The Record Newspaper 25 July 1945

BELLOC-HISTORIAN AND CRITIC ...

CeaselessStruggleAgainstEveryFormofLiberalism

Prophetic Analyses of Social and Political Trends

.0. Presenting the Church as the Inspirational Force of Civilisation

(Continued fromlast week.)

His Estimate of"Liberalism."

With damaging effect Belloc reviewed "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," by Edward Gibbon. .after conceding that it is a literary masterpiece, he says that "this great work is profoundly unhistorical. It ;epresents athoroughly warped view of the whole vast revolution which turned Pagan into Christian Europe." Ile concludes bysaying that the work is an attack upon the Church by an apostate who "falsified,distorted, ignored,andmisinterpreted thematerials heemployedinhiswork."

Belloc continued the work which his old friend, Cardinal Newman, had started—to present the Catholic view to the reading public and towagetear against-Liberalism. The latter, said Belloc, is anevil thatmusthe destroyed wherever it lifts its ugly head. for it is"something illiberal, raw and barbaric.""

Ile seemed to thrive on opposition. it inspired him to great achievements.

AfterhehadbecomeitnaturalisedEng. lish citizen at the age of thirty, he became an uncompromising critic of Eng• land. He said its politics were corrupt, its religion spurious, its economic systemunfair and headingfordisaster. inmakingtheseaccusationshe was actingasitloyal Englishman bent ,,it saving his adopted country. For four yearsheserved a e

saLiberalmm. her in the house of Commons, iris entranceintothatgoverningbodywas, assomennesaid,"likenpeningtheback door to ahurricane;" the House was hndty shaken 1w the disclosures he made in ronlpInN. with Cecil and Gilhert Chesterton. The expose cent Cecil uniustly to gaol for libel. The result was twn great hooks by Relloc,"The Servile State" and "The Distribution of property."

The first of these hooks is now regarded as amost prnphetir and penetratingnnalvsisofconditionsthat were to effect Enelanl and the Continent.

Written in 1912 it foretold tF.c development ofliberal capitalism into state capitalism and eventunlly into the Rate Community—enn(litions existing in Eurnpe to-day. "The Distribution of Property" is"a blueprint for it Christianstateineconomics." Inhold

strokes he proves that the moneyed fewin Englandcontrol the vastmeans of production, making the people dependent and depriving them of economic freedom. He argues that there are only two solutions to this unfair situation: either to allow the state to control, which is communism, or to return property to individual owners, a process which he calls"Distributism."

By this latter method wealth isdecen. tralised, with capital in the hands of the many instead of the favoured few. The change would make "the mass of the people more self-subsistent, rooted in the soil and in possession of small land holdings." Not only did he prophesy the inevitable economicchaosinEurope,but he foretold, almost thirty years ago, the present war-of destruction unless great changes were made. In his essav,"The Modern French Temper," written in 1911,he said that"when the war is over(should it end victoriously for the Allied,itwillleavesuch alegacy of hatred as even i9i0 dirt not leave in France; and that, the chief reality ofall,willmeanalegacyofoncuding struggle, renewed and again renewed. it willmean awholecycle of wars in

which ourcivilisationkill sink from onelowerlevel toanother—unless disarmament is imposed by the victors."

HisWorkasHistorian.

in his historical Ftudies he uses no footnotes, gives no references, bibliographies, or"other accessories of exact scholarship," employed, as he says, for "ritual adornment and terror." As consequence his scholarship has been questioned. Some bitter critics have said that his books were "loaded with papistical Has, full of rash gencralisatinns and assumptions unsupported by references and quotations." The fact, however, that he ignores thi, method of modern historians, is no evidence that he did not use all available sourres.

Acheckofhisworkrevealsthat he did, and that he used not only ori. ginal do•umcnts, but also old prints, maps, and even metemingical tables. indefenceofhisbookshewrites:"The evidence on which we baseourhistori. ell conclusionmustincludemuchmore than documents, much more than re. corded statements—we have also tradition,"Soexacting ishe in his research

that he always visits the historical scenes he describes, and his masterly pictures of the terrain are among the high-lightsofhisbooks. Onecritic remarked that he was so careful in his descriptions that he measured the battlefield of Waterloo with ahand rule.

Not only has he been atrue histor. ian, ever searching for the truth and faithfully expressing it, but also a staunch and fearless defender of the Catholic Church. It was he, together with Chesterton, who taught aforgetful age that Catholicism made the nations of the past great, and that it again must become the inspiring force in moulding acivilisation that is to stand. "Europe;' he writes,"will returntotheFaithorshewillperish.The Faith is Europe. And Europe is the Faith."

This is the theme that runs through his books,"Europe and the Faith," "ilow the Reformation Happened," "Characters of the Reformation, and "The Crisis of Civilisation." In these workshe hasattemptedtobreak down much of the old prejudice against the Faith, to restore Catholic culture, which was so prevalent in Europe before"that most staggering event since the foundation of the Church itself"— the Reformation. Thisrevolt destroyed the unity of Europe and separated peoples from the common bond of religion and civilisation, in its aftermath came the wholesale looting of Church property, the abuse of capitalism,thegrowth ofstateautocracy, the loss of human freedom, the decline in religion, and chaos in political, economic, and social life.

With his pen dippedin righteousanger, heblames England formaking the Reformation asuccess. Had she remained faithful, this tragedy would never have happened. With her defection, after athousand years of lovalty to Rome, came the collapse of Christendom, leaving the nations of Europe disorganised, war-scarred, and bloodstained.

in"Survivals and New Arrivals" he nurve}s the opposition between the Church and the modern world. "The Church." he writes,"is loved and hated in agreater degree than that which measures other loves and hatreds: even those between nations in ourmodern feverofexalted nationalism. Theloyaltysheobtainsismore vividthanthat prnduce8evenbymodern p•utrintism. The hatred she arouses is stronger than th,hatred felt for an enemy in arms. And thoseloves and hatreds have immediate and tremendous reactions upon all around."

In his"Path to Rome," abeautiful travel story of his pilgrimage on foot from Tours to'Rome, he gives avery intimate and human picture of the Church, the Mother, who alone gives man the opportunity to enjoy life in itsmost wholesomeaspects. TheTen Commandments and the Laws of the Church donot hinderlegitimate enjoyment, but rather direct and guide it. Critics have replied that these laws hamperand hedgeman'sfullestattainment of worthy happiness. Not so, answers Belloc. Themanwhobreaks these laws may satisfy his desire for self-indulgence, but by so doing he does not increase hithappiness. On the contrary he makes himself mfserable. The happiest people were the saints, yetthe worldregarded them as fools. His books have had agreat effect upon the people of England. They made them realise that the Church is aforce tobereckonedwith,andwhere her influence is dominant there is peace,culture, civilisation. Protestantism, however, has sunk its roots deep in English life, and its influence has been carefully fostered by birth and education. For centuries historians andeducatorshaveso colouredevents, movements, and characters that the true story of Englandhasbeenhidden under rubbish centuries deep. Belloc has struggled for long years to clear away this rubbish and to present the facts to the glaringlight of truth and to the astonishedeves ofacomplacent intelligentsia.

Not only has he jarred placid England by his historical disclosures, but hehasproved thatEurope,whichgrew strongincivilisationand culturein the shadow of the Church, crumbled when she turned from the Faith to follow her pagan seducers. To-day she is a ruin. The glories of the past lie in as hunger,famine,andrapinestalk the land. War will ne\•er solve her problems: neither will the idealistic spummingsoftheorists. Heronlysalvation liesin her return,like the Prodigal Son, to her Fathers House lest she die of w•retchedness,and hunger.

Tlis biographical studies are broad, moving panoramas of characters, scenes, background. in a technique that resembles that ofCarlyle, he dramatises the events of the past as tak. ing place in the present, with the emphasis upon such physical details as dress, features, facial expressions, and gestures. Ile says that a biography lives only when told as astory,"with vitality at its highest: with ahuman

(Continuedon Page 17.)

CTheCatholic,Answer.

By Rev.E.Sullivan, D.D.,D.Ph.

Missionary Journeys of St..Paul . .

PreachinA the Gospel to the Greeks.

Free Thinker Appeals for Fair Play

Scriptural Evidence for Resurrection of the Body

THEMISSIONSOFST. PIAUL.

The details of the History of the PrimitiveChurchgiven in ourlasttwo sessions were taken from the"Actsof the.Apostles." Ontheotherhand,the history of the Missions of St. Paul is not only found in this same book,but is alsoclarified inthe Pauline Epistles, the letters written by St. Paul to the Christian communities, which he had founded. There is this to be noted, however: The "Acts of the Apostles" is an account drawn up by St. Luke Many twenty or thirty years, later to describe the expansion of the Church- St. Paul's letters were occasional,writtenfromtime totime,when there arose aquestion to be settled, or aproblem to be solved. Yetboth the Acts and the Epistles conspire to give it ,

.; apicture of this phase of the development ofthe Early Church.

THE FIRST MISSIONS.

Saul and Barnabas had gone from Antioch to Jerusalem, carrying relief from the Christians its:Antioch to theirbrethrenin Jerusalem Whenthe}' returned,"haying fulfilled their minitrv." they were soon given another conunission "Now there were in the nrr•h which wasat Antioch,prophets and -

doctors, among whom was Barnabas I

Simon. who wag called Niger, and Lucius of Cyrene, and Manahen, utho wagthe foster-fatherof Herod the tetrarch, and Saul.

And a,

thev were ministering to the Lord, andfasting, the holy Ghostsaid

to them: Separateme,SaulandBarnabas, for the work where unto I have taken them.

Then they, fasting and praying, and imposing their hands upon them, sent them away."(Acts VIII., 1-3.)

They went to Cyprus,the birthplace of Barnabas, taking with them as another compat,ion ayoung man, who had returned with them from Jerusalem,"John, who was surnamed Mark." They preached the wordofGodin the q -converted the proconsul, Sergius Paulus.

The field of action in Cyprus was very restricted. TheMissionaries mov. ed further afield. Neytrtheless, the .Mission to Cyprusis noteworthy asSt. Paul's first Missionary venture, the forerunner ofmanyothers; the pattern was set.

Incidentally, the Apostlewas thenceforth alw•ays called Paul. Probably hehadasecondname—likeJohn Mark and probably goingintopagan cities he preferred tousehis Roman name.

CORINTA.

The scnpe of these talks does not permitofalengthysurveyofSt.Paul's Vissionary Journeys. Iwish, therefore, to sav smething, by w•ay of example, of his Apostnlate in one of the cities in which he founded Christian communities, the city ofCorinth. Corinth, in the days of St. Paul, was a cosmopolitan city. Totally destroyed in lIG B.C., it had been rebuilt and raised to the status of acolony by

The language of business and of social relations was Greek, and the life ofthe city was coloured with the brilliant colours of Hellenic civilisation. The Corinthian way of life was easy and the lax morality, typical of Hellenic paganism, had degenerated into alicentiousness so extreme as to have become proverbial even in the pagan world.

To this busy dissolute city, in the middle of the first century, came St. Paul alone. His mission to Athens had been almost afailure; afew had been converted, but there had been noquestionoffoundingaChurchthere, The orators and philosophers had not been impressed, and Paul decided not to repeat in Corinth the attempt to lead men to Christ by the use of rhetoric. As he was to remind the Corinthians later on, his speech and his preaching to them was not "in the persuasive words of human wisdom, but in showing of the Spirit and in power," so that their faith"might not stand on the wisdom of men, but on the power of God." (I. Con, II., 4.5.). Ile had resolved to preach "Jesus Chri§t and Him crucified."

Paul remained in Corinth for some time more than eighteen months; in the meantime, Silas and Timothy had joined him. At firsthehad workedat his trade of tent-maker and preached in the Synagogue. Later on he was able to devote more time to his apw lolic work. The great body of the Jews opposed and reviled him, though sonic of them, including Crispus, the ruhr of the Synagogue, were convert• cd: and he turned totheGentiles.

The Mission of St. Paul and his companions here fruit."Many of the Corinthians hearing, believed and were baptised." tActs XVIII., RJ :Afew nrementionedbyname; from the First Epistle to the Corinthians we gather that the ntaiority were of servile or lowly origin, and that many of them, hefore theirconversion,had led i

tvery lax moral life. Indeed their immoral practices in some cases were not laid aside immediately, as the subsequent history of the Church at Corinth proved.

From this account of the beginnings of the Church in Corinth we see the working of the Apostolicministry and form an idea of the development of theChristian Church among the cities of the Graeco-Roman world.

Scrutiny,Murraystreet,Perth:

Iwishtoread,-withoutcomment,the first three paragraphs of this letter. Here they are:

"Some of your correspondents, misguidedenough tocallthemselvesChristians, appear to delight in concocting letters couched in abusive and offensive language. They thereby destroy-whatever merit their particular veiws might have; they also to some extent mar the session.

"Asabelieverin God, afree-thinker andasearcherforthetruth,mayI,on behalfof the vastmajority oflisteners not of your Church, convey amessage to these intolerant persons. It is this:

"Courtesy costs nothing. Do not mistake abusiveness and offensively smart statements forarguments. Obviously, this session is part of amissionary effort to convertas many people as possible to what its sponsors regard as the one and only true Church: something they have every right to do—just as any other denominationhas. Let usrecognise thisand ask sensible questions in asensible manner.

Q.: Endowedby Godwithsuchreasoning powers as Ipossess,Ifind myself unable to accept with a blind faiththecreedsofanyofthe orthodox Christian churches. Perhaps you will find the kind of question I would put to you rather embarrassing. At any rate here is one for a trial.

64 BARRACK ST., PERTH. TELEPHONE: B3511. LAUBMAN & PANK (W.A.) LIMITED MARTIN P. RYAN, OPTOMETRIST, has now joined the Directorate of Laubman and Pank (W.A.),Ltd.

\fter St, Paul had been eighteen months in Corinth, he was denounced l,y the Jews to the newly arrived ProConsul, Gallin; but this official refused to he interested in religious matters and drove them from the judgment seat. Some time later—"yet many days," is the phrase in the :lets--St. Paul left Cnrinth and, passing through Ephesus and Caeserea,went to Jerusalemand from there toAntioch. "And going down to Caeserea, he went up to Jerusalem and saluted the Church andso came down to Antioch."(Acts XViIT., 22.)

St. Paul was to see Corinth again: he wrote two Epistles to the Corinthians. Thev were toremain hischildren in Christ. In the meantime, he prepared for yet another Missionary inurnev,

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Attribute of Beatitude

Aith alance, was .

Christ's Resurrection the Model, Exemplar and Cause of Our Own Physical Perfection an Our Lord's

Enemies Were Convinced of His Death Must One Choose Between Communismand Capitalism?

A.: Iwould not expect you to acceptany creed with ablind faith. It is myhope tobeable togive areason "for the faith that is in me:' Ido not find questionsembarrassing, otherwise Iwould not be volunteering to answer them.

Q.:Yourtheoryofthe Resurrectionof thehumanbody after deathrests,I r

take it, on the story of the appearance ofJesus tothe disciplesonthe third day after the Crucifixion.

A.: Put thisway, your statement of the case is not accurate, although it partly expressesour belief.

Belief in the Resurrection of the Body isprofessedinallthe creeds and is found in the writings of the early Fathers. Also, as we gather from the "Acts of the Apostles" and from the Epistles of the New Testament, it was emphasised by the Apostles.

Moreover, the belief in auniversal Resurrection, aresurrection of the bodies which men have had in this life. "All will rise with their own bodies which they now bear."(Fourth Lateran Council, A.D. 1215.) Pagans reviledthedogmaasimpossible; itwas deniedbytheGnosticsandManicheans, consistently with their belief in adouble principle—ofgoodandevil—asalso by their spiritual descendants of later centuries,theAlbigensiansandWalden. starts. This belief is based on the words of Our Lord. For instance, in the Sermon on the Mount, He said: "And if thv right eye scandalise thee, pluck itout andcastitfromthee.For it is expedient for thee that one of thymembersshouldperish,ratherthan that thy_ wholebodybe castintohell."

"And if thv right hand scandalise thee, curt it off,and cast it from thee; for it is expedient for thee that one of thv members should perish, rather than thatthvwholehodvgointohell." Matt. V., 29.30.)

Thisbeliefisbasedalsoon theteaching of the Apostles.

It is clear that in this teaching the truth ofthe ResurrectionofChrist µ'as stressed nq of paramount importance. This truth was presenter) as,(1) abso. lute proof of Christ's divine mission; and (2),apledgeof the resurrectionof His followers, This double theme is expressed forcibly by St. Paul in T. Cor., XV. Among other things, he says:"But if there be no resurrection of the dead, then Christ is not risen again And if Christ be not risen again, then is our preaching vain, and your faith is alsovain."(13-14.)

Also in Romans VIII., 11, we read: "And if the spirit of him, that raised up Testis from the dead, dwell in you, he thatraisedupJesusChristfromthe dead shall quicken also your -

mortal bodies,becauseofHis spirit that dwelleth in you."

Therefore, to return to your state. ment, the manner of ourlmlief canbe putin thiswav: The dogmaofthe Resurrectionofthe Body ispartofChristian Revelation. The most important proof of the truth of the whole Christian revelation, the corner stoneof the house of faith, is the Resurrection of Christ from the dead. Therefore, in this sense, the most important proof of the truth of this dogma, as of all others, is the Resurrection of Christ from the dead.

But there is also a more intimate connection. By unionwithChrist we aremembers of His Mystical Body--of which He is the head. Thereby His Resurrectionbecomesthe model,exem-

plar and cause of the Resurrection of His members.

Q.: FatherLalor stated, inreply to a questionsome monthsago,that the body of aperson who died of cancer would not be similarly afflicted, butwouldbeperfectlyhealthywhen resurrected.

A.: Quite so. We learn from St. Paul that the bodies of the just will rise incorruptible, glorious and spiritual. "Itissownincorruption,itshall rise in incorruption."It is sown in dishonour, itshall rise in glory. Itis sowninweakness,itshallriseinpower. It is sownanatural body, itshallrise aspiritual body."(I. Cor. XV., 4244.)

Physical perfection will be an accidental partofbeatitude.

(As to your-query about ayear-old baptised baby—does it continue in eternity as ababy of that age, unable to walk, talk? Iam afraid Icannot give you an authoritative answer to that. It isnodoubtamatterfortheological speculation, in view of the principles of doctrine just outlined.)

Now to your difficulty about the Re'surrectionofChrist.

Q.: It it be true that physical perfec, tionisanattributeoftheresurrected bodies of the just, how was it that when Jesus was seen on the third day, Hestillhad thewounds inHis hands, feet, and side?

A.: Thisdifficultyof yourswassighted by the earlyFathers oftheChurch, e.g., St. Augustine and St. Ambrose. They give reasons why Christ retained in Ilis glorified body the wounds of His Passion: AsaproofoftherealityofHisBody and His Resurrection. This is shown in His meeting with the doubting Apostle, Thomas (John XX., 26.29.) AsasignofHisvictory oversinand death—aglorious trophy as it were. As ameans ofexciting Hisfollowers to greater love and gratitude: and as proof to the wicked on thelastday of their impiety and ingratitude.

Q.: In view of the limited medical knowledgeinthosedays,isitnotreasonabletosupposethatwhenHewas alleged to have given up the ghost on the Cross, Hemerelylost consciousness, was presently taken down before the normal crucifixion period hadelasped,andplacedinthesepulchre; but did not actually die until about aweek later?

A.:Idealtwiththisquestionatsome lengthafew weeksago: if youwant a copy of the answers you can have it. Ilere isananswer in brief; In viewof the evidence supplied by the Gospels,which is the evidence you are wing, it is not reasonable to suppose that Christ did not die on the Cross. Anv doubt about His death fines not emerge from that evidence, but fromthedifficultyofacceptingthe truth of His Resurrection.

We have the testimony of friends and foes alike that Christ died on the Cross—atestimony which is not refuter, by reference to the limited medical knowledgeofthose days.. Weare not dealing with medical certificates of death. The centurion, the soldiers, Pilate, the chief priests Joseph and Nicodemus, who embalmed His body, and the Jewswhoset aguardover it, were all convinced of Christ's death.

Furthermore, Christ re-appeared amongHisfollowersforfortydays,not aweek!

Is it credible that aman who had been scourged and crucified for three hours, whose side had been pierced

capable of getting out of the sepulchre, escaping the guard, and making long journeys on foot for aperiod of forty days? And that,ifHe wasabletodo allthat,He died from Hiswounds in the end?

Q,: That the teaching of Jesus is deservedly exalted above that of all other prophetsofGod, Iadmit. But that He could be God, the Son of God and the HolyGhostatoneand thesametimeisincomprehensibleto me.

A.: Thisquestioninvolvesanexplanationof the doctrineofthe Holy Trinity. Ihavenottimetogivethatnow. Yourletterhas takenup alot of time already. if you desire further information,sayso.

Let me say this much: Your first difficulty seemstohinge onthe incompatabilityoftheterms"God"and "Son of God." In the Blessed Trinity the' Second Person is called the Son. Moreover,"Son of God" was a .Jessianic title.

Then—Jesus is not the I1oly Ghost. That ?sno part of Christian teaching. The Holy Ghost is the Third Person ofthe Trinity.

Q.:Iadmitthepeaceofmindofmany people who can believe these things without question. Perhapsyou can explain it.

A.: Peace of mind is an incidental. TheChurch doesnotaskanyone tobelieve the Truth's of Religion without question so as to gain peace of mind. That true peace of mind—which does not consist in asort of negative nonquestioning attitude—should be an effect of firm faith in Christ, is true. But the claims ofChristian Revelation are not proved by"blind faith;as you call it.

NotaCapitalist,West Perth:

Q.:"Thou art Peter and upon this rock IwillbuildMyChurch. And Iwill give to thee the keys of the Kingdomof Heaven." "Feed My lambs, feedMysheep." You appear to have altered itin the opening of your session.

A.:Thewords"Thou.artPeter,etc.," used inthe openingof thissession, are found in Matthew XVI., 18, 19. The otherwords "Feed Melambs; feed My sheep," are found in anentirely different text, John XXI., 15, 17,

Q.: The Church contends that it does not alteroneiota.

