactory. I myselffoundyourlettervery interesting.Itwas,Ithought, verysincereandeachtimegot directlytothepoint.Butit setmethinking;attheriskof readingbetweenthelines thoughtsthatarenotthere,I shallsaythis:Igottheimpressionthatyouwereundertheimpressionthattheteachingofthe CatholicChurchmightnotbe abletostanduptoexamination atthehandsofscholarsandexperts.Well,thatisveryfar frombeingso.

TheCatholicChurchisGod's Church,setupbyChristOur LordwhoisGodHimself-the Creatorofallthingsandthe sourceofallknowledge.Consequentlytherecannotbeany clashbetweenCatholicteaching antitruelearning,truehistory. truefindingsofexpertsinancientandmodernlanguages.The Churchwelcomesthemall.The moremenstudytheChurch,the moretheywillfindittobegenuineandofdivineorigin,and themoreexperttheyarethe better.Eachyearbringssome moregreatscholarsandmenof learningintotheChurch.Only lastweekIreadofthereception ofagreatJewishhistorian, intotheCatholicChurch.

Andifyouyourselfwishto enquirefurlherintotheclaims oftheCatholicChurch,rememberthatyouareexamining somethingthatclaimstobeappointedbyGodtospreadthe truth;pray,therefore,toGod forlightandguidance.

"Only-This,"Nedlands,writes: AnswerThis:WhoarethemembersoftheChurch?

AndtheAnswer:ThemembersoftheChurchonearthare thePope,whoistheVicarof Christ,andwithhimallthebishops,priests,andpeoplewho arebaptised,andwhoacknowledgethePopetobetheVicarof Christonearthandthevisible headoftheChurch.

COSMETICSANDCOMMON SENSE

Nextquestion:'

.Andnochat,please.

Answer:Verywell,"OnlyThis,"Ishallsayonlythat.

"Sweet-Seventeen"writes:

"Ititwrongtouselipstickand thelike?

Answer:Letusthinkitouta bit;somegirlsworkalldayin shopsinartificiallight,andit sometimeshappensthatsuchartificiallighthastheeffectof makingpeoplewhoarequite healthylookasthoughthey werepalidandill.

Now,customersdon'tliketo beservedbyghostsandinvalids,sosurelyitwouldbe quiterightforgirlsworkingin suchcircumstancestousewhatevercosmeticswouldserveto counteracttheunpleasanteffects oftheelectriclight.

So,too,actorshavetouse make-upwhenonthestage,

-Washadaysare Easier

RelaxSoapwilltake

otherwisetheywouldlookennaturellypale..SoIthinkyou willagreethattherearesonic girlswhohaveaehity-thatis adutytotheiremployer-touse make-up,sothattheycando theirworkproperly.If,then, itissometimesadutytouse make-up,theuseofitcannotbe

(ContinuedonPage15.)

STOVES:Relinedasnew;old stovestradedinonEnamel StovesW.A.StoveCoB6307.

cowAttiA

Pi PERTH'Ilt)t

JohnCHMmgr.

Ex-MarisiBros:

Siudeni Tel.B7988

OURCATHOLICSCHOOLSANDCOLLEGES

LoretoConvent"Osborne"-Claremont BOARDINGAND'DAYCOLLEGE.

TheSchoolprovidesasoundeducation'onmodernlinesinall branchesof,study.Thepupilsarepreparedforallexaminations.TheSchoolisbeautifullysituatedbetweenOceanand River,inextensivegrounds,withfineplayingfieldsandprivate SwimmingPoolinRiver.

Telephone:F2136. Apply-MOTHERSUPERIOR.

SACREDHEARTHIGHSCHOOL HIGHGATE-PERTH (ConductedbytheSistersNotreDameDesMissions). BOARDINGANDDAYSCHOOLFORGIRLS. PupilsPreparedAllExaminations

JUNIORHIGHSCHOOL,HaroldStreetEntrance. AlsoatLEAROYDSTREET,MT.LAWLEY. ForProspectusapplyREV.MOTHERPRIORESS.

'Phone:B3810.

ST.ILDEPHONSUS'COLLEGE

NEWNORCIA

CONDUCTEDBYTHEMARISTBROTHERS.

