The Record Newspaper 11 July 1945

"Better and Better Democracy Pius X11

Disillusioned Europe Looks to British Institutions

Broadening Freedom to Cover Economic Anomalies .4

Exalted Claims on Moral Maturity of Citizens

By MICHAEL KELLY. 4

(Continued from last week.)

fit one of his great war speeches, Winston Churchill laid stress upon the partplayed by thepopular democratic institutions of England in upholding British greatness and in carrying it through to victory. It is upon the stability of national institutions that theinnerstrengthofanationdepends; and Britain was fortunate indeed that she emerged from centuries of civil anct political strife with hertraditional institutions intact. France, on the tither hand, failed to develop stability and continuity of Govermnent after the overthrow of the institutions with whose aid she was nurtured and grew to maturity and greatness.

The democratic political structure of England, which developed gradually out of the old monarchic and oligarcharic structure, was achieved by a method of method it can be called) of trial and error, in the words of Tennyson, "Freedom slowly broadeneddown from precedentto precedent." The old institutions were broadened and given amore popular basis by a process of gradual change. The moving spirit in this change was the enlightener) will of the people, with enlightenment percolating down through the successive strata, so that with eachchangeitcouldbesaidwith truth that alarger proportion of the people was represented in the Government. in later years some distinguished upholders of the rights of the people have 1-.een in the habit of making nerry at the contrast between the flamboyant dreams of the optimists and the reality of wage-slavery. Tre. member in particular ahrilliant pagsage inoneofG K.Chesterton'secsays, in which he drew amarked contrast between the dream of gradual libera. tion so gaily painted by Tennyson, and the brutal reality of the cndavenlentofthe massesineconomicchains. it is true that, even as the people began tocast offthe shacklesofpolitical

domination, shades of another prisonhouse began to descend. The fetters of economic domination threatened to gripeven more firmly thantheirpolitical counterpart. At this stage, however, there came into evidence once more that capacity for savingthemselves which has made the British the envyofallother peoples. TheTrades Unions and the political tabour parties, long suppressed as illegal, graduallyemerged, and developeduntilthey noui• form an integral part of the national life of Britain and the Dominions. Instead of the workers degen. crating into ashapelessmass of wageslaves, they have elected their leaders, formed their-own institutions, and exercised avoice in the direction of na. tional affairs. The process of evolution has by no means come to ahalt, and everyone must agree that more steps must be taken before the worker can he regarded as free from the threat of economic domination. As productivity increases by means of better organisation and improved mechanical procedures, the worker will rightfully demand afair proportion of the inrreased wealth which is being producedbyhis efforts. Freedom will find it necessary to broaden down through one or two more precedents; and, aq the worker becomes more enlightened, we can expect to see him, through his representatives, taking a more active part in the actual direction of production. This can be achieved only by active co-operation and good-will between employer and employee, supporter( and maintained by strong public opinion. in the wordsof Pope Pius SIT, we

w•aut"democmry and betterdemocracy"

The GeneralLongingfor Democracy.

After each great European war. the tortured peoples have turned to Britain• their preserver against tyranny, nerd sought stability and safety by ropyingher political institutions. After the Napoleonic wars, constitutional monarchies became the order of the clay:andafterthefirstWorldWarsev.

tral parliamentary republics emerged from the ruins. But, alas! their hopes were void, and the States so carefully fashioned(lid not survive. They had no chance, because of the recrudescence of Germany, which swallowed them up. Now, once more we see the European peoples, who looked to Britain for their preservation, looking to Britain's democratic Government as a model for their political safety. "If we consider," said His Holiness in his recent broadcast,"the extent and nature of the sacrifices demanded of all the citizens, especially in our day, when the activity of the State is so vast and decisive, thd' democratic form of government appears to many as apostulate of nature imposed by reason itself."'. "Beneath.the sinister lightning of the war that encompassesthem," he goeson,"in theblazing heartof thefurnace thatimprisoned them, the peoples have, as it were, awakener( from along torpor. They haveassumed,in relation tothe State, anew attitude—one that questions, criticises, distrusts. Taught by their hitter experience, they are more aggressive in opposing the concentration of dictatorial power that cannot be censured or toucher(, and call for a systemof government more inkeeping with the dignity and liberty of the citizens.

"These multitudes, uneasy, stirred by the war to their innermost depths, arc to-dav firmly convinced that, had there heen the possibility of censuring and correcting the actions of public authority, the world would not have been dragged into the vortex of adisastrous war, and that to avoid for the future the repetition of such acatas'.rophe we must vest efficient guarantees in the people itself. In such a nsvehological atmosphere, is it to be wondered at if the tendency towards Iemocraev is capturing the peoples •tn ,

Iwinning alarge measure of conscnt and support from thosewho hope to play amore efficient part in the lestinies of individuals and of sociotv

",

The Pope points out that the democratic State may have amonarchical or arepublican form. After discussing the nature of authority in the State, he shows that the dignity of political authority is the dignity derivingfrom itssharingintheauthnritv ifGod. Those in power,while exerting effective authority, should avoid that specious appearance of apurely formal democracy which often serves asamarkforall that iqinrealityleast democratic. The obligations of ademacratic leader, he says, should be fulfilled with that obiectivity, impartiality, loyalty, generosity and integ-

rity without which ademocratic Government would find it hard to command the respect and support of the better section of the people. "And, since the centre of gravity ofademocracy normally set up resides in the popular assembly from which political currentsradiateintoeveryfieldofpublic life, the questionof the highmoral standards, practical ability and intellectual capacity of parliamentary deputies isfor every people living under ademocratic regime aquestion of life and death, of prosperity and decadence, of soundness or perpetual unrest...."

"In periods of transition, generally stormy and disturbed by passion, by divergent opinions and opposing programmes, the democratic leaders should feel themselves doubly under the obligation to send circulating through the veins of the people and of the State, burning with athousand fevers, the spiritual antidote of clear views, kindly interest, ajustice equally sympathetic to all, and abias towards national unity and concord in asincere spirit of brotherhood. People whose spiritual and moral temperament is sufficiently sound and fecund find it in themselves and can producethe heraldsand implementsof democracy, who live in such dispositionsand know how effectively t., out them into practice. But, where Sinn men are lacking, others come to take their places in order to make politics serve their ambition, and he aquick road to profit for themselves, their caste and their class, while the race after private interests makes them completely lose sightof andjeopardise the true common good."

"We were anxious to take the occasion of Christmastide to point out along what lines ademocracy befitting human dignity can, in harmony with the law of nature and the design of God, secure happy results. Indeed, we are deeply convinced of the supreme importance of this problem for the peaceful progress of mankind. But we also realise the exalted claims which this form of government makes on the moral maturity of the individual citizen; amoral maturity which he could never hope to attain fully and securelyifthelightfromtheCave of Bethlehem did not illuminate the dark path alongwhich the peoplesare ruing forward through the stormy present towardsafuture which they hope will be more serene."

The Importance of Politics. The antidote for the poison which threatensus can therefore be summa up in the words of the Pope,"better and better democracy." Better con(Continuedon Page4.)

*The Catholic Answer

Did Christ Intend to Found a Visible Church?

... Organisation

Some Propaganda Still Aimsat Spreading Truth—

No Compulsion to Hear Catbolic Doctrine

Reference has been made previously in this Session to the Primitive Church, which is the name given by historians to the Church in the Apostolic age. The history of the Church in that period is concerned, naturally, withitsfirstgrowth....Butthereare people who say that Jesus Christ did not have in mind avisible Church; their connotation of the •word "Church" is the moral or spiritual unionofallwhobelieve inChrist; this they sav was His intention. And, moreover, they claim to prove this from the Gospels....

How is it then that the Primitive i'hurch took shape so soon after Our I-ord''s Ascension? The preaching of the Apostles had the affect of producing not aspiritual union of believers, but avisible organisation; and the growth of that organisation can be traced clearly. Was this despite the intention of Christ? The answer is that Christ intended just that—avisible Church. And astudyoftheGos. pels proves it.

Iintend in this Session and the remainingsessions of this month togive. some details of the early growth of the Church. Not afull description, since this"Catholic Answer" Session is not aChurch History class—but suffi. cient to outline the beginnings of which is often called, scornfully, Or. ganised Religion.

f. After the. Day of Pentecost the Apostles and the rest of Christ's fol. lowerswere in Jerusalem. Theywere without their Master, and the first

striking feature about these early days is the immense void created by His departure. To quote amodern Catholic historian:"We shall never again find inthehistoryoftheChurchapersonality comparable to that of Christ.

St. John says of the Baptist:'Hewas not the Light, but was to give testimony of the Light: The same applies here: the'Apostles, even the greatest, were not the Light; they reflectedit, theypropagated it, but they were notits source. Never againwill he heard that sovereign voice ofsomeone speaking in His own name, who commands by His own authority, who claims for Himself the complete sur• render of men's souls. This fact is a vcry obvious one, but there is never. theless none which has greater consequences."(Jules Lebreton, S.T.,"The Ilistory of the Primitive Church.")

Another striking feature is this: the development of the Christian Church was aslow progress: the Apostles did notsetouttotaketheworldbystorm. That is clear, whether or not one ac. cepts theexplanation whichweaccept, that they were content to await and accept the action of the Holy Ghost. Moreover, thev retained quite a lot from Judaism—whatever was not in. compatible with their Christian Faith. Nevertheless, they were forthright in claiming the freedom of their minisIrv, When Peter and John were arrested by the Chief Priests after the healingofthelame manat the gate of the temple,"which is called Beautiful," and commanded not to speak in

SIGHT TESTING

of the Primitive

the name of Jesus, they asserted their righttodoso withouthesitation."And calling them, they'charged them not tospeak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus.

"But Peter and John, answering, said to them: ifit bejust, in the sight of God, to hear you rather than God, judge ye.

"For we cannot but speak the things we have seenand heard."(Acts IV., 18-20.)

2. During the first years of this per. iod, in Jerusalem, the small community of Christ's followers were not persecuted; it was tolerated to acertain degree. It is true that the Apostles were insulted, even ill-treated, but they were not persecuted to death. That was to come later. But when persecution did come, the Church had already taken root. After the first persecution was to come adispersion and Apostolic labours further afield.

3. But the stage wasset.

The majority ofthose whohad been converted to Christ on Pentecost Day, after Peter's sermon, were not Jews, resident in Jerusalem, as is made clear in the second chapter of the Acts; they -were "Parthians and Elamites, and inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Judea and Cappadocia, Pontus and Asia, Pyrhgia, and Pamphilia, Egypt and the parts of Lyhia about Cyrene, and Romans residing in Jerusalem, Jews and Proselvtes. Cretes and Arabians"(Acts TT, 9-11), That is, they were fromall the lands of the Tetvish diaspora, Afterwards they returned to these lands, carrying with them their new faith and sowing the seed of the Gospel. For instance, at the time of the first persecution there w•a,0a group of Christians at Damascus; it ryas big enough and well-known enough to firing Snul of Tarsus on its track with special pow. ere of <uppre'ssion fror,i the Sanhe. drin in Jerusalem. These followers of Christ did not found churches, but the first diffusion of Christianity must he attributer) in great measure to them. We shall see how the labours of the 1Postles completed the work they had begun.

T. B. Tomlinson, South Perth:

Q.: Iheard you mention propagandaduring your session. Now I just wonder howyou, or anyotherstrict Roman Catholic, can so blandly accuse others of degrading the world through propaganda. For this accusation was implied in your remark, the exact nature of which I do not remember.

A.: fours is afairly long letter, in which no real question is asked. That you do not remember the exact nature of our previous remark is obvious. Tt is also immaterial. Clearly you are seeking an occasion to get off your chest some opinions of yours about Catholic teaching. Comment on them might he interesting.

Q.: Propagandaistheprocess of hoodwinking people bywithholding from them apart or all of the facts relevant to agiven situation.

A: Propaganda really means any organisation, plan, or other means of propagating tenets, doctrines, sys-

Church

tems, etgi; also efforts directed towards this end. Incidentally, unless Iam much mistaken, this word is derived from the name of one of our Roman Congregations, i.e., one of the organs of government and administration of the Church; the Congregation"de Propaganda Fide"—"For the Propagation of the Faith"—which is concerned, as its name implies, with the spread of the Faith, particularly through foreign Missions. It is usually called simply the Congregation of Propaganda.

Hence propaganda, in its native sense, simply means spreading the truth. However, we must agree with you that frequently nowadays this word connotes an abuse of truth. Not always, however. There is still propaganda for the advancement of truth.

Q.: Itseems tome thatjust asHitler and his band tell their people that there are some things which even themaster racecannotandmaynot understand, so you tell your followers that there are some things into which it is forbidden to enquire, others which the Catholic Priestsalone can comprehend, and still othersonwhichthePopeisthesole authority—certain books, too, are forbidden(and please, no cracks about the government censor; he is as bad as you are).

A.Thank you for the phrase "it seems to me." At acquits you on the major charge of being bumptious and merely lays you open to the minor charge of not knowing what you are talking about. A charge to which you yourself plead guilty when you continue lwith these words:"Now I am neither competent to, nor desirous (if. going into this matter fully. Iam ignorant of religious matters." Precisely. But you, not I, have said it.

Q.: My suggestion is that, instead of forcing listeners to be satisfied with SCOUR answers, you give others a chance to answer back. , Isubmit that your session at present is worthless. It doesnotdiscover the facts, and when it does you twist them to suit yourself.... The obvious remedy, Ithink, is to organise adebate between two teams of roughly equal competence,... A war of words carried on at long intervals through the post is all that is now possible and this, Isubmit, is very unsatisfactory.

A.: You are surely labouring under nmisapprehension. This is not a war of words—at least not in our intention. We do not force our listeners to be satisfied with our answers: to start with, no one is forced to]isten to the Session.

Then we are not so sanguine as to hope that everyone will agree with what issaid in the"Catholic Answer." What we set out to do is to give the Catholic answer to questions sent in by listeners: we do not choose the subject: we leave that to them. You ask why you should rest content with our answer? That is your concern. We expound Catholic teaching and give the reasons for our beliefs. If'Domestic Problems Solved: By LmericanBlueFlameStoves, AtW.A.Stove Co.,Wellington-street,Perth., 86,167.

Why Not Admit the Equality of All Churches?.

Catholics' Double Allegiance

Buying Souls Out of Purgatory! Newspaper. Readers Who Confuse Allegation and Fact

these reasons do not satisfy you, we donot try to force ourbeliefs on you.

And that, Ithirgk, is sufficient'answer also to your unwarranted statement that this Session does not discover the facts and that we twist them to suit ourselves. You accuse us of propaganda in the bad sense; that is an accusation of intellectual and moral dishonesty. The "Catholic Answer"

has neverbeen guilty ofsuch an abuse. Actually,-we go to alot of trouble to answer questions; sometimes questions that are not really worthy of such attention.

Lastly, your suggestion about ade. bate! A debate at the right time and place might be agood idea; but whatever the worth of the suggestion in itself, it is not practicable- when put forward as asubstitute for this session. Debates over the air every Sunday night simply could not be arranged. In any case, Ihave already explained the objective of this Session. If you find it unsatisfactory, you need not listen to it.

And now, having disposed of the sauce, we get down to the plum pudding.

Q.: Incidentally, Iwould not have written this letter if it had not been for your provocative claim to be the one True Church. It gets on my nerves. Why cannot you rest content and admit that the various churches are all fundamentally equal, though possibly different means to thesame end.

A.: Now you have stated what was in your mind all along. Well 1canriot rest content and admit that the various churches are fundamentally equal, because I do not believe it. Nor do Ithink that all members of churches, other than the Catholic Church, believe it either. Many of the various churches teach contradictory doctrines. One says Baptism is necessary for salvation, another that it is not; one holds to aSacramental System, another discards it. They may all have the same end in view, i.e., eternal salvation. It does not follow from that that they are the means intended by Christ.

I, as aCatholic, hold that a Man who proved that lie was God founded a Church. Icould understand the various denominations each claim• ing to he that Church; but Icannot accept the claim that all are that Church, fundamentally equal, while teaching such avariety of doctrines.

Any other Church founded by any other man since the time of Christ— even though that manclaims to berestoring the true faith—if that church differs in even the smallest essential ruin that foundedby Christ, it is not the true Church. It may coincide with Christ's Church on many points: it may bring comfort to many of its adherents: it may he even less complicated. But it is not the True Church. AsGod isone and truth is one, there can he but one True Church. ibelieve the Catholic Church —the Roman Catholic Church as you would say—to be that one True Church. If my reasons for that belief do not convince you—so be it. Account me afool if you wish—as one without enlightenment—hut do not think to demolish my reasons in ad. Vance by asaucy charge of deliberate false propaganda. That charge is as •old as the Roman EmpireI ,Again PKWY Quality Rdof Pabst, 9e/• geL Oepper Orates, 4/. Z8611',, M WeilVgMa Nest.

"Interested," North Perth:

Q,: Iam alittle confused. Can you tell me the nationalities of the following: Jesus, the Virgin Mary, Peterand thePope.

A.: It does not take mach to con. fuse you alittle. As you know, Our Lord, the Virgin Mary and Peter were of Jewish nationality. As you also know, the present Pope isby birth an Italian. As you perhaps do not realise, he is, as well as being Pope, the Temporal Sovereign of asmall State known as the Vatican City State.

Q.: If the Virgin Maryhappens to be aJewess, where did She get the name of Mary?

A.: The name "Mary" is the Eng. lish equivalent of her Jewish name. Pleasant and easy little parlour game this, isn't it? The Quiz Kids would turn up their noses at that one.

J. Cobcroft, Hay-street, Perth:

Q.: To whom should aRoman 'Catholic give"Allegiance"; to the Pope orthe King of England?

A.: He gives temporal allegiance— which is what You mean no doubt— to the King of England. Had you any doubt about it, Mr. Cobcroft?

Ile gives spiritual or, ifyou like, re. ligious allegiance to the Pope as Christ's representative on earth."And fie said to them: Render therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and toGodthe things thatareGod's." (Luke NY., 25.)

Q.: A certain man was•afriend of mine. Would you kindly tell me whereheis—inPurgatoryorinHeaven? 'A.: You mentioned the•name of your dead friend—as you claim. I cannot bring personalities into this Session.

As to your-question—Ido not know —not having any private revelation about the next world.

Q. -

Ifin Purgatory, howmuch money didittaketogethimout?

A.: 1presume you meanif he is not still in Purgatory. \fr. Cobcroft, I takeit you consider yourselfan intelligent man. Obviously, you do not believe that aman's soul could be houtght out of Purgatory. Do you then rate my intelligence so low? Or surely you do not insinuate that Iam one of apack of knaves making money by mean-

of false promises to credulous fools! Perhaps you do not believe in prayers for the dead. From Yourpreviousletters iamsure you do not. But if you did, it would not be at all abad idea for you to go on your knees and ask God's mercy for your dead friend. And it would not cost your apenny!

Q.: And how much money did he leave to the Catholic Church?

A.: Once again the answer is: Ido not know. No doubt Icould find out without much trouble, but obviously your question is not within the scope of this Session. Anyhow, you couldeIsih findoutifyou reallywant to know.

But, of course, your question is meanttoheinsidious. From the con• text of yourletter,it isclear that you seein alegacy tothe Church, the payment of ransom for release from Purgatory. Why? Perhaps your friend meant it as atribute to religion, and of allegiance to his Church: people of all denominations frequently leave money to religious institutions. And even if your friend did hope, as abe. liever, that the leaving of such aleg-

toPope and King

acy,asan act of religion, would weigh in the balance against his own sins and shortcomings, what then?, Is it for you or me or anybody else to say that he was foolishly trying to buy off God's justice?

Fair Play, Mount Lawley:

Q.:Some months ago astatement appeared in the daily press accusing GeneralFrancoof persecutingaProtestant sect; in fact, of having executed some, and that Protestant children were made to worship the Virgin Mary.

A. Correct. Several letters dealingwith this matter were answered in the"Catholic Answer" Session of January 14. One allegation was that children weremade toworship astatue of the Blessed Virgin Afary.

Q.:Youpromisedwhenquestioned on this statement to announce the reply when it was made.

A.: Here is the answer as given in the above-mentioned Session:"So far the local newspapers have not done more than report this allegation, quoting their source of information, the 'Daily Telegraph; London. As yet, as far as Iknow, no further informa• tion hasbeen received about thismatter,and until further information and proof doescome to hand, Idonot intend to discus's it. But Ido intend to comment on arguments put forwardby two or three correspondents."

The arguments commented on were based on an acceptance of the allegationas astatementof factbeyond denial

Q.: Ihave acultured scholarly neighbour, aCatholic, who was able to convince me of the meddlesome operations of this Protestant sect. He also stated that the daily press account of this persecution wen de-nied, but that the daily press did notpublishthe denial.

A.: That may be so.' Ihave not seen adirect denial and so cannot quote it. It would be easy for me to say what Ithink of such allegations. Iknow theirvalue asarule— but, in fairness, Icannot quote adirect denial, unless Ihave evidence of it; Iwould be glad if your friend could supply it.

Q.: One of my acquaintances discussing this matter said: "If Father Lalor has not replied to it as pro• mised, believe it." Please give the reply.

A.: In other words, your acquaintance believesan allegation reported in the daily press; unless Father Lalor, i.e., the-Catholic Answer," is able to quote evidence in denial. In that case anything could be alleged and would be believed, which sums up in anutshell the present day reaction of most people to everything that appears in print.

But that is by the way. Iregret that Icannot give you an answer other than the original one, that I could not and would not discuss the matter until further information and proof had come to hand. To me it seemsthatthe allegation, likesomany others of its kind, has vanished into thin air.

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Optimism &Idealism of League Absent from New Charter

LACK OF-MORAL STANDARDS AMONG UNITED NATIONS

By CHRISTOPHER DAWSON,in"TheCatholicWeekly."

The representatives of 57 States are meeting at San Francisco to take counsel for the organisation of the world and therestoration of internationalorder. It isthegreatestgathering of the nations that has ever assembled, and the occasion is certainlyasmomentousasanyinthehistory of the world.

PracticalCharityisExercisedThrough Good-Citizenship

Duties of Catholic Laity Toward Public Questions

(Continued from Front Cover.)

Nevertheless, the spirit of optimism of justice to the policies and interests and idealism which inspired the creation of the League of Nations in 1919 is far lessevident to-day. In 1918.10 the Western democracies were victorious and attempted to make theworld safe for democracy, and to create a greatstructureof internationaljustice; but they failed, and the magnitude of their failure can only be measured by the bloodshed and suffering of World War II.