A.: The Church does not delete the Avords,"Feed My lambs: feed My sheep." On the contrary, we claim

them as one of the proofs that Christ gave to Peter the care of His whole Church, in all its members.

Q.:Itseem tomebythatsaying, n.4 thoughitisveryvague,OurLordd► sired that everybody was to be fed underanyaystem,

A.: ThemeaningofOurLord'swords isthatHewascommittingtoPeterthe spiritual care of allHisfollowers.

Q,: You oondemn Communism and support Capitalism.

A.: The Catholic Church condemns Communism. The Catholic Church also condemns the modern capitalistic system. The Popes have condemned it in no uncertain words in their Social Encyclicals.

You ask whichof thesesystems will go nearest to feeding all the people. Yousaywe havehadample evidence that_capitalism willnot. Thatistrue. You say you think that Communism will. We hold that, even

if Communism succeeds in feeding all the people— which naturally isagood thing—it is worthy of condemnation on various grounds. Wehold thatasatisfactory solution to the social problem can be found in away not vitiated by the obnoxiousfeaturesofCommunism.You speakasifonehadtobeeitheraCommunist or asupporterofthe capitalss. ticsystem. Therearemanypeoplein the world who areneither one northe other.

"Brother Robb," Bunbury:

This is Brother Robb's sporting

column in the"CatholicAnswer" Session.

"Itipped thatyouwouldstagger at the questions in my letter. You staggered so much that you could notor would not broadcast all contents therein."

In this contest,staged three weeks ago, BrotherRobb,asreferee,awarded the victory to Brother Robb, on a knock-out. He announces the penalty:"Per your punishment you will saytheHailMaryonemilliontimesbefore breakfast and make application for the:Army Riband." Nowl Now! Brother Robb. To wear the Army Riband apunishment)

Having knocked the"Catholic Answer" right out of the ring, no doubt youarefinishedwithus,BrotherRobb. So sorry. Good-bye.

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DifferenceBetweenEcclesiasticalandReligiousStates

How aVocation May Be.Recognised

ThreeSacredDegreesofHolyOrders

Matter,Form &MinisteroftheSacrament

It should be noticed that there are only three recognised states of life:

11) The married state;(2) theecclesiasticalorclericalstate; and(3)theReligiotis State,or Stateof the Evangeli• cal Counsels of Perfection.

What Makes a "State

of Life?

Outside these, there is no real state of life. For a"state" impliesafixed and permanent condition. And those living in the world unmarried may entermatrimony atanytime,or,atall events, are free to doso, or else they mayadopt oneor otheroftheremaining states of life, the ecclesiastical or the religious. Toconstitutea"state," some permanent tie or bondis needed as the source and root of itsstability. Inmarriage,it is the indissoluble bond unitingthe couple; in theecclesiastical state it is the solemn engagement to celibacy made (among the Latins) on asuming the subdiaconate: and in the religious state it is the three perpetual vows of Poverty, Chastity, and Obediencethatgivepermanencytothat condition of life.

Ecclesiastical.-nd ReligiousStates Not theSame.

Ofa

how who is sent tocollege with aview to his entering some religiogs Order (supposing that he is able to qualify foradmission toit), itis sometimes said:"John is going to be a priest." Yetthereisnonecessaryconnection between the ecclesiastical and the religious state, though in many male religious Orders orCongregations the two thing.,

are combined, asfaras their fully educated members are concerned. At thesametime,notall Religious Order., ordain their subjects, however mentally and morallv qualified forthepriesthood,except,perhaps, afew individuals,

to serveas chaplains to the brethren, to say\lass and administerSacnorients. Alay-brotheris acmuch areligious asthe priest-mem):ers of his Order, albeit not destined for the priesthood. Again, some religiouscongregationsconsistexclusively

of lay-brother;, and include no priests —e.g., the ChrNtian Brothers. The scopes of the two states are quitedistinct. Theecclesiastical state centres roundthepriesthoodandserviceofthe altar, whereas the aim of thereligious state is to procure spiritual perfection and acloser imitation of the life of Christ than is possible in theworld.

VariousForms of Reliiious Life.

This maybedone indifferentways: as the contemplative monk does it— namely,by attending topersonalsanctification only(which, however, does not excludethe offering of prayer,lab()or, and deeds of penance for the world outside the cloister)—or as the "mixed" or"active" orders do it—viz., both by aiming at personal sanctification, and by labouring externally for the salvation of souls, either directly in the ministry, or indirectly in the practiceofSpiritualorCorporal Works of merev. (In our humanitarian and materialisticdays theCorporal Works are magnified at the expence of the Spiritual:"thefirst andgreatest"commandment of charity is sacrificed to the second—nay, benevolence to dogs, cats, and horses is beginning to throw humanitarianismintotheshade!)

Wewill nowconfineourattentionto the ecclesiasticalvocation.

Calltothe"Church.": (a) ,

OutwardCall

That vocation supposes: 1. An exterior"call;"orvocation,fromtheChurch —that is to say, the aspirant mustbe chosen by aBishop, and admitted by him,inGod'sname, to theclerical profession. As St. Paul has it,"No man taketh to himself this honour, but he who is calledby God,like Aaron." In accordance withwhathasalreadybeen said about states of life, we are here speaking mainly of the subdiaconate„ because it is that grade,involving celibaev,whichfirstplacesthecandidatein nfixedconditionoflife.

(b) Inward Call.

2.Aninterior"call" orvocation.This isaboveallnecessary, and presuppnscs

thepossessionofsufficient learningand goodnessoflife. The"vocation"itself meansthatAlmightyGod,co-operating with the external selection by the Church, or rather, guiding that selection,choosesasouloutfromthe ranks of thelaityforHisspecial service, and and grants the help necessary to fit it forecclesiastical life andduties.

Signs

of True "Vocation."

Plainly, the main question is,"How is aperson to know the call ofGod? What are the ordinary signs by which atrue vocation may be recognised?"

For, clearly, one cannot count upon some miraculous, heavenly manifestation—e.g., astartling revelation like that which called SCPaul on his per. secuting journey to Damascus.

TestsofGod'sCall.

The"call"ofGod ,

makesitselfknown in interior movements of grace within the individual Wul, by which aperson feels supernaturally drawn to embrace the ecclesiasaicallife. Supernaturally, in twoways:(1) astomotives; (2) in thattheattraction isfeltin the higher partofthesoul,inspiteofrepugnances —perhaps strong repugnances—of the naturalman. Itissupposedherethat this attraction is no momentary, passingemotion, excited in times of spirit. ual enthusiasm and elation, but that it is, on the whole, steady and persist. ent, and though perhaps the person mac resist it at times, nevertheless it keepson reasserting itself.

Summary ofTests.

We may put the matter thus: If a person(1) endowed with fair natural attainmentsandofgoodmoralconduct, (2) free from canonical impediments, such as publicly known illegitimate birth, certain forms of physical defect, apubliclylostreputation, etc., and(3) mowed,notbytemporal orwordlvmotives, but by spiritual and religious ones, constantlyfeels drawn to the ecclesistical state, he may be fairly certain that he has atrue vocation.

Meaningof"Orders."

Here the term"Order's" is neither equivalent to"commands" nor to"Religious Orders," or congregations of religiouspersonshood by vows. Itrefers to the various ranks in the ecclesiasticalhodv,it.,usetieingakintothat contained in the expression "lover orders,"asapplied totheworkingclasses—that is, ifanvmandaretobreathe thewordsin thereSocialistic•days!

SevenGrades.

in our Latin portion of the Catholic Church,or"Western"Church,thereare sevendistinct"Orders,"subdivided into twoclasses—fl) Minor Orders, and(2) \(ninr, or"Sacred," Orders.

\lino• Orders are four—Doorkeeper, Lector for Reader), Exorcist, and Aco. lvte. Thereceptionofthese ispreced. edby thegivingofthetonsure, acore. monvin which the Bishop for Abbot) cutsoff it

portionofthecandidate'shair to signify his separation from w•nrldly vanities,andhisappreciation to theecclesiastical body.

Which Grades Sacramental?

None•of these minor Orders belong to the Sacrament of Orders: they are on1vagraduatedpreparationforit,and confer no sacramental grace, no "char. acter," and no supernatural powers: theyare external appointments oroffices, instituted by Church authority oniv,although,in virtue ofthedispositions of the recipient, they may become themeansofspiritual graces.

TheThreeSacredOrders.

Maier. or Sacred Orders, are three: Subdiaconate, Diaconate, and Priest. hood,underwhichlast termisincluded the Episcopal Order, since the Episcopate possesses the Priesthood in its highest perfection.

NonSacramental Dignities.

Hence, from asacramental point of view,an Archbishopisnothigherthan aBishop, though he excels the latter in hierarchical dignity, and, ordinarily, in extent of jurisdiction or spiritual authority. Thesamemaybesaideven

of the Pope, although as Bishop of Bishops he has authority over all his episcopal brothers, according to Our Lord's words to Peter:"Confirm thy brethren," and "Feed My sheep," as well asthe"lambs."

EssenceofCatholicPriesthood.

That which distinguishes ovr Orders from the so-called"orders" derived from the Protestant Reformation is this: that Catholic ordination i5 no mere external appointment of aman tocertainspiritualduties,accompanied with ceremonial and prayer, -

but conveysfrom Christ to theinmost soul of the ordained aspecial and invisible graceandconsecration,-whereby hebe. comes invested with new and supernatural powers, such as no man could possess unless they were bestowed by the'Great High-Priest and Mediator, Jesus Christ. The Catholic priest is really admittedby OurDivine Lordto anactive shareinHisPriesthood,This fact marks him off,interiorly and for ever, from thelaity. He ministers to them,notasifempoweredbythe"collectivity"ofhisflocktorepresentthem and act for them—the idea of the six teenth-century Reformers—but as the accredited deputy ofChrist Our Lord, having power over souls from Him. Herein lies the essence of what the Evangelical Protestant stigmatises as "sacerdotalism."

TheSacrificialPriesthood:TwoPowen.

ThePriesthood confers Sacramental grace and gives interior power to pronounce with effect the words of consecration over the bread and wine at \lass, by which these are transubstantiated,'or invisibly changed in their inner natures and substances, into the real Body and Blood of Christ: also, to forgive sins.

"Faculties."

This secondpowerexercised overthe mystic BodyofChrist,theChurch,and derivedfromOurLord,is,however,dependent for its valid use upon the priest having allotted to him asphere (iurisdiction) inwhich to exercise it. which is called receiving"faculties." Thos apriestjustordained cannotproceedstraigthwavtohearconfessionson the mere strength of his ordination. And if afterwards he receive faculties for diocese A, he cannot on that account absolve from sin in diocese B.

Relation to Other Sacraments.

Apriest can alsominister the Sacrament ofExtreme Unction,and, iffully coinInissionedasaparish priestormiscinoarv, can validlyassist at marriages within the territory assigned to him. Episcopal Orders, bevond conferring the ordinarypowersofapriest,enable the Bishop to administer Confirmation as its ordinary minister, to consecrate priests and Bishops,and. wheniurisdictiouhasbeengrantedby the HolySee, to rule the part of the Church or diocesecommitter)tohischarge. Episcopal jurisdiction mayhe granted before consecration.

An Important Distinction.

Let us carefully note the difference between Orders and Jurisdiction—that ktosay, betweentheinwardreception of certain inalienable spiritual powers, suchasthoseofsaving\fansormaking priests, and the right to use these powers in relation to souls and in the Name of Christ. This distinction is important in controversv with nonCatholics.

What Orders Require.

For valid sacerdotal Orders—to confine ourselves to these—nothing more is needed that the male candidate applying for them be abaptised person, and that the consecrator should himself have received valid episcopal ordination, make use of arite capable ofconferring the Priesthood, and have thegeneralintentionofdoingwhatthe (Continued on BackCover.)

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Functions Outside Orbit of t

U.S. Influences.. Only Hispanie—American Nation Able to Stand on Own Feet

TheArgentine has figured largely in the news of late, and according to a bydney newspaper reporter who visited the countryrecently,its people are beginning to take an interest in Australia

Just how important the Argentine has become is revealed in this article byDr. RichardPattee,one ofthe leading U.S. Catholicauthoritieson theRepublics south of Panama.

Dr.'Pattee, a member of the N.C.W.C. staff, was -specially assigned tocover Latin'America. His information was gathered painstakingly during long investigations into all aspects of life in these fascinatingcountries.

Argentina has been and continues to be the one republic lwhich functions outside the orbitof the United State's.

The complete infiltration of Amenran business and trade in the Carib. bean, nlexicoandCentralAmerica,and the major partof the South American continent is absent when one gets to the area of the Rio de la Plate.

It hasbeen saidgraphicallythatAmerican influence in Latin America can he gauged with fair precision by the distancereachedbyCocaColaads. In Argentine thereisnoCoca Cola.

'A few general observations may not l,e out of placeto indicate certain fundamental considerations which ought to be given due weight in apprising Argentina and its situation to-day.

In the first place, Argentina has known little, if any, internal turmoil since 1853.

The famous revolution of 1930, which ended the political regime of llipolito Irigoven,scarcely reached the proportions of agood-sized riot, and was limited pretty much to the region of fluenos Aires.

Even the revolt of 1943, which brought the Government of Pedro Ramirez into power, was no national cataclysm oruniversal convulsion.

None of these movements, since national of

was achieved in 18,13, can compare to the political and social agitation which distinguishes the contemporary history of Mexico, licuarlor, Ilolicia,ormany of the other republics.

in the second place, Argentina does n.,t possess arace question, nor does there exist that terrible abyss between those of European blood and the Indian masses which is the national tragedy of Peru, Bolicia, Ecuarlor and Guatemala.

The Argentine people is heterogeneous, multi-composed, and in general moulded into acommon cast by the economic andsocial conditions prevail• ing in the country.

Moreover—and the point has. consid. erable importance—the Argentine people, in the strictly economic sense, are participants in the national high stan-

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sets in London have all contributed to placingthenationon afirmandsound basis. For the first time in history, Argentina is actually the creditor nationasregardsGreat Britain.

Foreign commercial relations have suffered some interesting fluctuations, which have adirect bearing on the international problem.-

level. The estimated increase due to the impact of waris calculated asperhaps 10to15percent., whichisscarcefeltin the lightofthe nation'sextraordinary prosperity.

Unemploymentisataminimum,cur• • rency is sound, foreign trade active, and reserves flourishing. This is the basis of Argentine life. It is the factual basis on which all considerations of apurely political and international nature ought to rest.

ward of living to adegree unheard of elsewhere.

There is no great mass of totally dispossessed, no unassimilated majority who can merely contemplate the nicetiesoflife as lived byalittle majority in the capital city. While landlessness and poverty are not lacking, the Argentine people enjoy adegree of well-being which is far above and bevond anything to he found in the majority of the hispanic-:American Republics.

Productivity, immigration, mecharlr cal progress in industry and agriculture, social stability and political normality are the combination of factors which have given strength and vitalitv to the Argentine nation.

Inaword, themassoftheArgentine's do not see in social upheaval and in revolution asource of betterment, but rather asource of loss.

Argentina is a working nation, made up of people who, in the majoritv, have obtained some small portion of this world's goods and who see in violence, change and revolt adanger to what they already have.

This view might well besetdown as another premise in understanding the Argentine mentality.

To put it briefly, the most cursory examination of Argentine economics reveals that it is practically the only Hispanic-American nation which can stand on its own feet, which lives its own life, and which can afford to be hard to get on whencourted or threatened by other and even more power. fill States.

The economic expansion of Argentina over the past few years has been little short of astonishing, it comes veryclose to beingat the present time theonly nation intheworldabletoexport asurplus of foodstuffs and suffer no internal restrictions.

The fact that the Argentine Government has made substantial gifts of meat nnrl wheat to Finland, Norway, Greece, France, andthe Holy See, with no compensation and no profit, indicates the productive capacity of the Republic.

According to the figures made available I)v the "Banco Central," the industrial production of Argentina increased 10 per cent. between 1942 and 1943.

One gets aclear impression of how fast this country is becoming industralised by taking the comparative statistics for agriculture, cattle-raising and industry from 1935 to 1913.

The following abhreviated table, expressed in millions of Argentine pesos, will bring out this point:

For instance,the exports of ArgentinatoGreatBritainin 1937.29reached 577 millions of pesos.

In 1943, this trade had attained the figure of 894 millions of pesos. Contrast this tremendous volume of business with the exports to the United States, which, in the first year cited, were221 millions, and in 1943 were498 millions.

It is not avithout significance that, in spite of the tension prevailing between the two countries,Argentine exports to the United States havesteadilyincreasedduringthepastfiveyears.

The importstatistics reveal some interesting farts. Both in the case of Great Britain and the United States, the volume of imports has decreased sharply.

In 1943alone, the favourablebalance of trade for Argentina in her relations withGreat Britain gavetheSouth American republic over 389 millions of pesos.

Withtheenormous reserveofpounds sterling thus accumulated, especially in the lightof the dependence of England on'Argentine food products, the ArgentineGovernment and enterprises have been able to liquidate outstanding obligations and push themselves over into the creditor column.

The cost of living in Argentina has been maintained at areasonably low

It other words, does it make much difference to Argentina,as a nation, whether she is included in the concert of American nations or not? Does her prosperity depend on the attitude of the United States or on the possible pressure that may come from that source? The answer is plainly "NO."

Argentinapossesses,firstofall,adiv.ersified economy with more than sufficientfoodstuffsforherownpeopleand for export. Her commercial relations are equally diversified.

She does not depend, as does most of Latin America, on one product, or, what is worse,on one market.

The surrounding Hispanic-American countries aredirectlydependent on Argentina for food. Paraguay and Boliva, for example,would be literally on the verge ofstarvation were it not for the foodstuffsexl4brted from Argen. tina. Chile itself, with afairly fragile econ. omy, is dependent in large measure on Argentina.

These are the economic realities which have to be taken into account in any talkabout whipping the Argentine into the United Nations line, 11

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The conclusion is obvious. Agricultural production was maintained at essentially the same level between 1935 and 1913. Cattle production increased slightly, while industrial production more than doubled in this brief span of time.

Another indication of the rapidity of industrial expansion isthe fact that in 1939'argentine exports of industrial products represented only2.9 per cent. of the total, while in 1943 the proportionhad become 19.4percent.

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P•LAlylD Our First Fighting Ally

... "Or We Shall Die Together"

Attempt to Cover Treason By False Words and Silence

Recapitulation ofAllied Shame

The latest decisions taken with regard to Poland will involve the disbandment, in the near future, of the Polish forces which have been fighting side by side with the Western Allies. A large number of them—the figure has been estibated as 65 per cent. in thecase of the Polish forces in Italy— are from East-Polish areas, now handed over by agreement to the U.S.S.R. Thesituation of these men—not aristocrats, but small peasant land-holders for the most part—is truly tragic. Their homes are now in an alien territory: most of them have lost all contact with their famili,.s, and know nothing of their fate—though they have good reason to fear dreadful things. It is small wonder that they areembitteredandfeelthat theirstruggle has been in vain.

Iwish to-day to complete, so to speak, my cornments

aries on the Polish tragedy by atribute to the valiant Polish forces which have fought through the darkest period of the war, by the side of the British and ourown Australians and also to recall briefly their splendid record.

The War of 1939.

It begins, of course, with the hopelessly magnificent struggle, in 1939, against "the'largest army of invasion which had at any time in history been hurled on the first day of the war against an attacked country." Sevent,v-four German and two Slovak divisions avere engaged, with ten more in reserve, the Polish being outnumbered several times over. Against 4,200 tanks they had 200 in two brigades— one not fully organised. Their aircraftnumbered377 against4,000. The number of Polish infantry rlivkions was 39—half of whom were not fully mobilised, mobilisation having been postponed to the last to avoid all appearance of provocation during the final negotiation.. The weapons of the Germans were enormously super. for—fur instance, their artillery's fire power was in the proportion, 27/17; and their motor transport was overwhehningly vast in comparison with Poland: the figures are 1,900,000 machinesof all tvpesas against ourally's

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60,000—including motor-cycles. The allies of Poland were unable to render heranydirectmilitaryassistancewhatever.

Poland, therefore, went down—the Russian invasionof the Easteriregions being the"coup de grace." Put the terrific ten-day battle of Kutno, Rest of Warsaw, extorted praise for Polish valour from the brutal Hitler himself. Warsaw—unfortified, with asmall garrisonand no air defences, held out for threeweeks. InNovember,1943,after fouryearsoffightingagainstotherenemiesinEuropeand Africa,theGerman magazine, "Signal"(Berlin),giving the opinionoftheGermansoldiersconcerningtheir worst war experience, recorded: "Everyone of them says 'It was worst of all in Poland," speaking of the Polesas"an enemy who fought withincredible fury,unimaginable fanaticismandgrim endurance."

The Second Fight Begins.,

But the fall of Poland did not end the war forthe Poles, On September 30, 1939, the late General Sikorski became Prime MinisterofafightingGovernment in- Exile, lawfully formed underthe Polish Constitution. Anew army was formed, partly of personnel escaped from Poland through neutral territories, partly from the Polish"diaspora" in Western Europe. —

By May, 1910, it numbered 70,000. Anairforce wasalsocreated, thougtatfirst itlacked equipment Poles formed part of the Expeditionary force to Norway, fighting in the capture of the French army from the Maginot Line, and distinguished themselves by organising the defence of Tours—the only French city to be defended.The first PolishDivisionfought till the Armistice, suffering aloss of 4u,per cent.

in July, 19-10, Sikorski met Churchill to arrange for tle transport of his armed forces from France. Churchill sent amessage to the Poleswhich it is ditlienit to read today withoutasense ofshntne:"We arecomradesinlifeand death. We shall conquer together or we shall die together.".The Polish Air Force in France came to Britain en. tirely; so did three-quarters of the armoured units,and all troopsintraining ramps. Ahoot 30SM were safely evacuated, and small numbers of recruits were received from America—

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the smallness being due to difficulties of U.S, law.