BoysrecommendedonthescoreofcharacterbytheParish PriestmaynowbeenrolledforcommencementinFebruary,1947. ForParticularsapplyto-THEBROTHERDIRECTOR.

CHRISTIANBROTHERS,MT.HENRY. ONEOFTHEASSOCIATEDPUBLICSHOOLSOFW.A.

AQUINASCOLLEGE

TELEPHONE:MU1520.

FORBOARDERSANDDAYSTUDENTS.

Boysadmittedfrom7upwards.

BeautifullySituated,overlookingtheriver,nearthenewCanning ForParticularsapplyto- Bridge.

ThePrincipal,AquinasCollege,CanningParade,Mt.Henry.

WereYouOneoftheLuckyOnesthisTime?

IFNOT,GETYOURTICKETFROMCHARLESWATSON&CO. £2,000for2/6..OtherPrizesbytheThousand.

76BARRACKST.(nextWilsonandJohn's)

INTERNATIONALFISHERIES

131

advertisingshouldbeaddressedto theAdvertisingManager,"TheRecord,"4150HayStreet, Perth.'PHONEB6950.

mileAWHILE

SuburbanGardener:"Idon't seemabletotellmygarden plantsfromweeds.Howdo youdistinguishthem?"

OldFarmer:"Theonlysure wayistopull'emallout.If theycomeupagainthey're weeds."

* *

Mother:"Whatdoyouthinkof yourbabybrother?"

Jackie:"Notmuch-heisso ugly."

"Thenwehadbettersendhim back."

"Youcantry-butIdon't supposetheywilltakehimback nowwehaveusedhimfora week."

* * *

Lady:"Doctor,myhusband hasafearfuldisease-Icantalk tohimforhoursandhedoesnot hearaword."

Specialist:"Thatisnotadisease-thatisagift."

* * * * Arailwayemployeewasnotifiedthathewastoserveonthe jury.Heaskedthejudgeto excusehim.

"Weareverybusyatthe shops,"hesaid,"andIoughtto bethere."

"Soyouareoneofthosemen whothinktherailwaycouldn't getalongwithoutyou?"remarkedthejudge.

"No,"admittedtheman."1 knowitcouldgetalongwithout me-butIdon'twantittohe foundout."

"Excused,"saidthejudge.

Thejuniorclerkhadgiven satisfactionforalmostayear, andhisbosswasinclinedtobe lenient.Butthiscouldnotbe overlooked-andSmithwascalledintotheoffice.

"Yesterday,"saidthemanagingdirector,"youaskedfora dayofftoburyyourmother-inlaw. Igrantedyourrequest, andto-dayImetyourmotherin-law,quitehealthy,walkingin thestreet.Howdoyouexplain yourbehaviour?"

"Ifyou'llexcuseme,sir,"said Smithpolitely,"Ididn'tsaythat shewasdead,IonlysaidI wouldliketogoto-herfuneral."

* * *

"Mywifewillneveradmita mistake."

"Mywifealwaysadmitsshe madeonemistake."

"Whatisthat?"

"Shemarriedme."

Teacher:"Hasanyoneaquestiontoask?"

Tommy:"Yes,sir.Cana short-sightedmanhaveafarawaylookinhiseyes?"

AnIrishGuardsofficercalled edupasergeantandspokeof theunsoldierlyappearanceofa recruit.

"Helooksveryslovenly,sergeant."

"Yes,sor."

"Areyousurehewashes?"

"Yes,sor."

"Absolutely certain he washes?"

"Yes,sor,buthedriesabad colour,sor."

Agroupofmenwerediscussingevolutionandtheoriginof man.Oneofthepartyremainedsilent,whenacompanion turnedtohimanddemandedhis opinion.

Thenewnavyrecruitswere havinganintelligencetestand theinstructoraskedthemthe question:

"WhatwasNelson'slastaddress7"

.

"Soyouhaveturnedplaywright.Whatwasyourfirst play?"

"Itwascalled'TheWanderingsofthePeople'."

"Wasitasuccess?"

"Oh,yes,perfect.Theaudiencethemselvesactedit."