It is not surprising, therefore, if we approach the task for the second time in amore sombre and doubtful mood. If this means that the shall be careful to avoidthemistakes of the past, and that weshall build amoresolidstructure for international peace, it will be all to the good. But we must not shut our eyes to the possibility of a more tragic alternative: that the failure of insufficient power may lead us to base world order on power alone, and tolowerour ideals to the levelof what is called political realism.

We have learned one lesson in the years between the wars, which is that no international order can endure unless it has the support and agreement of the great world Powers behind it. But have we learned the other lesson —thatthegreat Powersthemselvesare powerless to establish international order unless they are united on the commonprinciples of internationallaw andcommonconceptionsofjusticeand truth?

No Common Faith.

This is the weak point of the whole modern international system. The world is being drawn together in a close texture of economicand military relations,and the establishmentof the Military Staff Committee of the great Powers im•isaged in the Dumbarton Oaks proposals will create acentral organofworldpowersuch.ashasnever Lfore existed.

But there hasbeen no corresponding Process of moral and spiritual integration. Titthepast the Westernpeoples were united by their common acceptance of Christian beliefs, and, moreover, all acknowledge the existence of aLaw of Nature which was of divine origin, antecedent to the law of man and the will of the sovereign State, and, therefore, providing afoundation on which thestructure of international relatinns and the law of nations could he based

To-davall thishasdisappeared. The nations have no connnon moral standards, and as we saw in the yearsbetween the wars, the most outrageous actsofinternational lawlessnesscanhe justified he some racial or political ideology whichacknowledgesno higher law.

Nodoubtthe eliminationof the Axis Powers will remove the most flagrant offendersinthisrespect,but itwillnot, of itself, solve the underlving problem of the disappearance of the common moral values and standards our which nloneinternational order can he based. These standards were still in ameasure recognised and proclaimed in the preamble to the Covenant of the League of Nations, and the fact that the organisation did not prove strong enough to realise them is not avalid criticism of the principles themselves.

It is, therefore, essential that some similar statement of principles should formpartof thenewinternational cnvcnant,andthat thisshouldheregarded not as an empty, idealistic formula, but as the governing principle of the whole instrument of world organisation,inthe spiritofwhicheveryclause andundertakingoftheagreementmust be interpreted.

Now Pin- NTT has pointed out how themodernideaofjusticehasbeencorr,•ptedbythe-positivist and utilitarian theories which in practice amount to thesuboHinatinnoftheadministration

of the dominant parties. A sound juridical constitution both of national and international society must be founded,asthe Holy Father insists,on the bedrock of the natural law, and presupposes "clear legal principles whichcannotbeupsetbyunwarranted appeals to asupposed popular sentiment or by merely utilitarian considerations."

But, unfortunately, thesectionofthe DumbartonOaksproposalswhichdeals with Principles is entirely positivist and utilitarian in character,andconsequently is far less satisfactory than was the Covenant of the League, despite its weaknesses.

MoralPrinciples Needed.

Thus it seems to me that the key question that confronts the nations at San Francisco is the need for aclear assertion of the moral and juridical principlesonwhich theorganisation of world order is to be based. If this is neglected, the new order will be vitiatedatitsbase,andthegreaterthe concentrationofpoweracquiredbythe Security Council, the more serious will be the consequences of this neglect. International power without interna. tionallaw,orinternational lawwithout a moral basis, may produce results which arecompletelydestructiveofthe ideals with which the United Nations undertook theirbattle forfreedom.

Noallied statesmanmould deny that the present way involves moral issues, and there is no doubt that the ordinary citizen, whether soldier or civilian, gave what hecould—oftenhislife—not for power or prestige, but for acause that wasgreater than any political or economical interest. They believed that they were risking everything in the causeofjustice, which isthe cause of God, against alawlessand inhuman system. It-would be abetrayal of these principles and of these men if we finish the war by creating amere organisation of world power with no higher end or sanction than the security of the stronger by their own strength.

Irresistible Power.

it may be argued that world peace isso importantthat itdues notmatter whataretheformalprinciplesonwhich it is foun4A,but there isit vastdifference, morally and psychologically, between at s-tent by which the peoples of the world accept the sovereignty of law and agree together as equal partners for the attainment of acontnton standard for justice for all, and asystem which merely recognises the factofpowerandseekstoattain security by organising world power by an irresistible concentration of military and economicforce.

TheVital Question.

This pointseems to me ofsuchovernwhelnting importance as to outweigh all the questions of voting and representation our which public discussion has mainly centred. For the vital question is not who haspower or how much power they have, but what are the ends for which they are going to use it. No doubt tinder ary system the practical testmust dependon how wetreatourneighbours: how thegreat Powers deal with the lesser ones, how the victors deal with the vanquished, hom the majorities treat the minorities. But all these questions come under the lawofjustice, and,ifwe do not clearly and categorically recognise from thebeginningthat thelawofjustice stands above the nations—not merely single nations, but all the nations collectively—there is little hope that the lion and the lamb will deal fairly with one another.

The principle of security as understood and practised by the great Powers of the world has, in the past, been responsible forsome of thegreat. est crimes in history. Anv system

ditions for the worker; free elections to Trades Unions, developing towards their sharing, by co-operation with their employers, in the responsibilities of industry; the best men in Parliament; and, on the part of the community, more intelligent interest and active support for the political arid social institutions on which the communitylifeisbased. Weneedamore active and more resilient public opinion, determined to keep democracy on the road avhich it has chosen, to aid the process by which freedom broadens clown.

itisastrange fact thatitiscustom• ary and fashionable to despise politics and to deride politicians; the average manlikes to hintthathe is much superior to the average politician, who, we are encouraged tobelieve,is apoor type. But polities. is not ajob for the ordinary man; it requires, in fact. acombination of the best qualities of both the artist and the scientist, and it is the foundationofall the artsand the sciences. It

is thegreatest art of all, the science of government and the art of organisingcivilised communities upon which our very being depends. The politicians is the man who is doing the really big job, whose time is never hisown but the people's; whose every act is performed in the bright glare of publicity; whois slanderedon all sides and deliberately misunderstood. Thave never been able to agree with the groundless and ill-considered criticism of politicians which we hear at every turn. There.should he amore general recognition of the indispensability of politics to the properworkingofademocracy. Educated people should take amore practical interest in political questions; and it might he that more of the best men would give their services to politics. The essential justifving feature of a rdemocraev isthat thehestmen should he the leaders.

TheDutyofthe Catholic Layman.

We come now tothe question of the attitude which we, as Catholic lavmen, should adopt towards the all-important mattersunderdiscussion. The mere fact that we hapen to he Catholies does not ensureautomatically that as citiren= we are doine everrthin, that we should. It appears to tit(, that manyofthosewholabourhardin the political and social worlds are, to the hest of their ahility, thornhper. hap, tmw•ittingly, rarrvinrout the see• and great cmnmandment of the law•— tolove theirneighbour. What nobler rerupation. in a worldly sense, can there he than to strive to ameliorate thelotofourfellnw•-men?

1'et Ihave afeeling that there is a tendenev amongst many Catholics to be alittle hit complacent, and almost to make of their Catholicity an excute that regards security atone will inevitahl• tend to subordinate international law to political interests,whereat what international order requires is asystem that will subordinate political interests to the rule of law. And it is only by the latter system that it is possible to reconcile the interest ofthe strong and theweak, the great Powers and the small nations, in the pursuit ofacommon aim.

No doubt we cannot hope to create in aninstant,byasortofinternational social contract, atrue world society with an effective system of international legislation and jurisdiction, but we can la_w the foundationsand define the aims for which the new internationalorganisationexists. That isthe task before the United Nations at the Fan Francisco Conference, and it is of vital importance that they should admit no condition which is inconsistent with this ultimate aimorwhichwould sacrifice that aim to the short-sighted vies of afalse political realism.

for doing nothing. Thus, to one enlightenedbythesocialteachingsof the Church, it isnot difficult to point out faults and weaknesses inour economic and political structure, which on a thousand issues is farfrom perfection. But have we the right to be ultracritical in these matters? Have we striven hard for perfection by giving of our knowledge to the builders, or are we merely adopting the attitude of destructive critics? Largely byan accident of birth, Iam in possession of the priceless treasure of the Faith, with the countless subsidiary benefits which follow in its train. When a man says,"Iam aCatholic," said G. K. Chesterton,"he answers simultaneously athousand questions,and answers them all right." The truth of this,however,shouldbeacceptedinno boasting or self-complacent spirit, but in one of deep humility and soul. 'searching. We should ask ourselves if we are indeed behaving as worthy possessors of the light. In social and economic questions, as well as in many other spheres, the well-instructed Catholic has to guide him the ageold teaching of the Church as well as the more detailed principles laid dorm by the Popes, Pius XI. and Pius XII. It is not the function of the Church to govern, and to aworthy form of government weowenotonlyourobedience, butour active support.

The duty of Catholics in these matters does not differ from that of non. Catholics, and because of our religion wecannot claim the right to aspecial attitude towards political and social issues. Speaking on this point some years ago, Professor J. NI. O'Sullivan, of Dublin, said:"Catholicsshouldcare• fully refrain from prefacing their opinions with the phrase,"We as Catholics are bound to do so and so." A distinction must be made between the tasks of the Church and the duties of the individual Catholicin his own par• ticular state of life. Though these fall within the moral jurisdiction of the Church, they are something distinct from the tasks which the Church herself is called on to perform. Yet it ought to he the aim of individual Catholics to secure the triumph of the spirit for which the Church stands, and it might be well if in the work of conversion they should start with themselves."

Ilike thin point, wherein world-be reformers are advised to start by reforming themselves. Personal sanctification, the Church always has insisted, should he the starting-point of every crusaale, andanyattempt to improve the world should be preceded by asincere effort to improve oneself. The Catholic should not of necessity make of his Faith a weapon with which to reform the world, but rather toreform himself,and soby his example influence those about him. Every man has it given him to -

influence a part of the world in some w•av; but only afew are horn to he leaders, or neriters, or in other ways to influence large bodies of men. But everyone ht• charity and byhisexample can influence the small circle about him, whetherat work, in hishome or atre. creation. Not more than afew are able to spread their influence far from their immediate circle, and not more than afewcan reasonablybeasked to doso.

The ideal of life,asIseeit, towhich the Catholic layman should strive to attain is, in addition toaprivate life full of the riches of Catholicism, to live up tothe idealofgoodcitizenship. And by citizenship Ido not mean merely keeping out of the Police Courts,and relatednegative virtues. I mean theactiveandhelpfulsupportof our neighbour in the worthy tasks of the dav, in every- level and sphere of life, from the most menial task of the labourer to the highest aspirations of thepolitical leader.

Founding Capital for World War III Being Amassed

FinancingSoviettoRemain Totalitarian

EC-Onomic Strength Built on Foreign Credit and Compulsory Labour

By STANISLAW OPOLSKI.

In the years 1922-1932, the Germans obtained from America and the coun. triesofWesternEuropecreditsamounting to about ten billion dollars. Ex. actly9,800,000.000dollars. Thiswasthe founding capital of the Second World War. These credits were the econo• mic foundation of German totalitarian autarchy,andmadeitpossiblefor Hitler to perform the miracle of doing away with unemployment.

The expansion ofGerman armament industries, the building of strategic highways,theconstructionofamighty fleet of U-boats and pocketbattleships would have been impossible without grantingtoGermanyofgiganticAmerican, British, French, Dutch and Swiss credits. TheSecondWorldWarstarted in 1923, when the world began to shower upon Germany immense longterm credits. Germanproductionand itstoolsareactuallyburiedunderruins and, forthe momentatleast, nothing seems to indicate awillingness on the part of anyWestern countrytorepeat the experiment of financing German totalitarianism. This does not mean, however, thatthe tired andexhausted nations are not threatened any more by an outbreak ofathird WorldWar. For what are the guarantees of the rightuseofthepresentcredits?

From 1941 to December 1, 1944, the UnitedStateshavegranted totalitarian SovietRussia7.4billionslend-leasecredits: nearly three billionannually.Not all of theselend-leasedeliveries consist• edofconsumptiongoods. Averylarge part of them were machines and complete factory equipments. According to the lend-lease reportofDecember 1, 1944, the value of the latter amounted to 2,400,000.000 dollars, it is being said ttiat one of the factories of F.. Johnston, President of the United StatesChamberofCommerce,hasbeen dismantler) and transported in its entirety toRussia.

And howabout industrial patents?

There are indications that many of them have reached the Soviets in the rurrent of this tear. For some time plans of large post-w•ar credits have been the suhiect of American-Soviet negotiations. Russia(Inesnotmake a secret of herdesign to remainatotalitarian, economic autarchy after the war. Shedoesnotwantanvronsumption grinds. Shewantsmachineryand c(luipment which will farilititc and accelerate the increase of her own pro Auction, and raise its technical level. Forthelastthreevears,giganticSoviet industries ire under construction east of the Ural Mountain ,

;with America') assistance—tremendous armament inAu=lifts.

But Lend-Lease and post-war credits p(tndly under negotiation are not the only assistance given by the US. which helps to strengthen totalitarian Soviet autarchy. The United States and Great Britain have agreed, first inTeheran,nodliterat theYaltaConference to allow the Soviets an eaten0

vcof;nfluenreinCentralEast ern podSouthEastern Europe. What doesthatmeanfromtheeconomicview. point and from thit of potentialarmameatproduction?

Granting Russia aEuropean sphere of influences the great Powers have made the Sovietsamost valuable pre• sent notonlyof thenatural richesand the few surviving industries of the dea

stated countries, but also of that of Czecho-Slovakia. Thinks to its policies of bilateral insurance-11neba's agreerwritwithIfitlerononehand,and Benes' pactwithStalin on the other— Czechoslovakia is today in war de. vastatedEuropetheonlyscar-freecountry, areal oasis of prosperity.

terpreted the aimsof Hitler,whoseendeavours were devoted to the estab. lishment of a lasting international peace.

According to the New `lasses, the opinionofwhichseemsauthoritativein this case, the Germanshave developed Czechindustriestosuchanextentthat aboutseventypercent.ofGermanwar industriesaretobefoundatpreser.,on Clech territory. Theseindustries,con.pined with the natural riches of the countries included into the Soviet sphere of influences, will automatically and tremendouslyincreasethe U.S.S.R. economicand armament potential. Another asset is—slave labour. And in using that term the author has not the slave-labour of Soviet citizens in mind. Accordingto foreignsourcesof information, the number of Sovietcitizens working in compulsory labour camps amounts to from twelve to twenty millions

W L.Whitedeclaresinhislastbook thatthestandardoflivingofthewhole population of Soviet Russia could be compared to that of prison inmates in the United States. External factors, however,have nothingincommonwith that state of affairs.- It is, on the otherhand,awell-knownfactthatdur• ing the period extending from the fall of 1939 to the spring of 1941, the Soviets have deported from Poland into the interior of Russia one and ahalf million Polish citizens. Most of'them havebeen placedin compulsor•labour camps of the worst kind. Identical wasthelotofhundredsofthousandsof people deportedfrom the Baltic State's andRumania. Evenatpresent,trains loaded with slaves are running from Poland into the interiorofRussia.... No Western democracy has thus far raised aprotestagainst such methods.

Ilence the logical inference that slave-labour of foreign citizens also re• preesnts avaluable item on the list of Western contribution to the might of Soviettotalitarianism.

And then, at last, the UNRRA... . Americanaid given to the starvingna. tions of Europe after the First World War, hecame, soto say, agreat moral and political asset of gratitude toand confidence in the United States. Wilson'sloftyenunciationsas well as Iioover'sincomparableactivitiesresultedin the fact that in thefirst period of the Second World War Americas moral and political credit among the nations of Europe cmild be caller) unlimited withoutnnvexaggeration. What isit that we are witnessing to•dav? The vhndo ,

vof Teherannod the Yalta Con• ference his fallen upon the Atlantic r'harter roil the hour Freedoms. Am. ericnn help for the starving pnpttlatinn of European rountries, reaches the lnt ter, in most rases, under the disguise or apresentfrom—Sm+etRusin.

The chief of the UNRRA, Ur. Leh o,

on, has(wife rcrently appointed Mr \Trnshiwnff, iRussian ind aformer Soviet civil empinvee, to the post of dire:oror the 4'NRRA mission to Pnlnnd. Mr. Lehman says he felt compelled to mike that appointment bei:ausc the`oviety(lidnot wish to have foreign factor=act as good Samaritans to the needy people of Poland. Ru• tnanin,Bulgariaroilothercountries.

history repeats itself. The FoundingCapital of theThird World Waris being amamed before the end of the Second. It isassuredof the co-opera• tion of the great Western democracies inestablishingandstrengtheningtotalitarian spheres of influence in Europe. it hastheir tacitconsent inthetotali. tarianexploitation of foreign citizens donng slave work—in the financing of an efficacious totalitarian propaganda. TheSecondWorldWarbrokeouttwenty-one yearsaftertheconclusionofthe First.

Apartfrom the almost fantastic pro• gress of technical means, one would have to be blind to ignore the rapid evolution of thepolitical and economic processes whichare preparing the'out• break of the Third World War, with thewilling,oratleast,passiveco-opera• tionof almost the wholeworld.

And because of that oneshould al• ready now think and demand genuine-

guarantees, and not empty promises and word's, that the totalitarian communisticStateswillnotusethecredite topavethe wayforanewwar. Only that wouldbe genuine realism.

TRANSLATION

or PBAud

The Pope has issued a"Motu Proprio" on the new Latin translation of the Psalms which are recited in the DivineCffice.

Thetranslationhasbeenmadebythe professors of the Biblical Institute in Rome and hasbeen published. The "Motu Proprio" gives permission for the translation to -

be used in place of the old. Vatican Radio said that the "Motu Proprio;" which opens with the words "Incotidianisprecibus,"relatesthehistory of the translation of the Psalms fromGreekandHeWwandtellsofthe difficultieswhich St.Jeromeencountered. Recent research had shown that certainamendmentsweredesirable,and that anew translationwould add to thebeauty and rhythm ofthePsalms.

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MEDALS.

As aresult, Americangenerosity and American money, even in the realm of Charitv, are serving Soviet Russia's ends, and are instrumental in twinning forthelatter thegratitudeand theconfidence of the starving nations of Eu rope. ThefoundingcapitaloftheSeL rind World War consisted of credits granted by the West to"democratic' Germanv. Thelendersdidnotunder• stand that thevery nature of atotalitarian State was inseparable from a never sated lust of conquest. Some Westerndiplomats,tomentiononlySir Neville Henderson,GreatBritain'sAm• bassador to Germany, argued with a childish naivete, that the world mism.

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'Wedlock-initsnatural

ISupernatural Aspects

-Indissolubility Not Affected-by Fiction

Church's Opposition to Mixed Marriage...

"This

is agreatSacrament,butIspeak in Christ and in the Church." —St. Paul,Ephesiansv.32.)

I.—MARRIAGEAS

to NATURAL OONTRAOT.

Marriage Not aSacrament Before Christ.

\latrimony(derived from the Latin words,"matris munus," the office of mother) is the lawful means ordained by God for the preservation and multiplication of the human race. Considered even from anatural point of view, it is of the highest importance to mankind, because from it springs familylife.Thereisnothingwhichcontrnbutes more to the social well-being of manthan the right-ordering ofthe family. Human society will thrive onlyinsofaras parentsfulfilandrealise their obligations as husbands and wives and as fathers and mothers. Some modern statesmen and writers are doing irreparable damage to mankind by advocating and promoting divorcelawsby whichtheysay themar. riage tie is loosened. Such laws are wholly against the Chistian idea of marriage and of family life; and these men are not only profaningthesacred t:ondofmatrimony,buttheyshouldbe regarded as the worst enemies of the human race.

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Marriagemaybeconsideredfromtwo pointsofview, eitherasanaturalcon. tractbetween aman andawoman, or the Christiansacrament ofmatrimony.

I.Marriageas aNaturalContract.

MarriagewasinstitutedbyGodHimself at the beginning of the world, when He joined,our first parents in the bonds of matrimony. Of that first marriage holy Scripture says: "What God has joined together, let no man put asunder"(Blatt, xix. 6), meaning thereby that it could not be disol•ed by any earthly power. From that time till the coming of OurSaviourJesusChrist, marriage wasanatu. ralandalasting contract. Itwas no doubt asacred and divine institution, because it was expressly institutedby God Himself for the preservation and continuance of the humanrace; itwas indissoluble, but nevertheless it was a purely natural contract between hus. band and wife, and itwasnotasacrament.

Marriage of Unbaptised is Still Only aContract.

Since the time of Christ the marriage of non-baptised persons has continued to be nothing more than this natural and indissoluble contract. Bap. tismiscalled"thegateoftheChurch," becausenoonecanpartakeoftheother sacramentsof the Church unlessprevi. ously baptised. Hence, when non. baptised persons get married, they make avalid and abinding contract,

but they do not receive the Christian sacramentofmatrimony.

II.—MARRIAGE ASiASACRA. MENT.

MarriageofChristianaNowaSacrament.

So far we have considered marriage only from anatural standpointand as ahuman contract. But since the time of Christ the marriage of Christians has been vastly changed, for Christraised it to the dignityofbeing asacrament. He made what was already sacred doubly so by making it the source of marriedsanctity and the source ofdomestic happiness. When Christians now become married, no, onlydotheymakeavalidcontract,but their marriage provides them with thegraces necessary forleading aholy married life together and for fulfilling their responsible duties as parents by bringing up their children

in the fear and love ofGod. Our divine Saviour wishing to elevate human society raised the natural contract of marriage to the sublime dignity of being asacrament. For Christians, then, marriage is all that has been said of marriage from the natural point of view, but it is far more; it is one of those seven sources of grace, one of those seven streamsflowingfromCalvaryby which the merits of Christ's sacred blood are applied to our souls.

MarriageContractofChristiansAlways aSacrament.

Ihave already stated that marriage may be regarded from two points of view, eitherasacontract betweenhus. band and wife, or as asacrament of the NewLaw. InChristianmarriages these two are inseparable, or in other word's, the marriage contract between two Christians is always asacrament. ThisistheclearteachingoftheChurch. Hence, two haptised Protestants, even if theydo not wish to receive the sac. rament, do, nevertheless, receive it, if theyvalidly marryone another.Again, if two Catholics cannot contract mar. riage while in the state of mortal sin, they commit avery grave sacrilege, nodoubt,but neverthelesstheyreceive thesacramentof matrimnny. Thereis one case which is disputed among theologians, viz., when aCatholic, after obtaining the necessary dispensation, marries an unhaptised pagan, utate of Grace Necessary Before Marriage.