BattleforBritainandLibyanWar. There is no space, here, to tell the epic of the Polish part in Britain's air defence of 1910; but it has been esti. mated that in this decisive struggle every eighth German shot down over London wasshot dowi by aPolish airman King George went to thank them personally. The official historian;

GeorgeSaunders,said:"Amongthe pursuit fliers the Poles are excellent. Their bravery is immense, and their skillborderson the super-human." Polish airmen were also engaged in the Middle Eastat this time. It may be mentioned, by the way, that when the West Front was opened last year, the PolishAirForce was fourthinsize amongthoseoftheUnited Nations(14 squadrons), beinglarger thanthecombinedairforcesofFree France,Czechoslovakia,Greece,Jugoslavia and Belgium.

Uf especial interest to Australians is the part played in the Libyan Campaignby Poleswhohadfledfrom Roumanian and Hungarian internment camps, and other escapees from Poland. They formed the "Carpathian Brigade"inSyria,movingattheFrench Armistice to Palestine, and then to Egypt. In May, 1941, this Brigade ,was sent to Mersa-Matruh, andthen to Tobruk. Australianswho tookpartin the famous four months' siege will not forget theorvaliant fellow"Rats"; and on May 3, the Polish National Day of last year, General Morsehead sent a greeting on theirbehalf:

"Cordial greetings to all our comradesofTobruk.Weretain thehappiestrecollectionsofour closeassociation with them,and unbounded admiration of their fighting qualities. Itwas, indeed,aprivilege to serve with them. We wish then.all good luck and complete success."

PolishArmyin Russia.

But thebulkof thelarge Polishexile force now fighting in Italy consists of men enlisted among the Polish internees in Soviet Russia after Hitler's attackonthe U.S.S.R.inJune, 1941.DuringtheperiodbetweenSeptember,1939, and that(late, mass deportations removed about amillion Polish citizens from East Poland to the heart of Russia.

In July,'41, diplomatic relations between U.S.S.R. and Poland were resumed: amilitary agreement followed, with aview to forming anational Polish Armyon the Eastern Front,as-well itsrecruitingPolishforcesintheAliddle East and Breat Britain. At first, all gent smoothly; but later, difficulties arose over railcar transport permits, while the Sovietauthoritiesforbadethe recruitment of Polish citizens of Jewish, Ukrainian and White Ruthenian nazi,nality. Matters grew worse with lack of food, unifonns -

and equipment —no armament (except small arms for one ofsevendivisions) wasmadeavail. able. The Poles were worn out by two years of terrible hardship in labour camps and prisons, and needed buildingupbefore they weretofight.

in the end, the Soviet Government declareditcouldno longerprovidefood for nearly half the Polish army, and stopped further recruiting. The Polish forces, in March and August, 1912, were transferred to Persia,and thento the Aliddle East. It is these forces, under General Anders, who have since fought on the Italian front.

The dispute over the Katyn forest murders began the process which has now ended with the substitution of a Russian-sponsored "puppet" regime at Warsaw for the Polish exile-Government in London. After the first breach, in April, 1913, the U.S.S.R. formedanewPolish ArmvCorpsunder thecommandofastrongSovietsympathiser, General Berling—who was later superseded by the "Lublin Committee" set up by Stalin, functioning asa Polish administration. in this force, alargenumberofPoleshavebeencompulsorily enrolled, and officers and N.C.O.'s have been transferred to it from the Red Army.

TheWarsawRising.

Despite the breach of relations between theU.S.S.R, and the PolishGov.

ernment, and the attacks made by its leaders in the Soviet press and radio, the Home Army had full instructions to co-operate with the Red forces, an4 obeyed them implicitly. In Wilne and Lwow, in particular, organised attacks from within hastened the rdlapse of German defences. The full story of these activities is not yet known—and mayneverbeknownnow. Itwill give, however, the report of a single month'sactivities—thatofJune, 1944: RailwayHold-ups (3to90hours), 42; trains derailed, 54;sabotage damage: locomotives 177, carriages 956; railwaytransportsdestroyedbyfire,48; interrupted telegraph communications, 38; Gestapo agetits"liquidated," 379: armed actions(encounters, attacks on prisons and convoys of prisoners), 71.

The tragedy of the great rising of Warsaw which followed the Red advance into Poland cannot be recount. ed here in any detail. Its chiefCommander, General Komorowski ("Bor") is now inexile,oneofhis chieflieutenants, Okulicki, consigned to aRussian prison. The revoltRyas given all the support which the Western Allies could manage—but though the Russians had exhorted the Poles to rise, Red aid was denied for reasons which were almost certainly, political, and the Red puppets of Lublin denounced the heroic leaders as"traitors." The resultwasthatthestampingoutofthe rising by the Germans and the complete destruction of the lovely Polish capital paved the way for the Red plans for Poland's future.

In Italyandthe West.

Themoststrikingachievementofthe Polish Second Corps in Italy—which include the remnant of the Polish "Rats" of Tobruk—has been the cap. ture of Monte Cassino, attacked from an almost impossible mountain sector, against asuperior German force. A simultaneousattackonthetownofCassino was successfully made by the Canadians. The Polish casualties were very, very heavy—the fury and passion of their attack were commented by all who witnessed the scene; "Not a-

single able-bodied prisoner was taken by either side," writes one commentator. The King conferred the Companionship of the Bath upon the Polish General Anders, who was warmly thanked also by General (now Marshal) Alexander. This victory opened the way to Rome.

Another story which has still to be told is that of the Polish Army on the Western Front; in particular, the part played by them in the heroic fight for Arnhem somemonths ago. Thesmall Polish navy, too—of which part escap. ed from the Baltic, and was later reinforced by British craft—played adistinguished role in the war at sea. It was aPolish destroyer which sighted the fleeing Bismarck before its last light: it was aPolish submarine avhich penetrated the mined port of Brindisi. Polish craft also assisted in the actions accompanying the invasion of Western Europe in-June lastyear.

Poland mvasour first fighting ally in the presentstruggle—andshehasnever ceased to fight or dreamed of surrender.

It isaghastlytragedy thattheresult of the conflict should have been afarcical pretenceofPolish"liberation," in. volving the annexation of almost half theircountryby Russia, while therest has been given amere nominal independence covering the reality of Red domination. As areward for their heroism, many thousands of these bravemenfindthemselvescutofffrom their homeland for an indefinite time —manv of them would return only at the risk of death, imprisonmentor deportation. The blood of the Polish dead, the sorrows of the living Poles, in exile and slavery, cry out to heaven and to men—not for vengeance, but only for justice. That cry will not go unheard by God, though men may cover the treason against Poland with false words and silence.

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NorwayMayExperience

NewBirthofFaith, SaysSigridUndset

Will history repeat itself? asks Sigrid Undset, convert and Nobel prize winner,in all article on the Church in Norway, describing how the first seeds of-

the Faith were planted there by English missionaries. Will the renaissanceofCatholiccultureinNorway stem from the same source? she asks, writing in acurrent issue of St. Ansgar's Bulletin, published in NewYork.

The truths of Catholicism were brought to :Norway by Benedictine monks of Glastonbury in the tenth centuryunderthe reign ofHaakon the Good,shewrites. ThemonkswereinvitedtoNorwaybytheKing,buttheir reception was anything but friendly, she continues. The peasants tore clownthechurch andkilledthepriests.

After tracing the slow progress of Catholicism amid many bloody struggles, and its destruction during the socalled Reformation, Madame Undset says that newimpetus toCatholic culture in Norway came from France during the nineteenth century. However, the present world conflict, she saes, has rendered Norway more open to the influence and culture of the English-speaking nations. Godwilling, she concludes, some day English-speaking priests will follow in the footstepsoftheunnamedmartyrsfrom Glastonburyand give new birth toCatholicism in Norway.

Norway, with apopulation of about three million, has three thousand Catholics. catholicemancipationinNorwav elates back alittle more than a c•enturt•. A\[ass was offered at Oslo On Palm Sundsv in 1513, but only in 1014 teas alaw enacted by the Norwegian Parliament granting all dissenters front Lutheranism freedom of worship :nul religious teaching. Other laws favourable to the Church were enacted later.

Living With the .Church

JJ1y29—TenthSundayafterPentewat (Green):

Mass proper. 2nd. prayer of St. Martha. 3rd. prayer of SS. Felixand Companions. 4th: prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Trinity. Last Gospel of St. Martha.

July 90-63. Abdon and Sennen,

Kutyrs(Red):

Mass proper. 2nd. prayer"Acunc. tis." 3rd. prayer for peace.

July 91—St. Ilgnatius, Confessor (White)

Massproper. 2nd. prayerforpeace.

August1.—St. Peter'sChains(White): Mass proper. 2nd. prayer of St. Paul. 3rd.prayeroftheHoly Machabees. 4th. prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Apostles.

August 2—St. Alphonsus Mary de Ligouri, Bishop, Confessor and Doctor of theChurch (White): )lass proper. 2nd. prayer of St. Stephen I. 3rd. prayer for peace. Creed. Common Preface.

August3—TheFindingoftheBody of St. Stephen, Protomartyr (Red): Mass proper. 2nd. prayer"Acutictis." 3rd. prayer for peace.

August 4—St. Dominic, Confessor (White): Massproper. 2nd.prayer forpeace

Hidden Witness

Hidden in awardrobe of aroom occupied by Japanese as afirst-aid station, Father Robert Hearn, an Ameri. can Redemptorist priest,serving asan .Armychaplain"SomewhereinthePacific,"spenteightagonisinghours watchingenemydoctorscarefortheirwoundedandenemyofficersslitthethroatsof or shoot those whose wounds they deemed toosevere.

When Father Hearn entered the buiding, it hadbeenwrested from the JapanesebytheAmericansashorttime before. While he was on the second floor, American forces were ordered to retreat in the face of an enemy counter-attack. Father Hearn didn't hear the retreat order. Trapped in the building, he saw enemy troops enter and found refuge in a wardrobe, through the cracked door of which he couldpeerintotheroom.

Japanese wounded were brought in. Plasma and pills were handed outby aJapanese physician; leg'swereamputated and other operations performed. Officers came in and leaned over the wounded; they slit the throats of or putarevolvertothoewhomtheyjudged too hard hit for service.

State Education and Parents Responsible for Sexual Laxity

Bishop Marshall,ofSalford,inaPastoral entitled"Training to Purity," says:"Once again we repeat, it is not failure to give sex instruction whick hascaused thesexuallaxityaroundus to-day. It is the exclusion for the past three-quarters of acentury by the State of denominational religious teaching from alarge number of the schoolsofthe country,and the failure to give solidspiritual and moraltraining in the schools.

"Many parents also share with the State in the blame for this neglect of spiritual and moral training, but in justice to these parents we must rememberthatmanyof them—andtheir parents also—have been educated iis schools where there hasbeen little or no spiritual and moraltraining,.

"These unfortunate people are not, therefore, altogether to blame for neglectof theirduty.

"But there are parents—alas many of them are nominal Catholics who ought to know their duty; these cannot escape blame for the sins of their children.

The missionaryeffort oftheCatholic Church stillcontinues. Norshouldwe think of it only in terms of the For. c•ign Missions, important though they be. Nor must we think only,

of the Catholics who have fallen away from th practiceof the Faith.

Welivein acountrywhere thegreat majority of our c(luntrymen are non. Catholic. Someofthemarehostileto religion,regarditasasuperstitionkept alive by priesteraft, and speak of-it as something that impedes the march of human progress, particularly in the field ofsocial activity.

Some of them are just indifferent. They do not attack religion, or even think much about it,because itmeans nothing to them. At the most they preserve asentimental attachment to the traditions oftheirfathers.

Some of them are religious. But theyknow very littleabout the Catholic Faith,and whatlittle theydoknow is hardly understood. Very often they look upon Catholicism as the enemy of true Christianity.

From it p.m., when the Japanese came, until 4a.m., when they were driven out, the priest watched the macabre,scene,andwonderedwhenhis own end would come. He considered himself lost, and was resigned to die. But hedreadedbeingbavonetted.Plasteranddustfilled the airin theward. robe: he held his throat to prevent coughing. Twice he had his hand on the door, about to surrender to avoid suffocation: but the thought of bayonets heing stuck into him gave him pause. Ile wanted to use his rosary, butdid notdare,asthesoundofbeads would betrav him.

So he said the"Paters" and "Aves" on his fingers, the last prayershe ever expected to say. Then,•at seven in themorningtheAmericansstormedthe building, cleaned out thefirstandthen the second floors. Those downstairs ribbed their eves in amazement as they saw their chaplain coming down alive. They had given him tip for dead.

"The extent to which nominal Catholics are responsible for various offences by their children has recently been broughthometous.

"Recent investigations in an area within our own diocese go to show chat of the Catholic children who appeared before the magistrates for one offence or another, 97 per cent. came from homes where religion was not a vital force."

Introducingasummary ofthe teach. ing of the Church on,the subject the Bishop says:

"tire do notdesire toconveythe impressionthatwearealtogetheropposed to sex instruction. We are opposed, however, to those systemscwhich dwell ondetails ofsexphysiologyandweregard such instructions as especially dangerous when they are delivered to young people assembled in class, for they kill modesty, which is purity's strongest safeguard.

"Ifin certain cases instructign onintimate matters of sex appears to be necessary, it should be given by parents. Rarely—and thenonlywhenrequested by the parents—should teachers enter adomain sacred to mother and daughter, to father andson.

"Theschool,ofcourse,shouldtakeits share in training our young people to purity, but it can hestdo this by giving its pupils an all-round education.

0Sisters labour in Catholic schools, hospitals and orphanages. WeeklySweeps NOW OPEN 268b CHARITIES Consultation 1st PR!Z1 Tickets 2/e on sale everywhere or direct from

the I.olterles Commission'. It ox C106, ct.P.0.,

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eaI'atho!ic rouniry, Norway is nmission land and receives annual asi<tance from the Society for the Propagation of the Pailh. According to arecentreport Norwayhas33missioner>with3Schurchesand chapels,while W, • ;E.s

.et.

Now Catholic men mix with non-Ca• tholic< of these various types, in social life, at work,in sporting activities, almosteverywhere. Sometimestheyare put in apositionwheretheyshouldde. fend their Faith; sometimes they are called npun to explain Catholic belief, either by ahostile critic orbyanhon. est enquirer.

The sad thing i< that ton often Catholic men do not, or cannot, do this. Either thev have not the courage or the\- have not the answer.

Togive them both isoneoftheaims of Catholic Action: to train our Catholicmen"in avery simple but effective w•ay.so thattheymaybecomeactive apostles of the Faith, able to answerforitwhenever theneedarises.

The Catholic Action movement for men in thisarchdiocese is theCatholic Social Guild, which is intended to fit itsmembersforjustsuchashareinthe apostolate of theChurch.

OUARANT' ORE

Sunday: JULY:

Sth-ST.-FRANCIS EAVIER'S, EAST PERTH: One Day of Exposition.

AUGUST:

lot—VICTORIA PARK: Forty Hours' Prayer.(3rd-5th).

2nd—FREMANTLE:Forty Hours' Prayer (10th-12th).

3rd—KALGOORUE: Forty Hours' Prayer.(17th-19th). DONNYBROOK: One Day of Exposition.

•'•fopMeadow."theBeaconsfieldhome ofG. K. Chesterton and the house in which he died,hasbeenboughtbythe Converts' Aid Society, to be used as a temporary home forconvertclergymen and their families immediately after_ their reception into the Church. Archbishop Griffin hasgiven£1,000 towards the purchase price and has expressed the hope thatthe(10,000debt incurred in buying the property will he contributed by Christmas. "Top Meadow" was built to G.K.'s own plans, and it was here that hewrote many ofhis great works. The housebecameapilgrimage centre for famous men of letters. Somemonthsagothe Bishop of Northampton made apublic appeal to the Catholic body not to allow the house, which hadbeenputupforsale, to fall into non-Catholic hands.

Just landed, new Gas Fires and Room Heaters; also Enamel Saucepans. At W.A. Stove Co., Perth.

"It is the ditty of parents and all those interested in the education of children, to demand thateveryfacility he offered by the State for denominational religious conviction. Only thus ran atraining be given,every part of which is adapted to deepening and strengtheningcharacter...."

Randolph Knapp (W.A.O.A.). SIGHT-TESTINGOPTICLN. 12 ATWELL ARCADE, FREDIANTLE L1582. FRANK J. BOSWELL SPECIALISTS IN— Hospital Equipment andSteamInstallations, Hot WaterHeatim, Ventilating, Sewerage Work, and General Plumbing, Corner RUTH R WILLIAM STREETS,PERTH. Tel.B2T77. Suppliers of Hospital Equipment and Stainless Hospital Utensils. I PEERLESS BREAD MANUFACTURERS 145 FITZGERALD STREET, PERTH. t Our Motto: "QUALITY and SERVICE.' Specialties—VIENNA BREAD and ROLLS. 'Phone: B1041. PHONE F23*(ONE QUALITY—THEBEST JAS. K1ELY & SONS BEACH BAKERY FAiRLIGHTSTREET, MOSMAN PARK Alalt and Wholemeal Bread aSpeciality.

Daily Rosary Said, in Crosby's Family Home Prayer in the

Dedicated to encouraging the practiceof the daily family Rosary, an in. ternationalradio broadcast was presented in the United States on Sunday, May 13, featuring addresses by Most Rev,Francis J. Spellman, Archbishop of New York, and by Bing Crosby, movie and radiostar.

Mr. Crosby spoke from Hollywood, and asked that "on this day of days, Mother's Day," he might enter Americanhomesandtalkasafather.

"Just like all parents everywhere," Mr. Crosby said,"Iwant my children tobecome honest,useful citizensinan honest,peace-loving world. Iwant my four boys to love their country, love their home, love their God. I want my children to pray-because I know the deep -

and all-moving power of prayer.

"I know that power, not as amember of the clergy, but just another father, just another parent-just like you.

"I want my children topray in our home, as well as inourChurch. That iswhy Iwantthemtobelieve as Ibelieve, in the true glory andtrue greatnessandtrue significanceofthefamily Rosary.

"Inour home webelievein the familyRosaryasagreatforceworking for good...workingforgoodand against evil. Webelieve that to-dayas never before thisvitalforceforgoodisnecessaryifwearetofashionfrom theholocaust of war the framework of lasting peace.

"As Christians, as Americans,we believe in the power and necessity of family prayer in all homes. As Catholics, we believe the family Rosary to be the perfect family prayer. We pledge ourselves to do everything in our power to spread the ever-growing popularity ofthedailyfamilyRosary."

The programme, arranged by Rev. Patrick J. Peyton, C.S.C., National Diector of the Dailv Family Rosary Movement. wagbroadcastoverthe11utual Broadcasting-System and was

The Colonial

short-waved to members of the armed forces.

Archbishop Spellman recalled that duringhisjourneys to thevariousbattle-fronts as Military Vicarof the U.S. Armed Forces, he met one chaplain who said that his association with devout soldiers had made him "abetter priest."

Mr.anrjMrs. Thomas F.Sullivan,'of Waterloo, Ia., parentsofthefive Sullivan brothers, who were lost at sea early in the warin the Pacific,recited the Rosary over the air, while acommentator explained each of the Five Glorious Mysteries as the prayers were reciter).

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No. 30.-Rotmd shaper) Pearl Beads, 14in.long........

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ROSARY CASES.

Leather Rosary Cases; size 3in. x21in., with MY ROSARY nicely stamped in gold orsilver onfront.Colours:Black,Blue,Fawn, Dark Brown and Light Brown • • .. .. ............ ...... 2/3each

MEDALS.

Beautiful silver-plated Medals;&Sin. diam,; subjects, Miraculous, Scapular,St. Christopher,and St.Therese ............ 8d.each

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j••1

Catholic •f Girls' \1

2LMM MOVEMENT

Roadqumim and Club )looms: Bank of N.S.W.Chambers, K k. George's Terrace (near Sherwood Court), Rooms 7.10, First Floor.

TELEPHONE: B41M.

•

CALENDAR OF A4DTIVITIZ3.

MONDAY:

Shorthand:5.15p.m.

TUESDAY:

Dressmaking: 5.30p.m.

PhysicalCulture: 6.45 p.m.4.45 p.m.

Orchestra: 8p.m.

Literary: 8p.m.(fortnightly),

WEDNESDAY:

Choir: 8p.m.

Shorthand: 5.15 p.m.

THURSDAY: Mass: 8a.m.

Exposition:'Allday.

Benediction: 5.15 p.m.

Liturgy: 8p.m.

DancingClasses: 8p.m.(fortnightly)

SATURDAY:

Kalamunda 'Busy Bee, 1.15 p.m. bus.

Basket Ball.

SUNDAY:

Tennisat Robertson Park,2p.m.

•

RETREATS.

Retreats are now being conducted each week-endat Marian Lodge, Kalamunda, for members, who may book at the rooms for the week that suits them. The cost amounts to approximately ten shillings, which includes fares,and it may interest some to know that silence is not kept for the whole time, as it is realised that girls just must have their say. Girls who havealreadymade,

aretreathavebeen very thrilled and have only the one complaint-that they ate too much, which brings up another little matter -that of cooks. Experienced and willing washeruppers, cooks, potato peelers, etc., are required for aweekend in the kitchen at Marian Lodge, and personal application, with references, of course, would be appreciated fromanyvolunteers. Infactanyfurther information on the subject of retreatsmaybehadfrom therooms,and you know where they are, don't you, girls?

BASKET BALL.

Girls! don'truin your team'schance by non-attendance. If you find itimpossible to attend, please notify your captain asearlyaspossible. Fixtures as under forthe next two Saturdays: "A" Grade.

July28.

Leederville v. West Pesth, at High. gate, 2p.m. Pat Phillips.

Highgate1v.Maylands,at Highgate, 2p.m. Sue Price.

Highgate 2v. lllosmans, at Subiaco, 3.30 p.m. Margaret Gray.

August 4:

Leederville v. Maylands, at Subiaco, 2p.m. Pat McGrade.

Ifighgate Iv. Ifighgate 2, at Subiaco, 3.30 p.m. Roma Hartley.

West Perth v. Mosmans, at Highgate,2p.m. JoeyMaher. "B" Grade.

July28:

Subiaco v. Midland, at Subiaco, 2 p.m. Carmel Malone.