* * * *

Briggs:"Iwishyoucouldget yourbabytosleepatnights.It wakesmeatfouro'clockevery morning."

Sprigs:"Youcan'thearmy baby.Why,man,youlivetwo doorsawayfromme.It'sthat cockerelbelongingtothefellow nextdoorthat'swakingyou."

Briggs:"Iknow,andI've spokentohimaboutit.Buthe saysitisyourbabywhowakes hiscockerel."

Theoperawasover.Animposingdameapproachedanimportant-lookingman.

Dame:"IfIamnotmistaken, Iamspeakingtothetenor Shriekowsky?"

Tenor(flattered):"Andwhat canIdoforyou,madam?"

Dame:"Icannotfindmycar -wouldyoumindshouting 'Emil'inyourloudesttonefor me?"

Tommy:"Isitrightwhatmy sistersays,thatyouareaselfmademan?"

Suitor:"Why,certainly.What makesyouask?"

Tommy:"Oh,Iwasjustwonderingwhyyougaveyourself suchafunnyface."

Quickasaflashcameback theanswerfromoneoftherecruits:

"Heaven,sir."

TheatricalAgent:"Goodnews! I'vebookedyourperforming pigeonsforasix-monthtour."

Hard-upActor:"Toolate. I'veeatentheact."

* * *

Ayoungpolicemanstopped twosailorswhowerequarrelling inthestreetaboutmidnight.

"Now,what'sallthis?Stop yourfighting.Wheredoyou live?"heaskedone.

"Calcutta,"wasthereply. "An'wheredoyoulive?"he askedtheother.

"Shanghai,"wastheanswer.

"Well,bothofyougohome andgettobed.IfIseeyou onthestreetagainto-nightI'll runyoubothin."

* *

*

Hewasafurnituremerchant. Heproposedandwasturned down.

She:"Icouldnotmarryyou."

He:"Isyourrefusalirrevocable?"

She:"Yes,yourproposalflattersme,butIloveanother."

He:"Butatleastyouwill cometomeforyourfurniture."

* * * *

"Whatdoyouthink?YesterdayafternoonIsatinthepark onanewly-paintedseatand spoiledmydress.Myhusband hadtobuymeanewone."

"Now,dotellmeexactly wherethisseatis."

Stunner&Son (LateHallion's) BAKERS

901OHNSTREET,

"Iain'tgoin'tosay,"hereplied."Iremembe,ras'ow HenryGreenandmethrashed thatoutoncebefore,andit's settledasfarasI'mconcerned."

"Butwhatconclusiondidyou mileto?"

"Well,"hesaid,slowly,"we didn'tarriveatthesameconclusion-no,wedidn't.Henryarrivedatthe'orspitalan'meat thepolice-station."

Wednesday,January29,1947. 11111

THECATHOLICANSWER

(ContinuedfromPage13.)

condemnedasevilinitself. So perhapsweoughttobecontent tosaythattheuseoflipstickis rightorwronginaccordance withthemotiveforwhichitis used.

Suppose,then,agirlmerely wantstohaveasmartappearanceandtobeattractive,and useslipstickforthatpurpose. Well,mostmenpolishtheir shoessothattheywilllook smart,andmanymenusehairoilforthesamereason,andno onethinksoffindingfaultwith them.Ifthenagirlusesthe ordinarycosmeticswithsimplicityandmoderation-inother words.inaccordancewithgood taste-sheneednotbeanxious aboutthemoralityofherconduct.

Nextquestion:

Myauntysaysitis.

Answer:Andyourauntymay bequiteright.Yousee,Ihave explainedthattheuseofcosmeticsisnotinitselfwrong,but aparticularperson'suseofthem maybewrong.Somegirls,for instance,havenoseriouspurposeinlifeandarewhollyintentongettingotherpeopleto takenoticeofthem.Itmight dothemmuchgoodiftheywere warnednottousethesethings. Soyourauntymaypossiblyhave someoftherightonherside.

MULTIPLEMASSESAND SUPPORTOFPASTORS

AnxiousProtestant,writes:

1.IfaFatherhastheletters "S.J."afterhisname,would youpleaseexplainwhatthey standfor?