As marriage is asacrament of the living, it presupposes that those who ,

•ontract it are in the state of grace. .\n act of perfect contrition blots out mortal sin, but Catholics ought to go to confession and, if pnssihle, to Holy Communion l,efore marriage if they are in astate of mortal sin. To become married inthe stateofmortalsin kavery great crime. The marriage, no doubt, isareal and valid marriage, but is is sacrilegious and very displeasing to God. Asacrilegious marriaee is a t

-cry grievous sin in God's sight,and it is not difficult toseewhy so many marriages of had Catholics prove to be so unhappy. They enter into that holy state with mortal sin on their souls, and from base and unworthy motives, and hence they have not the blessing of God on their mar. riage.

I¢dissolubilityof Marriage.

of,Divorce

mated," the bond or tie can never be dissolved by any earthly power.

DivorceGrantedbyLawDoesNot DissolveMarriage.

The State has its authority from God to protect the temporal interests of man, and on this account it may make laws dealing with the temporal aspectsofmarriage,suchasinheritance, settlements, etc.; butit has no power in spiritual affairs. These are the things which are God's and not the things which areCaesar's. Now,matrimony is sacred, not only asaninstitution of God which no man can dissolve,butitisasacramentaswell. It follow's from this that matrimonial causes belong to the tribunals of the Church and not to those of the State. Hence aChristian who has procured a bill of divorce from acivil court, and tries to marry again, is guilty of a grievous mortal sin.

—

SeparationofHusband andWife Sometimes Allowed.

So far it isoftotaldivorce—divorce from the marriage bond that Ihave been speaking. There are causeswhich, even according to the doctrine of the CatholicChurch,wouldjustifyasepara. tion—either total or partial—between the husband and wild. But the mar• riage bond remainsallthe time absolutely untouched, and the separated parties are not free to contract% newt marriage. Thesecausesjustifyingsep. aration aresucha's the following:(1) adultery,(2) one of the parties being unable to live with the other without clanger of losing the faith or falling into grievous sin,(3) the mutual consent of the parties, if there is no danger of giving scandal.

Unhappy Marriages Often Due to Worldiness and LackofChristian Principles.

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Divorce—that ever-growing curse of society—is directly contrary to the teaching of Christ and of His Church. The Protestant Reformation tried to introduce irregularities by which the matrimonial bond could be loosened. But theCouncilofTrent initsdefence of God's truths opposed these errors and condemned this doctrine. We nave alreadyseen that inone case the marriage tie between two unbaptised persons can he dissolved. But when there isanestionofChristian marriage, once the marriage has been validly contracted, and perfected or"consum.

if parents were more careful about the education oftheirson's anddaughters, according to Christian principles, there would not be so many unhappy marriages, and so many husbands and wives living apart from one another. Utterly worldlyviews of marriage and worldly planning on the part of mothers and daughters are,often the causes to whirls uch life-disasters are to he attributed. It is no small wonder that such people have to repent bitterlyoftheirfrivolousmarriage,and cspcciall• when they find that the obiect of their choice turns nn them and becomes alife-long chastisement. They allowed themselves to bedirected—not by the law of the eighth beatitudes, but by what St. Paul calls the triple concupiseenceofourfallen nature—the concupiscence of the flesh, the roncupkcenee of the eyes, and the pride oflife. These people haveonly them. selves to thank when the dome<tic crash cnmCs, dispelling for ever their ambitious dream of apurely worldly surrec. Such cases are hard and are to he deplored,but the fault is not to he put on the indissolubility of mar. riage,butratheron thosewhocontract such marriages.'Apart from loftier comidcrations,basedon Catholicteach. ing, the indissolubility of marirage— though perhaps hard in individual cases—is necessary for the highergood of society. To realise this truth, we need only consider the awful domestic disunion and unhappiness prevalent in rountries where divorce laws are in vogue,andwherelegaldivorceiseasily obtained.

MIREDMARRIAGES.

MixedMarriagesDetestedbythe Church,

The Church isverysevere in itscondemnation of"mixed marriages." Pope Benedict \IV. says of them: "The IlolySeehaseverreprobated the marriage of Catholics with heretics. . TheChurchintruthabhorsthesehateful marriages." During the last century, in 1030, PiusVIII. declared that (Continued on Page 7.)

KNOWHOUR FAITH SERIES

theChurch had always abhorred such unions. Leo XIII., in oneofhis En-

cyclicals,"Arcanum," gives some rea. sonswhy the Churchso much detests them:-

1. Thesharing in the most solemn andsacredriteswithnonCatholics.

Thesacramentisnecessarilyreceived bybothhusbandandwife,andthenonCatholic party very often ignores or makes light of its sacramental nature, if be or she does not positively despiseit.

2.The Pope goesontosaythatsuch unions"endanger thefaithof the Ca. tholichalf,and have adetrimental effectontherighteducationofthechildren"

Dangers to the Faith of theCatholic HalfandoftheChildren.

Experienceprovesthatinverymany cases the faith of the Catholic wife or husband—if not actually ruined—is at least weakened. The Catholic half may not always realise this-change, but it does not escape the notice of Catholic friends. And,ofcourse,diffi. culties must necessarily arise concerning the faith and the religious education of the children, especially those of the.same sex as the non-Catholic parent. Idow many Catholic wives could tell you that the Protestant father recalled all his promiseson this point, even though he solemnly made thembefore marriage! Often,too,he maysucceedin persuadinghisCatholic wife that it is not right to prejudice the phildren's minds in favour of the Catholic religion. "Ido not wish to interfere with their religion," he says, "but let them choose for themselves whentheygrowup."

TheMost Ideal Case of aMixed Marriage.

The Christian ideal is that in mar. riage husband and wife should be a mutual help to one another in their journeytoheaven. Buthowcanthey be said to help each other in this, if they constantly journey thitherby utterlydiverse routes. And ifanycare• lessness creeps into the Catholic portion of the family in the matter of going to\lass, frequenting the sacraments, etc., we can hardly expect the non-Catholic husband to keep his wife and children up to the mark in this respect. When the children come of anage to notice things and to draw conclusions, the diversity of their parents' religion must be agreatproblem forthem. TheirmothergoestoMass, abstainson Fridays,goestoConfession andCommunion,etc.; sheteachesthem that these things are commanded by God and cannot be omitted without grievous sin, and yet they see that their father utterly ignores such'grave obligations. A home of this kind must inevitably lack thatCatholic atnnospherewhich isofsuch very great a

importance in the religious education ofCatholic children. There canbe no real feeling in common concerning the ,piritual welfare of the family. Rcligion, which should be amost important topic of conversation, is scarcely mentioned. Surely such a marriage, instead of being that help which God nrished Christian marriage to be, be4ones ahindrance tosalvation.

AWorseCase:TheHusbandaBigot.

But what if the husband is a real bigot, though he did not appear to be sobeforemarriage? Manyanunhappy woman makes this discovery when it is too late. Ile who before marriage restrained his tongue, now gives expression tohisunbeliefand to his contemptfor his wife'sreligion Ile has learnt the secret of inflicting torture andagonybyirreverentwords,obscene allusions and blasphemies concerning ourholyreligion. Alifeofsorrow begins for his unfortunate wife; it may be concealed from her neighbours and known to few but God. In these cases,if the wife is weak, she either gives up her own faith or at least its NOMORE WOODCUTTING! American Perfection Stoves;ideal for countryandbeach. AtHassell' s. B6907.

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regular practice, both in her owncase and that of the poor helpless young soulsentrusted byGod tohercare. If the wife is stronger, the children be. come painfully aware of frequent and bitter quarrels between their parents on religious matters. All this must be verypuzzling to the children. And wheitheageforeducationarrives,then fresh troublearisesabout thechoosing of aschool, often ending in some wretchedagreement,bywhichthefaith of the children is imperilled. And if the wife dies while the children are stillyoung,whatbecomesoftheirfaith then?

TheWorstCase:TheMothera Protestant.

Butworstofall,suppose the mother is the non-Catholic parent. The Catholic father must attend to his own work, and he leaves the education of thechildrentothe mother. Shemay, perhaps, do her bestto bringthemup in theCatholic faith, but do whatshe will,shecannot instil into otherswhat shehasnotgotherself. Shemayhave abook-knowledge of the Catholic religion,butshehasnot the giftofdivine faith. Itisoftenthememoryofadevout and good Catholic mother rather than her teaching that exercises such asalutaryinfluence onsonsanddaughters in after-life, and it is this that often brings back wanderers from the way ofsalvation to their duty once more,

Religious!IndifferencetheEffectof MixedMarriages.

3. Leo VIII. gives another reason why the Church. hates these mixed unions:—

"Oftenmixedmarriages drivepeople intoahabit of mindwhichregardsall religions as equallygood,thuseffacing the distinction between the true and thefalse."

This religious indifference of which the Pope speak's is nowadays very apparentwheremarriagesbetweenCatholicsand Protestantsarecommon. Con• stant familiarity with their occurrence must, of its very nature, tend to obscure the dividing line between the true faith and the false. And this affectsnotonlythefamilyofthemixed marriage but several others as well. Experience also shows us that this in. difference more than anything else leadstothemultiplicationofmarriages between Catholics and heretics. DispensationsGiventoPreventGreater Evils.

From theseand other considerations, it isevident what an evil mixed marriagesare,and whytheChurchsomuch detestthem. Dispensations, e

itistrue are

often granted, but even then the marriages are only tolerated by the Church toprevent greaterevils. However,beforeadispensationisgiven,the fnllnwing -

conditions should always be fulfilled:—

Conditionsfor GrantingaDispensation.

i, There must be agrave and just reasonfor themarriage.

2.The non ,

Catholic must promise beforemarriagethat theCatholicparty will have perfect freedom in the prac. ttee of the Catholic religion.

3The non-Catholic partv must also promise that all the children—bnvs . girls—w-ill be brought up in the Catholic religion.

1. The Catholic party must promise to trr prudently to convert the nonCatholic to the true faith.

.i. The nnn-Catholic party must at. tend at least 12 instructions on the teachingofthe Church.

EvenWith aDispensation the ,

Church Disapproves of MixedMarriages.

Even when hll these conditions are fulfilled, the Church still tries to hin. der the union of Catholic and Protestant When twoCatholicsaremarried, the Church rejoices, and allow• d heraltars to be decorated flowers. A special Mass, called the Nuptial Mass, mac be celebrated and the Church blessesherhappy children. Butwhen it is question of amixed mariage—a marriageof which the Churchdoesnot -approve—she will have as few ceremoniesaspassible Shedoesnotwish toprofessajovshe doesnotfeel. The NuptialMassisforbidden,thepriestas arule does not wear astole and sur. plice, and except in special cases the marriage is celebrated, not inside the Church, but in the presbytery or sacrtstv. The priest hears theArnrds of the marriage contract pronounced in theshortest form, and sendsaway the couple without the nuptialblessing,

U.N.N.R.A. Needs -

5Million ,Pounds of Clothing

"The Australian National Clothing Collection for overseas relief is to be officiallylaunchedassoonastheessen. tial preparatoryorganisation has been carriedout. Thegoalwillbe5,000,000 lb., and this will be reached if every Australian contributes one good` used garment."

Thatstatement ismadeinaletterto the editor of"The Catholic Weekly" from Mr. Frank S.Gaines, Acting Director of UNRRA, in the South-West Pacific area.

Mr.Gaineswrites:

"The assurance in the article(Feeding the llungry,'in your issue of June 14, that the Catholic people of New South Wales are ready for a great effort tosend relief to Europe'ssufferers is most heartening.

"It isnotsurprising,aswe feel,with you, that all Australians are eager to do what theycan to alleviate themisery of those whose homelands were ravaged by the enemy.

"UNRRA is searching the globe for relief supplies, and although there is aworldshortageof many, it isexpect• ed that by the end of this month it

will have delivered in-Europe 1,250,000 tons of these supplies.

"A great amount ofclothing will be needed in Europe in time for the coming northern winterif thousands upon thouspod'sof persons are not to die from cold. The textile industry can , not produce enough cloth and make enoughgarmentsintime. SoUNRRA is appealing forgood,used clothing to till the gap.

"The South-West Pacific Area Office of UNRRA in Sydney is seeking food for Europe in thisarea Unfortunately, production of the kinds of food UNRRA wants hasbeen reduced by the severe drought,and Australia has heavy commitments to her own and United States.forces, the Royal Navy and the people of Britain. UNRRA hasalsobeenrecruitingAustraliansfor fieldworkin Europe. Over30,including doctors and nurses,have left— some are already in the field—and manymorearetogointhenearfuture.

."For its success UNRRA must have the informed supportof the people of the countries from which the relief supplies must come,and we welcome your assistance to this end."

THE WORLD'S LAST CHANCE

Declaring.that"the task of peace is greaterthanthatof war," the Right Rev. Monsignor Fulton J. Sheen, leading American Catholic publicist, in an addresson"TheMoral'BasisofPeace," at the SanFrancisco Civic Auditorium, pointed out that this condition exists "not only because weface aEuropein shambles,butLcause there isnolonger acommon philosophy oflife among the nationsof the world."

Referring tothe San Francisco Conference, Monsignor Sheen observed: "This isprobablythelastchanceWestern civilisation will have to make the peace of the world. There will not be another,

chance in generations and generations. We are now at the twilight of the Western world, and it is time to lightourlamps.

"If we who are gathered here in search ofpeace betray the greatpatrimonyoftheages,powerwillbesnatch. ed from our hands by the East We arc rightinassuming thatour Western civilisation is the superior civilisation of the world; but we are wrong in as•uming that itissuperiorbecause it is white. The truth is, it is superiorbecause it is Christian. And the moment wesurrendertheFaiththatmade Europe and us great, we shall revert ;nto the barbarism from which we came."

Decryingtheomission of the word "justice"in Chapter 1. of the Dumbar• ton Oaks proposals, Monsignor Sheen declared it wasjustas seriousanomis•ion as"to leave the Prince of Denmark out of'Hamlet,' or'Ithee wed'

from the weddingceremony,",because, he added, "the maintenance of peace is impossible without justice; or the 'tranquility of order,' and order is inseparable from basic rights and duties which springfromjustice."

Warning of the danger of post-war treaties, Monsignor Sheen recalled the fate of treaties before the war- "The Report on Work of League of Nations," he said,"reveals that between May 19, 1920,andMay11, 1939, 4,568 ttreaties and iriternatknal engagements' were entered into. And the year preceding the war,211 treatiesof peace weresigned.",

Touchingonthesuggestion made by groups of Catholics, Protestants and Jews, that an International Declaration of Rights and Liberties be incorporated into the International Organisation, Monsignor Sheenasserted:"No better place could be found in the worldfortheelaborationofsuchaDeclaration than in our own country, where the free airenables immigrants and minorities to command ahearing, which could never be done in their nativelands."

Monsignor Sheen cautioned that "if we continue, when this war isover, to fan the flames of hate against the defeated, to generatethe-enmities ofthis nvar, we shall sow the seeds of that wicked weed we to-day inour fearcall World War III." "Our attitude towards other nations, races, and people mast not be determinedby what they (lid yesterday," he declared,"but by thegood things thehavedone in their histories."

LIVING WITH THE CHURCH

July 15—EighthSmday after Pente• cost (Green):

)lass proper. Ind, prayer of St. Henry. 3rd.prayer "Acunctis." 4th. prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Trinity.

JWY 16--CommemorationofOurLady oftent.Carmel (White): Hass proper. 2nd,prayerforpeace. greed. Prefaceofthe BlessedVirgin.

July 17--St. Alezivs, Confessor (White): Mass proper. 2nd. prayer "Acunctis." 3rd.prayer for peace.

July l"t.Camillus deLellis,Confer sor(White): Hass proper. 2nd. prayer of SS. Symphorosaand hersevensons. 3rd. prayer for peace.

July 19—+St. Vincent de Paul,confessor(White): Massproper. 2nd. prayerforpeace.

July 20—St. Jerome Aemilian,Confessor(White): Mass proper. 2nd. prayer of St. Margaret. 3rd, prayerfor peace.

July 21—Saturday Mass of Our Lady (White): Mass"Salve." Gloria. 2nd. prayer of St. Praxedes. 3rd, prayer of the Holy Spirit. 4th. prayer for peace. NoCreed. Prefaceof theBlessedVir. gin.

Rome Institutes New Feast of Our Lady

In 1942 the Holy Father dedicated the world to theImmaculate Heartof Mary,andonDecember8followingHis Holiness solemnly renewed the consecratiolr at apublic function in St. Peter's, attended by the greatest crowds ever known there. Now a feast has been instituted for the Universal Church, and on August 22—octave day of the Feast of the Assumption—the feast of the Immaculate Ideartof Mary willbe celebrated.

Anumberofinterestingpointsabout the feast and the proper Office and Mass for it(says Vatican Radio) appearin the ActaApostolicae Sedis.

The devotion was approved at the end of the last century. The feast underthetitle ofthe MostPureHeart became widely celebrated in the Church,andgenerally, althoughnot always, on the octave day of the Assumption. As Pope Leo XIII. dedicatedtheChurchandtheentirehuman race to the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, so the present Holy Father, in these troublousdays,consecratedthem to the Immaculate Heart of the Holy Motherof God on December 8, 1942.

The feast will be adouble of the 2nd. class,

•It isinstitutedsothatallthenations may throught her intercession enjoy peace, andtheChurchliberty,thatsinners may be converted, and that they andall thefaithfulmayadvanceinthe love of spiritual things and in the ex• eteiseofvirtue.

ThedecreedeclarestheFeastisdated May4, 1944, but it'hasbeen published and promulgated only now—actually on February28, 1945.

The second nocturnelessonsaretak. en from St. Bernardine of Siena'sfam. ous passage, about Our Lady's seven words, and theGospel homilyfromSt. Robert Bellarmine on Our Blessed Lord'ssevenlastwords.

The newdecree, Office andMass,are under the appellation "Immaculate Heart of Mary." Hitherto many appellations have been used, such as Most Admirable, Most Holy, etc., although at Fatima Our Lady herself always spokeofherimmaculateHeart. —"CatholicTimes."

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Catholic

U!JR!•••••••Illlt Girls' c.c.M. MOVEMENT

Headquarters and Club Rooms: Bank of N.S.W. Chambers, 65 St. George's Terrace (near Sherwood Court), Rooms 7-10, First Floor.

TELEPHONE: B4&?8.

CALENDAROF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY:

Shorthand: 5,15 p.m.

TUESDAY:

Physical Culture: 6.45 p.m:-7.45 pm.

Dressmaking: 5,30 p.m.

Orchestra:8p.m.

WEDNESDAY:

Shorthand: 5.15 p.m.

Arts and Crafts: 8p.rn.

THURSDAY: MASS: 8a.m.

EXPOSITION all day.

BENEDICTION: 5.15p.m.

Choir: 8p.m.

SATURDAY: Kalamunda Busy Bee: 1.15bus.

Tennis at Robertson Park: 2p.m.

Basketball.

SUNDAY: Tenisat RobertsonPark:2p.m.

CHOIR.

Rehearsals startedWednesday, July 4,so-youlatecomerswillhavetowork hard to catchuptotheothers. Over forty girls were there.for the first night, most of them old regulars but quiteanumberofnewfaces,too.

Wewentstraight toworkonaVien; nese programme for the next concert, which will besomewhere near theend of September. That isn't very far away really, and we have alot of work to do, so be there right on the tickofeightevery Wednesday.

LITERARY.

Avery nice talk on Cecily Hallack wasgivenby Miss Rebecchi lastTuesday, and Sue Kenny did the honours at supper time. Quite anumber of bookshave been out for sometime,so those who have books will you try to bring them in as soon as you finish reading them.

MARIANTARTS GUILD.

Nextmeetingof theGuildwillbeon Friday, July 20. Father Purcell is giving acoloured lantern slide lecture on the Holy Land, so comealongand bring yourfriendswithyou. LITURGY.

Father Lalor will commence aseries of lectures explaining the doctrines-of Catholicism on Thursday, July 19, in Room 9, and every following Thursday, Members attending these talks are asked to attend regularly, ORCHESTRA.

These rehearsals commenced last Tuesday and will he continued to be held on Tuesday evenings until both Choir and Orchestra will be held joint1N.on Wednesday evenings. The girls attending Orchestra will he told in plenty of timewhenthe rehearsalswill he

switched to Wednesday evening.

:1n%-memberwhocanplay theviolin will he welcomed to the orchestra, as wearehopingtohavea50-pieceband.

Fremantle Branch

IMPERIAL CHAMBERS, MARKET STREET, FREMANTLE. Rooms2,4,7. 'PhonoNo.L1958.

•

CALENDAROFACTIVITIES.

MONDAY: Dressmaking: 7.30 to 9.30 p.m. liomecrafts:8to9P.M.

TUESDAY: BalletandTapDancing: Sto10p.m.

WEDNESDAY:

Physical Culture: 6.30 to 8p.m.

BallroomDancingClass:8to9p.m.

CanteenSocial:8to10.45p.m.

THURSDAY:

Cnoking: 7.30 to 9.30 p.m.

Choirand Dramatics: 7to 10pm.

SATURDAY: Basket Ball: Afternoon, 2to 4p.m. (Continued foot of next eoliman.)

Catholic

Socia

l Guild

•'

ACALLTOTHELIlTY.

Wefindthat,intheveryearlyyears of theChurch'shistory,Christian communitie'swere born andgrew in the cities. Insome places the firstChristianswereprobably converts of Pentecost Day, who had heard St. Peter's firstsermonandwhohad carriedback to their own homes their newly-found faith.

Then some of the Christians from Jerusalem,scatteredbypersecution,begantopreachChristandtomakemore converts.. . Whatever the origin of such aChristian community, its subsequent growth was cared for by the Apostles.

In this way, for example, the Christian community at Antioch was formed. When news reached Jerusalem of the success of the earliest preachers, the Apostles sentSt. Barnabas tocontinueandorganisethepreachingofthe Gospel. St. Barnabasenlisted the aid of St. Paul, and between "them, they formed

the Church inAntioch.