Subiaco 2v. Fremantle 2, at Nedlands, 3.30 p.m. Joy Baker.

Subiaco 3v. Fremantle I, at Nedlands. 2p.m. Pat Rule.

PHYSICAL CULTURE CLASSES.

TheseclassesareheldeveryTuesday eveningattheNationalFitnessRooms, 130 William-street, Perth, between 6.45 and 7.4,5 p.m. Afee ofone shillingis charged for use of the mms, showers, etc.

TENNIS.

Until the warm weather arrives, tennis will be held on SUNDAY only. Place: Courts 7and 8, at Robertson Park. Time:2p.m.

U.N.R.RJL

To help this worthy cause, and if thereisnolocalbranchofthe St.Vin(CoH►anel foot of so. welt.)

CatholicTeachers' Guild

The Junnior Branch of the Guild still Aourishe9-two new members last week. Thisbrance meetsatSt.Theresa's School,Nedlands,every fortnight. Next meeting is July31.

The Senior Group's next meeting is Saturday,August 11,'at 10.30 a.m., at Bacton House.

Allcountrymembersand friendsare asked to keep Wednesday,August 29, afreeafternoon. TheGuildwillhave its usual afternoon tea on that date. More about this later.

CATHOLIC WOMEN'SLEAGUE.

The Executive meeting for August willbe heldonMonday,August6.

Canteen.

Phyllis Dean Hostel: Tuesday, July 31.

Dunleavy: Saturday, August4; Sun.' day, August 12.

Awonderful response is being made to the request for clothes for U.N.R.R.A. All members are asked to assiston Wednesday, and•other days arranged, as there isagreat deal of work tobe done.

cent de Paul Society in your parishbring along your contributions to the C.G.M. Headquarters, and we twill hand them over to the St. Vincentde Paul Society for you.

MARIAN ,

ARTS GUILD MEETING.

The August meeting will be held on Friday night, 10th. inst., in the McNess Hall, Pier-street, at 8p.m. All members and friends are welcome.

COUNCIL.MEETING.

Leaders are asked to note that the next Council meeting is to be held on Friday night, August 24, and are asked to keep this night free.

LITURGY.

Anew seriesof lectures on Catholicism startedonThursday evening,July 19. Alembers interested are asked to attend punctually and regularly.

Fremantle Branch

IMPERIAL CHAMBERS, MARKET STREET,FREMANTLE. Rooms2,4,7. 'PhoneNo.L19&8.

• CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY:

Dressmaking: 7.30 to 9.30 p.m.

Homecrafts: 8to 9P.M.

TUESDAY:

BalletandTapDancing:8to10p.m.

Physical Culture: 8to 10 p.m.

WE15NESDAY: BallroomDancingClass:8to9p.m.

Canteen Social: 8to 10.45 p.m.

THURSDAY:

Cooking: 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. Choir Dramatics.

SATURDAY: Basket Ball:Afternoon,2to4p.m.

• LUNCH CLUB.

\[embers who are working in Fremantle, whydon'tyou colne uptoour pleasant room'sat lunch time and enjoy achatand acup oftea,andmeetothermembers?

SOFT BALL.

The date of the friendly soft hall match, which was to be played on August 5,has ben postponed until the Sunday,August 19.

CONCERT.

We have definitely made up our minds to hold aconcert this year, so we must start practising for it now, We want to build up the choir. So allwhowouldliketobein theconcert come along Thursday night at 8 o'clock.

Moral Leadership in the T World To-Day

Strength and Weakness of Contending Elements

Ry JOHN LAFARGE.

Already abattle hasbegun which is the natural result of any effort to ac. hieve an international organisation ,

a battle not likely to end in our time— thecontestfor themoral leadership ,

.of the Sovietappeal: itsrejection of a spiritual foundation, the ultimate spiritual aims which alone give alasting guarantee to an optimistic programme of human equality and human progress.

Aiiii'lial Ca kko

l ic IB'a,!I Iat

•• I'•Sain•

in the political sphere, of the entire world, now that the moral leadership, whatever it might have been, of the Axis Powers is totally discredited.

Aresounding shot in this, warfare was fired by the Soviet Government when at San Francisco its delegation declared for atrusteeship system for colonial peoples and their eventual indepndence, as against the system of mandates and continued, even if improved, dependency.

'A counter-bid for the world's moral leadershipwasmadeonMay 15bySecretary Stettinius, when he urged, also at San Francisco, the prompt prepara. tion of an international bill of rights, "which can be accepted by all membernationsasanintegral part of their own systems of law."

The nation, or group of nations, which succeeds in achieving moral leadership, has in its hands atremendousinstrumentofnationalpolicy,one which controls the use of all armed forces, one which to-day has shown itself absolutely indispensable. Ifmay be defined as the influence of those ideas which appeal toasense of right, ofjustice, goodness and moral dignity, in the minds of the great mass of human beings. It is most effective andwillwielditsstrongestappealwith those who believe themselves deprived of aright share in the justice and opportunity due to all men regardless of their condition or nationality. Those ideasmaybepropoundedbypeoplesor governments whose own conduct is quite at variance with the high principles they profess, but if these principles are widely known and these ideas enthusiastically accepted, effectivemoral leadership still is present.

Itbecomes, therefore, avery serious matterwhenweseeconflictingplansor spheres being built up for the attainment of this moral influence in thein. ternational world.

In each, atpresent, of the two principal contending forces there is an ele. ment of strength and an element of weakness.

The stroneest element in Russia's bidforworld favouris the clarity, the absence of any equivocating reservations, with which the Soviets proclaim their complete confidence in the ability of underprivileged peoples to fit themselves for full-fledged political equality. They declare that peoples nowintutelageshouldachievenotonly self-government, but complete independence. TheBritish pointoutthat anation may be nominally independent but be very far from genuine self-government; indeed much of what pafses for independence may imply political or ideological slavery. Nevertheless, the force of the Soviet appeal remains, since it corresponds not to ,

my mere petulant restlessness, but to animmenselywidespread and dvnamie rnnsciousness ofbackward peoples thattheyare capableofgreatadvancement over their present status• and a - suspicion on their part that they are beingheld insubjection inordertofurther the interested designs of certain national or international groups.

This ability of theSovietappeal to offeranapparentanswertocertaintremendois and vastly widespread popular questionings makes the casual observer overlook itsblatant mconsistencies: unilateralism in foreign relations, rigid information blackouts for the outer world, denial of elementary human rightsand massdeportations and imprisonments of its peoples athome. Still more easily can fairly intelligent people forgetthe deep inner weakness

The Soviet Government's repeated attacks on the Pope, by theirnature andby theirintensity,seem tobe part of thissame bid forworld moral leadership. For the Pope represents precisely the greatest strength in that spiritual realm where the Soviet regime shows itsmaximum weakness.

The moral leadership, on the other hand, which the genuinely democratic nations of the world can provide is strong, or can easily be strong and clear, where the Soviet proposals are mute and confused—in the declaration of these same spiritual principles. If the statements and recommendations reli ious bodies made by the vinous g at San Francisco are taken as an ex. ample of how this moral leadership can be formulated—and these statements are numerous, powerful and remarkably united and influential—we seehow itispossible todeclareourbelief in Gods holy sovereignty, in the spiritual origin and spiritual dignity ofman,intheinviolabilityandsuprem. acy of the moral law, and to declare itinlanguage which all the world can readily understand.

In atotalitarian regime, nobody is in aposition at home to question the facile promise of the party leaders. Theyare notburdened,aswe are in a democracy, by the process of public conference and the difficult collabora. tion of many faiths and many minds. Our own inconsistencies, the types of discrimination or injustice' that we still tolerate, blunt the sharp edge of our noblest professions. This is our weakness, ag compared with the totalitarians; but in the overcoming of this weakness is our tremendous strength.

There is no insuperable magic in the Soviet appeal, even from the human, th psychological point of view. Whatever idealism they can successfully offer to the masses of the world, the democratic nations canequally effectively declare, if we are but willing to paytheprice foritinthe termsofour own consistency.

The irresponsible ease with which Communists promise everything to everybody helps to gain immediate hearing and applause. Butitis afatal disadvantage when the test of fulfilmentisapplied. And inthelongrun, even with the masses, it is fulfilment whichcounts.

The tremendous task now restsupon the religious-minded men and women in the democratic countries, and upon , is

t'atholicsinparticular,tofindaway by which we can make plain to the backward and underprivileged peoples ofthe world our conviction: first, that they are Justly entitled to the opportnotties for self-deyelopment and even . tual independence which the Soviet propagandists have forchandedly claimed for them: second, that iftheir own self-r(f_velopment and independence are to he real, not illusory, religionmustheleftfreetoelevateandin. spire all individuals and all families with its lofty, supernatural Motives: and third, that we as nations, in our domestic as well as our international policies, are prepared to live up to what such aprofession implies. Marshal Smuts' proposed preamble is splendid and opportune but it would I,

cstill more impressive if a change were to result from it in those clauses in theConstitution of the Republic of South Africa which countenance unequal opportunity, unequal civic rights and living conditions for the native population.

The avenue for such a world declaration is through theSan Francisco Charter itself,conjointly,as isobvious,

Inset: Miss P. Treen. Absent: Miss\l. Robins.

The Annual Catholic Ball, held in the Town Hall, Albany, on June 15, more than upheld the reputation enjoyed by this function as one of the big events of the dancing season. Nearly 400 people attended on thisoccasion when social history was made in Albany. For the first time on record aformal debut wasmade by several members of the younger set. The highlight of the evening was the presentation of 12 debutantes to the \favor and Mayoress (Hon. C. H. and Mrs. Wittenoom). Those presented were:Misses P. Treen, D, Gunn, A. Mouchemoore, J. Milne, J. Danielson, J. Rodgers, D. Johnson, S. Collis, M. Robins, R. MoGuckin, P. Brennan, and K. Byrne, partneredbyMessrs. B. Bairstow, Trouchet, Giles, M. Walsh, i3. Glenister, D. Payne, D. Deere-

,F. Marshall, C. Johnston, L. Puts, M. Smith, and G. Gableish,respectively. The flavor and ;Mayoress, attended by Very Rev. Dean T. Gilroy and the Matron of dlonour, Mrs. W. Seburer, received the debutantes immediately in front of the stage, which was tastefully decorated with poinsettias standing out brilliantly-

against the dark backgroundofbush green. Thedebutantes, looking most attractivein their conventional long white frocks and carrying posies, were preceded intothe hall by dainty little Shirley Milne, charmingly dressed as aflower girl, who gave ahouquet to the Mayoress. Each debutante curtsied gracefully as she was presenter) by the Matron of Honour, and when the ceremony was completed, the twelve couples did a modified valeta, each couple in turn commencing as the preceding one finished the first movement. This attractive spectacle reflected great credit on Mrs. L. Bird, whoarranged the set, and gave the necessary preliminary instruction and training. As all the young people danred round the halltheyreceiveditgreat ovationfrom the big crowd present.

The committee scored another"first time for Albany,' by arranging asitdown supper in the Lower Town ]Tall. Foreach of thefoursittingsthe tables were ipyitinel_• laden with an abundance of good things. The dancers shnwrd evident appreciation of the romfort in which they were able to have theirsupper,andofthesupper itself. The lady committee's effort was mnst praiscworthv.

During the first sitting, which was graced by the debutantes, the',favor spokebriefly congratulatingthevoting ladies on their appearance, and the Ball Committee on its initiative with

its"double first." Dean Gilroy responded suitably. The debutantes and their partners received souvenir cards whichweresoon autographedby all thegroup,nodoubttobe treasured as amemento of avery happy occa. sion.

The Ball was under the control of Mr. P. Brennan, whodidhisusual job as M.C. Attie Simmonds' specially augmented orchestra provided excellent music and the floor was in firstclassorder. Averyhappy spiritcontinued throughout until the National Anthem brought to a conclusion a most successful, enjoyable andmemorable function.

TheManWho MurderedChristmas

It can now be proven that Adolf Hitler is the man who killed Santa Claus. Thirty-five years ago, there was atown in Germany, the very name of which stood for children's laughter and all the gay tenderness that one associateswiththe Christmas season. Each year when the"Krippenspiel"—the famous Manger Plays —were given, the whole community broke out in an epidemic of kindly good cheer.

Thecommittee wish tothankallthe helpers and others who contributed so readily towards the success of the evening, and,in particular,Mrs. Bird and her assistants, for their big part in connection with the debutantes. withtheRussians. Butifthisavenue fails, the message must in any case be brought to the world with the utmost speed, conviction and force. We have already waited too long, and to wait still longer means to let the world's moral leadership pass out of our hands for alifetime.

Alois Fleischmann started the festival. RememberingaChristmas when he had no gaily-lighted tree in his home and seeking awaytobringhappiness to the town's poor children, he invited them to help him produce a 10th. century Miracle Play. A's the town organist, Herr Fleischmann arranged the music into which was woven the old hymn "Ilelige Nacht."

The first show was such asuccess that the"Krippenspiel" soon became an institution. In the third year a Munich poet made the dramatisation, famous artists helped paint scenery and make costumes, and the perform. ancesdrew enormouscrowds.

The organist hail succeeded beyond his dreams. Not only was Alois Fleischmann reveredinhishometown, but his festival had become celebrated throughout theworld.

And what was the town where the "Krippenspiel" was greeted with such glee? It was Dachau.

No longer standing for the spirit of Christmas, to-day that name inspires fierce anger and burning hatred. Instead of children's laughter, the town reverberates with thenails of the tortured and dying. For Dachau is the place where Hitler and his Nazi followersset up the most notorious concentration camp in all Europe.—James Aldredge.

Rack Row Ileft to right): D. Johnson. G. Rodgers, S. Collis, D. Gunn, A. Mouchemore.

Front row(left to right): P.Brennan, R. McGuckin,,K. Byrne,J. Daniel'on,J. Milne.

America's Most Vivid Catholic Personality

Wireless Enables Enormous Contacts to Be

Made

Famous Preacher's Debt to Our Lady Concentration on Convert Work

ByJOHN JAY DALY, in"The Sign."

Few know Monsignor Fulton J. Sheen,although hisvoiceis afamiliar one in most American homes.

After High Mass, the doors of WestminsterCathedral swungopenand the congregation flowed into Buckingham Palace Road.

TwoAmerican visitorsin London remained on the cathedral portico and discussed the sermon:

"Why haven't me such preachers in America?" one asked..

Out o£ curiosity his companion approachedthe'sextontogetthenameof the young priest who had thrilled an audience:

"Father Fulton Sheen, from the CatholicUniversityof:•America,"camethe answer.

"From where?"

"From the United StatesofAmerica, one of our former colonies. Apity we don't have such preachers in England —and we the Mother Country!"

That was the summer of 1925—before radio wasweaned.

Ili the massive pulpit the preacher seemed small, delicate. He looked morelikeanaltarboythananordained priest. His hair wa4 as black as the cassock he wore, his face as white as thesurplice. Frail though heseemed, his voice filled the vast space, rang through that mighty cathedral where thesilencecouldeasilydrownthenoise ofanarmyonthemarch. Inachurch as big as St. Patrick's in New York, maybe larger,andwithouttheaid ofa microphone, Father Sheen was heard evenin the back pews underthe choir loft.

Four _years before the American preacher was discovered by the English, Warren Gamaliel Harding, then President of the United States, had made the first nationwide broadcast from Pittsburgh. Ten years later the now Right Reverend Monsignor Fulton John Sheen started his nationwide Sunday broadcasts with the Catholic Hour.

Radio was made to order for this modern evangelist. They came along together. Asaradiiopersonality, the name Fulton Sheen is known in the United States wherever there is areceiving set. Ile appeals alike to Catholic, Protestant, and Jew. NonCatholics in hislistener'audience some. times outnumbermembersof the fold. Thisis not hearsay or heresy. Among his followers are many eminent divines of various denominations. They listen for several reasons—one of them to learn the broadcaster's art.

Fulton Sheen isachurchholdword.

Though aPapal Chamberlain and a Domestic Prelate,most ofhisadmirers seldom call him Monsignor. To them he is plain Fulton Sheen.

ACatholicmight say,"Did you hear MonsignorSheen?"togivethetitleconferrer) in 1934.

AProtestant will say,"iheard Fulton Sheen yesterday—and was he good! „

\Jcaish'.my says,"HolyGee! This PCltro Chcen. He'seven gotme say;n ,,

the ro:arv."

Father, Monsignor, Bishop, or Car• dinal, this• starof the lecture hall and the air-lanes is destined to be known always as Fulton Sheen. That isperfertl• all richt with thefoxholeCatholi+. thoFe in the ditches of the vine. yards, where the trite believers work.

Tothem heisTheVoice. Thevrank him with the top-flicht radio artists of hiq tine--F.DR. and Winnie Churrhill. indeed, after the late President had a bit of dental work done and his old Ftylo chaneed, man• placed Fulton Sbren ahead ofhim.

inM-tvofthisyear—A.D. 191ri MonsivnorSheenwil havereached the halfcenturyline.

Father Time has dealt gently with the )consignor. Outw•ardlr, he has taken oft only what the ladies call the middle-age spread. There was only one way for him to grow—stouter, more robust His hair, once eho„v black,isnowtingedwithaluminium.

With an added dignity. Monsignor Sheeno» the lectureplatform orin the mnlpit isamightyfinefigureofaman. No cardinal ever seemed more impresFiye. ills scarlet robe reaches the floor As he addressesanaudience he standsrigid,like it soldieratattention. in front of him is amicrophone—his constant platformcompanion.Hislong. gracefulfindersclaspthemetalupright. Amodern in tunewiththe mechanical age, the mike is so

much part of him he is lost without amplification.

Onenight inSt.Stephen'sparishhall in Washington the mike gave up the rhost. lcnngignor Sheendid not con• tinue his discourse. Asmall hall, in theolddaysitwouldhaveglowedwith the voice that once stretched to the

Mgr. FULTON SHEEN

time clerical staff to handle Fulton Sheen's mail. Whenever he stages a Special broadcast, as he did not long ago, extra help is employed.

On Sunday, Atarch 4, 1945, Fulton Sheen celebratedhisfifteenth anniversary on the Catholic Hour. On that broadcast he offered to give arosary and abooklet explaining themysteries to anyone interested; anyone who had no rosary.

Catholics, Protestants,andJewswere invitedtojoin therosary crusade.The response was spontaneous. On the Tuesday after the announcement five mail bags filled with requests arrived at headquarters of the National Council ofCatholic Alen,sponsoring theCa• tholic hour. Every day thereafter for weeks thebags, chock-full, continued to arrive.

In that mail all colours, creeds, and racesarerepresented. Thedirectorof theCouncilestimatesthatintwoweeks 50,000requestsfor rosarieshadbeenreceived. They came from -

`every state of the Union.

fa corners of mammoth Westminster Cathedral. In the radio world they call this tin-dependence a form of phobia; afraidtosayawordwithouta microphone. The recerse is microphobia. Stagelights shine down onblack-grey hair, glossy, wavy, carefully brushed, clipped and trim as the barber's art canmakeit.

In ascarlet robe stands the master of pulpit oratory. Beneath the robe he

wearsablack soutane.-with cape, a broad artillery red sash around the waist. Red,cloth-coveredbuttons—six inarow—gracethecuffsofthesleeves.

Feet plantly firmly on the floor, the base of the microphone between the soles of the shoes, the speaker moves only his head, shoulders, arms, and hands. Ile seldom shifts his body, makes few strenuous gestures. Expressive hands, slender finger's, every nto•ehere isapicture.

"Saint Monica," the evangelist says, "prayed thirty years for the conversion of her son, Augustine.

Thehandsareraised in prayerful attitude, the dark flashing eye'slifted to heaven. TheaudienceseesSaintlion• icaprayinwfor thew•avwvardAugustine.

Or, tochange the ntond, the speaker sit

es

"The voting look forward. They have vision. The old look backward. Theehave seen thebestoflife...the good old days! „

There is asnicker. Even the tecnacersin theaudienceimaginewhat the old folks Faw in the horse-and-buggy. birvele-built-for-two days.

Fulton Sheen in one balanced state• rent can point it picture of the past, thepresent,and thefuture; toned with properinflections,sketchedw-ithperfect ecstures. :Hong with his other gifts, he is an actor. What is more, a ghovman, in the show world that hams or mere clothes-horses. Showmen are ingenious. George 11. Cohan was ashowman—sn were Ziegfeld and Belaqco.

With all his dramatic power, high)• histrionic,the Monsignorisnot adverse to creating balance with a laugh— even to the vergeofclowning.

OntheCatholicHouronceheimitated alittle girl—apatheticlittle girl so lonel-shecriedforcompanionship. So welldone,immediatelyafterthebroad• cast awire came from alittle girl in NewYork who saidshe'dliketocome overandplaywiththelittlegirl onthe radio.

"ihadtocut that out,"thedignified MonsignorSheen told anaudience,"for fear imight be mistaken for Baby Snooks."

That remark would have made Fan. nie Bricelaugh—FannieBricewhoportrays Baby Snooks—had she been listening: and she hag listened to Mon. signor Sheen on the radio.

Becauseofaresponsive random—his voice goes out each Sunday over 100 stations of the National Broadcasting Company's network—it takes a full-

Apart from his scheduled occupancy ofthepulpitatWestminsterCathedral, the young Father Sheen became alecturer at the University of Cambridge —anold-tie school.

Quite astep from the modern campus atBrookland, the Catholic Universitu, to theancientcricketfieldsofthe Catabrigian,butthe youngfellowtook it in stride. He was at home in academic halls. Two years before he preached his first sermon at Westminster he had won his doctorate at the University of Louvain in Belgium. also an"Agrege en Philosophie."

For this reason he might also be calledDoctorSheen,orProfessorSheen, orevenJudgeSheen. HeisalsoaDoctor of Canon Law, can practice atthe bar and be appointed to the bench. His Doctorate of Divinity was conferredattheCatholic Universityin 1934.

These are just afew of the degrees thatmayheaffixedtothenameofFulton Sheen.

AF one of his non-Catholic admirers rrrently put it,"Monsignor Sheen has more degrees than a 33rd. Degree Mason."