Answer:Theletters"S.J." standfor"SocietyofJesus,"so thatwhentheyoccuraftera priest'sname,theymeanthat hebelongstotheSocietyof Jesus,or,asitismorecommonlycalled,theJesuitOrder,which wasfounded400yearsagoby St.IgnatiusLoyola.

Nextquestion:

TheCatholicChurchhastwo MassesonSundaymorning.

Answer:Suchapparentlyis thepracticeinsomeCatholic churchnearyourhome.Some Catholicchurcheshavemany morethantwoMassesonaSunday.Forinstance,theCathedralhasMasseverhourfrom7 o'clocktill11,thatisfiveMasses. Thereasonforhavingsev-

STANO'BRIEN, COURTHOTEL, PERTH

Phone34281.

.ANDANDESTATEAGENTG.H.t.t.DE Phone31-Private287 SMITH'SBUILDINGS, WELLINGTONST.,BUNBURY. Businesses,Farms,Houses,Land ForSale.

Star&GarterHotel

BERTSTARR-Proprietor.

Car.HANNANandNETHERCOTI STREETS,ILALGOORUL

Stott'sBusiness Colleges

89St.George'sTerrace, Perth. 10AdelaideStreet, Fremantle.

ALLSUBJECTS-ALLEXAM INQUIRIESINVITED.

eralMassesonaSundayisusuallyeitherbecausethechurchis notbigenoughtoholdatone timeallthosewhowishtogoto Mass,orinordertoprovide Massesattimesthatwillbe convenient.

Bytheway,alittlewhileago heardamansaying:"Well, menwillalwaysbelieveinGod, butthedayoforganisedreligion isdone."Andhewasrightup toapoint,forallIknow;the dayofreligionsorganisedby menmaybedone.Atallevents eachlittlesectusuallyfadesout afteracoupleofcenturies,but thedayoftheCatholicChurch willneverbedone.Itwilllast onearthaslongasthereare days;itwilllasttotheendof time.ForChristOurLord promisedtoHisapostles:"Behold,Iamwithyoualldays eventotheendoftheworld." Thatiswhymorechurcheshave tobebuilt,andthatbringsme toyournextquestion.

Nextquestion:

WhydotheyhavetwocollectionsateachMass?

Answer:Thefirstcollectionis fortheupkeepoftheclergy. WhenHesentHisApostlesto preachtothepeople,OurLord toldthemthattheyweretobe supportedbythosetowhomthey preached,saying:"Thelabourer isworthyofhisliving." CatholicstakeOurLord'swordsto heartandseetoitthattheir priestsareproperlyprovided for.

InorderthattheChurchmay doitsworkofteachingGod's truthandsavingsouls,thereis neednotonlyfordailyupkeepof thepriests,butalsoforthe maintenanceorextensionof churchbuildings,schools,orphanages,andothersuchworks ofcharity.Thesecondcollectionisdevotedtotheseobjects.

Andnotice,forpeoplewholive alifeoffaith,thesecollections atMassareahelptodevotion. Thus,apersoncomestoMassto adoreGodandthankHimand askHisblessing,andinrecognitionofGod'sgoodnessheoffers toHimthesacredgiftthatGod .Himselfhasprovided-theBody andBloodofChrist-andwith thatgifthewishestooffer somethingthatcomesfromhis ownlittlestockofearthlygoods, andheputsacoinintothecollection-plate. Suchanact,if donewithrealfaithandloveof God,willuniteamancloselyto God.

Nextquestion: Canapersonwhobelongstoa Protestantchurchbuy"The Record"?

Answer:Yes,ofcourse;many non-Catholicsdoread"TheRecord."

Nextquestion:

Itso,wherecanthegetit?

Answer:"TheRecord"issold atthedoorofmostCatholic churchesonSundaysbeforeand afterMass. Therearemany newsagenciesthatkeepaconsiderablestockandcancaterfor casualbuyers,butanynews agencywouldacceptanorder for"TheRecord"ifyouwished toreaditeachweek.

Finally,"TheRecord"mayalwaysbepurchasedat"TheRecord"newspaperoffice,450Haystreet,i.e.,adjoiningtheCathedralgrounds.