So we find that these early Christian communities, the Churches of Rome, Antioch, Corinth, Ephesus, and soon,were ofApostolicorigin. They wereruled eitherby an Apostle orby someone appointed by the Apostle's.

The Bishops of the Catholic Church are the successors of the Apostles. They are the custodiansof the Faith: it is their work to preserve the Chris. tian ways of life and to see to the spread of the Faith.

In this Apostolic work they have helpers. Firstofall there are those who shone in theChristian priesthood, the eternal priesthood of Christ: the priests who preach the Gospel, celebrate the Sacrifice ofthe Mass, administer the Sacraments, and attend to thespiritual careoftheirpeople. Then there are those who have specialised work in the Church, as, for example, the members of the teaching Orders who undertake the Catholic education of children.

Addtothislistwhateverotherclasses youwish. Therestillremainsthevast mass of Catholic layfolk. Have they nn job to do? Certainly they have! The Church is not aclub or abenefit society in which you pav your membership fees and enjoy the privileges nr reap the benefits. The Church is the Divine means provided by Christ OurLordforthesalvation ofthe souls ofmen,anditistherightandtheduty ofeverymemberofthe Churchtoparticipate in the work of salvation.

How? The ncans maybemany,hilt the Popesof ourtimes have cnlled on t Catholiclavpeopletoparticipateinthe Christian Apritolate through Catholic Action. Tn thisArchdiocese the aims ofCatholic Actionformenare pursued I,v theCatholicSocial Guild,the meml-ership of which is open to every Cathnlirlavman.

BALLETDANCING.

Next Tuesday we are starting this newactivity. Sofarwe have twenty girls interested in this unusual activity, so why dnn't you come along, as we have roomforafewmore. Ifyou pre interested, ring the rooms for partirularsbetween 12and2p.m.

CHOIR AND DRAMATICS.

Wenremakingthisintooneactivity. Mrs.

Sutherland Groom has been kind ernugh to take over thisclass, and we feel sure it is in very capable hands. So, girls, why not come along and see if we can make it very popular.

Doyouwishtohelpeducateapriest tar workin WesternAustralia? Make are;trlar annual contribution to bolo sn indigent student.

Rou'sseau's Doctrines of Liberty False and Sentimental Modern Refusal to Face Choice on Ultimates

Freedom Needs the Support

of Law

_Secularist Vice of Ignoring Man's True Destiny...

By ANDREW BECK, A.A..

Everybody realises what a great break was made in the traditions of Western Europe by the French Revo• lution. But not everybody appreci• :rtes how permanent that rupture has become in the domain of political thought. The Declaration of the Rights of Man andoftheCitizen, publishedin 17S9andaffixedtotheFrench Constitution of 1791, was adocument whose effect can be seen in much of the political thinking of the present time. Written upder the influence of the sentimental fantasy of Rousseau. it enshrined adoctrine on personal andpolitical libertywhichhaspossibly clone more than any otherteaching to helptodeprive mankindofthose most precious possessions. And at amoment when human freedom seems so menaced by the pressure of organised life under State control, an examina. tion of some of the rootsand implicationsofthatteachingmaynotbe without value.

In the Declaration there are three Articles in particular which deal with liberty, law and political authority. "Liberty," says the fourth Article, "consists in the right to do anything which does not injure anybody else; therefore the exercise of the natural rights of every man knows no limitation save the ones which are needed to ensure these same rights to the other membersofsociety. And these limits can be determined only by the law." This is completed by Article 6, which lays down the principle that "Law is the expression of the general will"; andby Article3, which declares that"The original principle of all sovereignty must lie inthe nation."

it might.well be claimed that these three statements contain the three great errors of modern politics, and three ideas mosthostile to human lib. erty and humansociety.

There is, of course, in all of it ,

an initial and inherent form of freedom which we call Free Will—the faculty of choice among created goods which are presented to the Will by the intelligence. But, conceived in this way, such freedom is of merely psvcholo, gical interest—what Mnritain calls a "datum of metaphysics." It requires to blossom into activity, to expand in the moral and social order through moraland socialhumanactivity. We ere given free will that we may be human persons with true autonomyor self-government—dominion over ourselves and our actions. This is the freedorm of the human person, to he wwhat he is, as he ismade• and for the purpose for which he was made—the freedom to realiseself. Free will exists in man for this purpose; and at the present time it is apurpose which has liven lost sight of Attention has been concentrated on the exercise of choice instead of on the purpose of choice. The unrestricted ability and power to choose has been raised from its true position as ameans to the dignity of an end; and in consequence asubtle form of escapism has been introduced into moralandsociallife. Nfen refuse finality-

future. It is the attempt to exercise afaculty in avacuum without reference to an end. The result in the moral and social order is an anarchy akin to that which would exist,for example, in the world of calculation, were there complete freedom of choice about the results of the multiplication table, and were this freedom extolled by professors on the plea that it led tohigherand purermathematics. With this substitution of means for ends, this wanting to choose, but never to have made apermanent choice, we reach the stage where men have gone back to asort of second childhood.

For St. Thomas and the whole Catho. lic tradition teach that aman is not really grown up until he has consider. ed hislast end, the purpose of his existence, and what he is going to do aboutit.

Morality—which really means acting in agrown-up human way—does not consist in the exerciseof freedom. It consists in the use of freedom in conformity with aruleofconduct.And for rational man that rule is the rule ofreason. In consequence arational view of man is acondition for moral judgment, and therefore for political action. But arational view of man supposesaconsiderationofhumanpurpose. Ashas beensaidinthesepages before,"ateleological view of man is afirst postulate of freedom." Iffreedom isseen as the faculty ofchoosing those ends and means which are in true conformitywithman'snature and purpose, if it is what Bishop Hedley once called the practical possibility of choosing what it right, then the basic importance of reason as the condition and support of freedom becomes evi. dent. Choice follows judgment, and whatever impairs judgment is athreat tofreedom. Tnfact, thegravestmenace to human fredom lies less in the threat of violence than in errors of judgment about the end to attain or themeans toattain it, about thestrategy or the tactics of human living.

False judgment is adefect and are• striction of liberty'. Uncontrolled power of choice, without the guidance of judgment andreason, islike apowerful locomotive thrashing its way through the countryside without rails to guide it, an engine of destruction and amenace to the well-being of everything it meets,

ception of law is in the Mind of the Creatorofman. Theexemplarofthe universe exists in the Divine Reason, and the rule of all humanJiction, the principle ofallgovernment istheEternal Law as it exists in the Mind of God. Thisisthefountofalltruelane, and the pattern to which human law must conform. It may be argued that suchaconceptionoflawis mere pious phrasing, that it is too abstract and remote from reality to he ofany consequence. For man has not immediate contact with the Divine Mind and the Eternal Law. Man livesin society in the organised life of a State which claims his obedience.,nakes laws and exercises authority over him. The human problem,as many seeit,is the problem of the individual man's relationship to this instrument of authoritv. As Gierke said:"How is it possible to think that law should exist throughtheaction of theState,forthe sake of the State, and in subordina. tion to the State, and, on the other hand, that the State should exist through theactionoflaw, forthesake of law, andin subordination tolaw?"

The Catholic answer is the doctrine of the Natural Law.

Natural Law is ashare in the Eternal Law by man because he is areasonable creature. Man shares in God's Eternal Reason by the light of his own natural reason; and this share in reason provides man with principles of conduct which bridge the gulf between the Eternal Law and the positive laws of States and men. The work of law-making, which is awork of reason in the pra•tical order, is similar in this respect to the work of argumentation in the speculative or. der. In each case there is progress from principles to conclusions. Just as deductive reasoning from known principles leads to an increase in speculative knowledge, so in the order of practical judgments human lawgiving is the drawing out and ordaining of practical conclusions (which go back to the principles of human morality and conduct known to conscience.

. They refuse to face choice on ultimatesandprinciples, and to make theright useof theirfreedom ofautonomy. Forthepurposeorthis freedom is that aman should make a final choice, and so be dispensed, on that particular line of conduct, from the obligation of having to choose again. But to the modern man, to he free means torefuse to declare for an end which, once chosen, would limitthe fieldofpossiblechoice in the

This is really the crux ofthe traditional Catholic doctrine on the func . tion and purpose of law. Man in his present state is capable of false jndgunent and false choice; and in consequence his freedom needs the support of law. Len \TiT. put it in aphrase which should he the device of every truelover of freedom. "In man's free will, in the neressity of preventing the disagreement of our wills with right reason, lies the very root of the necessity oflaw•," Law isnot arestriction of liberty. It does not follow that because we are free we are exempt from lam. It would be as well to argue that because we are free the are exempt from reason. in fact we are hood to live by law because we are free. Lary is the guide and the safeguard of freedom, the permanent way, ,with its rails guiding the locomotive safelv and surely to its destination.

But wheredoes laworiginate? Who lays down the rails? Is it trite that "law is the expression of the general will"? Or that"theoriginalprinciple of all sovereignty must lie in the nation"? Catholic tradition utterly rejects these propositions. The source oflawcanbe nootherthan thesource of human nature;and the first con-

for the sakeofhissubjects' well-being. The tyrant wasnot the ruler who de• fied the willofthe people,but theone who neglected or scorned their interests. In thetrainofpost-Reformation thought, however, following the advent of absolute territorial monarchy and the argumentation of Bodin,Hob. bes, Kant and Austin, this conception of law and authority in governments has been lost, or is reviving in adistorted and truncated form. A new thing has been fashioned in political life, the"Majestas" or sovereign power ofBodin, the powernot todeclarelaw, but to make law; so that the lawgiver is no longer an interpreter of the Divine Reason, but has arrogated to himself the divine prerogative of being the source and fount of law-"a donner loi aux sujets en general sans leur consentement," in Bodin's pregnant words. And Hobbes saw well what the Leviathian was really achieving when he spoke of it as"the Mortal God" who has so much power and strength that he"rules by terror thereof'

Thisisthe radicalviceofeverysecularist view of law and the secularist conception of the State as an end in itself, having an unchecked right to make law and to demand obedience. Law is nolongerthoughtof inrelation to the end of man, but as aconveni. ent meansofcontrolling individuals in the interests of theState.

What has been lost is the genuine notion of Natural Law, to bridge the gap between the human and the Eternal. The whole of man's outlook on ethics, politics,economics and social relationships is governed by his answer to the root question ofall: What ismanfor? Histrue freedomcanbe safeguarded only if his last end is known and his attainment of it is secure It ishere, therefore, that me. dieval tradition gave its place to divinerevelation, to theannouncement of ahigher destiny for man ;

St. Thomas, the great theologian of law, defines all law in the first place not asacommand of thewillbutasa rule of reason."quaedam rationis orrdinatio;" arule ofreason for practical conduct, "quoddam dicatmen practicae rationis." Tilt- test ofgood law is it reasonableness, its conformity or lack of cnnformity with the Natural Lava, and so, ultimately, with the Eternal Reason of God. The law which is not in conformity with right reason isnot alaw hilt arotten rule, "quaedam legis corruptio." "Human law;" an American Professor has well ,written,"might he called a corollary of Natural Law, which merely needs to he made definite and effective in order to provide for the exigencies of humanlife or of special circumstances in htunan life. The principle is the same always and evervwhere, since the fundamental inclinations of men remain the same; the preciseway in which this underlying human nature develops can vary endlesslyfrom nation to nation, and from time to time. Government is therefore a kaleidoscope of changing patterns, and vet there is one right, one law, and one justice behind all. Life has a •inele end but many means"

Thusin traditional thought law was ahyays an exercise in deduction, and the human lawgiver had his authority as the authentic interpreter of th Divine Reason and the Eternal Law In all this the question of forms o government, of monarchy or demo vracv, played very little part. Th gorid ruler was the one who governed

e f e

and the direction of men to an end which is above the needs and experiences of humannature,freelygiven tothemby God In consequence, it is here that Catholic thought gives its place to the Church, as the authenticinterpreter of the divine revelation and the divine law, bound by divine commission to direct men to their final end The position of the Church in relation to Governments is thus twofold In the first place the Church stands out as the great institution in human society which escapes the capacious grasp of the State and sostandsbefore men as achallenge to, and repudiation of, the claim of the State to direct andorder the whole of human activity and to be thus anend in itself Even in the natural order, therefore, the Church is one of thegreat defendersof the pluralist conception of society But the Church has also another role, more de• licate, more criticised possibly, yet vastly more important. Since man has been created not only for natural happiness, but for adestiny which is clove the needs and even the desires of his nature, since he has been called to share in the verynature ofGodby adoptive somhip, and since that des• tfnv and themeans ofattainingit can he known only by revelation, to the church fallsthe supreme dutyofkeeping that rdestim before the eyes of men. It is adestiny whichembraces humanmoralactivityinallits aspects, and consequently over that activity the Church has asupervisory mission, nomatterinwhatspherethat activity maybe exercised. Thiswasthe basis of the Church's claim to the indirect power in temporal matters, "ratione

(Continued on Page 16.)

Act oJ Contrition --

How the Faith Vanquishes the Hatred of War

By A.W.O'BRIEN, Montreal "Standard"WarCorrespondent.

Theauthorofthisstoryandtheeditorofthemagazineinwhichitorigin. allyappeared,"MotherofPerpetual Help," say it is substantially trite, withnamesandplacesalteredtocontorm with censorship regulations. This condensed version appearedintheVatholicDigest"

From the north sounded the hoarse thunderofGermanassaultgunspounding at Canadian troops below Bergen On Zoom. Silent as ashadow, the sniper inkhaki made his way alonga narrowtrailthroughdensewoodsabove the battered village of Woensdrecht.

Itwasa100-to-1shotagainsthiscompletinghismission at theGermanbat. talion headquartersbeyond the woods, but the drippingforestwashis friend. The stealth, physical endurance, and ,woodcraftloreaccumulatedinfar-north Quebec was, he confidently felt, as goodforoutwittingGermansasfooling the fleet, cautious creatures ofthewilderness. Because of his deadly skill with arifle, they had made him a sniper. Private Murphy Lafontaine, son of aFrench-Canadian trapper and anTrish mother, warwellequippedfor hissupremehuntingtrip._

The trail he was following hadbeen perfectly described, together with the "danger spots," by the `vYoensdrecht storekeeperwhohadstolenthroughthe German lines. A good type of Hollanderwithadeep hatred ofall things Nazi, he brought in information that had aroused considerable interest among the intelligence officers, Canadian and British, at the grimly contested Schelde-beachhead battle. It identifiedtheGermancommandingofficer asone Karl Schmidt, an experton the difficult Netherlands terrain. Furthermore,thestorekeeper'sinformation, gleaned through supplving Schmidt with sundry food supplies atacertain command post, told of the commander's habit of rising at four a.m, and goingtothe post, wherehewasusuall.% alone with asingle sentry until six.

The intelligence officers concluder) it wouldhewellworth thegambletosend avolunteer sniper to kill nff the expert. Thecommand postwastoowell sheltered and camouflaged foreffective ;iraction,and in army forcewouldbe detected. Private Lafontain^ volontcered, and spent long hours listening to intimatedetails of the countryside.

Abroptly, he froze in his tracks. Faintsoundsfrom hisleftregisteredon hi- s,

nsitive cars. Thev weren't the smutdsofbreaking twigs, -

butrather of men's bodies brushing against trees. Lafontaine swung his Sten gust into readiness and gingerly shoved aside someshrubberv.

There was in open glade about 25 tearsawayand throughsquintingeyes 1 listingiiished figures moving north against

the cover of the trees. Silntly, he imitererl:"Thev must be a British patrol: there are no Canadians nut

this far to-nicht—Oh-h-h!"

It took amight effort to restrain a warningveil: therewasamovementin 'he hushes at the north end of the glade; the Germans had spotted the patrol.

no theverytailofthe thoughtcame 'he unmistakable chatter of aGerman Schmeissermachine gun, then another, :rod another. Overhear) therewas the swishing sound of amortar bomb folI­veflhpiranvmore,trumpingashort piece totherear The patrol wascut -ff. Lafontaine could see some drop• ­ne while-

others were fighting it out. Poorguvs he would like tohelpthem. Puthehadaiobtodoanditwouldbe 1•,

red"oing from here. The Fritzies o•nuldberunningwildalloverthebush >earching for members of the patrol whogot away.

Throwing caution to the winds, Lafontaine turned west and moved swiftly on a1,ng detour. What seemed ages later, he halted at a creek and

spread out fulllength, drinking deeply of cold, clearwater. Rising, he grimaced in the darkness as some of the cocoa and linseed-oil stain on his face ranintohismouth. Reachingintohis pocket, he pulled out achocolate bar and bit off agood piece.

Ibisluminouswatch told him he was behind schedule, but his compass had brought himbackon the littletrail.It was 4.45 a.m.; he should have arrived here 50 minutes ago. The German command post should be just beyond the clump of trees near ademolished stone house directlybetween thecreek and the trail. The plan had been to fire from here, whenthe German came in sight, but now he would be down in his bombproof post with the sentry standing at the entrance. Lafontaineshrugged;"C'estlaquerre:" the skirmish had delayed him. He had the choice of lying doggo for 24 hoursandawaitingasnipingopportunity, or ofstalkingthe sentry and then going in after the commander. Again he shrugged; he had no choice. It -would be dangerous to hide out because the Germans might deduce the British patrol had been aimed for the commandpostand notonly search the area with afine-tooth comb but also increase the guard.

Lafontaine put aside his Sten and 'strippedhimselfofallequipmentexcept aknife and revolver, which he tucked into adeeppocket.

Circling the clump of trees was a tedious business, but he couldn't risk crossing in the open.

'Ali! There it was at last: the entrance to the shelter. Anxiouslv he danced at the skv, now streaked with dawn in the East. Where wag the sentry? .

At theleft ofthe -

entrance ashadow moved acrossabigrock. "Lucky for me," thought Lafontaine,"that Tplayed it safe That is the sentry and I would never have spotted him unless hento•erl."

It was522when hehad finallycrept into abreak in thestone house'swall. In 3Sminutes,orafewminutesbefore, the newsentrywouldhe here withperhaps acouple of officers.

('bitchingtheknife inhisright hand, lie tossed asmall stone over the sen. try's head. The German wheeled and stared into the trees, bringing up his rifle slowly. Henewer know what hit Giro inone rapidmovement amighty arm circled hisneckand throttled him Aknife blade plunged unerringly into his back, onee, twice. He collapsed withalowmnaninhisattacker'sarms.

Noiselessl-, Lafontaine laid the dead sentry beside the stone and slipped to the command-post door, revolver in hand. Theremustbenomistakenow. Rappingtwice,heharked:"IsderUerr Schmidtda?"

Instantly and sharply from inside came the answer:"Ja, der Schmidt ist bier"

Openingthelatchwith hislefthand, Lafontaine kicked thedoor and sprang inside.

Schmidtwasatadesk. liewheeled at the crash behind him. Lafontaine spokedeliberately."Freezewhereyou are: not the slightest move."

lie closed the doorbehindhim.

"Stand up and walk slowly to the centre of the room with handshigh. I know youunderstandEnglish and talk not as an Oxford graduate should."

Schmidt roseslowly. For afleeting second he seemed to ponder his chancesofreachingthegunleftattheback of his chair. But the narrow mouth

Also the Enemy's

of the khaki-clad man's revolver was unwaveringly pointed at hishead.

At the centreofthefloor,Lafontaine cautiously patted the German's poc.

kets. Then he stepped back, an odd lookonhis face.

"What'sthematter,private?"smiled Schmidt, unexpectedly."Are youfindingitdifficulttokillanunarmedman?".

Lafontainedidn'tanswer.

"Iknow your type; asyouare seemingly aware, I lived in England and..."(he movedhisheadsideways to study thesoldier's shoulder badges) "Canada. Ihad an office in Montreal fortwoyears."

"Shutup," cut in Lafontaine. "You aretryingtostallforhalfanhouruntil the nextsentry comes. I'm sorry to kill youincoldblood,butit'stoorisky totrybringingyoubackaprisoner.My orders are not to attempt it; to kill You. Sit down where you are! I'm givingyouthreeminutestopray."

The Germon commander, his face ashen, sat down andlifted his eves to the ceiling.

"It isno use;"Lafontaine said quietly,"this place is bombproof and even ayell wouldn't carry far. Your sentry is dead and, anyway, before anybody could get the door open, you'd die. I'd like to give you a fighting chance,buteventhathasbeencovered in my instructions. War is arotten business but it must be treated as a business. Pray,HerrSchmidt,timeis running short."

The German smiled wanly. "You are aCatholic?" "T am. But don't try reaching for your rosary or anything like that, I am sorry."

"No,Iwouldn'tattemptanythingso corn, Tbelieve you call it? Well. I shouldsayIused tobeaCatholichere inGgrmany. LatelyIhavethoughtof

League of Catholic Youth, Subiaco

Last Friday night afree social even• ing was held in St. Joseph's Hall, Subiac•o. The occasion was the opening of the League's Library. Dr. Sullivanwaspresent,andhe officiallyopen. ed the Library withashort addresst to those present. Ile mentioned that the Librarycontained some 160 book's. Ile went on

to say that this type of Library was made available to the members of the League, so that the right type of books would be in the hands.of our Catholic youth, and that the wrong type

would be as far away as possible from their hands. Ile ended his address by wishing the League eyery success in the future and partitulary to the Library activity of the League.

Mr. Frank McCann, avisitor from the Eastern States, was present. lie explained the aims and objects of the Catholic Youth Movements in the Eastern States. Everyone present thoroughly enjoyed his talk and felt very impressed with the wonderful achievementsof the Youth Movements in the East, as explainedby him.

Next Monday night Mr. F. McCann will be present at the League meeting. Ileisgoing toshow films ofthe Catholic Youth in action in the various activities which they take part in. An invitation is extended to any Ca. tholic who wishes to he present to see these films next Monday, July 16. We anticipate arecord attendanceof Lea. gue memberson Monday.

SpecialNotice.

Anyone requiring any information about the League can obtain same by ringing the Secretarv, W1617. Best time to ring is from 6.30 p.m. to 3 p.m. any evening.

Football.

Saturday was agrand day for foot• hall, and incidentally agala day for the L.C.Y.,aswehadadoublevictory. SenforGrade.

Plaving against the reputable East Pcrthside, the L.C.Y.excelled themsel. ves and secured amuch needed win.

Prayer.

what would happen if Idied. Iwondered if Iwould get achance to say it prayer before it happened."