As a32rd. Degree Acason said, after hearing the Catholic Hour, "Iwish we had Brother Sheen in the Shrine."

"ilealreadyhas ashrine,"aCatholic nswered,"The Shrine of the Blessed Virgin Marv"

To her, Monsignor Sheen has dedicated hislife. ile emphasised thison his radio programme. Ile shows it by thought,word,anddeed.

Before his usual Srmdav broadcast, staged before an audience in Radio Pity,MonsignorSheengoesacrossFifth Avenue to St. Patrick's Cathedral and dedicates hie programme to the Blessed Mother. Whenever he mentions this her devotees thrill. Thee write him letters, send postcards.

Nor do they confine themselves to correspondence. Therearegifts. Gen• crous-hearted persons send anything thatstrikes theirfanevat themoment —from neckties to ilombergs. Consequcnce is,theMonsignorisabletohelp many who need help—with shirts, shoes, socks,gloves, or umbrellas.

Naturally, like the man who shook the hand of John L.Sullivan, lot's of listeners want to shake the hand of PultouSheen, That being impossible, thehest theycan do isshake the hand of someone who has shaken the hand of Fulton Sheen.

In the vernacular, this radio star is "kept under wraps." His "handlers" never let anyone get nearhim, if they can helpit. These are the officialsof +- Nationalf Council of Catholic Alen. Unlessitisabsolutelynecessary,almost amatter of life and death, theynever rvenletanyonespeaktotheMonsignor it the telephone.

His home is in afashionablesection of Washington, on the edge of Glover Park overlooking the Virginian hills. The house number is notlisted in the citydirectory.. Nor is the number of hisphoneinthetelephonehook. Any(Continuedon Page 11.)

(Continued from Page 10.)

body who actually had to corpmunicate with Monsignor Sheen must clear everything with Sidney —

in this case, the head man at the Council. If the clearance is approved agreen light is given.

Because of this, because of the care and protection of hisperson, many believe that Fulton;been is high hat; that he has gone up stage. Fulton Shcen's friends tell a ditferent tale. They describe him as intensely active, keenly alive,energetic, withasplendid outlookon life, andexceedingly friendly.

FultonSheendesignedhishousehimself. Ile supervised the construction. Before that,he had purchased ahouse hedid notlike.ThishesoldtoTommy the Cork, once President Roosevelt's man Friday.

In his new home Fulton Sheen has everythingtohisliking. Nothing but the piano antedates World War II. Occasionally theMonsignorplays.That is probably the nearest approach to a hobby. Hehasnone. Notevengolf.

Because he usually has two priests living with him—now they are Father Patrick Skehan, teacher of philosophy, and Father Wiliam McDonald, an expert in oriental languages—.Monsignor Sheen has reservation of the Blessed Sacrament. ThreeMassesarecelebrated in hischapeldaily.

In hishome he also conducts classes for the instructionof converts—and of thesehehasmany.Among thenotables who have comeinto theChurch under his aegisare thelate Heywood Broun, newspaper columnist, the late Colonel Horace Mann, who was charged with having conducted the smear campaign fortheKuKluxKlanagainstAlSmith, and Henry FordII.

Fulton Sheen did not, in the beginning, want tobe apreacher. Ile had no idea of becoming aradio star, for radio was not even in existence when he started hisstudies. Ile wanted to be ateacher. He tw•as fortunate in having great teachers. They were his inspiration.

There was another reason. In the beginning he was somewhat'by. His very nature craved quiet rather than cxc:tement, ballyhoo. He loved books. And, as alad,hewas frail. Whenhe was ordained he weighed only 110 pounds. In the seminaryhewasonce soillthedoctorsfearedforhislife.An operation performed then leftitsmark which persists to thisday. He maintains astrict diet, neither smokes nor drinks.

That is no hardship, of course. Ile neverwentinforthefrivolous,evenin hisstudentdays. Hisgradeandhighschooleducationwassecuredin Peoria, Illinois,thelatteratSpaldingInstitute, where hewasastarstudent. in 1917, duringthe first World War, he got his Bachelorof Arts degree at St. Viator's College, Kankakee,Illinois.

St. Viator's started Fulton Sheen on his oratorical-philosophical career Ile specialised in phildr'ophy, oratory, and English. Young Sheen was on the editorial staffof the school paper published ten timesayear. More literary than gossipy,"The Yiatorian" went in forcriticism ratlu•rthan news.

There was adebating team. As a member. Fulton Sheen made his first actual stage appearance, became audienceconsciousundertheSt.Yiatorbanner. HisteamanatesweretheRev.Dr. Charles A. Hart, associate professor of philosophy at the Catholic University, and Dr. Lawrence Donderville, now a surgeon in Moline, Illinois. These three dirt what wasthen thoughtimpossible. They defeated the debating team of NotreDrone Universitywhosedebating teamshadlwenundefeated fortwentytive straightyears.

Fulton Sheenwason hisway.

There was achoice now whether to _leave the world of letters, go on as a star ofstage orscreen—he had played lead roles for the dramatic society—or enter the priesthood. He decided to become apriest and was ordained at Peoriain 1919.

St. Paul Seminary in Minnesotaheld him for one year. Then he made the long trek from the cold North-west countrytothesouthernclimeofWashington,D.C.,CatholicUniversitybound. Ileisnowanassociateprofessorinpbilosopby then.

AfterC.U.conferreddegreesincanon law and sacred theology upon him,

FultonSheen was bitten by the travel bug, In 192:3 he went to Belgium, studied at the University of Louvain, guthisdoctorate—andthat"Agregeon Philosophie" which means he majored in the subject and came oil with hun„urs. Fouryearsittooktodoall this.

Four years or hard but not difficult study; for Fulton Sheen has what might be called afree-alleeling mind.

LikeOle Dian Ricer itjust goes rollin' along.

On thecontinent it was natural that FultonSheenshouldcasthiseyesupon Rome. liewent there,remainedfora timeinone of the religioushouses,and cameawayasaDoctorof Divinity. Ile didmorethanthat. Ilemadeafriend of Cardinal Pacelli, the present Pope. Theyhaveremainedfriendsthroughthe years. Indeed, some go so far as to saythat PiusNII.isMonsignorSheen's closest friend.

The question occurs: How can the man do all these chore's—speak once a week over anation-wide hook-up, conduct classes at the University, appear on thelecture plalfurmincariousparts ofthe country,writebooks,pamphlets, magazine articles, teach his religion to converts in New York and Washington—and still find time for that onehour-a-day meditation twhich he advocates and practises.

The answer is, he does. He knows howtoliveontwenty-fourhoursaday.

Noone knowsjusthow many people listen to the Catholic Hour each Sunday. Probably the greatest response isfromtheSouth,wheretheyloveoratory. Though aMidwesterner, Fulton Sheen has developed alove for the Southland. Ile goes to the Deep Southon pilgrimages. In Alabamahe undertook street preaching- was even heckled—and hadmanyinteresting experiences. Acolouredpreacher, thrilledby the Jlonsignor's performance, offered tomake himadeaconinaHardshell Baptist Church. Because of his fondness for the Land of the Magno. lias, Monsignor Sheen donates whatevermoneyheearnstheretotheSouthernMissions.

'ItwasaSouthernpreacher, too,who analysedandgavetheformulaofaFultonSheensermon:

"First he tells you what he's gonna tellyouabouttheBible. Thenhetells you about the Bible. And then he tells you what he done tole you'bout theBible."

OnatraincomingbackfromAlabama to Washington, Monsignor Sheen met up with an Episcopalian minister friend, avery learned gentleman who hadbeen down inMontgomery preachingthegospel. Ile ,

wasHighChurch— Catholic without the Pope, as he said. Ileandthe Monsignorgotintotheage. old argument about the merits, privi• leges, and prerogatives of their offices. The minister tried to draw aparallel between the two priesthoods. There was nothing, he said, aCatholic priest coulddo that an Episcopalian minister could not do—and though he was not apetting ratan he was willing to give odds on that.

"Oh, no?" said Jfonsignor Sheen, making it apersonal issue. "Nothing iran do that you can't do?"

"Mention one thing," challenger) the minister. said Fulton Sheen, his eve. brows.raised."icankissyour wife but you can't kiss mine."

FultonSheen seemstobe amanwho never stay- in one place any longer than he ran getoutWit lie

is constantly o» the jump. He could, if he wanted to, make hisweeklybroadcasts from Washington; but for that road. bed.

WhenevertheystartbootleggingMon signor Sheen's silent phone number he ha, it changed. That puts anend to the Black Market.

In case of emergency all one has to doiswire:

Fulton Sheen, U.S.A.

And the message will be delivered.

Such is the fame attained by aboy who grew up in Peoria, Illinois. His uncle, Dan Sheen, anon-Catholic, was mayor of the town and, whatis more, the law partner of afamous agnostic, RobertIngersoll. Hemadenoimpressionon the boy,who wasonly fouror five years old when the non-believer died Monsignor Sheen'sparentsdied withinthepastfewyears Bothlivedtobe wellin theeighties Ilehasthreebrothers—nosisters—andeachoneofthese

Catholic Rural Movement Expands

Groups to Operate in Many Centres

Northam:

The study circle twhich has been going for three yearsl should make a splendid Regional Group of the Movement. It is astrong team, includes Andre Boylen and Bernie Quinn lboth of high School), Wally Byrne (agricultural Bank), Jim Grand (Railway), JoeTankard,\\'. Back (Agricultural Bank(.

it will likely become the leading group. Besides providing help to many groups in the surrounding districts, it will probably originate other movements, such as the Christian Workers' Movement, and help in the formation of the National Catholic Girls Movement and the Young Christian Workers' Movement.

Co-operation, as aChristian solution of the economic problem, will meet with ascholarly foundation in this group, which has studied the Encyclicals. Self-government of Agriculture (and Indrfstry, Regionalism, and the other policies of the Movement meet with immediate conviction in this group thatalready has asolidgrounding in Catholic social principles.

Busselton:

This group has asplendid executive in BobSullivan, P. McCann, J.McCuskerand F. Moore. It willmeetevery Sunday evening after devotions. In no other centre was there such enthusiasm for the objectives of the Movement. The Rural Group at Margaret River has abusiness-like group leader in Martin Treacey, and it intends to make its fortnightly meeting a real social event. The Rosabrook Group will have James SilverthorneasGroup leader. -

At Marybrook Jeremiah O'Connor is planning the formation of a group. ItwillnotbelongbeforeBusselton is astrong force in the Movement.

Dardanup:

The group at Dardanup will be a strong group of farmers. At its next meeting it will elect its Group leader, andpossiblyplanforaWomen'sgroup to be formed. The Brunswick group has elected fir. Duignan as Group leader,and it needs awide-awake leader,becausethediscussionhereislively, and imean lively.

Collie: We are awaiting news from Collie tosee if they are to continue, also the nameoftheGroupleader. Thiscould easily become an important group, for as aRegional groupit will have possi• bilities like Northam to organise other branchesofCatholicAction.

Hatanning:

Thegroup here is aRegionalGroup, and will have also awomen's group from the start. At Tambellup astrong team of young farmers will form a Rural Group.

Wagin: This group is fortunate in having a man like Mr. Cecil Durack, of Beim Ord, as its Group leader, and J. Jforris as secretary.

Narrogin:

The group here is small as vet, but before longagood group.will be functioningin town and onealsoinWickepin.

boys has carved agood niche forhimself Joe is an attorney in Chicago, Tom adoctor in NewYork, andAloy "ius asoldier in the United States army fighting for Uncle Sam

Though the radio star of the Catholic Hour iwas baptised Peter and took Johnashis confirmation name, Fulton —the family name of his beloved mother, Delia—was given him as a nickname by his high school mates— and Fulton itremains Thename has served good purpose ItenablesaCatholic priest to enter homes, via the radio, that might beshutoff to Peter John Sheen, Monsignor or no Monsignor

York:

Thisgroupwill have little trouble in meeting weekly, as it intends, and muchgoodisexpectedfromasplendid, personnel headed by Mr. Keating, of the Commonwealth Bank.

Beverley:

If the men of the "Dale" have to come in each meeting to Beverley, it is almost too much to expect, so we hope that they will form agroup of their own.

Harvey:

Between the groups at Harvey and Waroona,thisparish shouldbe avery strong link, and we think much will be heard of it. The discussions will he far from dull, if Clary O'Connor and Mr. Purchase are in the same group.

Cunderdin:

The wet weather made the initial meeting avery small one, but the indications are that afinegroup will be formed here.

Merredfn:

This is really aRegional Group, for it has notevenone farmer,but it will be agood regional group. The Walgoolan group has been imbibing the Movement ideas for along time, and manifests areal business-like manner under the leadership of Mr. V. Henderson. The women here have their sayjustasmuchasthemen,and they cantalkwell(it seems thattheywere all one-time school teachers).

Lapel:

Thisgroupistomeetinfutureevery second Wednesday. Mr. E. M. Dyer, whilesickwith the'flu,waselected, in absentia, as Group leader. Mrs. P. Martin, as secretary, will keep us informed of the meetings. Here, as in so many places, the priest has abig task to be present at the fortnightly meetings, and it must be areal encouragementtothemembersthattheir priests are prepared to go to such trouble to be present.

Bridgetown: Although agroup is not yetformed here, we feel sure that with Mr. McInnesandMr. DickScott takingan interest in the Movement, we will have gained very useful members. They are deep in the literature ofthe N.C.R.M.

1. Group leader'sare asked to send a quarterly report. Anv item of general interest will be published on this page.

2. Group leaders requiring literature anordrranyquantityfrom theoffice, it St George's Terrace

3. Every Catholic living in thecountry is asked to be an ordinary memper of the Rural Movement. The group, however, is aband of extraordinary members, that is, the Catholic Actionists proper.

GROUP LEADERS.

Northam: A. Boylan.

Jlerredin: D. Foley.

Walgoolan: V. Henderson.

Bruce Rock: J. Wallace.

York: A. Keating.

Beverley: Lewis Bailey.

Narrogin: C. W.,ilonner.

Wagin: Cecil Durack.

Katanning: Tom Clune.

Tamballup: Tom Murphy.

Harvey: Bernard Sturmer.

Waroona: Joe Fitzpatrick.

Dardanup: Joe Hynes.

Brunswick: L. Duignan.

Capel: E. J; Dyer (Deputy Group Leader,W. Kidd; Secretary Mrs.P.J. Martin.)

Busselton: R. Sullivan (Deputy Group Leader,

J. McCusker; Secretary, P. McCann.)

Margaret River: Martin Treacy.

Rosabrook: James Silverthorne.

Marybrook:JeremiahO'Connor.

Manjimup:Frank Angus.

Bridgetown:T. A. McInnes.

Cunderdin: J. Stokes. (Continued on Page 14.)

Established 187+.

OfficialOrganof the Archdiocese of Perth

Addressall communicationstothe Editor, Box A36,G.P.O., Perth.

450 HAY STREET, PERTH.

TELEPHONE: B6950.

PERTH, WEDNESDAY, JULY 25, 1945.

Christ and the World

Taking intoaccount the present stateof world affairs,and the condition of society with its many strange and embarrassing proclivities, one cannot evade the question: Whither is our present (lay civilisation tending? Are the really progressive or just slipping backward towards moral decay? On all sides the high priests of the new paganism are holding out allurements to capture the allegiance of the masses and to create anew ascendancy under which Christ and Christianity will be driven from the hearts of mankind. The masses are promised anew order, and an earthly paradise from which the worries and tribulations of poverty shall be shirt out, and none shall he harassed by the fear ofan emptycupboard—where wealth will be amisnomerand class distinction, shall be broadened outinto adelightful equality. Into this new simplified life, freed from the bondage of religion, there shall not be introduced the restrictions and counsels of the Christian code. These sha!l be committed to the lumber room of progress, forthe newphilosopherstell its Christianity is outdated and the dominion of Demos has begun.

During nigh two thousand years, the greatest figure illuminating history is Christ the Redeenier. Down through the ages the personality of the despised of the Jewish people has grown ---more alluring and attractive, and commands the allegiance of a great vital human force in the world to-day. Old civilisations have vanished. new ones have passed may: their rulers, alight\, forawhile, have gune down to the grave and are forgotten; other princes and principalities and powers have succeeded, and they in their tarn, in subjection to the irrevocable rill inescapable law ofnature, haw^ given pkrcc tonewer States and Government,—old orders of society have i;-

otte, new ones play their pranks on the sands ofTime. Ittit over the wreck and ruin of kin,,I'm S

.aid constitutions and the failure of sects and cults, the luminous and cternal Christ appears. Christ and Christianit y

are indestructible. The godsof"deniocracw" are but the thin:;; ofaday.

The reactions that are the concern of rulers to-dav have their source in alawless niatcrialisui, which is creeping into society. The \\-

ar unsettled nun's minds. The violence and licence ofthe years of strife denturalisCd mankind and hardened human nature against itself. The nations failed to adequately grapple with the after-effects of the war, or to understand the needs imposed upon them by its havoc A psychology supervenes which has diverted human thought into strange channels,and asort ofspiritual anarchy has resulted. We find this exanipled in the loose philosophies of writers twhu propound ininioral doctrines, of advocates who defend divorce and sexual malfeasances, of politicians who mouth disorder and anarchy and the ascendance of the masses. That ascendancy should be regarded as an uncertain and coniplex thing—it might, as in the French and Russian Revolutions, be the parent of ared terror, or it might only mean a prosaic change from one government to another. This country is going through aserious period of economic readjustment, and the nlitrds of men are, politically, unsettle(. The conscience of citizenship should be stirred to acloseconsideration of the valuesof thepolitical nostrums concocted for the betterment of the nation's affairs andtherestoration-of liberty. There is evidence that disintegrating forces are combiningtodisorganise society and to disrupt responsible government. The great need of the time is anational conscience, influenced by Christianprinciplesand leadership directed by wisdom and justice. "Rack to God and back to religion," should he the slogan of aworld that is sadly frayed and fretted and ver -

ill at case.

DEATHS

LOUGIINAN.—On July 17, 1945, at Perth, Jeremiah Martin Loughnan, dearly beloved husband of Eva, and loving daddy of Joan, Terry, Barry, Geraldine and Judith. Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on his sold.

LOUGHNAN.—On July 17, 1945, at Perth, Jeremiah Martin, beloved son of the late Jeremiah and Mary Loughnan, of Charlton, Victoria, and loved,brother of Nora, John, Mary, Josie, Bill, Vera and Mick, Eternal restgrantuntohim, OLord, and let perpetual light shine upon him.

LOUGHNAN.—On July 17, 1945, at Perth, Jerald, loved son-in-law of Cornelius and Mary Callaghan, of Serpentine, and brother-in-16w of Jack, Mamie, Con, Bill, Tess and Gwynth. Rest in peace.

REGAN.--On July 7, at St. John of God Ilo'spital, Subiaco, Richard, beloved husband ofVeronica Ann, and loved father of Rev. Francis Regan, P.P., York. R.I.P.

►I+ IN MEMORIAM +

OnService.

KEOGH.—InlovingmemoryofGeorge, died on wounds in Egypt, July 1, 1942. —Inserted by his loving wife, Philomena Keogh.

DONOGHUE.—In memory of my dearest mother, Ellen Donoghue, who departed from this life on July 31, 1944; and also my dearestfather, Stephen Donoghue, who departed from this life on August 26, 1915. May their souls and all the souls of the faithful departed rest in peace. Amen.

—Inserted by their devoted daughter, Mary.

LO\ETON—Pray for the soul of Joseph Peter, died July 22, 1942; also James Aidan (Jim), killed Crete May 27, 1941. Requiescatin Pace. Always remembered by their loving family.

\IcADAJI.—Of yourcharity, pray for the repose of the soul of Robert Oswald McAdam, who departed this life on July 30, 1944. Always remembered by his loving wife and family.

NEWMAN.—Sacred to the memory of ourdearsisterand auntv,Mary,who passed awayJul -

v21, 1933, at Perth. liver remembered by her brother, Pat, and nephew, Tom.

RYA\—in loving memory of my dear husband, Con, who died on Jul'23, 1939; alsoson. Pat,whodied on February 19, 1911. R.C.1'. —Inserted by loving wife anol mother, Fairfield, Victoria.

WANTED.

Elderly lady, active, wants single, furnished room, con., or would give light services forone. Apply M., c/o this office. i a

COO Arcobiocese

AR0881YS0P11NO,AGEN1311M.

July 31:

8a.m: Celebrate Hass atCastledare Junior Orphanage.

August 8:

10.30 a.m.: Preside at Solemn Efth Afa9s at the Redemytorist Monastery, North Perth. 3p.m.: Canonical Visitation and Confirmation at St. Thomas' Churcit, Claremont.

August8:

10 a.m.: St. Patrick's, Premantle: Preside at Solemn High Hass, on the occasion of the Annual Plain Chant Festival(Fremantle Section).

August 9:

to a.m.: St. Mary's Cathedral: Preside atSolemn HighMass,ontheoccasion of the Annual Plain Chant Festival(Perth Section).

August 13: Receive debutantes at the Annual Catholic.Ball.

The Chqrch Not a "Sect"

Fewadvert to,butmanysufferfrom, acertain weakness in human doings. History shows that prolonged combat against errors is apt to leave amark of theerroritself,eventhoughitbe•• reverse order. Hence the Church's four-hundred-year battle against the spirit of sectarianism does not, it is true, make the Church herself asect, butitsometimesengendersabitofthe same feeling in the minds or conduct ofCatholics. Awarningagainst this spirit, asense of the need of keeping always before us the universality of the Church Catholic, was a theme treated by Georges Bidault, France's Foreign Minister, when he received a degree during the San Francisco Conference. The degree, he said alight givehim the righttooffersomeadvice. Ilk advice was the observation that minorities isuch as Catholics in Ameticat sometimes have atendencv to "sectarianism." "We do not helemg to asect," he said,"we belong to n Church,and that Church,fromitsvery nature, is universal, the parent of the trul universal spirit even in tic temporal affairs of men." To kee-i our integrity, without compr-)mi

mq or minimising oar Faith, yet to avoi.l being pushed intothecornerofamere religious minority, is no easv task. But is is nne which the rutferings of the war have taught European Cotho. ties how to accomplish with pntdence and patience we can learn the same lesson here.