Shouldanyonehavebeenpuzzledbythisquestion,Iaddthat thequestionsandanswersover theairinthissessionarepublishedin"TheRecord,"aCatholicweeklynewspaper.

CATHOLICTEACHINGON EVOLUTION

Student,Caversham,writes: Afriendofminetellsmethat itisquiteinkeepingwithCatholicdoctrinetobelievein thetheoryofevolution.

Answer:Thatisaverymisleadingstatement.Evolution isoftentakentomeanthatabsurdtheorywhichdeniestheexistenceofGodandsupposesthat alllivingthingshavedeveloped throughtheoperationofblind

forcesorcausesfromsomecommonprimitivematter. Sucha iheoryiswhollycontrarytothe Catholicfaithandwhollyunsupportedbyscientificreasons.

Again,evolutionmaybetaken tomeanthatmanhasevolved byamereprocessofgeherati,,n fromsomenon-humanancestor. Suchatheoryisintrinsicallyab surd,unscientific,andwholly opposedtotheCatholicfaith.It, supposesthatamanisjusta brutebeastwithnothingtodistinguishhimfromotherbeasts exceptthefactthathisinstincts aremorehighly'developed.No, amanisarationalanimal;he hasthepowerofspeech,of thought,andawillcapableof actingfreely,andthereasonfor allthisisthathehasaspiritual scul.Moreover,unlikethevital principleinbrutes,thesoulof manisimmortal.

Now,whenwewanttogetthe Church'steachingabouttheon ginofman,thebestthingisto considerthecaseofthefirst man. Godhasrevealedcertainfactstousaboutthisfirst man,Adam,andwemustgoto theCatholicChurchtodiscover whatthosefactsare;fortheCatholicChurchaloneisthedivinely-appointedteacherofrevealedtruth.Inthecourseof teachingustoeChurchwillnaturallypresenttousthosesacred writingswhichGodhasentrustedtoher-theBible-andin readingthemweshallrememberthattheCatholicChurch alonehasbeenempoweredby Godtogiveauthoritativeinterpretationsoftheirmeaning.

What,then,doestheChurch teachabouttheoriginofman?

TheChurchteachesthatGod directlycreatedthesoulof Adam,thatHedirectlycreates everyhumansoul,andthatthe humansoulisspiritual.

Ifthenbyevolutionyoumean theabsurdtheorythatsubhumancreatureswentonfrom generationtogenerationproducingoffspringthatweregraduallybecomingmoreandmore likemen,untilonedaysome sub-humancreaturewithoutany interventionfromGod gave birthtoahumanbeing,then, ofcourse,itwouldbecontrary totheCatholicfaith.Incidentallynoscientificevidencefor suchanevolutionhaseverbeen produced.

Infact,theChurchhascondemnedoutrightthedoctrine thatunderliessuchafoolishtheory,namely,thataman'ssoul, likehisbody,isderivedfrom hisparents.

Nextquestion:

MyfriendtoldmethataCatholicpriestinalectureathis schooltoldtheboysthatthey wereatlibertytobelievein thetheoryofevolution.

Answer:Thetextbooksused inCatholicschoolsmaybepurchasedinthecity,andyouwould Iamsurefindthemveryinteresting.IshouldespeciallyrecommendArchbishopSheehan's ApologeticsandCatholicDoctrine.ThequestionofevolutionisablytreatedinpartII.of hiswork,andnodoubtthepriest mentionedbyyourfriendmerelyexpoundedtheCatholicdoctrineasitistobefoundinsome suchtextbook.

Aftershowingthat,apartfrom itsintrinsicabsurdity,thenotion thatthehumansoulwasevolvedbydescentfromnon-human parentsiscontrarytotheCatholicFaith,ArchbishopSheehan proceedstodiscusstheviewthat, v;hileeachman'ssouliscreated directlybyGod,Mae'Sbodyhas beenevolvedfromloweranimals.Hesays:"Thedoctrine thatthebodyofthefirstman wasevolvedfromloweranimals hasnotbeenofficiallycondemnedbytheChurch,butitisopposedtotheall-but-unanimous teachingoftheFathersand theologians."