Lafontaine stared for amoment before speaking. "German or not, you must have done alot of good sometime. Soyouareoneofthefortunate ones. ShallIsay anactofcontrition for you?"

'No,thank you. That Iremember, and have often said, but, as man to man,whatdoyou thinkit will belike across the border?"

Lafontaine studied the commander closely, and in akindly tone replied: "MymotherwasIrish andIalwaysrememberherrecitingalittleverseaswe knelt crying beside her death-bed. It went likethis:'Thinkofsteppingona shore and finding it heaven; think of graspingahandandfindingitisGod's; think ofbreathing newairandfinding it is celestial; think of feeling invigorated and finding itimmortality; think of passing from storm and tempest to , an unknown calm; think of waking, andfindingyouarehome..'"

Schmidt was gazing intently at the Canadian as he finished."It's beautiful, the most beautiful thing Ihave ever heard, and;" he added whimsic. ally,"Isuppose it's the mostbeautiful thing I'llever hear. Thank you,Can. ada."

Lafontaine leaned forward: "It is dawn now, dawn of awonderful new life, sir." His voice dropped toasoft whisper. "Noceyou can say your act ofcontrition."

Slowly, the German made the sign ofthe crossandbowed hishead. His lips were moving soundlessly as the sniper'srevolver crackedsharply, three timesinrapid succession.

At the door, Private Murphy Lafontaine looked back at the man he had killed."Mav yousoul rest in peace— Tbelieve it will."—"Universe."

The final scores were: L.C.Y., 15.14; Fast Perth, 11.7.

Right from the bounce the L.C.Y. were on their toes, and playing extra well soon established a5-goal lead. In the second term the East Perth lads rallied, and for awhile looked like overtaking our score,but tht L.C.Y., still playing well, maintained ahandy lead at half time.

Scoring during the third term was fairl even,and at thelastchange-over the opposition required five goals to passour tally.

Whenplay resumed in thelast term, the East Perth team made avery de. termined bid for victory and scored three goals in quick time, but the I,.( Y. were not to hedenied,and held acomfortable lead,and when the final hell rang the margin was 31 points in our favour.

Among thePlayers.

Every member of the side excelled, but the player of the game was Ron leffrews, who played brilliantly at centre andwasan inspiration to hisside.

Bill(lodge was another to shine, and wasneverbeaten, and continually put theside into attack.

RavGreendefender)grandlyandwas ably supported by Gerry McGrade, Brian Keay and john Farmer. The ruck, lead by Frank :Alderman, was a power of strength and more than held thir own with the opposition.

The forward line wasrearrangedend functioned quite well. Bob Healy, at full-forward, Fred Clarke and Les Pierre,on the half-forwardline,all contributed to thegreat success.

Others often under notice were Bill Collopy, Phil Benns, Keith Marsh, J. Woulfe. and R Birch.

Enlightened Social Theory in Argentina Sponsored by Bishop CATHOLIC THOUGHT BUILDS GOOD-WILL AMONG POOR

Liberty, Justice and Democracy .a . Fundamental Principles

Nationalism Has Anti-Catholic Bias

ByGEORGE DOHFRTY.

The nationalist movement with which many of the Catholic intellectual and poltical leadersofArgentinehaveinrepentyearsbeenidentified,isessentially anti-Catholic, based on political premisesforeigntoCatholicism,notrooted in themedieval tradition, asitsfollowersapparentlyhold,buttheintellectual offspring ofCharles Maurras.

Christiandemocrats are now asmall minority and their leaders report that the influence ofthenationalists among Catholics is growing; but if democrats were to be discouraged by numerical inferiority theymightlose hearteverywhere,notjustinArgestina.

Catholic DemocraticTraditionin Argentina.

Asin Mexicoand other Latin-Ameri. cancountries,valiantpriestsparticipatedintheRepublicanGovernmentsfrom the daysofthe Revolution. One,Dr. Manuel Alberti, parish priest of San Nicolas, was amember of the Revolutionary"Juntade Mayo"of 1810. The famous Congress of Tucuman in 1816, whichdeclaredArgentineindependence, included asmembers noless than thir. teenpriests. Then,aftertheblackperiod of the Rosas tyranny, Fray Mamerto Esquiu played an important part inthere-establishmentofconstitutional government. His sermon in favourof thenewConstitution—the sameConstitutionwhichnationaliststo-daydeclare liberal and anti-Catholic—is credited by Gorostiaga with securing its approval.

After adoption of the Constitution, beginning about 1860, certain ideas of contemporary French anti-religious liberalism entered Argentina. They led tothe 1884educationlaw and the 1887 law of civil matrimony. There were distinguished Catholics in the Argentine Government in this period, men like Estrada and Goyena, but mostof them had the mentality of nineteenth. century Liberalism. Still, however, therewerenophilosophicalnationalists.

Near theendof thecentury agroup ofyoungpriests,ofwhom PadreMiguel de Andreawasone,came under theinfluence ofDon Emilia Lamarca,apro• foundly democratic Catholic layman, who founded the"Liga Social Argentina" for social research, endowed it with afinelibrary, andlatersponsored the foundation in 1919 of the "Union Popular Catolica Argentina." This union was intended to bring together all Catholics interested in social action under thedirectionofMsgr.deAndrea

Ever since,\Isgr, de Andrea, now titular BishopofTempos,hasbeenthe most distinguished democratic leader among Argentine Catholics. It is not too much to sav that the Church's principal reservoir of good will among thepoorerpeopleofArgentinahasbeen built by Bishop de Andrea. AsociatedwithBishopdeAndrea areFitchoutstandingdemocratsasManuelOrdonez, Augusta Durelli, Dr. i-uis R. Gondra, juice, Dr. Artura Seeker, Dr. 3figuel Benedit, Dr. Miguel Guglielmino(Editor of"Tiempos Nuevos"), Dr, Manuel Rio,Dr. Rafael Pividal andSenoraEu. genia Sil-

eyra deOyttella.

Broadly speaking, Bishop de Andrea emphasisesgood works and teaching. The good works take the formofhelping the working classes to help themselves, not just to better their income, butto achievesome degree of freedom and responsibility.

One of Bishop de Andrea's principal acompliFhments in this field ofworks is the Federation of Catholic Asocia. tions ofEmployees:the association of PlusPipesforStoves,Beth Heater, Rod Pavin4 and Green House Pointe. Baasen's,meWelltagtoostreet

Argentinewomen office, trade andprofessional workers and dressmakers, organisedby him in19:3,which now has 25,000 members out of an estimated total of 100,()00 such workers in,the country. These 25,000 members are organised in about twenty-five industrial groups of unions, under elected officers, who represent their members in labour disputes with the employers andbeforethegovernmentdepartments in negotiations over wage-rates and working conditions regulated by law. Theassociation hasalarge building in downtown BuenosAireswithfull medi. cal, recreational, library.and meeting facilities,anemployment agencyanda largecafeteria. Thereisaschoolwith coursesinstenography,accounting,languages variou's crafts and music, with morethan900students. Itmaintains severalfinevacationresortsoperatedat cost for its members, the daily Ameri• can-planratesbeingfiftytoseventy-five cents per day, U.S. currency. There are other valuable advantages, suchas buying discounts at retail stores.

Theextraordinarysuccessofthisand similarenterprises,andtheloveandesteem in which Bishop de Andrea is held by the peoplewhom he has help, ed, give him asympathetic audience among the Argentine lower classes for his frequent, popularstatementsof the case for Christian democracy. The position developed by Bishop de An. drea in aseriesof speeches, reprinted and widely distributed, is this: StatementofPrinciples.

Three principlesmustgovern the re construction of civil society: liberty, socialjustice anddemocracy.

1.Liberty,thefacultyinherentinthe spirit by whichevery man chooses for himself betweenrightand wrong.withoutcompulsionfromwithinorwithout, is the supreme gift of God to man, after life itself.(For this statement about liberty, Bishop de Andrea has frequently been accused of heresy by certain Catholicnationalists, writing In "NuevaPolitica"andothermagazines.)

The Catholicdoctrine defends personal liberty as resolutely as any other, it teaches that without liberty sanctity is impossible, for there is no sanctity without virtue, no virtue without merit, no merit without responsibility, and no responsibility without liberty.

•Justice-must relieve the economic nikery of men and nations through a redistribution of economic income and resources,bothbetween and within nations "if thisdoesnotcome prior to Revolution, it willcome through Revo. httion."

3. Finally, the Christian civil society should he democratic, because demo. cracy morally obligesall men to work forthe elevationofboththemoral and the material level of the people's life; and "there is no form of government which opens its doors so wide for the children of the people to share in the responsibilities of political power."

"There abound, unfortunately, in this criticalhouroftheworld,menwhoare seducedbythemirageofagovernment offorce,grantingtoforceavalue,which neither logicnorexperience permits Its toaccept....Weareenemiesofevery type of government of force."

Internationally,"the peaceful stability of the new world demands in the name of humanity that, once and for all, the nations decide to contribute something of their own sovereignty in order that asupranationalsocietymay arise, armed with thenecessary powers so that therecan be, atthesummit of the world community, asupreme tri. bunal in international disputes,bevond appeal." (Thiswassaid,notinApril, 1943, on the eve of the San Francisco Conference,or even after Dumbarton Oaks, but in aspeech at Chicago on

September 2, 1942,included in"Hacia Un MundoNuevo,"Editorial Diffusion, BuenosAires,1942. In thisspeechhe gives as one of his secondary reasons for supporting the principle of democracy that "the constitution of my country,towhichIoweformalsubmis• sion, tis) essentially democratic." This isworthmentioningbecausetheCatholic nationalists make apoint of_disre. spect not only for their own constitu• tion,but forconstitutionalgovernment in general. The moral problem in. volved in the revolutionary overthrow ofconstitutional governmenthasnever concerned them. They did not stop toaskwhether the RevolutionofJune, 1913, was justified from a Christian pointofview.)

In another speech, "La Libertad Frente a la Autoridad—delivery of which, at the inauguration of the "Academia Nacional de Ciencias Mor ales yPoliticas" on October 29, 1943, was prevented by the Revolutionary Government—he refers to the natural tightofthepeopletodesignatetheman inwhomauthorityistoreside—"aright whichproceedsfrom Godandis, therefore, inviolable. The responsibility which this right brings with it is tremendous, and demands that all necessary sacrifices be made to raise the people to the level requiredfor itsexercise. This is the great duty of democracy!"it isthisdesignationbythe people which, immediately, confers upon rulers their authority, and not riches,birth or evenvirtueorsanctity. With respect to this right, every man isessentiallyequaltoeveryotherman. Ileconcludedbyremindingthegovernment that"to govern slaves is double ignominy; to rule over freemen, doubleglory."

Notlessimportant than his teaching within Argentina has been Bishop de Andrea's presentation of theChristian democratic position at meetings with membersof the Catholic hierarchiesof other Latin-American countries. This was notable in aseriesof seminars in the United States on social action, in which Latin- and North-American priests participated, and in which Bishoy de Andre.:sleadership was outstanding.

TheBishop'sEducationalProgramme.

In.the field of works, probably the greatest achievement after Bishop de Andrea's Federation of Women Employeesis the new "EcsueladeAsistencia Social" directed oy Marta Escurra. This schoolgivesathree-yearcoursein sociology and social welfare. Twentyfivegirlsgraduatedlastyear,andthere wereseventyintheenteringclass.Both Srta, Escurra and Srta. Saira Arias, the assistant director,'have spent a greatdeal of time in theUnitedStates visitingtheDepartmentofLabour, the Social Security Board anti the best schoolsof this type; and the courses and quality of the instruction in their school are said to be excellent by any standards. They are pioneers: case work, public or private, is`just beginning in Argentina; the only trained workers are those graduated by this school since its foundation several scarsago and byanotherofabout the same size, the"Museo Social Argentinn." Catholiccharitiesin Argentina, such as the Saint Vincent de Paul Society, have been organised on aperFnnal basis, without effective organisation; and publicassistanceisonly just beginning. Marta Escurra recently founded the first settlement house in Argentina.

Unfortunately,thereisnoCatholicleadership in the Argentine trade anions aside from Bishop de Andrea'sFederation,whichrepresentsonlywomennonfactor_v workers. (The so-called•"Circulos Catolicos de Obreros" is not a trade union but awelfare and recreation association,with medical and insurance benefits, mainly composed of small business men and their families. There are 30,000 members.) Ido not imply that separate Catholic unions should be established. Iwould prefer toseeCatholicleadershipintheestablished trade unions. But the fact is thatthe labourleadersarenotpractis-

ing Cathplics, and Catholics are sometimes distrusted by sincere unionists becausetheyknowthatthecorporative conception of trade union asinterpreted in Argentina by the nationalists snakes theunion amere instrumentof statecontrol,robsitoffreedomandresponsibility, even prevents it from improving thecondition of its members.

AthrivingbranchoftheJocistMovement, called in Argentina the"Juventud 10brera Catolica," and founded about five years ago, now has 5,000 members among the young factory workersofArgentina.

TherearenoCatholicco-operatives,in oursense. WhenIwenttoArgentina IheardagreatdealabouttheCatholic corporation of fishermen of the Argen. tine portsof Mar del PltatandNicochea, centres of the fishing industry. This corporation was organised by Father Wilkinson, aChaplain in the Argentine Army, who was one of President Ramirez' principal advisers in the early months of the Revolution. Seven hundred out of eight hundred fishermenintheareaaremembers. It hasastallinthefish-marketinBuenos Aires,from whichitsells tohotels,res. taurantsand retailers.It expectslater tohaveitsownretailoutlets. Abank has been formed, the capital ofwhich is beingbuiltup by setting asidefifty per cent.of theprofitsoftheco-operative: it will lend to the members for the purchase of their equipment and houses and consumer,goods. Father Wilkinsonsaysthattheaveragemonth.

Ivincomeofthemembershasbeenraised from thirty pesos(about 7.50 dollarsU.S.) toone hundred.

Theseareadmirableresults,butthere is adefect of leadership because of which the fishermen's corporation is. not likely to be afoundation-stone of economic democracy in Argentina. FatherWilkinsonmadeanefforttoim. press upon me that his corporation is not aco-operative in our democratic sense. Its members, he said, are incapable of helping themselves, of assumingleadership and responsibilityin their corporation. The leadership mt>st he supplied from outside.

Goingback to the teachingphase of , ,

be work, while Bishop de Andreahas had incomparablythe largestaudience, the intellectual basis of the Christian democraticposition and itsbearingon Argentine and world problemsis more Fillyand continuouslyexploredintwo Argentine review's. Ahandful of peo-ple edit"Tiempos Nuecos,"amonthly whichoccupiesaboutthesameposition as"America"or the"Commonweal" in the UnitedStates,butwhichhasatiny circulation(less than 2.6(1(1),so that it does not anny either the Catholic nationalists or the present Argentine Government. "Orden Cristiano," a weekly, is less bold than "Tiempos Nuevos,"but,because of its largercirj oulation(about 7.000), more bother. sometoanti-democraticelements.They areamerehandful compared with the nationalistgroupand,ifBishopdeAn• dren isexcepted, they have, apparentIv little pnsitive support among the Argentine clergy. As seed corn, however, they have incalculable importance.

TheChristianDemocratsofArgentina are working closely with the Christian democratic leaders of•Uruguav and Chile,wherethemovementshavereached it higher stage of political development and popularsupport than in Argentina. in Chile, the"Falange NacionaP"(innoway associated with the Spanish Falange) is flourishing under theleadership ofGarreton Walkerand others;andinUruguayDardoReg-tiles, memberof the Uruguayan Congress, leads a vigorous movement. These groupsaredemocratic,withoutauthoritariandiscoloration. Wecanbeproud ofthem andwecantrustthem.

Established 1874.

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Addressallcommunicationstothe Editor, BoxA35, G.P.O., Perth. a

450 HAV STREET, PERTH.

TELEPHONE: B6950.

PE1tTH, WEDNESDAY,JULI' 11, 1945.

Australia'sDebttoCurtin

The spontaneous grief of the nation in the death and obsequies of the Prinle Minister gave evidence of the great popular appeal which the unassumingpersonality of

John Curtin exercised over his fellow citizens. It was, as well, asincere tribute to the faithful execution of his trust as leader of the Australian nation. His successful leadersliip was all the more remarkable in that beforeassumingoffice he wasnotconsideredby hisconfreres to have the strength necessary ill aPrime illinistei. Moreover, he had held no Ministerial office ill either State or Federal politics. Yet this man, by nature astudent, and of no great physical stamina, confounded even his best informed and most kindly critics by rising to the full stature of statesmanship, so that he commanded the confidence andrespect,not aloneof his own people, but of the leaders of the other Allied nations.

r •

The late Priute Minister came to office in the darkest days of \ustralia's short history. Forthe first tittle an invader threatenedour shores, and it was only thehold, decisive action of the new Government which brought the aid which enabled our troops to repel the aggressor back along the fearful Kokoda trail. It Avas not only the heginnit>rof the defence; it was also the initial step oil the road tc, victory in the Pacific. That Australia is to-clay a free countryand aland of promise iJohn Curtin's true memorial. It was acuriousparadox in ltis characterthat, althontgh personally leticcnt to the point of aloofness, as Prints Minister he could and did manifestapugnacious spiritoftenacityandunshakeableresolve which were thevery attributesdemanded by the crisisofthattime. To the Labour \Toycnicnt he gave aunity and solidarity it had not previously known. lie was able to command asplendid team spirit in his colleagues, and to inspire the people at large to afull and generous recognition of their national responsibilities.

To attempt to review his domestic policies is perhaps to risk committinganinjusticeagainstavery ableand sincere man. For the exigenciesof war have demanded revolutionary changes in the social andecononlic lifeof Australia. And it were rash indeed to speculate what shape the days of peace might have received at his hands. But that strength which he showed in the war crisi^ \vas at least exerted with equal power to curb extremism ill his own political ranks. A nnan with the self-education of Curtin in the old Socialist school might eaAy have becomc merely doctrinaire and intellectual in his political outlook. He remained to the end, however, apolitical realist of the first rank. And in aclay when the name of politicians was in odium and regarded w•itb the greatest cynicism, he brought to the highest public office'a spirit of integrity and sincerity which cannot but influence fur food thefutureofour nunsland.

St.Francis Xavier's Native Mission DONATIONS.

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2231 16 2

ST. MARY% CATHEDRAL.

,

Sunday Evening,July 22,at 7.30 p.m. Benediction andsermon.Thepreach. er will be the Very Rev. J. Wallace, and music of the Benediction will be sungby thepupilsof theSacred Heart High School, IIighgate. The organist will be Miss Frances Moran.

Mr.and Mrs. E. T.Grantanddaughter Mary, of Northam, left during the weekforAdelaide to attendtheOrdination of their son Thomas, which will takeplaceintheAdelaideCathedralon July25. The Rev.T.Grantisamem• berofthePassionistCommunitv.Their son, Brother Iat Grant, from South Melbourne, will also be present.

The First Englishman in India

Father Thomas Stevens, S.J., is gen. erallyconsidered to havebeenthefirst Englishman to come to India, where he landed in 1579, nearly twenty-five years before the Charterto trade with the East was granted to the East India Comany. For forty years he devoted his apostolic zeal and untiring energyto theinterest'sof the Brahmin Catholic community of Goa and Salsette. In the midst of avery busy missionary career, he produced works in Marathi, Konkani, Kanarese and Hindustani. His masterpiece is the Christian Purana, a10,962stropheepic, narrating in acatechetical form the main events of the Sacred History of 1>oth the Old and the New Testament. This classioon the rise ofChristianity exercised anotable influence on Catholics of the Konkan and Kanara districts. Asimilar work on the Life, Passion and Resurrection of OurLord, composed by a Portuguese Jesuit, Father Francisco Vas Guimaraes,'is still in use in the northof Bombay. as ahappy combination of prayer and musical recital.

Arcobioceoe

ARCHBISHOP"SENOAGEMENTS.

July16(FeastofOurLadyof Yount

Carmel):

Carmelite Monastery, Nedlands:

7a.m.:CelebrateMass, 9a.m.: PresideatSolemnHighMass.

July 22:

Canonical Visitation and Confirmation at St. Joseph's Church, Norseman.

July 25: Receive debutantes at Catholic Ball, Kalgoorlie.

July26: Administer the Sacrament of Confirmation at St,Mary's Church, Kalgoorlie,

July 31:

8a.m.: Celebrate Mass at Castledare Junior Orphanage.

August5:

10.30 a.m.: Preside at Solemn High Mass at the Redemptorist Monastery, North Perth.

3p.m.: Canonical Visitation and Confirmation at St. Thomas' Church, Claremont.

Fmgust 9:

10 a.m.: St. -

Mary's Cathedral: PresideatSolemn HighMass,on theoccasion of the Annual Plain Chant Festival(Perth Section).

August10:

10 a.m.: St. Patrick's, Fremantle: Preside at Solemn High Mass, on the occasion of the Annual Plain Chant Festival(Fremantle Section).

August 13: Receive debutantes at the Annual Catholic Ball.

Rey, Father Lynch wishes to acknowledgehis gratitude to the priests, religious, children, and many friends, •who sent such consoling messages of sympathyontheoccasionofthedeath of his mother, the late Mrs. Elizabeth Lynch, and most particularly for the many lloly Masses that were celebrated

I

OUARANT' ORE

Sunday:*

JULY:

3rd—BUSSELTON: One Day of Exposition.

4th—MOSMAN PARR:One Day of Exposition.

Sth—ST.FRANCIS XAVIER'S, EAST PERTH: One Day of Exposition.

AUGUST:

lat—VICTORIA PARS: Forty Hours' Prayer.(3rd-5th).

Clothing -

Collection for Overseas Relief

Instructions re Catholic Church Section

1

What is Wanted and How to Give It

What is the Clothing Collection?

The Australian National Clothing Collection for Overseas Relief is a unitedeffortonthepartofU.N.R.R.A. tUnited Nations' Relief and Rehabilitation Administration), and the various voluntary relief agencies of Australia. The purpose of the Collection is togetthegreatestquantitypossible of good,used clothing for free distribution to destitute men, women and children in the countries freed from the enemy.

Who SponsorsIt?

The Clothing Collection is sponsored by aDirecting Committee composed of representatives of the Aus-

t is the Collection Pooled?

There will be a common pool of clothing, footwear, and blankets contributed by Australia as awhole.

How is the Clothing Distributed?