Annual Catholic all MONDAY • AUGUST 13• 1945

Presentation of Debutantes• 8.45 p.m.

Embassy Ballroom

Tickets 816 single(notax)

DANCING 8.30 to 1.30 a.m.• DELIGHTFUL SUPPER

BookingopensatEmbassy9am.,23rd. July, 190.

Tickets obtainable at Nicholson's, Embassy,C.031.Office.

ADMISSION BY TICKET ONLY

What Really Happened in the Katyn Forest?

Full Facts Behind Massacre of 10,000 Polish Officers

Evidence of Russian Peasants Regarding the

N.K.V.D.

Why Did the Soviet Remain Evasive for 2Years?

By WILLIAM L, WHITE.

When the former U.S. Ambassador Davies published some four,years ago his"Missionto Moscow,"thebookraisedatonceaheateddiscussioninwhich all American "experts" on Russia took part. oOne of them described the look as"piffle;" others reproached the author iwith over-generalisation, based on very scanty knowledge of fact, figures and Russian life; yet, as itosme. times happens the result of the con , .troversy wasaconsiderableincreaseof the book's sales. Asimilar situation arose when at the beginning of 1915 a talented American writer, bearing a journalistically famous name, W. L. White, released"Report on the Rus . sians," the resultof observation'smade during his 1944 trip with Eric Johnston, President of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. Attacks launched by anumberofjournalists,someofwham came from Australia(James Aldridge-, John Fisher), were directed mostly against his small knowledge of Ras.;ia and his too strong emphasis on comparisons between the American an.i Russian standards of life, raised the sales of the look so that soon afterwards it became one of the best We , sent sellers. As amatter of fact, however, the mainreasonofthebook's popularity was the extremely rigid Soviet censorship, which every Moscow fore

ign correspondent strongly condemns in private, but so far very few venturing todo it inpublic, PaulWinterton from the B.B.C. and the very pro-Soviet "Ne«is-Chronicle;" being some of these rare exceptions.

The following short excerpt from Mr. White's "Report" throws anew ti

light on the Katyn Forest massacre, called recentlyby aFrench publicist a "new totalitarian edition of the Dreyfus case."

Moscow correspondents say themost sevicee political censorship was imposer) on their stories of the Katyn Foreet Massacre, which is not surprising because this subject isoneof themost delicate of the war, strung around a plot asexciting as any detective"whodone-it."

Katvn Forest i, near Smolensk and it is the grave of some 10.OM Poles, mostly officers, who were shot in the back of the head. On these facts evervrme agrees. Buton whetherthis slaughter ofhelpless war prisonerswas dine by Russian'sor Germans there is violent disagreement and some evi Bence both ways.

To it the complexity of the case alittle history is necessary.

April, 1940, when the Soviets began evacuating them, telling the men they might be sent back to their homes. They left in groups of from twenty to sixty every-

few days during April andearly May, first being loaded into prison cars As to what became of them after that the Poles have afew clues. Most of the 10,000 vanished from thenearth except for 400, who were finally taken toacamp atGryazovets. There they were allowed to write letters to their families. But from theanswersthey received,inquiring as to the fate of their comrades, it soon became clear to the thousands of officers who had been at the three camps they alone were writing letters home. More than ayearpassedandonJune 22, 1941, Hitler attacked Russia. The Polish Government in London imme. diately offered the hand oLfriendship to the Soviets, suggesting the formation from prisoners of war in Russian hands of aPolish army. The Soviet Government quickly a

ccepted. General Anders was released from his prison cell, installed in a comfortable hotel room with apologies, and with ,,o•ict co-operation began forming his army.

Poles, releaser)from prisoncampsall over the Soviet Union began flocking to his headquarters, but there were almost no officers.

GeneralAnderswasatfirstnotalarm. ed, believing that they probably had 1,cen transferred to some far-away Arctic labour camp and presently would turn up as thousands of others were doing. But as months wentby and not one additional officerreported he became concerned.

In November of 1911 Polish Ambassador Kot gotaninterview with Stalin to discuss this perplexing problem. The Marshal appeared genuinelywtonished.

belief that the other officers had been sentinthedirectionof Smolensk. In one of the cars innvhich the400 were evacuated they had seen,scrawled on the wall, ahasty message in Polish. They guessed it had been left behind by acertain Polish Colonel Kubya, whohad been evacuatedahead of the 400, and who had promised before he left, totry to leaveaclueastowhere they were being taken. Thismessage read,"The second stop after Smolensk; wearebeingtakenfrom thecars and loaded into trucks." This, however, meant little. Katyn Forest is seventeenkilometresbeyond Smolensk, but the 400 had then never heard of KatynForest.

But areally disturbing rumour began to circulate. It seemed that, a few months before theGerman attack on Russia, the NKVD had assembled several Polish staff officers, including Colonel Berling, andsuggestedtothem that possibly aPolish army might be organised to fight theGermans. At a conference with Russian NKVD officials, Beria and Merkulov, Colonel Berling agreed, provided it was organised "irrespective of political creeds," and then added that, at the three officers' prison camps,"we have excellent armv cadres." Whereupon Merkulov answered quickly,withsome embarrassment, "No, not these men. We have made agreatblunderinconnection with them." Only rumours, perhaps, but they disturbed the Poles.

But the Poles kept their misgivings ,utofprint,anxioustopreservefriendly relations with their new Soviet alb. Considerable time passed, and hen, on April 13, 1943, the German adioannounced thatin Katyn Forest, near Smolensk, iwhich they then held,

they had discovered mass graves of about 10,000 Polish officers,each killed with abullet through the back of the head. They said that Russian pen sants in the vicinity had told then that these prisoners of war had been murdered,

by the NKVD in the spring of 1940, giving dates which wouldcorrespondclosely to the time the prison camps hadbeenevacuated. TheGer• mans also claimed that letters and papers found in the clothing, as well astheconditionof the bodies, indicatedthatthemen hadbeenmurderedin the spring of 1940. 'According to the German story the peasantsbaddelayed showing them the graves because of their great fear of the NKVD. Names announced over the German radio corresponded withthose of Polish officers missing from the three camps. This German announcement created much confusion among the Pole's.

Two days later Radio Moscow took cognisance of the German charges in ahitterbroadcastinwhichitsaidthat "these German lies reveal the fate of Polish officers whom theGermans employedinconstructionworkinthat region." The next day, April 16, the Russian news agency,"Tars," issued a communique explaining that these Polishprisoners,who hadbeenemployed by the Russians on constructio$ work westofSmolensk, hadbeen captured by-the Germans during the Soviet retreat from that region in the summer of 1941.

But this explanation did not satisfy allPoles. Theirofficershadbeenevacuatedfrom the three prison camps in April, 1940. Ever since the Russo. German outbreak in June of 1941, the (Continued on,

Page16.)

BATH TOWELS

When, in 1939, the Germans and Russians divider) Poland, the Russians' share of the loot included more than IF.00(i prisoners of war, of whom 10000 were officers.'Afew ivere generals. The most distinguished of these, including General Anders, were confined to Moscow's Lubianka prison. The rest of the 10,0(1(1 officers were sentto three prisoncampsin the Russian townsofStarobielsk, Kozielskand Ostaszko'. These campshoused twelve Polish generals, sixty-nine colonels, seventy-twolieutenants,andinall5,131 regular armv officers,and4,096 reserve officers. Few of the last had been captured in combat. Most of them had not vet been called up for dutyhut. when Russia occupied her half of Poland, obeyed the Soviet summons to assemhle.

The PoliMi0

officers were reasonably well treated at the three camps until

"Have they not been released yet!" he said and,in Kotspresence,rangup the NKVD andsaid the prisonerswho had peen in those three camps should he released at once because"the amnesty applies to all Poles. They, too, ,

hould he released.'

A month passed, during which the Poleswere collecting,from the400 survivorsof the threecamps, alistof the names of their missing hTOtherofficers.

On December 4, when Stalin received Generals Sikorski and Anders, they took with them an incomplete list of I,(o names. ThistimeStalinexpresser) no surprise or indignation. The Poles felt he answered evasively, suggesting that the 10,000 officers might have returnedtoGerman occupied Poland or fled over the Manchurian bor1,er. Knowing how closely the NKVD supervises all travel in Russia itiwas difficult for the two Polish generals tobelieve thatsuch alarge num. her of officers could have accomplishedthisjourneyundetected,andAnders told Stalin as much, venturing the counter-suggestion that perhaps the NKVD, short oflabour, was still holding them in some far-away Siberian camp. "Tf they havelt't released anv such prisoners," said Stalin,"we will compel them to doso." And picking up his telephone he called General PamfilovatNKVDheadquarters,again issuing orders to release all Poleswho had ever been in the three camps.

'fore time passed but not an officer turned up. However, disturbing rumours circulated among the Poles. Among the 400 survivors there was a

SCHOOLS QUESTION.

Bitter recriminations, recalling the reaction to the anti-clerical campaign in the early yearsof thecentury,have brokenoutin Franceoverthedecision of the Education Committee of the Consultative Assembly tosuppress the Government 'subsidytoChurchschools. This decision was foreshadowed monthsago by the attitude of several municipalauthorities who votedaga:r.st thecontinuanceofanyformofpub-

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lic finanical aid to these schools, This happened, fur example, at lfontaub.m and drew astrong protest from the Bishop who, during the German occupation, suffered imprisonment for his outspoken defence of the French peo. ple's rights and for the protection he gave the Jews.

"I imagined," said the ( Bishop, in a denunciation of the Town Council, "thatNazismhaddisappearedwiththe Germans. It has not. I thought that there would be no further need for aresistance. Your sectarianism, however,forces me to organise anow resistance."

Fierce disputes, both in the press and on the platform, have broken out in many parts of France over the decision. Feeling runs high, as in the case of aprotest rally in Paris where, (luring apriest's address, an inflamed anti-clerical seized another microphone and tried to shout down the speaker.

Several of the French dailies have sided againsttheChurch schools,while trying to show afriendly spirit to. wardsCatholicism. Theyjustify their attitude bydeclaring that religion isa private affair. Even the Communist paper,"Humanite," which naturally (wishes all Church schools suppressed, protests afriendly feeling towards Ca. tholics.

q

cmt6 nvulfld&mumdt6 {

Aquinas College Sporting Results

On Wednesday,July11,ontheW.A.-

C.A.,'Aquinas College defeated Hale School in the G.P.S. Football Competition. A cross wind made conditions for play rathe,1dificult, but the fine weather had attracted quite a fair crowdofspectators.BopsfromAquinas turned up in forceandweretreated to one of the most exciting games in recentyears.

It wasevidentearlyinthefirstquar. ter that the game was to be alowscoringone. Inbothteamsthe backs were on top,and the forwards right off the target. It.was ahard tussle, interesting mainly on account of the evenness of the scores,with fewbursts of ,

LATE SERGEANTARTHUR WITHNELL.

NewshasjustcometohandthatSergeant Arthur Withnell died of illness (cholera) whilst P.O.W., Thailand, on July19,1943. Hewasthedearlyloved anddevoted sonof Mr. and Mrs. HoraceWithnell,of 19Walter-street,Claremont, and loving brother of Keith (P.O.W.), Mary (Mrs. Swan)., Nancy (Mrs. Taylor), Jean (Mrs. O'Leary), andBetty(Mrs.Martin). Hewasedu. catedatNorthamandlateratSt.Ildephonsus'College,New Norcia,andwas always apractical Catholic. He'was ofareservednature,butlovedandwell respected byeverybody. At the outbreak ofwarheand hisbrother Keith left with the 2/3rd.M.G. Reg. tofight inthe Syriancampaign,andlatermov. ed toJava, where they weretakenprisoner in January,1942. He was 26 years ofage. R.I.P.

LATE MR.J. M.LOUGHNAN.

Thesuddendeathof111.J.11.Loughnan, of Serpentine, at Perth, on July 17, was agreat shock to his many friends and relatives. Born at Charlton, Victoria, 47 years ago, the late Mr. Loughnan was engaged in farming, in partnership with his brothers, until five years ago, when he came to Western Australia. He became interested in the dairy farming industry and acquired property at Serpentine, where he resided until the time of his death. In 1936 he married in Melbourne Miss Eva Callaghan, of Subfaco. Deceased issurvivedbyhiswife nd five children.

The funeral took place at Karrakatta on Thursday, July 19, after a Requiem Massat St. Mary'sCathedral.

The pall-bearers were: Messrs. J. O'Halloran, J. Stocks, E. Haves, D. Coffey(Serpentine), E. Turner ISer. pentine., and J. Rielly Olundijong).

spectacular football. Hale showed more ability in the air, but Aquinas countered that by pace, and abetter use of the ball. At quarter time Aquinas,0.4, ledHale,0.1,afteraquar. ter which must be almost unique for lowscoring on afine day.

Thesecondquarterwaslike thefirst, heavy,-unsystematic football, with a gooddealofvigour,butnounpleasant. ness. The rucks were breaking about evenly, the half-backs were on top usually, while neither side was getting any pronounceddrive from the centre, so that the game circulated outside scoringrange. Eachsideadded1.3for thequarter.

Dogged play and low scoring con. tinued with the third quarter, both sidesadding another 1.3totheirtotals, which meant thatAquinas at the last change-overstill held its early lead of three points.

Excitement becameintense from the firstbounceofthefinalterm,andplay remained even until a mis-hit by Aquinasruckmanneartheirowngoals, let Hale in to snap agoal, which put them in front. Both sides now put all their energy i n

th e s

trugg

le, an

d finally G. Melvin, of Aquinas, broke away on the flank tosend along torpedo punt straight through the goals. Now in the lead again, Aquinas man. aged to add three more points and to 'breakupafewHalemoveswhichlook. ed very threatening. Thefinal scores were: Aquinas,3.13; Hale,3.7.

'Best Players.W. Melvin, G. Melvin, if. Bowen, R. Hearne, N. Tunstill, J. Saunders.

Goal-kickers: R.Gill, L. Pekovich,G. Melvin.

In the Second 18's match, Aquinas wasbehindathalftimebyfourpoints; but in afine quarter against the wind they added 3.4 to Hale nil. In the last quarter theykeptthe pressure on, to win rather comfortably: Aquinas, 9.13; Hale, 7.1.

Progressive Points.

:Aquinas College........ 12

ALBANY.

H, C. Prior Funeral Director I

ALBANY (Establihed 1921). F PrivateMortuary.MotorVshiclu, ChargesModerate. 'Phone 215. Albany,Mt.Barker,Denmarkand Districts,

KALGOORLIE.

J. W. SHEEHAN, PRIMEBELF BUTCHER. IIANNANST., KALGOORLIE. MARITANA STREET, Tel.438.............Tel.438

ALEX RODOREDA

Turf Commission Agent 602 HAY STREET, AGENT FOR W.A. CHARITIES. Ring B5841 and B5236.

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Catholic Rural Movement

(Continued from Page 11.)

The Bishops,in"Pattern for Peace," state:-

1. Totalitarianism in Australia is a certainty if the welfare of Rural Life is not made the first aimof Australian Policy: ifagriculture isnotplacedfirst in national life.

2. Regionalism is the first prerequisite of agricultural stability.

3. Decentralisation of agricultural administration is necessary. Agricultural policies relating to production, credit, marketing, rural electrification, should be controlled by rural committees not by politicians.

4. Education should be changed to give future farmers ageneral culture and aspecial training in Pural pursuits.

;i.

Avigorouspolicy isneeded for Irrigation. Rural Electrification, Reafforestation, Rural Housing.

6. A national Rural Council should control all thest policies.

The National Catholic Rural Move. ment urges:.

1. National control of Credit.

2. Co-operative Insurance, Marketing, Credit Unions.

3. SelfGovernmentof Agriculture.

4. Revival of Home Entertainments.

5. Home Industries.

6. Regionalism, 7Family Farms, Homestead Farms

Hale School.......... 4 Guildford............ 4 Scotch 4

June21: Aquinas3rds.,13.11,defeated hale,4.4. Goal-kickers: B.Moore (8), I.Robinson(2),E.Ward (1),B.Fraser (1), M, Paget (1.), Bestplavetls: A. Shaw,T. Perran,B.Moore, I1.Price,E. Ward.

Aquinas6ths.. 14.17,defatedHale,I.I. Goal-kickers: Mosley(4),P.Walsh (2), Bowen (2), Williamson(21,Barnes(2), Ralnh (1),\rackin(11

. Best plavers: l'. Barnes, K. Williamson, F. Drabble, J. Mosely, P. Walsh,

The Annual Reunion of Dominican Ex-Students will be held at the Dominican Convent, Wood Street, Berlford Park, on Sundav Afternoon, August 5.

Al past pupilsof Dominican Schools hill be welcome.

Transport: Tram No. IS to Wood Street, or Inglewood Bus from Stirling Street to Crawford-road, 2.20 and 3 p.m.

Th e

Basket Ball.

results of several matches playedonSunday are to hand, and are as _follows: In the match at the High School, between W.A.T.C. and St. Joseph's, the latter won well in spite of several casualties. C.G.C. team No. 1 had avictory over C.G.C. No. 2. This matchwasplayedat St. Mary'sSchool ground.

CuriaMeeting.

Legion of diary Curia will meet at the Catholic Library onAu

gust

1at S _p.m. Xav

ierBoys'Club.

Awell attended meeting was held onSundayeveningafterHolyHourdevotions. Members learned with regretthatRayIfangini,theClub'secretary, was leaving shortly to join the R.A.A.F. Clive Rogers was appointed secretary in his place.

Aclosely contested debate on Army versus Navy resulted inawin for Pat Gray and Bernie Smith against Dave Ilenneger and Doug Hughes.

Next week's debate on ,

Cotitpulsory Military Training' should be good.

An enquiry from the National Fitnets Council as to whether the Club would compete in tennis and cricket with other clubs was answered in the affirmative.

St. Mary'sBranch,HA.0'B.S.

President Bro. Shinnick presided at themeetingheld on Mondaylast. He was assistedby Sr. B. Dolanand Bro. Hannan did the secretarial duties in the absence of Sister Stinson. Sr. Stinson and Bro. Stinson are enjoying afew weeks in Perth. There was a good attendance of members, but many moreneed to havetheirmemories jogged alittle. The branch is a busy one, and deserves thesupport of all members on the occasion of the fortnightly meeting. The next meet. ing wil he held in St. Mary's Hall on Mondayevening.July30,atSp.m.

Social.

The house party at the O'Dea residence was avery pleasant affair ,

well attended,and should proveagood success financially. Parish funds will benefit. Messrs. Maxwell and Han-

nan were assisted by members of the Catholic Women's league in organising the party.

`'EST PERTH

FIFTY-FIFTYDINCE'

In common with all efforts to create enjoyable re reation for the younger ones, St. Bripid's, West Perth, continu- ed u- ed to provide nattractive dance on Saturday,July^_1. Themusicwasex,-client. the floor reflected the work of the young men of the committee, and the supper unsurpassed.

What next? Arepeat performance on Saturday,:August 4, when lucky spotand noveltydanceswillbesupple. mentedby a"mystery" prizeforhu•kyentrants. Be with the voting, happy crowd at the Carnival Dance on Aug. ust 4, at St. Brigid's.

Matter for inclusion in parochial notes andreportsof Catholicorganisationsmust be in handbyeach Thursday

Mosman Park

Obsequies of Mr, Regan.

We regret to record the death of awellknown andhighlyrespectedparishioner, in the person of Mr. Richard Regan.

A native of Sydney, the late Mr. Regan came to the West whenquite a young man. For some time he was connected with the gold mining industry, but later joined the Postal Department, where he gave long and trusted service till his illness some six years ago.

Practical in the observance of his duties, jovial by nature,and of simplefaith,our lateparishioner was able tobearhislongsufferingwithpatience and even cheerfully. Fortified by all theritesof the Church,hedied aholy death.

The esteem in which Mr. Reganwas heldwasshown by the large crowdassembledatSt.AidarrsonJuly 10. Solemn Requiem Hass was celebrated by the deceased's son, Father Francis Regan, P.P., of York, assisted by Father Giles as deacon, and Father McArdle sub-deacon. Most of the priests of the metropolitan area and many priests from country districts werepresentandchantedtheRequiem. A large and representative congregation assisted at the Mass.

The burial,which took placeatKarrakatta Cemetery, was largely attended by relatives, priests and friends. The last prayers were recited by FatherRegan,assistedby Rev. Father Collins,of Shenton Park.

The pall-bearers were: Messrs. A. Tibbs, J. Gilleland, At. McCarthy, J. Prunster,A. Noonan, S.J.Marwick.

To Mrs. Regan and Father Regan, the priestand peopleofMosman Park offer their syspathy in their bereavement.

Shenton Park

Holy Rosary Branch, Our social functions are gradually improving, and once again anumber of strange faces are seen around the hall. Our last dance was agreat improvementontheoneprevious.Butwe wouldstilllike to see alarger number in attendance. Even if afew members frontthebranchesaroundourparish would come, itwouldhelptomake theeveningthesuccessthatwesomuch want it to be. So we hope you will accept this as apersonal invitation to bepresentatournextdance,tobeheld in the School Hall, Iienry-street, on Tuesday,July31. Theadmisionfeeis Is.

Weguarantee youoneofthebest evening's entertainment of the week.

Only 41 Catholics stood as candi• dates at the recent British General Etcctions, a"Universe" survey reveal. ed.

,

One was returned unopposed. He was Alderman D. G. Logan, Labour candidate for one of the poorer quar. ters of Liverpool, and well known in the public life of the city.

Afeature of the campaign was the activityof Catholic Parents' and Elec. tors' Societies, members of which ask. ed cantidates for assurance that they would help to get fairer treatment for Catholic schools.

Members of the Scottish Hierarchy issued rules for Catholic voters. These were:

1.Catholics are free to vote for any candidate who claims their confidence, providedhe and hisparty do notseek in any way to destroy religion.

2.Allshouldrecord theirvote.

3.The Catholic votermustbeonhis guard against principles, resolutions, and rulings from whatever source, if they arehostile totruereligion.