Thispriest,then,wasmerely doinghisdutyintellingtheboys thattheChurchhaddeliberately abstainedfromcondemningthe doctrine.

TheStory aRemarkableMan

FatherWilliamDoyle,S.J.

Acolonel,whoknewFather Doyleintimately,said:"Father Doylefeltfeardeeply.Hehad ahigh-strungnervoussystem andavividimaginationthat visualiseddangerfully.Herealisedtheriskbeforehim-allthe physicalelementsofcowardice werehis.Hewentouttoperils, notatthewordofcommandthat meantdeathtodisobey,not withthelustofbattlesurging inhisveins,andsweepinghim alongwithaprimitivesavage longingtokill,notinthecompanyofcheering,sustaining comrades.Hehadnowordof ccmmand,buthisconscienceand hissenseofduty.Itmaysound aparadox,butitisperfectly true:FatherDoylewasthebiggestcowardinthe16th.Division andthebravestmanintheBritishArmy."

HereisanextractfromaletterofanofficerwhometFather Doyleatthewar:"Youneednot worryaboutmypoorsoul,as youcallit. Icameacrossa Jesuit,aFatherWillieDoyle, outhere,andhesettledupmy accountwiththeLord.Hehas awonderfulinfluenceover others,aridcandowhathelikes withthemen. Iwasoutthe othereveningwithabrother-officerandmethim.Afterafew words,Isaid,'Thisisapalof mine,padre;heisaProtestant, butIthinkhewouldlikeyour blessing.'FatherDoylelooked atmychumforamomentwith asmile,andthenmadethesign oftheCrossonhisforehead. Whenhepassedon,mypalsaid, 'Thatisaholyman;didyousee thewayhelookedatme?It wentrightthroughme,and whenhecrossedmyforeheadI feltsuchanextraordinarysensation.'"

ThisletterwillshowtheunfailinghumourofFatherDoyle evenduringthehorrorsthat dailysurroundedhimonthebattlefield."Ihaveagoodold beastofahorse,"hewrites, "quiet,butwithplentyofpace, whosimplyturnsuphernose withsupremecontemptata burstingshell.Allwentwell untilsixofourguns,hiddenby theroadside,wentoffwitha bang.Thiswasnotplayingthe game,andFlunkibrandos(the horse'sname)stoppeddead,or ratherreversedengines,andwe begantogoastern. Itriedto thinkofallthemanoeuvres,and wasdevoutlywishingIhada bridletiedtohertail,forFlunki backedandbackeduntilshepulledupwithabumpagainsta brickwall,whichtheGermans hadkindlyspared-oneofthe few,itmustbeconfessed,leftin thetown;thenshesailedahead againasifnothinghadhappened.Iambringinghomeabrick ofthatwall,for,ifithadnot beenthere,Icertainlyshouldbe half-wayacrossGermanyby now!"

OnEasterSunday,April23, hecelebratedhisfirstMassin thetrenches."Mychurchwas abitofatrench,"hewrites, "thealtarapileofsandbags. Thoughwehadtostanddeepin mud,notknowingthemomenta suddencalltoarmswouldcome, manyaferventprayerwentup toheaventhatmorning."

FatherDoylewritesofhisfirst experienceofgas:"Ihadcome throughthethreeattackswithoutillresults,thoughhaving beenunexpectedlycaughtwith thelastone,asIwasanointing adyingmananddidnotseethe poisonousfumescoming,Ihad swallowedsomeofthegasbeforeIcouldgetmyhelmeton.

GOOD SEEING IS PRICELESS

'PHONE:

B7326.

SAINKEN&SAINKEN, OPTOMETRISTSandOPTICIANS 633HAYSTREEfl.` (nextAmbassadorsTheatre).