It is shipped by U.N.R.R.A., which paystheexpensesof shipping, and delivered to the Governments of the countrieswhereit is to be distributed. The clothing will go to the countries mostinneed.

What Should be Collected?

TheAustralianCouncilforU.N.R.R.A. aims to collect five million pounds weight ofclothing, footwear, andblan. kets. The following are urgently needed:

AUSTRALIANNATIONALCLOTHINGCOLLECTION FOROVERSEASRELIEF

Parish of

Suburb of state of DETAILS OF ARTICLES COLLECTED. CLASSIFICATION.

NUMBER or ARTWLES.

1. Men'sOuter Clothes

2. Men'sUnderclothes

S. Women'sOuterClothes

4, Women'sUnderclothes

5 Girls'Clothes, 2to7years

8. Girls' Clothes, 8to 15 years

7. Boys' Clothes,2to7years I

8. Boys' Clothes,8to 15 years

9. Infants'Clothes

10. Footwear pairs

11. Blankets

12. Household Articles, such asi Sheets, Towels, etc. I

GRAND D)TA1.

Isigrted ,

1 On behalf of inalne of(Irganisation)

1 tralian Council for U.N.R.R.A., which is abody representing all reliefgroups working on anational basis; represen• tativesofthe South-West PacificOffice of U.N.R.R.A., and representatives of the Department of External Affairs.

Who Receives theClothing?

In Europe alone there are 125 million people in the liberated countries in dire need of clothing. Of these more than 30millionare children. The clothing will not be sent to ex-enemy countries such as Germany, but will go to countries which have been over. rum by the enemy, such as Albania, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Poland, end Yugoslavia. The peoples of Belgium, France, Holland, and Norway and China later on will alsobegiven some of the clothing collected.

When Does the Collection Start?

In order to he distributed for the northern winter, the clothing must be packed and shipped from Australia by the end of July. The collection will therefore need to bs begun ammodiately.

need not he perfect, it should be in good repair and useful to the people who receive it. Underclothing and all types of cotton garments should be washed before they are donated, but need not be ironed.

NOTE—[loots and shoes should be tied together in pairs. This rule ap. plies also to other two-piece garments, such as coat and trousers, coal and rkirt, pyjamacoat and trousers, socks, stockings.

Extreme care should be exercised to see that all articles are reasonably clean and in afit state tobe worn by the recipients.

The FollowingGoodsAre NotNeeded:

Women's hats, dress hats and derbies, shoes with hi d

hheels, open toes, or open backs; evening slippers( and novelty typesof footwear; badlydamaged, dirt}.orworn-out fabricsortags, and evening dresses.

Maximum Effort Desired

All Church Organisations, including Schools, are asked to co-operate in en. suring amaximum effort from the Ca. tholic community. Western Austra. lia's quotais 147 tons ofused clothing.

Donations of clothing from country centres should be consigned by rail to "U.N.R.R'A., Fremantle." The goods are being conveyed by rail free of charge. Goods should be sorted and listedas setout in chart.

Acopy of the above should be sent with the goods, indicating from where the parcel came and the Organisation responsible for the collection.

IMPORTANT.

A copyof the above particulars should also be sent to the Society of St. Vincent de Paull,West Australian Chambers,Perth,whichhasbeenmade responsible by His Grace the(Archbishop for thetabulationof goodsdonat. ad by the Catholic population to this worthy cause.

Care should be taken by the Parish Priest to see that this rulingis observe edbywhateverparochialgrouphehas appointer) to handle the appeal in the parish.

FILM REVIEW

"VANE LYRE,"

It cannot be claimed that Hollywood has been very successful intranscribing Charlotte Bronte's famous novel to the silver screen. Although Juan Fontaine—oneof themostintelligent actresses of to-day—plays the name part with considerable artistry and insight, one cannot say the same of Orson Welles'"Rochester." Welles seems to me to be amuch over-rated young man. Perhapshe is versatile, butnotsufficientlygiftedtotheextent of doing justice to the meaty role of Rochester. Heisabig man, but unlikesome otherbigmenonthescreen, as Laughton, thelate LairdCregan,or Edward Arnold, his artistry is not in the same proportion. He delivers his lines with asort of gusty impatience and the effect practically throughout thefilm isoneofincoherency. Peggy Ann Garner gave an outstanding performanceinthepartofJaneEyreasa child, but John Sutton and Margaret O'Briendidnotgreatlyimpress,dueno doubt to their colourless parts. The productionwasnotofahighstandard, and the directiondidnotgreatlyassist Aldous Huxley,who arranged thefilm version of the novel, to recapture the spirit of thisclassic.

Iknow some folks will steyre when Idecleyre that"Jane Eyre" is really only feyre, but that's how it is, so theyre! —"GROUCHO."

BOXING

The Perth Town Hall will be the venue fQrthisyear'stourn2mentofthe C.B.H.S., Highgate. Commencing at 7p.m. onTuesday, July24,anon-stop programme will be gone through, in which over 100 contestants will take part in twelve divisions, according to weight Anold boys' section will also be included. The referee will be Dr. P.T. Kenny, and the Lord Mayor, Dr. T. Meagher, will distribute the trophies at the conclusion of the tournament. Reservations may be made at Sandovers.

Date

Men's and Boys' Garments.—Overeoats, coats, trousers, jackets, shirts, working clothes of all types, sweaters, cardigans, underwear (wool, cotton), dressing gowns, pyjamas, knitted gloves, socks.

Women's and Girls' Garments— Topcoats,blouses,jackets,skirts,jump. ers, shawls, dresses, underwear, aprons, dressing gowns, nightwear, knitted gloves and stockings.

Caps and Knitted Headwear.—Serb yiceable heavy duty caps and knitted headwear are needed.

Bed Clothes.—]Ilankets, quilts, sheets, pillow-cases.

Footwear.—All types of durable men's, women'sandchildren'sbootsor shoes with low or medium heels, and slippers.

Usable Remnants of Material.—One yard or more in length in wool, cotton or silk.

What Type of Clothing?

Clothing, footwear and bed-clothes can lie new or used for both winter and summer wear. While clothing

A1 1

1'RON P)TAL WI."IGIIT

HolyWomanof the"Nazi Redoubt"

TheHoly Fatherhasgrantedpermission for the introduction of the Aposfolic Process in thebeatification cause of Mary Theresa,Countess Ledochowska,,whoatSaizburg—inthemiddleof the so-called Nazi Redoubt—beganone ofthegreatestmissionaryworksofthe presentday,theSodalityof St. Peter ClaverfortheAfricanmissions.

She was the eldestsisterofthe celebratedFr,VladimirLedochowski,GeneraloftheSocietyofJesusforover25 years until his death at the end of 1942.

OneofhersisterswasMotherUrsula Ledochowski, foundress of the UrsulinesoftheAgonisingHeartofJesusin Poland, whodiedaboutsixyearsago.

Anothermemberofthisfamily—their great-uncle—was Cardinal Mieceslaus Ledochowski, who after being imprisonedunder the Czarist regime in Po. land became head of all the Church's mission as Prefect of the S. CongregationofthePropagationoftheFaith.

Hergreat-uncle's work,however, had nothing to do with Countess Mary Theresa's decision to take up missionary service. This was brought about byaletterfromafriendinLondonenclosingacopyofaspeechby Cardinal Lavigerie, founder of the White Fathers.

Lady-in-Waiting.

Threeyears earlier, at the ageof22, she had become lady-in-waiting to the Grand Duchess at the Court of Tuscany in Salzburg. Now she set out upon atotally different career, a life of incessant travelling and work, setting up her sodality, writing, collect• ing,publishing,speaking,andunderthe inspiration ofCardinalLavigerie establishinganti-slaverycommittees.

In herownlifetime thesolality sent out to Africa over£325,000 in money, £22,000ingifts,and 197,570booksin19 African languages.

Sinceherdeath in Romein 1922 the number of books has increased to 2,000,000 and the languages to more than100.

Herenergiesandherdevotiontothe natives and the missionaries won her the title of"Mother of the Africans." Butsheherselfneversaw themissions: she was much too busy working for them.

PIANO TUNING

G.E.Dines,16DuncanStreet,Victoria Park.

J. NEILSON, Optician

•. DANNELL, F.S.M.C. MLondoni, W.A,O.A. OPTOMETRIST, Tel B2014. 16 PLAZA ARCADE, PERTH.

BRYANT & WATERS, 80toMSTIRLING ST.,PERTH. WOOD B, COALMERCHANTS.

Orders Promptly Attended To. 'Phone:B39S8.

S. BEECROFT —Butcher

181 Rokeby Road,Subiaco. Drily Prime Frost. lUliao Paul Solo ptioue\k1373

BUNBURY.

LAND and ESTATEAGSNT, G. H. TEEDE.

'Phone 81 .. Private 257 SMITH'S BUILDINGS, WELLINGTONST" BUNBURY.

Businesses,Farms,Hoses,Land For 8file.

Signof theTime

Wecannotunderstand thelineofargument which says, in the words of a "NewYork Times' editorial:"While it is true that there is nothing in the Yalta plan to prevent aggression by any of the five Great Powers ... this omission is more important in theory than in-

practice." If it is indeed more important in theory than in practice, tha tis the strongest of reasons for including it, not for omitting it. Such a document should obviously codify the principles, notspecifythewaysinwhichitissurmised that they will be applied. If the omission were regarded as importantinpractice,-thatwouldcertainlybe an argument in itsfavour,ongrounds ofexpediency: butifitisimportantin theory only, there is no case for itat all. Wetakethis"New YorkTimes" article because itistypicalof somuch of the current sophistry.- It goes on to say:"The Yalta plan provides a method of preventing smaller wars which could easily grow into larger ones. Thatis the way many large wars have started." As amatter of history, not asingle."large war" has startedthat way. There has always been aGreat Power directly involved fromthebeginning,andneveracaseof Great Powers taking sides in alocal war and fighting over it.

The London "Times" likewise persistentlyarguesthatbecausethewhole stricture is to rest on the supposition thattheGreat Powers will be in harmony, therefore no provision for their disharmony should be made. This glaring"non sequitur"is returned to again and again. Clearly, if the har. monyofthePowers istakenforgranted, there is so much the less need to fear the consequences of making provision for their restraint.

It is quite certain that there can never be freedom from fear unless there isthe ruleoflaw. Nobody can be sure of keeping out of trouble exceptbyknowing what to avoid doing.

'But therileoflaw isan idea thatenrages"The Times," which rebukes Sir William Beveridge forhis"simple illusion"aboutthevalueofobjectivestandardsofright andjustice,andgoeson to say:

"The test of anv constitution, nationalorinternational,residesnotinits legalstructurebutin itsefficacy in tion,"'Which is, of course, the test by which Hitler's Germany is the finest creation of modern times, requiring a coalition of the whole world to over. throw it.

Doyouwish'tohelpeducateapriest forwork inWestern Australia? Make aregular annual contribution to belp an indi¢entstudent.

ALBANY.

H.C.PriorFuneralDirector

ALBANY (Established 1921). PrivateMortuary.MotorVehicles, ChargesModerate. 'Phone 215. Alhany,Mt.Barker,Denmarkand Districts.

KALGOORLIE.

J. W. SHEEHAN, PRIME BEEF BUTCHER.

HANNAN ST., KALGOORLI::. NIARITANA sTR@ET.

Tel.433....,.......Tel.434

ALEX RODOREDA

Turf Commission Agent

B5841 and B6286.

Telepathy and Clairvoyance Tell Against Their Theories

By ARNOLD LUNN.

Ten yearsagoMr.HilaireBellocpredicted that Spiritism was destined to proveoneofthemostdangerousrivals totheCatholicChurch. Ibelievethat hewillbevindicatedaspatrueprophet.

Spiritism is aformidable rival because the Spiritist, in his approach to the problemofmiracles,istheleast unscientific ofthose who reject Christianity. Ile is unhampered in his searchfortruthbythenegativedogma —"miraclesdonot happen." Histheorydoesnotfitallthefacts,andisinconsistent with important facts,but it fitsfarmorefacts than the theoriesof old-fashionedsecularistslikeMr.Joseph McCabe or those modernists whose ideas were modern when great-grandmother looked pretty in crinolines.

Many years before Ibecame aCatholic, I'attendedvarious seanceswith Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and with Sir Oliver Lodge's favourite medium, and asaresultexpressed,in bookspublished at the time, views identical with those which Inow hold. Imention thisbecauseifeverIwriteonthesubject Iam alwaysreferredto bySpiritistsasachampionofCatholicviewson Spiritism, the implication being that my negative verdictis imposedon me by theChurch.

Ithoughtthen,andIstillthink,that, under exacting testconditions,psychic phenomena have been observed which are inexplicable within the framework of the laws of nature. Iconsider it to be proved that mediums often display knowledge of facts which were unknown to them through the normal channels. Ibelievethat avery small proportionofthesephenomenamaybe theworkofdiscarnate spirits,butIdo notbelieve—andIhadneverbelieved— thatwe getin touch with thedead.

Recent experiments which have de. constrated therealityof telepathy and clairvoyanceseemtome totellagainst the Spiritist hypothesis. Dr. J. B. Rhine carried out, over a period of years, aseries of experiments at Duke Universitywhicharefully described in his book, "Extra-Sensory Perception." For the purpose,of these experiments, packs of cards were used which contained cards of five different types, marked respectively with acircle, a square, across, an asterisk, and wavy lines. Ifanexperimenter inoneroom looks at acard, and the percipient in theotherroomtries to record thecard looked at, we have an experiment in telepathy If the percipientattempts toname acardbeforeit is turned up by the experimenter, we have an ex. periment in.clairvoyance. The dis. tinction is important. Telepathy is thecommunicationofthoughtfromone mind to another: clairvoyance is a super-normal method of arriving at knowledgeunknowntoanyotherliving being.

It is admitted by Spiritists that to prove spirit communication it is not enough for the medium to prove that she isawareoffactswhich shedidnot previouslyknowbutwhichwereknown to thedepartedspirit. ShemaymereIv be reading telepathically the mind ofthesitter. If,however,themedium revealsknowledgeof facts unknown to livingbeings, butsubsequently proved to be. known tothe dead.person, must we assume that the dead person has communicated them? Not necesserilv, if thev are explicable in terms of rlairvoyance. To the Rhine experiments, if pure chance alone was decis. ive, we should expect the percipient toscoreapproximatelytwentypercent, of hits. Some of the percipients ac. hieved results the odds against which could beexpressed by the figure 1followed byfiftynoughts. Theseexperimenuhavecontinued in England."Dr.

-

Soal's paper," writes Dr. D. D. Broad in"Philosophy" (Nov., 1944), "provides evidence which is statistically overwhelming not only for telepathy butforprecognition."

These experiments are all but decisive against materialism. The wave analogyis fallacious. Therayswould have to originate,not only in the agent's brain, but also in the cards. -Moreover, the results often improve with distance, whereas theeffect ofall otherwavesknowntophysicsdecreases inversely with the square of the distance.

Ifspirits co-operatedin these experiments, it was without the knowledge orthewishofthosewhoconductedthe experiments.

Now it is quite clear that if extrasensoryperceptionbeestablished—as I believeitto be—

itisquiteunnecessary topostulateaspiritinordertoexplain the fact that mediums in trance, like Dr. Rhine's experimentersin theirnor• mal condition, often disclose informationunknownat thetimetoanyliving being.

Eveninthecaseofthebestmediums there is a curiously fatuous elemnt, "Phinuit," the spirit control of the famous American medium, Mrs. Piper, claimed to be the spirit of a French doctor. Hestartledhissittersby the accuracyofhisknowledgeoftheirpast histories, but when asitter began to talktohiminFrench,therewasanem. barrassed silence. Dr. Phinuit ex. .plained that he had so many English patients he had forgotten his native language.

Spirit messages echo the wishes of those who consult them. Good people receive edifying injunctions to morality, but those in search of less exacting sex cores than the Christian have no difficulty in finding spirit directors among the departed who will provide the kind of advice they are prepared, to take. Up to the very outbreak of the war, the spirits continued to pro. claim that war was unthinkable. Of course there is no reason why the Fpirits should be infallible, but it is a little disconcerting that the proportion of the ill informed seems to mount so rapidly- on the other side of the ,

barrier. All the spirits predicted peace, whereas in the summer of 1939 most people Imetbelievedthatwar was inevitable.

Beauty isascharacteristicofgenuine miracles as ugliness and futility of the super-normal phenomena of the seance room. The readershouldexaminethe photographsof"materialisation"in the works of Schrenk-Notzing, Geley or Richet. "Ectoplasm," the mysterious, whitish substance which organises itself,asIhaveobservedmyself,intothe shape of abody oraface or a hand, seems to obey alawwhich compels it tomaterialise in futile,foolishor repellent forms. Most ectoplasmic faces are asvacant ofexpression as the face of an idiot. Almost all are repulsive. IN.ugly,andsomeareterrifyingin their expression of e%il. If spirits are responsible for these manifestations, we maybesuretheyareuncleanspirits.

Aquinas College Sporting Results

Aquinasstillmaintainsitsrunofsuccesses in the inter-collegiate sports.

At theinterschool Swimming Carnival Aquinas scored its seventh successive victory.

The College Eight wasdefeated by Hale School in amost thrilling race by the narrowest margin ever recorded in the history of Public School rowing in Western Australia.

The first four successfully won their race.

In the Darlot Cupmatches the College XI. are maintaining the previous College traditions.

Results of firstroundwere:

Aquinas,175runs,defeatedGuildford, 139, Aquinas,274runs,defatedScotch,75. :Aquinas. 170runs,defeatedHale,154.

ProgressPointe.

Aquinas........„ 12

Guildford

....,..... 6

Hale.......,.... 6

Scotch

•• ........ 0

TheCollegeXVIII.,too,arestillhaving their run of successes.

On June 27, Aquinas, 12.21, defeated Scotch, 4.9.

Last Wednesday, on Bassendean •Oval, the second series of Public Schools' Association Football Competition was played between Aquinas College and Guildford Grammar School.

Conditionswereidealwhentheteams came out on to the field. The first quarter produced some very fine football, both sides revealing good.comhination and pace. The forwards of both teams were slightly s

hading the opposing backs, and the quarter4ime scores, GGS. 5.2, Aquinas 4.1, indicate that theywerewellon the target.

In the second quarter Aquinasrucks becamemore effective,and the greater drive from the eentremanifested itself in the score. Aquinas' backs worked solidlyandkepttheG.G.S.scoretotwo goals for the quarter, while our own forwards added fourgoalsfive. G.G.S. was on top in the centre half-forward and half-hack positions, but Aquinas' firstruck. Saunders,Mettam and Rose, wasdominatingthegame.

in the third quarter there was lees sparkling football. Each defence had strengthened and scores became difficult to register. S.

added one final fmir, bringing its total to 8.6, while Aquinas adder) one goal two, wh;rh hroueht their score to 9.8.

_ When the fourth quarter began it still seemed avery even game, but after afew minutes itbecame ev n

ident that Aquina- was in odanger of losingitslead Therock'swerestilleffective, and the forwards were surer in attack. Vore of GG.S. leads began to

break up on the half-forward line, and play mostly circulated arrnind :Aquinasattackingarea. TheGuildford defence was quite good and held Aquinas to 3.6 for the quarter, but GG.S. could add only two points in reply. Final scores: Aquinas, 12.11; GGS., g:

c.

Best players for Aquinas were J. Saunders, J. Mettam, G. Mel•in, Rose, W, Melvin. T. Outridge.

RussianLanguagein the Balkans

Thetremendousencouragementgiven by Ma

rshal Stalintothenewly formed Orthodox Church alignment's in the )Balkans has attracted considerable attention. Itbearseverymarkofanattempt at areligious conquest of those countries, in the interests of Russian politicsor Russiannationalism. Little, however, has been saidabout the consolidationof Russia'sculturalinfluence, which appears tobe quietly but effectively takingplacebehind the curtains in those same secluded lands. The New York Jewish journal"Aufbau" ("Reconstruction") for April 6carries astory concerning the recent important All Slav Congress in Sofia, Bulgaria, where Soviet Russians, Yugoslays, pro-Moscow Poles, Czechs, Slo vaks and Bulgarians took part. At thiscongresstheheadofthe Orthodox ChurchinBulgaria,theExarchStephen I., proposed aresolution making the Russian langlage the obligatory lan. guage for intercourse and official purposes of all Slays. The motion was carried"unanimously," in the pleasant way that Mosco -inspiredmotionsusually are. Says"Aufbau":"With this linguistic victory by the Rusians the firststepshasbeenmadetowardanallSlavicfederationunder the auspicesof theKremlin."

,

CzechPriestsinMoscow. Equally scant notice, in comparison to the hubbub created over the famous Moscow

visit of Father Orleman• ski,hasbeengivenbythegeneralpress to the presencein theSoviet capitalof two Catholic priests, Monsignor Hala, former secretary of the Catholic party of Czecho-Slovakia, and Morsignor Sramek, amember of the Czech Government-in-Exile. What Monsignor Ilala was precisely engaged in during his visit is somewhat hard to divine, judgingbysomeofthe.singulararticles he has written for the Czech and the Rusianpress. But MonsignorSramek isknownasasilentandapatientman. lie is not likely to make such atrip without the permission of his Bishop. With all the anomalies of his position as aCatholic prelate on friendly terms with the Soviets, he may yet be able toaccomplishacertainamountofgood for the freedomof religionand theCatholicChurch in theCzech and Slovak countries. Thereisplenty of material for the consideration of any Catholic ocupying adiplomatic position inMoscow at the presentmoment. For the Slovak National Council, a pro-Soviet provisional government, as proclaimed thesecularisationofallSlovak schools; and thenews isequallyalarming(publisher) first by "Hussuv Lid," Czech Protestant monthly), that the Czecho• Slovak army now fighting along with Rwsiain Slovakia has no chaplainsat

AN ALTERNATIVE.

For those who find it hopeless to save 1'2,00(1 there is

the alternative of trying to will it in aCharities Consultation. No. 26611Consultation isopen nntl offers afirst prize of£2,000.

CatholicBall.July26th.

Over thirty"debs" will be presentedto HisGrace theArchbishopon the nightofthe Ball. Thiswillbeamentorable sight. Those who like Bridge will be catered for by Mrs. Morris, a lady with wide experience in arrangingcardparties.

Tickets are now available, priced as follows: Double, 10/6; ladies, 3/6; gen. tlemen, 7/6. Bridge: 2/6. Spectators 2s.