4. No Catholic may vote for aCommunistorhelphimin hiselectioncampaign.

CENTRALCATHOLIC LIBRARY- 36PIERSTREET,PERTH

Wearepleasedtoannounce thearrival of somecopiesof:

"The'LettersofanIndianJudgetoan English Gentlewoman." 7/6.

"The CaravanPasses"(Eileen Finlay) 9/3.

"Building Character From Within." By Dr.J.T.McMahon. 16/6.

"Legends of the Christ Child." By FrancesMargaretFox. 7/3.

"ISawTwoEnglands." By H.V.Morton. 15/3.

"In Search of England." By II. V. Morton.. 16/--.

"InSearch ofIreland." By H. V. Morton. 16/6.

"Friday'sChild." ByGeorgette Heyer. 12/9.

and

"Judgment ofthe Nations," a further supply of Christopher Dawson's brilianthistoricalphiloosphy(14/-) —a book which is particularly recommendedto allmen readers. It is longerandmore important than "ReligionandtheModernState."

"The booktreatsof threemain matters. First, Dawsonenquires intothe fundamentalcausesof the presentconflict and surveys historically the religiousoriginsofEuropeandiversities, dis. cussingespeciallytheclashbetweenthe societiesproducedbyLutheranismand Calvanism. He analyses also the effects on the individual of the unparal-

Ileled advances of science in the last hundred years. Dailylife was revolutionised while the political and social framework remainedunchanged. Second,hediscussestheissuesarisingfrom the Totalitarian bid for universal power. And, third, he enters fully intotherealmofthespiritual. Inhis eve's'the real social mission of Christians is to be the Pioneers in aTree MovementofWorldRevolutionI" The only true and lastingNewOrder must bebasedonthespiritofChristandHis teaching.

LIBRARYSUBSORIBERSI

Remember that acopy of all new books received intoshopis also received into Library.

WehavestocksofnewRosaries,Missals, and beautiful Holy Pictures. Also School Readers,Children'sStory Books asmall supply of Rubbers has cometohand,andwe have suppliesof ExerciseBooks, DrawingBooks (whiteandpastel), Readeffi—Oxford, Temple, West Australian.

SUBSCRIPTION RATES:

City: Ibook ayear, 10/-.; 2books a year, 12/6.

Country: (4books),£1/15/-; halfyearly,f:l Is.

'Juvenile(under 16): City,5/-; Country, 10/Freightpaid onewayon allbooks.

Our Catholic Schools and Colleges

Loreto Convent "Osborne" — Claremont

BOARDINGAND DAYCOLLZGZ.

TheSchoolprovidesasoundeducation on modern lines in all branches of itudy. The pupils are prepared forallexaminations. TheSchoolis beautifully:;tuuted between Ocean and River, in extensive grounds, with fine playing fields and private Swimming Pool in River. Telephone: F2135. Apply— MOTHER SUPERIOR

SACRED HEART HIGH SCHOOL

HIGHGATE — PERTH.

(CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS NOTRE DAME DES MISSIONS) BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL rOR GIRLS.

PUPILS PREPARED ALL EXAMINATIONS. MONTESSORI SCHOOL FOR YOUNGCHILDREN

For Prospectus apply— Phone: B3S10. REV. MOTHER PRIORESS.

ST. 1LDEPHONSUS' COLLEGE

NEW NORCIA

CONDUCTED BY THE MARIST BROTHERS.

Catholic boys recommended on theadore of character by their Parish Priest,and ready to comment*atleast Sixth Standard or arrival, can be now enrolled for cemmeneem*ntizk rebruary, 1916. Application should bemade at once. Acceptanceduring1945isnolongerpossible.

For Particulars Apply to—THE BROTHER DIRECTOR.

CHLISTIAN BROTHERS,MT. HENRY.

ONE OF THE ASSOCIATED PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF W.A. AQUINAS COLLEGE,

TELEPHONE: K171620.

)Olt BOARDERS AND DAY STUDENTS. BOYS ADMITTED FROM 7UPWARDS.

— The Principal,AquinasCollege,CanningParade,Mt.H*nry

Diamond .Jubilee of Mother Clare

Papal Blessing onLongTeaching Career

Since its foundation nearly one hundred years ago, Victoria Square has witnessed the celebration of three Diarnond Jubilees.

[torn at C:astlecorruer, Co. Kilkenny, in 1861, Mother M. Clare entered the Convent of Mercy, Derry, where, in 16235, she was professed. For thirteen Years she laboured in the Convent of her profession. Then, in 1898, generously and nobly responding to the appeal o£ the late Bishop Gibney forSisters to aid him in his work in W.A., Mother Dl. Clare, her sister, Sister M. Agnes (deceased), and four other voting nuns, volunteered andcame to Victoria Park. There they pioneered the work of Catholic Education, and for thirty-five years worked to further its cause. Of this pioneering band who sailed iii 1898 three Sisters sur. vive—the Jubilarian, and Mothers M. Benedict and M. 13enignus, who are now at St. Joseph's Orphanage, SubiaCO.

Mother M. Clare is the only surviving member of a family blessed with missionary zeal. Her brother, Rev. Father Buggy, devoted his life to the cause of the Church in the Bathurst Diocese.

On Juy 17, at Victoria Square, was celebrated a Solemn High Mass, at which His Grace the 'Archbishop presided. Rev. Father McGillicuddy was the celebrant. The Deacon and SubDeacon were Rev. Fathers Rafferty and Donnelly. Rev. Father O'Farrell was the Master of Ceremonies, and Rev. Father Breslin, O.M.I., the preacher. The Mass wassung by the school children.

Addressing the venerable Jubilarian, Father Breslin said:

"Blessed are those vvUo dwell in Thy House, O Lord."

We are assembled this morning to offer our felicitations to you on the occasion of your Diamond Jubilee of Profession. Sixty years ago you became a Nun, you put on the holy habit of religion: you consecrated yourself to God. The sacrifice you made that da_v long ago in holy Ireland has been visibly blessed by Him. Ile granted you a long, fruitful life in His service. And you will, I am sure, join with us this happy morning in thanking Him for Ilisgoodness and mercy.

The Catholic Church in Australia owes an immense debt to the teaching Orders, especially to those who conduct primary schools, because those schools are the baclrbone of the Catholic Education System. A very small percentage of children in this country avail of seconclary education. It is now many years since Sir Henry Parkes set up the State schools as we know them to-day. He showed him. self in his true colours when in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, he waved the newly passed Education Bill in the airandcried:"I hold in my hand vvhnt willbedeathto the calling of the Priesthood of the Church of Rome." Tiiut he reckoned without the fighting: spirit of the Irish-horn Australian Bishops. They took tip

the challenge. Backedbytrue intense lovnity and generosity of the Australian Catholics, they set up their own schools. R'here to get teachers was the pressing problem. In the hour of dire need they turned to Irelarurl, the Island of Saintsand Scholars. And they dirl not turn in vain. From across the world consecrated virgins of Christ flocked in their thousands and cheerfully spent their lives in the service of the Australian Catholics. May God grant that their sacrifice may never lie forgotten They came to serve Christ's poor Because it was the children of the poorthat diabolically inspired men sought to rob of their Faith The Godless schools of the State were not for the children of the wealthv merchant, the rich squat. ter• the flourishing tradesman, or men of substance Oh, no1Therichman's child could go to a boarding school

or aChurch Grammar School, where Religion was part and parcelof thecurriculum It was s system designed to rob the poor man of the one thine

left to brighten his drab.existence and make his hard life bearable Religion was to become the monopoly of the wealthy It wasaheartless, debasing, tyrannical law

Look around us in the world to-day and see the fruit's of secular instruction when divorcedfromreligion.Look at the United States, where seventy million people are not attached toany Church. Lookat England,wherethis war has broughtto light theappalling ignorance of the average poor child &

about God or Christ. And without Religion there is no morality. We look at our own country and see the difference between the CatholicChurch and the other sects. Inspite of their wealth and excellent social services, they have dwindling numbers and small congregations. The Catholic Church is virile, increasing numerically, an ever growing influence in the community. What makes the difference?—our Catholic Primary Schools. God has blessed the Pastors and the Flock for their generosity and Faith in the matter of Primary Education. If the Church lost ground in any Catholic country it rwas because the Primary Schools hadbeen neglected.

You, Mother Clare, are one of those pioneer's who blazed the trail in the matter of Catholic education in this Archdiocese,.Through you, wewould thank them for their lives unselfishly spent in the cause of Christ's little ones—the little ones so dear to Him.

Ithank you, then, on behalf of His Graceand theCatholicpeople of W.A. Ithank you on behalf of your own Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy. You have been ashininglight, anornament to it. Your exampleofcbarity, patience and humility will ever be cherished as agolden memory. I thank you on behalf of your past pupils scattered throughout the world, Nvhom you guided and instructed in their formative years.

Finally, Icongratulate you on be. halfof Ireland, yournative land. She has borne many illustrious children. She is especially proud of her missionary children. They have added a lustre to her name that she cherishes above all else. They occupythe first placeon-herrollofhonourforanIrish. man—Faith comes even before Fatherland some day in the distant future, the Master you have served so faithfully will Himself be your reward. Meanwhile ponderon thestupendousrecompense Ile has promised to those who instruct others unto justice,"They shall shine like stars throughouteternity." And although to-day we know yuu are ready to sing your "Nuns dimittis" and long to be dissolved and be with Christ, even so, our earnest prayer is that God will grant you many more years amongst us to continue to edify by your words and example.

The preacher then read the docu. ment from the apostolic Delegation conveying the Papal Blessings "Apostolic Delegation, "North Sydney, N.S.W.

"The holy Father, as apledge of heavenlyfavoursandasignofHispaternal benevolence, andof Hisappreciation of theworkaccomplished forGod and souls during the last sixty yews, has graciously deigned to bestow the Apostolic[Messing upon Mother Mary Clare Buggy, on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee.

"In conveying this august message, Iexpress my personal felicitations. "1Signed) John Panico, Apostolic Delegate."

July 16, 1945.

On Sunday afternoon the children of the Victoria Square Schools provided for the Jubilarian avery entertaining and lively concert at which the following address of appreaation was read:

"Today, ewe, the children 3f-Vic. toria Square, feel privileged to.offer you our congratulations on this blessed occasion, your Diamond Jubilee.

"Sixty years of faithful and I-aving service have gone by since you bound yourself forever to the'Most Beauti-

Katyn Forest Massacres

(Continued from Page 13.)

Polish Governmenthad been trying to get from the Russianssome hint asto where they had been taken. Only after this,German broadcast did they learnfromtheSovietGovernmentthat the officers had been taken to the Katyn Forest region, with the additional statement that in 1941 they were captured and murdered by the Germans.

Why had the SovietGovernmentlet them hunt and hope for nearly two years?

However, the Polish Government in London was cautious, On April 17, thedayaftertheTassexplanation,the Polish Cabinet issued astatement denouncing the"profoundly hypocritical" indignation of the Germans, who had been guilty of even greater crimes against Poles than this which they chargedagainsttheRussians. Atthe same time they announced they were going to ask the International Red Cross at Geneva to investigate.

ButonApril21 Radio Moscowblast• ed the PolishGovernment saying that such aproposal would be "collabora. tion with Hitler," and attacked General Sikorski, its Premier, saying that his appeal to Geneva "proved how influential are the pro-Hitler elements in the Polish Government."

The next day Berlin announced the discovery of athird mass grave at Katyn. On the day following the Red CrossinGeneva said it"acceded in principle" to the request for an in. vestigation, but couldonly actif Rus. sia, also aparty to the dispute, would join in the request.

On April 26 the Soviet Government broke off relations iwith the Polish Government in London and set up in Moscow her own "Union of Polish Pa. triots" which, according to the London Polish Government, was made up of Polish Communists unknown to the people of Poland.

However, anxious to conciliate Moscow. the London Polish Government on Mav 1withdrew its request for a Red Cross investigation. Berlin, which had agreed to the investigation, went ahead with apropaganda fielddavof itsown. TheGermansinvited acommittee of twelve distinguished European experts to examine the bodies at Katy_n. It shouldhenoted, however, that of the twelve, only one, Dr.Naville,ProfessorofForensicMedicine at Geneva, was from a neutral countrv. The others were from universities in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Holland, Rumania.Slovakia, The Protectorate.and Hungary—countrieseither allied to, or occupied by the Germans. Theseprofessor'swereeitherdeceived or convinced. They issued aunanimous report to theeffectthat the Polish officers had been dead for three years(whichwould date the massacre in1940whentheRussiansheld Katyn) a, proved by the condition of the bodies as well as by papers found on them and from the testimony of natives.

however, the German triumph was short-lived, for the Red ArmypresentIv reoccupied Katyn, and on January 22, 1914, issued acommunique saying that aSoviet investigating commission had beencalled to settle,once and for all, the Katyn Forest dispute.

It should be remarked that if the GermanCommissionwasa%. per cent

ful among the Sons of Men.' Sixty year's sinre your youthful 14cart glowed with love to hear the mice of the Church calling:'Veni, Sponsa Christi' And then the King of heaven, the Spouse of Virgins anti the Lover of Little Ones accepted that love and blessed the harvest that stretched before you.

'Fortvseven years ago there came to you the'Cry of the children,' acry that hasled legions of chosen soulsto distant lands toseek forsouls to save.

And the life of prayer and service begun in the Emerald Isle became a life ofdevoted labour among the little ones of Western'Australia.

"We pray that God may envelop you with His love and give you strength to continue your work for Him in the land of your adoption."

Axis party, the Russian Commission,. wasa100percent. Sovietpicnic.Their experts—distinguished Russian academicians—determined that the Germans, following their occupation of Smolensk, had carried out the mass shootings in the autumn of 1941, and in 1943,"calculating to set Russians and Poles at loggerheads, tried to ascril,e this crime to the Soviet Gov. ernment." The Russianscharged that in the springof 1913 theGermans had even brought to Katyn Forest Polish bodies from other dstricts, and hadused 500 Russian prisoners of war in the work ofremoving from the Polish bodies all documents which would incriminate the Nazis and substituting documents which would tend to in. criminate the Russians, after which the Germanshad shot the Soviet war prisoners.

The Russians also cross-questioned those localpeasants whohadpreviously testifiedthat they hadheldbackin.formationfrom the Germansinfearof the Russian NKVD. These peasants now testified that they had signed statements for the Germans only because theyfeared theGestapo.

The evidenceofGermanguiltgather. ed by the SovietCommission isdetail. ed, complete, damning, and it answers all questions but this one: if the Pol. ish officers were still alive in the sum. mer of 1941 and couldbecaptured by the Germans, why were the Poles not told thisatonce? Why were import. ant Polish Government officials allow. ed togowild-goose-chasingalloverthe Soviet Union for nearly two years in searchoftheirarmy'sofficerswhenthe Russiansknewthemenwerealreadyin German hands?

When the Russians retook Katyn ` Forest they invited the Moscow con respondents to inspect the graves of these Poles, murdered, they insisted, by theNazis. Most oftheAnglo-Am. erican correspondents—trained observ. ers—believed even before they went that theGermans haddonethekilling.

Itwasdifficult to saywithcertainty when they had been shot but an ob. servant reporter noticed that one Pol. ish body was clad in long, heavy underwear, and mentioned it to the So. viet doctorin charge. Thedoctor remarked that most of the bodies wore either heavy underwear, or overcoats, orboth.

That seemed to point to the theory that these Poles must have been shot during April, 1940, as the Germans claimed, rather than in August and September, 1941, after the Germans moved in, asthe Soviet Government was contending.

When thispoi n

twas raisedwith th e Soviet conducting officer's there was considerable confusion and the Rus. siansfinallyargued thattheclimateof Poland is uncertain, so that fur over. coats and long underwear might be worn in September.

The reporters preferred to believe the stories of their Allies, in which most evidence pointed toward German guilt. Even so Moscow censorship struck outall the qualifvingphrases.

Ifareporterwould write,'Tam not amedical expert but- doctors say the condition of these bodies proves they were murdered by the Germans," the censorship would strike out the qualifving phrase (which is in black type), leaving only the hare charge.

.Alsostricken out-wereall phrasesin. dicating any doubt in the correspondents' minds—such words as "in my opinion,""probably," or"evidence we wereshownwould tendtoprove,"with the result that the stories as received in:America were as firmlydamningof the Germans as "Pravdac" editorials.

ThetruthisthatnoonebuttheRus , suns and the Germans—and some Poles—know mwhnt went on in Poland and the BalticStates Ixtuveen September, 1939,andJune,1911—theperiodof the Russo-German pact, because reportersfromall neutral countries were rigorously excluded and foreign ennsudsexpelled. Thecensorshipvacuum can only befilled by rumours; reports from the Polish underground to its LondonGovernment andanoccasional whisper which reacher Moscow.

FluePipesforStoves,Bath Neaten, Rod Paving and Green House Paints. Haasel's,W wenhag6mstral.

y head, Hilaire Belloc could easily'be

Genius in the Re-Creation of Personalties of the Past -

Bellochasbeen trueto hisa

T

enderness of Belloc's Little-Known Poetry

(Continued from Front Cover.)

being in whom human action, human tenacity, human connection are at thefull."

"Danton,""Robespierre;'and "Marie Antoinette" are like great dramas in which the leading characters pass throughthe gamutof humanemotions and endtragically. Whatadramatic scene is the death of Danton. He standsatthefootof thescaffold,waiting his turn. Ilehears the repeated thud of the heavy knife asit brutally dropsupon the necksof friends. The silence as the executioner reaches into thebasket to lift asevered head that the crowd maysee. NowcomesDanton's turn. Ilse climbsthe stairs and from thescaffoldhegazesover the sea ofupturned faces. Theysay;'writes Belloc,"that aface met his, and that asacramentalhandwasraisedinabsolution." Just before his death, Danton says to the executioner: "Show myheadto thepeople;itiswellworth the while." The signal is given, the huge knife drops, and "without any kind offear, -

hisgreatsoul went down the turning of the road."

His"Marie Antoinette" is the most tragic of his biographies. It touches every emotion, plays upon fierce pas, lions, catches the undertone of the sweating, cursing mob as it surges on touncontrollable actions. Withgreat dramaticpowerherecapturestheawful tenseness and silence that prevailed whentheunfortunateQueenstoopedto placeher pretty neckbeneath the glitteringblade.

The biographies that followed are fascinating pictures of the times they represent and the characters they portray. They have all the essentials of great dramas but they lack the spark or torch of genius so evident in his first three historical studies. Characters,however,like 9firabeau, Richelieu, Wolsey, Cranmer, Ann Boleyn, and others,liveagain the comedyandtragedy of their lives. Like a skilled painter he portrays his men and womeninafewdeftstrokes. Howthe character of Cardinal Richelieu rises from this sentence: his will was "boundless, absolute, spurred by ambitionand coloured initsexerciseby de. votion to France." What aportrait he paints ofAnn Boleyn:"Bald above the eyes, lacking in hrow%s, and with a 4,

stupid but very obstinate mouth, flat chested, with alongthin neck, not too upright acarriage, she has not left a word of wit or warmth or personality iwbercby she may be remembered.

What ;twretched lanky pin on which to ham; the destinv of the Christian world."

commonthingsoflife. Shrewdarehis observations and philosophic his conclusions. Somgpapers,areheavywith theweightoflearning; othersarelight, gay, the expression of aman playing ,he partofaboy.

Criticssay he has written too much. 'All great.writers are subject to this accusation. The samemay besaidof masterpainters—that they paintedtoo much. As aresult their work is of unequal value. But the artistic soul, whetheritbe thatofawriterorpainter, finds- expression in its work, even though it may not be of much value. Inspiration comes not at the artist's bidding; it steals upon him silently and sometimeslifts thesimplest.things into the realm of immortality.

For ahalf-century Belloc has been preaching avery unpopular message in England. Yet he is widely read, even by those who disagreewith him becauseofhisstyle. Itwouldbedifficult tofind acontemporary whocould match his prose. It is simple, racy, beautiful, yet possessing colour, rhythm, power. At timesit isblunt, heavy,clumsy; atother times itranks with the greatest writing in the Englishlanguage.

What Belloc has written of Swift may aptly be applied to himself:"His prose is without the least suspicion of rhetoric, and its rhythms areso broken, and at the same time so concealed,thatIdoubtifhewashimselfaware of them. But since prose style is ex. cellent in proportion as it is lucid, Swiftisfirst. There neverwasaman who could say what he had to say more clearly, nor with abetter certi. tude that every reader of every class would immediately understand him."

TendernessAppears inHis Poetry.

There is atenderness about Belloc that belies hisruggedexterior. Itappears in his poetry and mirrors the faith, courage, sympathy, and vitality of his great soul. Of all his writings his poetry is the least known. Joyce Kilmer said that Belloc was primarily ipoet and that"his verses are songs that flow spontaneously to his ready lips." Theodore Maynard ranked him as the seventh greatest living poet. These are very enthusiastic comments. Belloc himself would be the first to say they are not true. Chesterton, were he living, would not agree with him. Afterthedeathof RobertBridges, the PoetLaureate,Chesterton said that"whilethepoliticianswouldn't tol. crate et, Hilaire Belloc should be appointed his (Bridges') successor as Poet Laureate." Had Belloc been selected to the exalted office he would have refused the honour, hccause he would never haveconsented tobecome "the hired minstrel of the nation."

With askill that surpasses that of Carlyle he presents adramatic scene that lingers long in the mind of the reader. Ile picturesLouis XV, in his declining years, ill, afraid of death, troubled byhisthirty-eight yearsaway from the Sacraments, vet gav enough to visit his mistress:"in his little private room—it was late at night and November—he played at cards with Du Barry. They were alone, save for an old crony of his pleasures, Chauvelin, which well-bred and aged fellow stood behind the woman's chair, lean. ingupon itand watching the woman's cards in silence, his rapacious features strongly marker] in themellow lightof -the candles. Something impelled the woman to glance up at him over ber shoulder. Oh Lord! \I. de Chaucelin, what aface!' It was the face of a deadman. She leaptfromit,and,the body fell to the floor,

"The King, his age and apathy all shaken from him, shouted down the empty corridors:'apriest! a-priest'! They came,and in the presenceof the King absolved what lay immovable upon the shining floor, in ahope or wish that some lifelingered there, ilut Chauvelin was quite dead."