Itwasnothingveryserious,but leftmeweakandwashy.There waslittletimetothinkofthat, forwoundedanddyingwerelyingallalongthetrenches,andI wastheonlypriestonthatsectionatthattime.Thefumes hadquiteblownaway,butagood dealofthegas,beingofaheavy nature,hadsunkdowntothe botomofthetrenchandgatheredundertheBuckboardsor v.ssodenflooring.Itwasimpossibletodoone'sworkwiththe gashelmeton,soIkneltdown toanointorabsolvemanafter manforthegreaterpartofthe dayIhadtoinhalechlorinegas fumestillIhadnearlyenough gasinmypoorinsidetoinflate aGermansausagebaloon. I didnotknowthatwhenamanis gassedhisonlychance(anda pooroneatthat)istobeperfectlystilltogivethehearta chanceoffightingitsfoe.In happyignoranceofmyrealstate, Icoveredmile-aftermileofthose trenches,untilatlast,inthe evening,whentheworkwas done,Iwasabletorejoinmy battalioninavillageclosetothe Line.ItwasonlythenthatI begantorealisethatIfelt'rottenbail,'asschoolboyssay.I rememberthedoctor,whowasa greatfriendofmine,feelingmy pulse,andshakinghisheadas heputmelyinginacornerof theshatteredhouse,andthenhe satbesidemeforhours,witha kindnessIshallneverforget.He toldmeafterwards,thathewas sureIwasa'gonecoon,'butat themomentIdidnotcaremuch. ThenIfellasleep,onlytobe rudelyawakenednextmorning atfour,bythecrashofguns, andthedreadedbuglecall,'Gas alarm,gasalarm.'TheGermanshadlaunchedasecondattack,fiercerthanthefirst.It didnottakelongtomakeupmy mindwhattodo-whowould hesitateatsuchamoment,when theReaperofDeathwasbusy? -andbeforeIreachedthetrenchesIhadanointedanumberof poorfellowswhohadstruggled andhad fallendyingbytheroadside.The harvestthatdaywasabigone, fortherehadbeenbloodyfightingallalongthefront.Many amanhaddiedhappyinthe thoughtthatapriest'shandhad beenraisedinabsolutionover hishead,andtheHolyOils' anointinghadgivenpardonto thosesenseswhichhehadused tooffendtheAlmighty.Itwas along,hardday,adayofheart-endingsights,withtheconsolationofgoodworkdoneinspite ofthedeadlyfumes,andIreachedmybilletwetandmuddy, prettynearlywornout,butperfectlywell,withnottheslightestill-effectfromwhatIhad gonethrough,norhaveIfeltany since.SurelyGodhasbeengood tome.Thatwasnotthefirst ofHismanyfavours,norhasit beenthelast."

Ofanothergasattack,he writesayearlater:"Therethey lay,scoresofthem(welost800, nearlyallfromgas)inthebottomofthetrench,ineveryconceivablepostureofagony,the clothestornofftheirbodiesina vainefforttobreathe;while fromoneendofthatvalleyof deathtotheothercameonelow, unceasingmoanfromthelipsof bravemenfightingandstrugglingforlife. Idon'tthinkyou willblamemewhenItellyou that,morethanonce,thewords ofabsolutionstuckinmythroat, andtearssplasheddownonto thepatient,sufferingfacesofmy poorboys,asIbentdownto anointthem.Oneyoungsoldierseizedmytwohandsand coveredthemwithkisses;anotherlookedupandsaid:"Oh, Father,Icandiehappynow. I'mnotafraidofdeathsinceI've seenyou.'Don'tyouthink, dearfather(FatherDoylewas writingtohisfather),thatthe littlesacrificemadeincoming outherehasalreadybeenmore thanrepaid,andifyouhavesufferedalittleanxietyonmyaccount,youhaveatleasttheconsolationofknowingthatIhave, throughGod'sgoodness,been abletocomfortmanyapoorfellow,andperhapsopenthegates ofheavenforthem?"

ANECHOOFCHRISTMAS

DearCornerites

OnFebruary2,wecommemoratethreegreatmysteriesconnectedwithOurLord'sinfancy.

ThefirstisthePurificationof OurBlessedLady,thesecond thePresentationoftheChild JesusintheTemple,thethird themeetingwithSimeonand AnnaandSimeon'sprophecy. Alltheseeventsoccurredonthe sameday,thefortiethdayafter theNativity.Inoldentimes observanceofthisdaywas markedbyaprocessionwith

brought-oneforthanksgiving andtheotherasasinoffering. Mary,beingpoorherself,made theofferingappointedforthe poor.