Junior Legionaries Entertain.

The members of the Junior Praesidium at the C.B.C. entertained new members and visiting Seminary students(mostly old members), and also representatives of the other praesidia on Saturday evening at the College. Community singing, games and supper around agreat mallee root fire were thoroughly enjoyed by about fifty happy folk of all ages.

Personal.

Mr. and Mrs. J. O'Brien left Kal. goorlie on Sunday's train after several vars'residence in Kalgoorlie,ontransfer to Perth. Miss Noreen OBrien recently received her call-up in the

W.R.A.N.S. The good wishes of all their friends go with them.

.Miss Mary Turner, of Como, is holi• daying on the'Fields at present.

Lamington HouseParty.

Ahouse party will be held at the residence of Mr. and Mrs .Frank O'Dea, cornerofCampbell and Thur. mott-streets, Lamington, onnext Wednesday evening, July 18,•

at 8 p.m. Proceds goto theBall. £100 Prise Packet.

Don't forget the prize packet weekly draw takes place at theend ofthe month. Join now and be in on the eight weekly prizes.

Xavier Boys' Club's First Birthday.

Members of theCatholic Girls' Club entertained Xavier Boys on Sunday evening, the occasion being asurprise party to celebrate thefirstanniversary of the opening of the Boys'Club. A beautiful large birthday cake, complete with one candle, occupied a prominent position until cut during supper by Ray Mangini, secretary of. Xavier. Sad to relate it completely disappeared during the next few minutes. About seventy boys and girls were present and enjoyed themselves well. They included a half-dozen young ladies from Coolgardie, one of whom, Miss Bonnie Demorest, contributed a pianosoloand wasroundlyapplauded.

In aneat little speech the Secretary thanked thegirls fortheirkindnesson that and all other occasions, also the priestsof the district, for theirkindly interest,andthepresidentoftheBoys' Club and other gentlemen, without whose help the Club would not have flourished.

CHURCH METAL FURNISHINGS

MADE OR REPAIRED.

Flynn & Flynn GENERAL ENGINEERS.

TEL.: B7098. 410 MURRAY STREET, PERTH.

Our Catholic Schools and Colleges

Loreto Convent "Osborne" — Claremont

BOARDINGAND DAYCOLLEGE.

theSchoolpro-Adesasoundeducation on modern lines in all branches of study. The pupils are prepared forallexaminations. TheSchoolis beautifully•;tLated between Ocean and River, in extensive grounds, with fine playing fields and private Swimming Poolin River. Telephone- F2135. Apply— MOTHER SUPERIOR

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ST. ILDEPHONSUS' COLLEGE

NEW NORCIA

final-kickers: K. Kennerley (3), V. Aikenhead (V. J. Rose(2), L. Peko• yich(21

,J.Mattam (1),andR.Gill( 1

).

Aquinas Second Eighteen defeated —G.G.S. by 6.7 to 46.

ProgressPoints.

Aquinas

,........... 8 Guildford••........ 4 Hale............ 4 Scotch.. 0

June9: Aquinas3rds„ 13.11,defeated Guildford. 1point.

Aquinas 4ths., 16.10, defeated Guildford, 1point.

Aquinas5ths.,8.5,defeatedGuildford.

June 13: Aquinas 5ths., 56, defeated Scotch, 1.2.

Aquinas6th., 1.1,lost to Scotch,6.7, Aquinas 3rds, 11.7, defeated Scotch, 2points.

Aquinas4ths.,20.16, defeated Scotch, 2points.

(Continued footofnextcolumn.)

Just landed, new Gas Fires and Room Heaters; also Enamel Sauce. pans. AtW.A. Stove Co., Perth.

_Jane 16: Aquinas5ths..9. 1

2,defeated Guildford,•1points.

Aquinas6ths., 102S, defeated Guildford, nil.

June 23: Aquinas 3rds., 14.19, defeated)Tale, 30.

Aquinas4ths.,6.8,defeatedhale,1.3.

Aquinas5ths.,9.9, defeated hale, 2.3.

June27:Aquinas2nds.,13.9,defeated Scotch, 2.3.

June 30: Aquinas3rds., 14.5,defeated Guildford, 3.8.

'Aquinas 6ths.. 13,14, defeated Guildford, nil.

Julv Aquinas 5ths.,'12.8, defeated Bale, 1.0.

Aquinas6ths.,7.10,defeated Hale,1.5. Aquinas7ths.,7.10,defeated Hale,1.5.

CONDUCTED BY THE MARIST BROTHERS. Catholic boys recommended on theseore of character by their Parish Priest, and ready to commence atleast Sixth Standard or arrival, an be now enrolled for commencementin February, 1946. Application should be made at once. Acceptanceduring1945is nolongerpossible. For Particulars Apply to—THE BROTHER DIRECTOR.

oRLISTIAN BROTHERS,MT. HENRY. ONE OF THE ASSOCIATED PUBLICSCHOOLS OF W.A. AQUINAS

TELEPEONE: ItRMM. rOk BOARDERS AND DAY STUDENTS. BOYS ADMITTED FROM 7UPWARDS.

Beautifully Situated, overlooking the river, nearthe new Canning Bridge. For Particulars apply to-The Principal, AquinasCollege, CanningParade,Mt.Henry

By FRANCIS GILBERT.

No reports of areassuring character are to hand from Europe. On the contrary, all the news points to the continuanceofadangerousdrift,which unchecked, must end either in wide. spread civil war or strife on an international scale.

Italy, although little in the news, is in very badshapeindeed. Shoe shiners in Rome—mere boys—earn 115 a week from American and British soldiers, while bank clerks and minor officials starve on 5,000 lire amonth. The prices of food and fuel (when procurable) arefantastic,andtheblack market is highly organised. Side by side with this extreme want and the growth of theft is the utter indifference of the rich and the aristocracy, wholiveinadreamworldoftheirown.

Meantime the middle class has almost ceased to exist, thus adding to social instability. The monarchy has lost public sympathy, but the Church stands very high in popular esteem, both with the people andwith theAllied troops. The Holy Father is immensely popular.

Everywhere isthedreadofCommunism and aforeboding that there will be adayofdoomwhen theoccupying armies leave Italy. Then the time willbe rife for an explosion of the radicalelements. UptillnowtheItalian Communists have been strikingly moderate, while the Resistance Movement is largely non-political. The anomaly is that the Christian Democrats would sweep the country if an election were held, but the chances of afree poll are very slight. Italv's chiefneedis food,andit isregrettable that U.N.N.R.A. is not taking enemy countries into consideration.

In the Balkans there is seething unrest forwhich the Soviet most accept full responsibility. Tito's inspired charges against the Greeks coincide significantly with Russia's demands on Turkey relating to theDardanelles. The Greeks deny the persecution of minorities in the north, and have callrd for an international commission to investigate Tito's allegations. But as in thecaseof Spain,which invited the ;ournalists of the world to"come and see for themselves," nothing will appear inprintdamaging tothe cause of the Left or favourable to those opposing Communism.

:Among the nceupation troopsofGermany thereis discord which the press foolishly endeavours to minimise The Itnssinn treatment of the British and .Americans in Perlin is nll of it

piece •vith their insolent and cavalier attiturle since the European war ender) Their fraternisation tactics ill accord with theircriticism of Allied treatment ofhigh GermanmiFtarists,but it suits their nropagand❑ bank nicely. The Free German Jiovcment under Paulus and Scirllitz

is being sedulously fosteredwhilethe CommunistPartyandthe Red Armv each has its daily newspaper with a circulation of over 100,000 Alreadv aPress torrespondrnt in Berlin reports that the city- is "completely Communist." While Renter's correspondent states that four political parties are active in Berlin, the Associated Press correspondent (who wasstated there for21 vearsbefore thewarandhas,presumably,wide contacts) claims that the Communist Party"seems to be the only onepermitted tofunction." Redpropaganda is in full blast.

The housing problem is the centre of agreat deal of talk, but of minimum action. One wonders how long the authorities will be able to fob off vitalissueswith thedual pleaofmanpower and materials. IS they were really in earnest man-power could be made available very quickly. Astatement on this subject was made, duringtheweek,byMr.C.G.Dudley, and his views merit close attention.

Meantime, Poland's agony is being draggedout. The Allieshave formal.

ly recognised the Polish Government in Warsaw, and have expressed pious hopes that free, unfettered elections shall be held as soon as possible, on the basisofuniversal suffrage andsecret ballot, in which all democratic antiNazi parties shall have the right to participate. With alongandwide experience of how the Left hates elections and how it manages them when forced to hold them, one is filled with apprehensionforthe future ofthe Polish people. Simultaneously recognition of the London Government has been withdrawn. But the Polish forces serving with the Allies and essential Polish civilian services in the United KingdomwillbemaintainedfromBritish sources. Warsaw lost no time in sending delegations to London to lay hands on the£20,000,000of gold. It would seem agood opportunity for Spain to-make claim against this bul. lion in part repayment for the 160,(0,000 which the traitor Negrin handed over to the Russian treasury. True, it is Polish gold, but it will be put to Russian uses.

The Russian puppet Prime Minister, At.Osubka-11lorawski, hassuddenlydug upaplot toscuttlethe Polish fleet in Britain. This he ascribes to theLondon President and Prime Minister. Whatobject.such aludicrousliecould haveinview ispuzzling. Lublinhas, for the moment, won, and it mightat least cover its shame with adecent silence. It is interesting to observe Osubka's fidelity to the Party Lineof fraternisation with the Germans, his admission about the Polish Army heing tinder Red control, and his fatuous hope that the loyal Polish troops abroad wood come home to place themselves at the disposal of the stooges who claim to govern the country.

On the hone front most interesting political development is the attempt of the Unions to purge their ranks of Communistquislings. Thislong overdue process will be infinitely complicated by virtue of the Red domina. tion of the A.C,T.U. However, that the Communist Party has not made much headway politically, would seem tobefurther indicated by the by-electionatClifton Hill,Victoria,where the labour candidate defeated his Communist opponent by more than 7,000 votes. Everyone but Party members seems to think it anomalous that the Conuounists should oppose Labour Labourcandidates,seeing theystill try to maintain the fiction that they suppor Labour.

The 1)irector-Geticral of Social Services has predicted that invalid and old-age pensions will increase by .10,000 within two yearsafter the war. This should underline ominously the fact that.Australia is an ageing community and that unless the birth-rate .an he stimulated the change in the age composition of the nation will place an intolerable burden upon the decreasing productive factors in industry. Some measure for offsetting this problem is apparently contemplatedin theplansof theFederalGovernment to bring into Australia 17,000 child immigrants ayear for three years. Ipersonallydoubttheefficacy of such ascheme unless adoption is contemplated. If these children are to be institutionalised, and in Government and urban institutions at that! their worth as citizens will be aleast problematical. It would be interesting to see the percentage of delinquency arising from institutionalised children.

"There is one phase of the housing question which seems to have been overlooked by those whohaveparticipated in the recent discussion on the shortage of houses," said Mr. C. G. Dudley. "That phase is that houses built by the Workers' Home Board, under the War Housingscheme,are to tie available for rental to a fortunate few, and that acontinuation of this system would result in a'rental community' which cannot possibly be in thebestinterestof theStateornation. Surely it is one of the fundamental principles of any democratic community that men should own their own homes and that it should be made easy for them to do so.

"I can see no valid excuse for any Government seizing the present state of emergency as an opportunity for forcing people into renting expensivelybuilthomeswhen theywould much prefer to become home owners. The man whohasbought, or isbuying,his own home is amuch better citizen than one who is precluded from havinghis own stake in the country.

"From time to time we hear agreat deal cf bewailing about our falling birthrateand the prospects of -

national suicide, but it seems to me that we cannot very well expect young people to undertake the responsibility of founding afamily when they cannot even find aplace to park acradle or acot."

ROUSSEAU'S DOCTRINES

(Continuedfrom Page9.)

peceati,"in the MiddleAges. Shehas never surrer)dered that claim.

It is amost significant thing that the great Christmas pronouncements ofthePopeforthelastfiveyearshave been concerned with the political and social activity of men; and they have been inspired by the one great motive,to keep before mankind the purpose and the end for which we have all been created. "By her very exist. ence," said Pope Pius XII. last Christmas, "the Church rises before the world as ashining beacon to remind its constantly of thatdivineorder.Her history reflects clearly her providential mission. Thestruggles which, coerced by the abuse of power, she has had tosustain indefenceoftheliberty given her by God, were, at the same time, straggles for man's true liberty. The Church's mission is to announce to the world, which is looking forbetter and more perfect forms of democracy, the highest and most needed messagethatthere canbe: the dignity of men, called to he thesons of God."

The lack of this conception of man in relation toGodcontainsingerm the greatest threat to human freedom: for ultimately it means the rule of fofee. Christopher Hollis once wrote that the full possibilities of aCatholic society would never he reached until one appears which possesses both an educat. ed clergy and an educated laity. "it is the tragedy of Europe that such a societyhas never vet existed. In the Middle Ages the laity was not educated. By the time the clergy had reformer) themselves, the laity had he. come irreligious." The last adjec. tive is possibly too strong. "Untlneological" might he abetter word to use. And untheologicalman. the unit of modern paganism, is strange)• divorced fromtherealityoflife. Whit is needed is areturn to the integral Catholic conception of law and authority, which is, in the right meaning of the word, atheological conception; andthisconception ofmanis the only safeguard against the tyranny of secularism. The theologian must have his place, in this sense, in politics and in government. Learning must no longer neglect theology, for man can be sure of his freedom only when he recognises the purposes and the supremacy of God.

+ IN MEMORIAM ►b

BEARD.—In loving memory of my dear husbandand father, H. S. Beard, died in Fremantle Hospital, July 12, 1938. R.I,P.

Itisjustsevenyearsto-daysinceyou left us, but your memory is just as fresh.

—Insertedbyyourlovingwife,E.T. Beard, and sons, Tom (A.I.F., New Guinea) and Harold (R.A.A.F., Vic. toria).

BREWERTON.—Ofyourcharity,pray for the repose of the

soul of Louis Albert, who passed away atGoomalling, on July 12, 1944.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on hissoul.

O'HARA.—In loving memory of our dear son and brother, Bernard (R.A.A.F.), killed in action in Sicily, July 18, 1943. -

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on him.

MITCIIELL—Inlovingmemoryofour dear husband and father, Matthew Mitchell, who died July 18, 1936. Ever remembered by his loving wife and family.

MORGAN.—In loving .

memory of t

our dear Aunty Mary (May) Dlorgan, who passed away July 19, 1943.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on her soul.

—Insertedby Withnell family,Clare. mont.

RILEY.—Of your charity, pray for the soul of John Riley, accidentally killedonJuly14, 1944.

Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on his soul.

—Inserted by his lovingmother and brothers.

ENGAGEMENT.

The engagement is announced between Kathleen Mary, second eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. P. Duggan, 231 Charles-street, North Perth, and John Lawrence,secondsonof Mr.and Mrs. J. Maloney, of Boulder,

•BIRTB.'

KINSHELA.—On July 10, atSt.John of God Hospital, Subiaco, to Kath andJoe—ason(DavidJames).Both well.

PIANO WANTED.

CastledareOrphanagewouldbepleased to hear from anyone having apiano for sale, or any person willing to hire their instrument during these timesof war-shortage. Ring Cannington 80, or write to the Superior, Castledare, Queen's Park.

Japan .. .

New Blow to Church.

Since last September the Japanese have forced the removalofallprelates of foreign nationality from important posts in the Church in Japan. The policy applied even to missionaries of German origin, including the wellknown Jesuit, Father John Ross, who was acting as Apostolic Administrator of Uiroshima. The Apostolic Deledate to Tokyo, Archbishop Paul Marella, hasbeen empowered by the Congregation of Propaganda to appoint. native clergymen totheofficesvacated by the removalof foreign prelates. .. 1. i. ..."Iq ipq 1,

Racing

Ui4gnpilu u ,

unigmm.1q, 1.'1', it

Selections

By "THE IIAWK."

Saturday,July 1!, 194,. Maiden IIandicap: Cambee, 1; Ditherlist, 2; Royal Agrion, 3. Burswood Handicap (l): Ocular, 1: Lady Lorrie,2; Ayrboy, 3. Bursw•oodHandicap (2): Faustus, 1: Monisan,2; Dardanup,3. Belmont Trial Handicap: VeiledPromise, 1: Gav Flora, 2; Kick Off, 3. Belmont Park Handicap:SirAgrion, 1: Common, 2; Veiled Promise, 3. Breeders' Handicap: Morning Echo, 1; Auville, 2; Yodful, 3. Rivervale Wetter: Guarantor, 1: Daintv Lace, 2; Aeditha, 3.

What Conversion to the Faith Cost Newman

The Hard Way of the Saints

floors; no carpets, but s

Speakingof St.Johnin asermonon walls there were, and rough, brick The Ventures of Faith;' preached to 1836, Newman gives what might almostbeasketchof himself ,

forhe' sa

ys of St.John that"Ile sent before him also,otherstill morevoluntarypl ed

ges and ventures of his faith—

aself-

denying work, azealous maintenance of truth, fasting and prayers ,

labours of love, avirgin life, buffetings from the heathen, persecution and banishment. WellmightsogreataSaintsay ,

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atthe end of his days,"Come ,

Lord Jesus,

" as those who are weary of the night, and wait for the morning... .

That morning, in Newman's case , was not to be for nine years. Before he came into the Church ,

he was to undergo similar things to all those he discerned in St. John's life, and when the time came at last, he found tha t he had to take up another Cross and drink of afurther chalice.

in theSeptemberof 1843

heresigned thevicarageofSt.Marv. Alittlelater he retracted publicly the many things he hadsaid about the Church. On 'September25, he gave his sermon—

hi s last in his beloved church at Littl

e. more—on"The Parting of Friends."

Theysay thathisvoicebrokeandthat those who heard him sobbed as he badefarewell and commended them t

o God, andsoughttheir prayersforhimself. At last, after two more years, Our Lord brought him gently to His one true fold on October 8, 1845

.

Whatwerehisthoughtsduringthese twoyears? Whatwashiswavoflife?

All his life had been aneffort after an ever closed walk with God. His thoughts had alwaysbeen in the gold , en apostolic age of the Church. In the seclusion ofprayer, abstinence and study in his shabby room at Oriel ,

he had dwelt habitually with Athanasius and Basil of Cyprian. The Church of the Fathers had exercised adeep in . fluenceonhim. InhisvisitstoRome hehad thrilled to thememories of the martyrs and the early Christians. And in the later history ofChurch ,

it was theholinessofthesaintsthatheld and finallywon him. He found his ideal livingstill, and he reached out to pos . Fess forhimself, thetreasure hidden in afield, which is the Sacramental life of grace. "Where shall we find the image of St. Paul, or St. Peter ,

or St. John,or ofMary the mother ofAfar],, or of Philip's slaughters?" he had askedin 1813. "Where,butinthosewho , whether they remain in seclusion or are sent over the earth, have calm (aces, and sweet plaintive voices and spare frames, and gentle manners, and hearts weaned from the world, and willssubdued

... whomeetwithChrist even'ryhere—Christ their all-sufficient, e

verlasting portion, to make up to them,bothhere and hereafter, all thev suffer. all they dare, for His Nnine's sake?" Ile looked to Rome and saw thelikenessofthesaintsinSt.Alovsius ;end St. Paul of theCross ,

in St.Fran. cis Xavier and St. Charles, nay, the menand women living in hisown day in many aconvent and monastery, or _far-flung mission

traw bedsand the roughest furniture. Each day there were two meals—abreakfast of teaandbreadtakenstanding,andthen dinner in the evening. No meatwas eaten in Lent, only salt fish. They recited the Divine Office daily, and reading, writing and praying occupied the morning. Often in the afternoon Newman took his friends for awalk, and they would talk of"current politics, of literature, and still more of early Oxfordmemories, of Keble, Ilawkins, BlancoWhite

... theoldfriends, whose intimacy belonged to the past, held in the affectionategrasp of that clingingmemory."

Asthe monthswent by, all England wondered what would be the outcome of the Oxford 1pader's studious retirement. Oneafteranotherofhisassociates entered the Church, while he remained praying for light and strength. He was working at this time on his"Essays on the Development ofChristian Doctrine," all the time pondering on the close parallel between the Catholic Church in his own day and the Church as it was in the.Apostolic Age, at the Council of Nice and in the fifth and sixth centuries.

InthewordsofWilfridWard,hesaw the"Catholic Church of history asone great aula in which the Fathers are collected at one end and Pope Gre• gory XVI. stands at the other."

The journey was nearly over. For months his heart had been burning withinhim,whileOurLordhadspoken in the way. On October 9, it was giventohimtoknowhisMasterinthe Breakingof'Bread. The nightbefore, iw'hile rain poured down outside, New* man made his general confession and was received into the Church. Next day,thehumblelittle PassionistFather DominicBarbari, whoevenas ayouth had his thoughts turned towards England, offered Mass in the littleoratory where the Oxford men had so often prayedtogether; and Newmankneltto become one with Our Lord in Holy Communion. The peace ofGodwhich surpasses all understanding was his. God in His mercy had given him "a safe lodging, and a holy rest, and peace at the last."—(Rev.) P. Astley, S.J.

Park

On the Road to City Beach.

'Phone: B3418.

Wembley Hotel

First Class Accommodation.

Then, too, at Littlemore, Newman wasaccompanied during those anxious yearsbythe thought ofOurLadv. In amoving letter, written after his conversion, he recalls how his life had beenlived under Our Lady's care. His church at Oxford had been St. Mary's Church. At Littlemore she had been waiting for him: when he became a 'Catholichesettled foratimeatMaryvale. Not unfitting was it for him to take her name when hewas receiv ed into the Church.

The life at the semi•monastery Newman had built was one of self-denial and praver. Thebuildingwaslike an adaptedharn—thecellssolowthatyou could almost touch theroof,and opening on to acorridor, with no protection from wind and rain. Plain ,

hare Paints! Enamelised and Aluminium, nowavailableatHassell'sStore,comer Wellington and Queen Streets, Perth.

TheuFualmonthlymeetingofthet ,

't therlralBranchwasheld in theChurch Otlice on A[ondav, July 2, at eight o'clock,when there w:tsagoodattend. :uucofmembers. Arrangementswere marlstoholdthenext Bridge Partyon R'crineFda>•.,bile i8, in Nestle House.

Phcllis Dean ilnstel: Tuesday, July 31.