'In his essays he roams over awide field extending front"On Nothing" to "A Conversation with an Angel." He deals with the serious as well as the NOMOREWOODCUTTINGI American Perfection Stoves; ideal for countryand beach. AtHassell's. B6307.

taken for the personification of John )lull."

Duringhislongcareer hehasexperi. encedmanyjoysandsuccesses; hehas alsohadhisshareofsorrows. Hiswife diedin 1914. Herroomhasbeenkept as she left it; sacred to her memory, and there he retires each night to recollect himself and to pray. Of their five children, three boysandtwo girls, two are dead, killed in battle. The eldest sort, Louis, died in the First World War, and the youngest, Peter, losthislifeintheSecondWorldWar.

The death of his friend Chesterton affectedhim deeply. "Tohaveknown him was abenediction," wrote Belloc. For many years they worked together and shared their"triumphs over the sniping wits of London." They helped to determine the course of Catholic literature(luring the early 20th. century. Bothheldthatthenovel should deal with problems,and "that history, satire, and the argumentative tract should assume agreater,importance thanpoetry, or the artisticessay." In theiropinion the modernCatholic litterateur should follow the example of the Early Fathers of the Church, a practice which they followed.

While not generally recognised as a great poet or even amatch for Chesterton, he has lines and quatrains that are great poem•. Through much of his work there runs asul•.tle undercurrent of humour. Note bow he captures it

whole philosophyof humanjoy in two lines:

There's nothing worthy the wear of winning But laughter and the love of friends.

What tenderness and faith appear in this exquisite selection: Our Lady stood beside the Cross, Alittle space apart, Butwhen sheheard OurLordcry out, Asword went through her heart.

They laid Our Lord in amarble torah Dead in awindingsheet, But Our Lady stands above the world With the white moon atherfeet.

Reminiscent of Francis Thompson's "Little Jesus" are these lines drawn from"TheBeads":

Jesus Christ,Thou Child sowise— BringmysoultoParadise.

Bellocinappearanceisarugged,mas• siveman,witheye's that still sparkle, abelligerent jaw, and alarge head, toppedwith bushy hair. Acritic has said that if one were to set"abull. dog glaring amiably at his heels and alow-brimmed plug haton hisleonine

—to make theChurch better knowi andloved and to unhold the deceat things of ife. Over ahundred books testify to hiszeal, courage, and determination. Maytheyearsremainingto himbe fruitful and pleasant, andmay his inspiration to younger Catholic writerscontinuetoguide them. Whoa thattime comeswhenhispenmustbe laid aside for the last time, may hL epitaph be drawn from"The Prophet Lost in the Hills":,

Remember thatIfilledwith praise Themeaningless anddoubtfulways Thatled to aneternalhome.

Ichallenged and Ikept the faith, The bleeding path alone Itrod; It darkens. Stand about, my wraith, Andharbourme—AlmightyGod.

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"Newspapers are one-sided."

"How isthat?"

They always make afuss when a famous man dies but never when a famous man is born." s •

s •

The piccolo player was a habitual grumbler. One day the band was playing before arich Eastern potentate, whowas sopleasedwiththe per. formance that hecommanded that all the instruments should be filled with goldcoins.

"There you are," sighed the piccolo player,"that's atypical example of myluck.-

Aline isthesmallestinstrumentintheband."

The bandsmenspent themoney ina wild spree—with the result that the next performance was not so good.

The Eastern potentate was furious and ordered the bandsmen to ram their instruments downtheir throats.

The piccolo player turned tohis colleagues.

"Aly badluckagain,"he said."Mine is the only one that will go down."

* • *

Finnick:"This is the age of the clever girl."

Cynic:"But who knows the age of the clever girl?"

Wife(angrily):"Imaybe your second wife named Violet, but I won't have your friends refer to me as V2."

"June, I'm surprised at you! Going about with every Tom, Dick, and Harry!"

"What wouldyou rather Idid,mum —stay at home with thewillies?"

Airs. l3rown-was sitting in church listening to the sermon, when she remembered to her horror that she had putther Sundayjointinthe ovenwithout turning down the gas. She considered getting up and leaving the church, but then changed her mind and scribbled anote andhanded it to herhusband,whowas oneofthesides, men. He, thinking the note was for the minister, walked upand placed it on the edge of thepulpit. Theministerpaused amomentin his sermon, pickedupthe note, and to his astonishment read: "For Heaven's sake, get off home and turn off the gas."

Temperance Worker: "Yes,whenever Isee ayoung man coming out of a bar, Iwant to shout to him: "Young man, you are on the wrong path— turn backbefore itis too late."

• * • •

A love your daughter very dearly, sir," said the young man, earnestly. "I would suffer deeply if Iever caused her amoments unhappiness."

'You certainly would," grunted her father. "That girl is her mother all over again, and Iknow" * • * *

Teacher: "What are the constituents of quartz?"

Bright Boy: "Pints."

"Dou your people agree to our mar. riage?"

"Not yet. Father hasn't said any• thing, and mother's waiting to contradict him."

"My doctor told me Ishould have to eat lessmeat."

"Did you laugh him toscorn?"

"I did at first, but when he sent in his hill Ifound he was right!"

"I don't know anything worse than lettingthewifefind aletter you've forgotten to post,"said oneman nervously, as he turnedout various pockets.

"Oh, Ido;' said the other.

"And what is it?"

"Letting her find one you forgot to burn." * • * *

Indignant Poser: "'Ere, 'e's just stuck'isthumbinmyeyeI"

Referee:"That'sall right: it's above thebelt,ain't it?"

"I was to remember your old school friend,Robinson,to you"

"I don't remember him."

"A short man with whiskers."

"No. Ineverwenttoschoolwitha man with whiskers." * • • *

Aflotilla ofmotor-launches had been trained for the job of patrol on the Rhine. Their training included a course of behaviour towards the Ger. man population. At the conclusion of theircoursethemenwere inspected by the Commander-in-Chief, Coastal Forces.

"You are sitting in arailway carriage inGermany,"hesaid to arating. "You take out apacket of cigarettes. AGerman sitting opposite you offersyou alight. What do you do?"

"I refuse it, sir;" replied the rating.

"No," said the C.-in-C. "You are wrong. You ignore it."

He turned to the next sailor.

"Youare quartermasteron watch at night," he said. "You are tied up to awharf on the Rhine. You see a figure crawlingtowards theship.What-do you do?"

The man looked himstraightin the eye, and without aflicker replied:*"I 'elps the commanding officer aboard, sir."

101d Hand: "Me lord, I'm innocent of this charge. I've been framed!"

Judge: "Yes, and one of these days you'll be hanged."

Irate Diner (amazed at the amount of his bill):"Exf¢laim why I am charged so much

Waiter:"Well, sir, there is the ox• tail soup—•—" Drier:"Pouf! Amere detail."

Waiter;"No, sir, adear meat-tail." * * • *

The officer waslecturing his men on theirbehaviourinpublic, I,

"If acivilian,"he said,"shouldmake offensive remarks and endeavour to pick aquarrel with asodier inapub. lie house, the soldier should quietly drink -

up his beer and leave the place at once. You understand what I've said, PrivateSmith? Ifaciviliantried toquarrel with you in apublic-house, what ought you to-do?"

The warrior addressed shifted uneasily in hisseat. "Iought todrink up 'is beer,sir, and go quietly awayI" he said.

s

"Great Scott! You have pulled out at least four teeth. Ionly wanted one outl"

"I'mafraid Igave you too muchgas and Ididn't want to waste it"

A very old judge, known for the speed with which he disposed of cases, was asked by afriend to explain.

"Ialwayslistento plaintiff,and then Imakemy decision."

"You never.listen to the defendant." .

"Well, 1didat first,but Ifound out it confused me."

The telephone rang in the guest's room. The hotel desk clerk was on the wire. "Good morning, sir," was " his cheery greeting. "It's exactly eight o'clock—and time to get up."

"Yeah?" grunted the sleepy guest.

"What for?"

The clerk wastaken aback. "Don't ask me," he returned. "You're the ont-who left word to be awakened at this hour."

"Whatkindofareasonis that?" the guest shouted. "Afterall,whoamI?"

The scene was a crowded Undergroundtrain.

"CanIfindyouastrap,sir?"ayouth politely asked ayoung man.

"No,thankyou; Ihaveonealready," was the reply.

"Thenwould youkindlyletgoofmy tie?"

"Grandpa is hanging his head— doesn'the feel well?"

"Yes, but it is unusual for him to wear asoft collar."

ESSTS_NIKES and

Nf_PV_"8

?*W_.

DearCornerites,—Iam soveryexcited andpleased to know thatthere are somanyofyouwhoareanxioustohelp the Bushies.

During these anxious days of the War, I'm afraid thereare toofew who are thinking of helping other people. But the Cornerites aren't among them. Itmakes me very happytoknow that you are all behind me to make this year asuccess, too. When you have tilled up your card, don't you feel a real glow of satisfaction to know that you've done something to help somebody else: If you've never felt that satisfaction, send for acard straight away,andIguaranteeyou'llexperience the finest feeling of umselfishnesi and friendliness that anyone ever experi-encedbefore. AUNT BESSY.

St. Joseph's Convent, Fremantle.

Dear AuntBessy,—I amwritingthis letter to tell you all about the new school Iam attending. y Elaine Anderson, andmy ageis eleven years. Iam in sixth standard. The Inspector has been here; he came all clay Thursday and Friday. He saw ourprojectbooksandpassedthemall. Our room is getting painted, so we

have been evacuated to anotherroom in Parrystreet. On Friday afternoon we sang anddancedfor the Inspector in the hall. The weather has been very wet and cold.The Midland Junction line was flooded and no trains could pass.\ty favourite amusement andsport istennis. Wehaveitevery Tuesday afternoon after school. MY favourite hobby is bread-flower making. Ihave quite anumber of companions, and Ilike them very much. Iwill conclude my letter now, as it is all the news Ican think of.—Your loving niece, ELAIN E.

Dear Elaine,—You do seem to like your new school, and Idon't wonder at that, for Ihave heard many nice things about St. Joseph's. I have never seen anyonemakingbread flowers, but I've heard that it is avery profitablehobby. Doyoufindithard Elaine? I'm sure Ishould never be able to do it. Do write to me again soon, AUNT BESSY.

G-IKalgoorlie-street, Nit.Ilawthorn.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is my first -

vletterto you. IamSyearsoldandin second stanrlarrl. Igo toSt. Mary's School, Leederville. 1saw my cousin's letter from Kalgoorlie in last wvA's "Record" Would you please >cnd me aprick card, and Merle and Iwill fill it for you. Iwillsay good1ye

now. With love from P:ATRLCIA BREED.

Dear Merle,—My word, you do'write well for alittle girl of only six. In fact,: ,

on write so well that I'm quite anxioustohearfromyouagainassoon as you care to writeto me. How do you like school, Merle? It must be hm togo toand fromschool in abus. Iexpect Pat goes with you all the time,since you aresotiny.

AUNT BESSY.

St.Thomas'School,Claremont.

Dear.Aunt Bessy,—Iamsendingyou 2/6 for the Bushies. Will you please send-eight prick cards for Carole to givetoherschoolmates? Iwassick for awhile, but Iam better now. I am in first class. Iwas late oneday and mummv had to come to school with me. Love from PAT SINCLAIR.

Dear Pat,—I'll send the eight cards to you, andyou cangive them toCarole for me. Iam very pleased that thelittlechildrenatSt.Thomas' areso thoughtful towards the Bushies. I'm glad you're beter now, Pat. It'smiserable to be sick and have to stay in bed,isn'tit?

AUNT BESSY. * * * *

St. Thomas' School, Claremont.

Dear AuntBessy,—I amsendingyou 2/6 for the Bushies. Please send me aprick card and two for my class friends to help you. We were very sorry that you did not get alot of money, and we aregoing to help you. Iamin firstclassatschool, andIlike mylessons. Lovefrom PANTCUSACK.

Dear Pam,—It's so nice to have so many little helpers to help the Bushies have their holiday school. Thank you so much, Pam,for helping me.I'll send von acard for yourself and two for your friends.

AUNT BESSY.

St. Thomas' School, Claremont, Dear Aunt Bessy,—I amsendingyou 2/6 for the Bushies. Ihope you are nyell. Iam in first class, and Iam goingtomake myfirst holy Communion next month. Iam saving my penniesforyou,sowill youpleasesend me aprick card? Love from ESMA BRADLEY.

Dear Esma,—I've sent off another prick card for you,and Iwas ever so pleased to see that you'd filled the othersoquickly. Can you readstory books, too, like Jimmy does? What sort of storiesdoyoulike, Esma? AUNT BESSY.

St.'rhornas'School,Claremont.

Dear Patricia.- Iwasso glad that you and Merle decided towrite tome. • Ihope you'll both write often. have vnu reciyed Your prick card yet? I don't think it will take you very long to collect the thirty pennies, and the Bushics will Lye sopleased.

AUNT BESSY.

61 Kalgoorlie-street, lit, Hawthorn.

Dear:\net Bessy,—This is my first letter Ihavewrittentoyou. Iam six years old and go to St.Mary's School, leederville. Igo to school in the busand Icomehomeinthebus. Imust say good-bye now, Love and kisses from MERLE.

DearAunt Bessy,—I amsendingyou 2/6 for the Bushics. Ihope you will petalotofmoneyforthem. Iam in first standard and Ican read story books. Iam going to rnakc my first lloh• Communion next mnnth. Lots oflovefrom

JIMMY 110RROCKS.

Derir linuny,—You did fill the card quickly, and I'm so pleased to hear from ou. What sort of story books do Vol.'

,

read,Jimmy? Ihopeitwillbe mlovely tine claywhen you makeyour first Ilol_v Communion. AUNT BESSY. * *

91 Derby-road, Shenton Park.

Dixvale, via Manjimup.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Enclosed please find 10s. note, in thanksgiving to Our Lady of the Sacred Heart for favours received.—Yours sincerely,

K. KILRAIN.

Dear K.,—Thank you so much for your donation. The Bushies will be eversogratefulto you.

AUNT BESSY.

* * * *

Victoria Park.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am enclosing 2/6, in thanksgiving for finding of lost article through prayers to St. An. thony —Yours gratefully, N. FLEMMING.

Dear N.,—I'm glad St. Anthony has helpedyou. Iledoesalot forlots of people, youknow. Thankyouforthe donation.

AUNT BESSY.

* * * s Police Station, Leederville.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I would like to beoneofyournieces. Willyouplease send me aprick card? Iam infifth standard. OneSundaywewentto St. Brigid'stoseeDad'sthreeeousins,who are nuns. We used to live at Manji. mup and when the Bushies came Dad sent milk and vegetables. Ilike the school here, andtheone at Manjimup, too. Iam sending2/6 for the Bushies. Igo to St. Mary's High School. Wehavegotatwhitehorse called Walter. Iam doing this on Dad's typewriter. The horses kisses and shakes hands—Your loving niece, CLAREMURRAY.

DearClare,—I'dliketobeoneofyour Aunties,too,sonoweverythingisfine, Doyoulearntyping,orareyou"teachin yourself" on Dad's machine? Anyway, it's very good typing. Walter sounds avery accomplished horse. I knowawhitehorsecalledCobber, who is very clever also. I'm so glad you like school. St. Mary's is avery nice rchool, soIhaveheard. I'llsendyou acard, Clare, and Ihope you'll write to me again very soon.

AUNT BESSY.

Sacred HeartHighSchool,Higbgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I amwritingmy first letter to you. Ifilled in my card and am pleatedto send it back. Before theholidaysIhad the mumps, but Iwas better intime tohavegood funfortheterm holiday. Daddygoes fishing every week-end. Once he caught twenty-one and ahalf dozen. DadboughtmeabikeandIhavesome goodridesonit. Wehavenow started arace to see which class will get themostblackbabiesbytheendofthe term. Well,AuntBessy,Imustclose now. Withheapsofloveto you and the Bushies—Your would-be nephew, BRIANFELTON.

DearBrian,—Howistherace forthe Black Babiesgoing? Itmustbenice tohave aDaddywhoisasgoodafisherman as yours is. Whenever Igo fishing, Igenerally have togive it up andbuymyfish from thenearestfishshop, for they never seem to bite for me. Perhaps your Daddy has some special way that makes him such a successfulfisherman. I'mafraid I'm just aduffer at it. Well, Brian, I'm sorry to hearyouhad themumps,but glad to know youhad anice holiday. You'll be having anotherone soon.

AUNT BESSY.

TurinRock.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Encosed please find postal note for 5s., in aid of the Bushies' Fund. WELLWISHER.

Dear Wellwisher,—I recognised your writing before Iglanced at your address. Thant. you again for your great kindness tothe Bushies.

AUNT BESSY.

Domestic ProblemsSolved: By AmericanBlueFlameSlaves. AtW.A.Stove Co.,Wellington-street,Perth. B6307. w

Welhwisher...:..........

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John

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0 0 6 6

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Ifere is anew member. JIvnameisPamelaWatson. Igo to St. Aloysius' School, Shenton Park. Our parish priest is Father Collins. Iam in third standard.Will ybu please sendme aprick card,as I would like to help the Bushies? I have two sistersand twobrothers. I am atwin. Weare tenyearsold. I must close now. Hoping youandthe Bushiesareswell—Yourlovingniece, PANEL:\ WATSON.

Dear Pamela,—Welcome to the Cor6 nee I'm very pleased to hear from 6 vou. I'veposted you acard. which I 6 hopeyouwill beable tofilleasily.You 6 didn't tell me whether your twin is a 6 brother or asister, and what his or 6 her name is. You must write to me 6 again, Pam,andtellmeallaboutyour1 self. AUNTBESSY.

KNOW 10118 FAITH SERIES

(Concluded from Page 17.)

Catholic Church does when sheconfers As Priesthood.

Now, all these requisites may be foundoutsidethepaleoftheOneHoly Catholic and ApostolicChurch governed bythe successorofSt.Peterin the fleeof Rome—eg., in the Russo-Greek or Russian Church.

What Jurisdiction Requires.

ButJurisdiction can only be had in the One True Church of Christ, since shealoneislegitimatelydescendedfrom Christ's Apostles and possesses ApostolicalSuccession.

OrdersaDifferentCase.

Once the Sacrament of Orders has been received, the powers attached to themcan never be takenaway. Just asthe true priest shares in Christ's Priesthood, sodoeshesharein itsperpetuity:"Thou art apriest for ever acording to the order of Melchisedec." Thisword—spoken of Christ—has its application in asubordinate sense to His ministering priests. If aman be originally ordained ndue form, he becomes possessed of the indelible"character" of the Priesthood, and no de. clension in his faith or moral conduct can ever deprive him of it. He may fallintoheresyorschism,butapriest he remains. Yet clearly, while running offinto error with the sacerdotal powershe hasreceived, he breaksconnectionwith the Divine Shepherd and Head of the Church, and hence can no longer claim to tend the sheep in HisName. Heisnolongersent."And how shall they preach unless they be sent?"

Matter and Form of Holy Orders.

The "matter" of sacerdotal. Orders consistsoftheimposition—orsuccessive impositions—of hands by the consecratingBishopowedorontheheadsof thecandidates. Thelastofthesemanual acts is also performed, after the Bishop,by theassistant priests. The prayer',Exaudinos;etc.,andthe"Preface"said'bythe Bishopatthispartof the rite,-constitutes the significance of the imposition of hands.

TheMinisterofHolyOrders.

Only one invested with Bishop's Ordershas poker to make,orconsecrate, another Bishop. Besides, for lawfulness,atleasttwoAssistantBishopsare required by law. Their co-operation, however, is not essential for thevalidity of consecdation. Yet, if the chief consecrator be no Bishop, the defect will not be repaired.by the fact that the Assistant Bishops are real ones.

Bishop Makes Priest.

ABishop isalso essential forordaining aPriest, and, more probably, for conferring Deacon's Orders also. As for the Subdiaconat and MinorOrders, the Holy See sometimes empowers Priests to confer these grades, as, for

example,Abbotsofmonastic communities. Though every Bishop can, not everyBishopmay,ordainanapplicant. Usually the Orders must be conferred by, or at least with the permission of the applicant's own Bishop; that is to say, either the Bishop of his place of birth,or ofplaceof fixed residence, or towhosehouseholdhehasbeenattached, and at whose cost he has been maintained; or, again, the Bishop of thedioceseinwhichheisinfullpossession of abenefice capable by itself of maintaininghim.

TheCandidateforOrders.

This partofoursubjectmay bedivided into two:

1. Vocation to the Ecclesiastical State.

2.Immediaterequirements forreceivingtheSacramentofOrders.

1.Vocation.—Wehave already considered somewhat fully the questionof States of Life and of Vocation tothe Ecclesiastical State. As we saw, an exterior call from the Church and an Interior callofgrace areboth needed— sufficient mental and moral endowments being presupposed as abasis.

Loss of"Vocation" Possible.

Here wemayaddthatapersonmay atone timehaveatrue"call," andyet afterwardsforfeititby falling intoevil ways, orbyidlingaway hisopportunitiesforstudyandself-improvement.On theotherside,casesmayoccurinwhich moral goodness begins only with the adoption of the Ecclesiastical State,or shortly before.

PastSinno EssentialImpediment.

Almighty God may,and, as Church history shows, has not infrequently, calledformersinnerstoHis specialservice. Thishasalsobeentriteofvocations to the Religious State, more so, perhaps,inthecaseofmoreaustereand penitential institutions than of other's. St.Augustine of Hippo, the greatluminaryoftheAfricanChurchin thefifth century, is an instance of the former case.

But usually it would be sinful for anyonegiventovicetobindhimselfto the ecclesiastical state, except he saw some solid prospectofbeing able'soon toreformhimself.

Again, examples are not wanting of greatmentaldeficienciesbeingsuddenly repaired after adopting the clerical or clerico-religiousstate.

2.

Immediate Requirements.—Holy Orders being aSacrament "of the living,"itmustbereceivedinthestateof grace. The candidate should havereceived the Sacrament of Confirmation, though this is oflighterobligation.

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