ConcerningthePresentation, weknowthatthelawdemandedthatthefirst-bornson shouldbepresentedintheTem pleandransomedwithacertain sumofmoney.Mary,being diligentintheobservanceofthe law,presentsherSon,bythe handsofthepriest,toHisHeaVInlyFather,redeemsHimwith fiveshekelsasthelawappoints,

IfwetrulyloveGodwemust longforthemomentwhichwill freeusfromthedangerofever losingHimbysinandwillput usinpossessionofHimWhois thejoyoftheblessedandthe infinitetreasureofheaven.Let usneverceasetopraythatHe maypurifyourheartsfromall earthlydrossandsodrawthem toHimselfthatHemaykindle inthemforeverthefireofHis abidinglove.-Sincerely,

AUNTBESSY.

I-I Au.ntBessy's 1...!LETTERBOX

Fremantle.

DearAuntBessy,-Iamenclosingasmalldonationforthe Bushies'Corner,inthanksgiving toOurLadyofPerpetualSuccourforfavoursreceived. hopethisyearwillbeavery happyoneforyouandaprosperousonefortheBusbies'appeal.-Yourssincerely,

"GRATEFUL."

Dear"Grateful,"-Thanks verymuchforyourdonation andyourgoodwishesin1947. Pleaseletushearfromyou againsoon.-Sincerely, AUNTBESSY. --00o--

DearAuntBessy,-Enclosed pleasefindDecember,January, andFebruarycontributionsto theBushies. "OLDFAITHFUL."

Dear"OldFaithful,"-Itis goodtohaveonceagainyour guaranteeofassistanceduring theyearthatliesahead. I trustthatyouareenjoyinggood health.MayI,onbehalfof theBushies,thankyouforall yourkindnessesinthepast.Sincerely, AUNTBESSY.

10110.11414.4141441.41.04,000.04,000.0.4.4,0

"Beholdthischildissetforthefall,andfor ofmanyinIsrael. "Andthyownsoulaswordshallpierce, heartsthoughtsmayberevealed."

torchesorcandles,andtheoccasioncametobeknownasCan dlemassDay.

ConcerningthePurification, weknowthis.Fortydaysafter thebirthofason,oreighty daysafterthebirthofadaughter,themotherwastobringto thedoorofthetabernacleor templeayear-oldlambanda youngpigeonorturtle-dovethelambfoaburntofferingin acknowledgmentofGod'ssover eigntyandinthanksgivingfor herhappydelivery,andthebird forasinoffering.According totheMosaicLaw,thesacrifice ofthesethingsrenderedthe motherpureinthesightofGod.

Now,MarytheMotherof Jesus,beingaspotlessVirgin, wasalwayspure;butMary, beinghumble,compliedexactly withtherequirementsofthe law,andonthefortiethday shewalkedseveralmilesto deemerinherarmstomake Jerusalemwiththeworld'sReherofferingofthanksgiving.In thecaseofpoorpeople,alamb wasnotrequired,buttwopigeons orturtle-doveshadtobe

theresurrection thatoutofmany -Luke2,34-35.

andreceivesHimbackintoher armstilltheFathershould againdemandHim.

Theday'sceremonywasclosedbyathirdmystery,themeetingintheTempleofSimeon andAnnawiththeInfantJesls andHisparents.HolySimeon thenreceivedintohisarmsthe objectofallhislongingsand desires,andpraisedGodforthe happinessaccordedhimofbeholdingthelonged-forMessiah. HeforetoldMary'smartyrdom ofsorrowandannouncedthat salvationthroughChristawaitedthosewhobelieved.TheprophetessAnna,whohadserved Godinherwidowhood,also sharedtheprivilegeofrecognisingandadoringtheworld'sRedeemer.Hecouldnothide Himselffromthosewhosought Himinsimplicity,humilityand ardentfaith.Unlesswealso seekHiminthesedispositions, HewillnotmanifestHimselfto us,norwillHegiveusHis graces.WhenSimeonhadgazeduponhisSaviour,hedesired nolongertoseethelightofthis world,oranycreaturesonearth.