Dunleayy: Thursday, July 19; Fridav, Jah• 27.

Sewingat Nestle House: EveryWednesday, from 11 a.m.

The League is collecting clothes for the stricken countries in Europe. Al. readyagood start has been madeand all contributions will be welcome. All articlesfromblanketstobootieswillbe acceptable. Also anything that can be cut down and made over into chit• dren'sclothes. It is hoped tosend a consignment before the end of July and make up another as soon as possible. All parcels may be left at the Rooms, Nestle douse, or handed to members of the C.W.L. in their parishes.

Membersare asked to attend on Wednesdays and help to sort, mend and packgoods, and take woolormaterialhometomake up.

M. CRANLEY, Proprietor. COUNTRY, DUKE OF YORKHOTEL, hrARROGIN. ' Reconditioned and Refurnished. New Lounge, Dining Rooms, and Commercial Rooms. ARTHUR BOYLAN, Proprietor. (Late George Hotel, Perth).

GOLDFIELDS.

RodBecton's HANNAN'S HOTEL, liANNAN STREET, KAI,GOORLIE.

STAR & GARTER HOTEL, Cnr. HANN..N & NETHER• COTT STS., KALGOORLIE. BERTSTARR

.... Proprietor.

'Phone 13... ...... Box

lu. AUSTRALIA HOTEL, S,A:.GOORLIE.

C.T.A. and R.A.C. HOUSE. One Minute from St. Mary's Church.

Sot and Cold Water in Hotel Bathrooms.

Refrigeration Throughout. Only Lock-Up Garages to the CentreofTown. M.J.DILLON,licensee.

FREEMASONS HOTEL, TOODYAY.

Excellent Qttlsiaa Amatice Refrigerator iaatalled. Old and New Friends are Cordially Welcomed. MRS. E. WING, Proprietress.

STAN, O'BRIEN.

COURT HOTEL, PERTH.

'Phone: 84261.

HOTEL $EACONSFIELD, FREMANTLE.

Overlooking the Ocean. SuperiorAccommodation. Moderate Charges.

M BYRNE (Late of Grand and Shamrock Hotels, Boulder).

VICTORIA HOTEL, HAYSTREET,SUBIACO. Renovated Throaghout. EssenceofComfort.

W. F. ARTffi, Proprietor. (Lateof BalmoralHotel,Vic,Park)

KEOUGH'S for CATERING And Number, Place, orTime.

ThreeReceptionRoomsfor 8trs. On Aire:Crockery,Cutlery and Glassware,etc.'Phone: 89454. GLAD gEOIIGH.

NEWCASTLE ST.. PERTH

the results will thrill

you.

is anotherexcitingmedium that offers unlimited

scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy's HomecraftSection in many lovc!y colours. Here isagrand opportunity for

Avisitorat agolf club paid his fee and fixed up amatch. At the first tee he made awild swing and completely missed the ball.

"Goodness," he said,"it's a good thing Ifound out right at the start. Thiscourseisatleasttwoincheslower thantheoneIusuallyplayon."

"Halloa, oldtop," said Bertie,genial. ly,"did you catch that train allright last night?"

"Oh, Icaught it all right," replied theold topdejectedly,"Sawtherear lights disappearing as Igot into the station."

"But, hang it all, you just said you caught it;"corrected Bertie. Theold top sighed.

"The married man who missed the last train home always catches it." he said.

* * *

"Pardon me, Iknow enough about it not to.* # * *

Edith:"Ido so admire aman who saysthe rightthingat therighttime."

Harold:"So do I—especially when I'm thirsty."

"Do you believe in the survival of the fittest?" asked the traveller of a man he had got into conversation with in arailway'carriage.

"I don't believe in the survival of anybody," was the reply. "I'm an undertaker."

# # * #

"Doesn'tthat picture makeyou think of Jane?"

"Yes; but Ibelieve Jane uses alittle more paint."

Small Son:"Daddy,whatisachauf. feur?"

Father:"Itiswhat theycall aman who drivesamotor car."

Small Son:"But, Daddy, thatis not -what you called the man who nearly knocked itsdown yesterday!"

Anumberoffriendshadbeenspend. ing quite ajolly time at the public bar for the biggest part of an hour, when one of the party turned round and said:"Here, Sandy, isn't it your turn to stand atreat?"

The others roared with laughter.

"Not so fast! Not so fast!" muttered Sandy. "Ye've all had alaugh at my expense."

The party was at its height, but an elderly lady sat near the door looking very glum.

"What made her so solemn?" asked aguest.

-,

Well,"said the host,"she is atem. perance advocate, and some blunder. ing idiottold her that her smiles were perfectly intoxicating."

Wife:"The night you proposed you acted like afish out of water:"

Husband: "Iwas—and very cleverly landed,too!" * * * #

"I just congratulated Dr. Brown on marrying one of his patients, and he seemed quite annoyed."

"That isn't Dr. Brown, you idiot. That's Dr. Smith, the lunacy expert."

It was breakfast time at the house of the eminent astronomer, who had spent the major part of the night in his observatory.

"Mvdear," he said to hiswife,"congratulate me. Ihave discovered a star of hitherto unheard of density, and I'm going to name it after youl" # * # t

"I feel so bad, so depressed, so wretched, thatIwant todie,"'said the distressed lady when the doctor ar. rived.

"Dear, dear," said the doctor,"you did quite right to send for me at once:'

nakfng your own Christmasgiftsthis year.

Theestateagentsounded the praises of the new suburb to the prospective buyer. Andat theend he said:"The deathrateinthissuburbislowerthan anywhere twelve miles around London."

"Iknow;'saidtheprospectivebuyer. "I've lookedround ... and Iwouldn't be found dead here myself."

A woman, overladen with parcels, was hurrying up and down the rail. way station platform looking for a seat, and Aporteratlast came to her assistance.

"Come withme, madam, and I'll fix you up in the front of the train," he said helpfully.

"You'll do nothing of the sort," she answered, crossly."I'm not amas. cot."

* * * #

The cousinfrom the town was on a visit to her cousin at thh seaside.

"Have you had abusy season, Ada, with

your summer boarders and holi. clay motorist's?" asked the former.

"Yes, very busy, relatively speak. ing," Ada replied.

"What do you mean relatively?" asked the towncousin.

'.Ada shrugged her shoulders.

"I mean ourhouse has been so full all summer with relatives that we couldn't take any real paying guest's."

Tourist:"So your father knows the exact year, month and day he will die,-does he?"

Negro: "Yessuh; he had ought to. The jedge tole him."

# t # #

Light-fingered Bill:"Did you ever study geometry, Ned?"

Nimble Ned: "Idid."

Light-fingered Bill:"Good! Iwish you'd tell me howtosquare astraight policeman?"

The father was interviewing his daughter's suitor.

"What are your prospects?" he asked.

"Pretty good—unless your daugh. ter's been misleading meI" came the reply.

"Time was," said the tramp, sadly, "when Iowned abigplantation."

"You seem to have agood deal of real estate on yourhands yet,"replied the womanofthehouse,castingacold andsarcasticeyeuponhisgrimy paws.

* # # #

"Did the minister sayanything com. forting?" asked the neighbour of the widow recently bereaved.'

"Indeed, he didn't;" was the quick reply. "He said my husband was better off."

"Is McTavish atypical Scotsman?"

"I should say so. Ile's saved all his toys for his second childhood."

* * # *

The Bore:"Irwen'tImet you some. where before."

The Other:"If you had it was en. lirely unintentional on my part, Iassure you:"

Sch-ia:"Hmv do you know Cyril loves you? Iles he told you so?"

Julia:"No. but you should see the wavhelooksatmewhen I'm notlooking at him1" # t t •

The great financier was talking, the company listening with great interest.

"The true secretofsuccess," hesaid, "is to find outwhat the people want."

"And then you give it them," someone suggested.

The financier shook his head, contemptuously. "No—corner it!"

"Why ape you so late?" clemande ,

l thesternmasterofthe house.

you to save money by Smilea'WFtile-

"I fell downstairs, sir," replied the butler. "Well, that would not take you more than aminute."

Artist:"ShallIpaintyou in evening dress?"

Lady Subject:"Oh no, don't make any fuss,justwearyourusual smock."

W.

Dear Cornerites,—The coming week has twoFeastdayswhich shouldbeof particular interest to us. The first is that of St. Camillus de Lellis, on the ISth. Before he became aFrancis. can Friar, this Saint served in the Venetian Army against theTurks, and was noted in the ranks for his gambling! So that you have here, Cornerites, an ideal patron to look after your soldier fathers, brothers and sons, and one who understands them very well. Later he devoted himself to serving the sick and founded an Order for this purpose. Ile is really the Founder ofthe Red CrossSociety, which is doing such wonderful work amongourPiO.W.

On the next day, 19th., we remem. ber St. Vincent de Paul and his great works of charity. A lot of us never think of how his work is continued in the St. Vincent de Paul Society, how many poor people are helped and relieved by fhe good men who do this silent labour of love.. We ought at least on St. Vincent's day do something practical for the poor of Jesus Christ.

And that brings me to the matter of how the St. Vincent de Paul Society is co-operating with the United Nations' Reliefand Rehabilitation Administration to help clothe and feed the millions ofwar victims in Europe. )-

on will have read His Grace's appeal for clothing in the last issue of"The Record," and Iam confident every Cornerite will have something he or she can spare for those unhappy people who have lost everything in this terrible war. Don't put the good work off till to-morrow. Go through your wardrobe to-night. Do it now! And remember Our Lord's promise of reward tothose whodo theleast char• itable thing for His sake.

* r

AUNT BESSY.

40 Bveesroad, West Midland.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I have read letters of your nieces and nephews and Ilongtobe among them. My schoolmates of St. Bigid's are sending for prick cards. Sister has just finished grumbling at us boys because we havenot yet putthestrawberryplants in our school garden. We are hay. ing acontinued story called "Little Push \laid,"andthere isanothercalled "Tom Sawyer." We enjov them very much. Our Inspector, Mr. Werner, should soon be coming, and we won't lie snrr• when his exam. is over.\fay Ihave aprick card, please, Aunt Bessy?—Your loving nephew.

COLIN WILLIAMS.

Dear Colin,—Well, you are among ,ny nieces and nephews now, and Pm very glad to have yet. Ifow• are those strawl)crry plants going. Colin? What else do you grow in your school garden? Has the inspector visited vou yet> it is arelief to knowthat ou'ye passed, isn't it?

AUNT DESSY.

Pechey-road, Swan View.

Dear Aunt Be<sy,—From hearing Sister read"The Record." i noticed that youwant more help for theBushies, so please send me aprick card. Every week igo with the other boys from our school to the Police Bovs' Club, where Mr. Handcock teaches its exercises. On Fridays Sister reads us two continued stories,"Tom Sawyer" and "Little Bush Maid." which we eniom• yery much. This is all for now, Aunt Bessy.—Your loving nephew, RON RYAN.

Dear Ron.—i guess you must be in fifth class. too. Fifth and Sixth classes are avery great help to the —Bushies' Scheme. Do vou go to a gymnasium at the Police Boys' Club,

Lemonade Bottle

ACKLOWLEDGED WITH THANKS.

£ S.

A

Maria..............•- 100

Thelma Casserly...... 50

Thelma Frayne.......... 50

Icon? You must tell me some more aboutit next time.

'AUNT BESSY.

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3New Bond-street, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am writingmy first letter to you, asking you to send me aprick card to help the Bushies. Iam eleven years of age and go to St. Brigid's School. Ihave heard about your nieces and nephews and wish to join your Corner. I hope you are well, Aunt Bessy.—Your loving niece,

MARY UNDRICH.

Dear Mary,—Let me congratulate you on your neat handwriting. I'll be very glad to have you in the Corner, Mary, and I'm sure you'll be ahelp to me by filling a card. Thank you very much.

AUNT BESSY.

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159 York-road, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Having read your letters in "The Record," I thought_I-would become one of your nephews. Iam in V. Standard, 11 years old, andgo to school at St. Brigid's. Midland. Although Ihave no younger brothers orsisters, Iam kept busy looking after my seventeen canaies, acocky, also half adozen bantams. As you want more help send along aprick card—Your loving nephew, TREVOR MARSHALL.

Dear Trevor,—Thanks for your help. It's very good of you to fill the card, and I'm pleased to know the Bushies have so many helpers. My word, Trevor, you will probably be apoultry farmer when you grow up. What is your cockv's name? The bantams should be veryuseful, if theylav any eggs, and Iexpect they take up quite alot of time.

AUNT BESSY.

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29 Spring Park Read, Midland Junction..

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is the first time Ihave written to vou. Igo to St. Brigid's Schnl, Midland Junction.and Ihavemanvtimesreadyour letters in"The Record." I would like very much for vou to send me a prick card.—Your loving niece, PATRICIA RUTHERFORD.

Dear Vat.,—Are you called Pat or Patricia? Patrician are generally called Pat, so Ihope I'm not making a mistake. Fin very pleased to send you the card. Probablv you'll have filled it b_v now. AUNT BESSY.

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3New Bond-street,\iidland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—four letters in "The Record" are very interesting. I am 12yearsofageandin-V.Standard. imnuld be glad to receive aprick card from you. Next time iwrite I shall send vou alonger letter.—Your loving niece, MiLLii: ANDRICif.

Dear Millic,—i'll be looking forward to that longer letter next time. How were the floods up your wav? We haven't had such heavy rain for many years, and Ihope the damage clone will seen be.repaired. Perhaps vou will he having arace with sonne of your friends to fill your cards. They're easily filled, aren't they? AUNT BF,SSY. s • r •

2North-street, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is the first time Ihave written to you. I am twelve years old, and in Sixth Standard. Igo to St. Brigid's School, Midland Junction. Please send me,a prick card: ihope iwill beable tofill it soon. Iam learning music now and Ilike it very much. Iwill leok in"The Record" each week to see when my letter will be published.— Your loving niece, MARIE O'IOUGHLIN.

Dear Marie,—Ihope you won't be disappointed because Ihave kept you waiting so long, but Ihave had quite alot of children to write to, and so ihave taken them in turn. i'don't think it will take you very long to fill the card, Marie: it's quite an easy jot). AUNT BESSY,

c/o Superintendent, Police Boys' Club, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I have often readyourlettersin"The Record,"and thought how nice it would be if I could become one of your nephews. Iwill be very pleased if you send me aprick card. Iwas eleven last Saturday, and Ihave abrother who is seven and asisterthree. Iwillwrite again soon.—Your loving nephew, IAN HANDCOCK.

Dear Ian,—Many happy returns of yourbirthday. I'm afraidI'malittle late with the good wishes, but that's better than not at all, isn't it? I'd love to know some more about your brother and sister: their names, and what they are like, and also more about yourself. Write to me again won't you?

AUNT BESSY.

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89 Morrison Road, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is my first letter to you. Iam in Sixth Standard and Igo to St. Brigid's School, Midland Junction. Iam 12 years old and will be 13 in October. I wouldlike very much tojoin yourcircle. Will you please send me aprick card andIwill try to fill it inassoon as possible. My favourite subjects in school are English and drawing. I" am learning Elocution and like it very much. Iwon the highestmarks in my first and second exams. Iwill close now. Hoping tohear from you very soon. Lots of love to you and the Bushies.—Your loving niece. JEAN GRIGG.

Dear Jean,—Ithink you must be quite an accomplished little student. Elocution is avery nice subject, and you seem tobe verygood at it. What grade are vou taking now, jean? I have posted you aprick card,and I'm sure you won't have any bother collecting the pennies.

'AUNT BESSY.

"Springside," Glen Forest.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Reading your letter in"The Record" the other day

and seeing that you wanted some more nieces and nephews, Ihave decided to write to you myself. Will you please send me aprick card, as Iwould like to help the Bushies. I ate thirteen years old and go to St. Brigid's Convent in Midland Junction. Welive on an orchard fivemilesfrom Midland, and Icome to school every morning on the bus. There is anew priest here now, and he gives usCatechism every Thursday morning.—Your loving niece, MARGARET WOOD.

Dear Margaret,—It must be lovely to live onan orchard,andto have all the fruit you want. Iexpect lots of other girls and boys must envy you. Whatsortoffruitdoyougrow, Margaret? Thanks so much for offering to help the Bushies. Ihope the card arrived alright.

AUNT BESSY.

Mahogany Creek.

DearAuntP.essy,—Ihavebeenreading your letters in"The Record," and seeingyouwouldlikesomemorenieces arid nephews, Iam writing to you. I ,amtenyearsofageandinclassV. I will be very pleased if you sendme a prick card.—Your loving niece,

ANN MORROW.

Dear Ann,—Well, my appeal wasn't in vain, was it? Just think, Ann, if­I hadn't mentioned that I'd like some more Cornerites, you and I would never have written to each other.But Idon't know very much about you yet, as an Aunt really should, so I hopeyou'llwrite tomeagainsoonand tell me about yourself.

AUNT BESSY.

Catholics and Esperanto

INTERESTING ADDRESSBYCA&

MELITE FATHER.

At Brisbane, during last month the Very Rev. Gabriel N. PauIeck, 0*Carm., Assistant General of the Carmelite Order—then on avisit to Australia—delivered an address to the Brisbane Esperantists. He made the following points regarding Catholics and Esperanto, which are particularly interesting:

NJ anydonot know that three Popes gave their blessings to Esperanto.

PiusX.,whensendinghisblessing to an International Esperanto Congress, said:"Irecognise the utility ofEsperanto tokeep Catholics throughout the world united. Esperanto hasagreat future in front of it."

PopeBenedictXV.,whenArchbishop of Bologne, expressed publicly his desirethatsomeofhispriestsshouldhelp in the propaganda of Esperanto, and afterwards as Pope gave his blessing to aCongress ofCatholic Esperantists,

PiusXI.expressedbyletterhisplea. sure at the expressionsof loyalty sent to himbythe ItalianLeagueofCatho• lie Esperantists.

CardinalsGasparri,Ceretti, Piffl,and many other dignitaries of the Church expressed their approval of Esperanto.

One of the chief reasons why Esperanto should be chosen as aworldlanguage is its neutrality. This neutrality will prevent any offence against nationality. Latin,certainly isaneu. tral language, and it is used officially bytheChurch,butitistoodifficultfor general use.

WhilstLatinisawonderful language for philosophy and theology, it lacks words forexpressing ideas and actions oftheworldof to-day which speaksof pockets, watches, matches and cigar. ettes, etc.

Esperantohasthemeritofbeingeasy to learn, is well understood, and plea. santtohear.

During thelast World War the Rev. A. Cesh, who was Chaplain in concentrationcamps,foundgreatdifficultyin beingunderstood by prisonersofmany nationalities. Ileusedaspecialdirect method of his own to teach them Es. peranto, with the result that he was able to perform all his religiousduties withmenofdifferentnationalities.

InManitoba,Canada,apriestpreached to amixed congregation and heard ronfessions of men of 17 different nationalities in Esperanto.

In effect, though the Church uses Latin as the official language, for or. dinary purposes, at the Vatican, Italian and French are used, and, unofficially, many others.

How much simpler would it not be if the common neutral international language, Esperanto, were used by all Catholicsin addition to the mother tongue.

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SIGHT-TEETIIPGOPTICIAN. 12 ATWELL ARCADE, FR=MANTLE L1582.

Official Organ of the Archdiocese of Perth ESTABLISHED1874

OBITUARY

THE LATE MR.WALTERFREDERICK BRODERICK.

Thedeath occurred on June26, 1945, of Mr. Walter Frederick(Walter) Broderick, proprietor of the Victoria I1otel, corner James and Milliganstreets, Perth.

The late Mr. Broderick was born in Abbeyfeale,County Limerick, Ireland, in 1591. He received asound classical education at Blackrock College, Dublin.

Mr. Broderick servedas lieutenantin the Great War. Subsequently he received aCommission as Captain in his native country at headquarters Legal Office, Eire. Inboth postshisstrong sense of justice, soundness of judgment and fairness of mind won high praise fromhis superiors. Mr.Justice O'Connor, Supreme Court, Dublin, under whose command Captain Prodcrick served in the Trish Army, entrustedhimwith thepostofJudgeAd. vacate. His responsibility in this capacitywas carried out in that spirit of honourable charity and justice that characterised Mr. Broderick throughout hisentirelife.

In 1926 he married Miss Bridget Fitzgerald, of Abbeyfeale, County Limerick. Mr. and Mrs. Broderickar. rived in Fremantle 17 years ago. Mr. Boderick entered the hotel trade and worked in different hotels in the metropolitan area up to the time that he acquired the proprietorship of the Victoria Hotel.

Mr. Broderick is survived by his widow and two children, to whom the heartfelt sympathy of their many friends is extended.

Renuiem Mass was celebrated in St. Brigid's Church,-West Ferth, at 9 a.m. by Very Rev. Father Reidy, on Wednesday, June 27. The funeral moved from the Church at 3.30 p.m. to the Catholic Cemetery, Karrakatta, where the remainswere laid to restin the family grave. Very Rev. Father Reidy, assisted by Rev. Father Peter, O.S.B., Rev. Father Kelly, and Rev. Father Scully, officiated at the graveside.

The chief mourners were: Mrs. Brid. get Broderick(widow), Mary Matilda Broderick(slaughter), and John Frederick Broderick(son); Mr. Michael Fitzgerald(brother-in-law),'firs. Joseph Mulcchy (sister-in-law), Mr. Jos. eph Mulcahy(brother-in-law), Mr.Wil. liam Collins(intimate friend), and Messrs. E. Walsh, T. Foley, F. Dono. van, and E. Walton (special friends).

The pall-hearers were: Messrs. E. Walsh, T. Foley, i'. Foley, T. Firth, T. (Belli. F. Donovan, T. O'Connor and E. Walton.

J. AIulcahv, M. F. Cramer, T. P. Barry, G. G. Prendiville, W. Malone, D. Gallagher, D. Ballwin, V. Baldwin, W. H. Cooper, J.O'Sullivan,A \rarochi,M.L. Norman. J. Lanigan. T. Twomev, J. Rossi, M. i. Corr, 11. Brophy, O, Conway, \LP. McDonough, J. Duffy, R. Sraw, E. O'Reilly, T. C. Simpson, T. Conwav, T. Carmody, D. C. Perrott, A. i1,('arlisle, 1. Callachan, O. Barns, 11 .1. Gnrdon, R.Woodcock,T. J. Nichols, L. Stewart, P.Jlarzo, T.V Murdoc, y

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