The Record Newspaper 04 July 1945

—Propagandists Prepare Civil 'War'Out of Post-War Chaos Danger of Mob Rule in Our Own Country...

By MICHAEL KELLY.

The great problems which confront theChurch differ notatallfromthose which confront our country and Empire; in fact, the whole of Western civilisation. Almostallthatwevalue in our civilisation springs from the Christianity upon which itisfounded: and the Craeco-Roman relics which • had been preserved to live anew in Christian Europe survived only through the efforts of the monastic :eats of learning, those oases in the desertoftheDarkAges.

It is no coincidence, therefore, that the powers which successively have threatened the existence of Western culture always have been the avowed enemies of Christ's Church. In the lastthreedecadeswehaveseenacleav age taking place in the nations of the world,(with the defenders of civilisa. tion on the one hand and its wouldbe destroyus upon the.other. The issue at the beginning of the late Eu. ropean war was perfectly clear; and, by the Grace of God and the wisdom ofour leaders, anumber oflater complicating factors were not allowed to dim the vision of the people. Thus, we acquirer!, before the finish of the :carin Europe,apowerfulallywithout whosehelp wecouldnothavedefeated the Germans, who fought for her own exi•tencc rather thtn for the ancient heritage which we value. This Great A!ly,infact, many Mmeshaspro,

.lnimed 1•crself the enemy of Western cul. tore. It is important now, having triumphed in the European struggle, that we should keep clearly in view the principles for which we fought. and maintain vi3rilant watch and ward against any new cnenn- who might threaten those principles.

Asecond factor which might weak. en our certitude iq this: Though the fight was in defence of Christian values, and our enemies were the avowed enemies of Christianity, yet manv Christians were dragooned or hnodwinked into fightingonthewrong side; and an ancient people, the nurseryandstorehouseofChristianartand culture, was tempted by the prospect

of loot to throw in its lot with those who'should have been its enemies. This is arecurrent tragedy of war, the

dragooningagainsttheirwill,ofindividuals by tyrannical rulers, and of weak nations by powerful neighbours, into taking part in an unjust war of aggression.

The horror and devastation of war falls alike upon the innocent and the guilty, rather on the innocent to a far greater degree. Those who suffer most always are the poor, who are least responsible for the shortcomings oftheirrulers. Evenundertheworst circumstances, the.well-to-do person may find ways and means of alleviating hisdistress, butfor the poor there is no solace. It is amerciful provision of nature that ahuman being can become, in asense, accustomed to hardship, heartbreak and horror; that the soul can he hardened and callouseduntilthe repetition of tragedyupon tragedyleaves it in astate resembling anaesthesia. But for this, surely manymillionsofpeople in Europe and Asia would have become insane; sure. lv their mindswould have broken for ever underthemultiple sufferingsthey had to endure! The tragedy and .hone of occupation be the enemy; thefearful horrorofaerialbombingby freed and foe: the break-up of familieq by vin!tnt death and by conscripv4 ,

nfo ,

lave-labour; the pain ofslow gtar-

ation, and the triple heart-break of watching one's children starve to death; the tortures suffered in concen. tratrinn rampq; it is impossible even to imagine the suffering, on it colossal scale, endured hy- the peoples of Europe during the past five years. Be. fore the Nazi era, asingle case of deliberate torture and starvation would have been regarded as

"news": or it single case of political murder or of conscription for slave-labour. Each single act of brutality means tragedy and sadness foran individual or for family; and it is impossible to con• ceivetheeffect ofthemanv-millionfold repetition of heartbreak and horror.

Weseethenationsof Europe,which, slowlyhitapparentlysurely,havebeen groping their several ways towardsde-

mocracy,emerge fromthe conflictwith their nationalinstitutionsingravedangerofperishing. Whenmen havelived for six years under law that is no law, and when the best of them have joined illegal organisations whose objective is the regaining of freedom, is it not comprehensible that there should be some difficulty in setting up oncemore theruleofjustice andlaw? Add to this the legacy of hatred left by enemy rule; the cry of vengeance upon those who`collaborated. How narrow must be the dividing-line between sa-called"collaboration" and that amount of passive obedience which would have been dictated by common prudence! Howmany weak ones must have broken down under threatoftorturetothemselvesortheir loved ones, and through weakness rather than guilt have given away vital secrets! Thus, with malevolence,stupidityorcruelty inthesaddle, how easily could the punishment of traitors degenerate into petty perse. cutionsand the payingoffofgrudges!

The Classless Society.

And herehasbeenagreat opportunity for the propagandists of aclassless society. Obeying Lenin's slogan, "Turn the capitalist war into a civil war," they have succeeded in anumber of countries in'instigating fratri. cidal strife. With their organisation prepared for just such an occasion, in each country they have played apart in developing and assisting under• ground movements for freedom. But at the same time they have taken up arms against the representatives of legal Government of the country, in many cases using methods fiendish in their brutality.

Europe,therefore,isindangerofhaving Nazi tyranny replaced by the tyranny ofthe mob,with control later to he taken over by the organisers of mob rule. Conditions in Europe are ideal for the rte and the firm establishment of Communism. The plan being followed in each country is roughly the same, with variations to accord withnationalsentimentorcharacteristics. With only aminority of its adherents in the National Cabinet, the Partv aims to control the masses, either through the Trades Unions or throughrankandfilecommittees. The chief party official thus holds the economic life of the country in his grip, and becomes in fact adictator. The f'ommunkt Cabinet Ministers take their orders from him, and dictate to themajorityoftheCabinet. Withso. called"people's Republics" forming in anumberofcountries, and perhaps coalescing to form larger and larger units,it wouldnothesurprisingtofind the freedom for which *efought be.

coming amockery in the greater part of Europe and Asia.

Skilled propagandists are at work, too,in our own land andall the English-speaking democracies, whoseobjectiveistocapture the leadershipof the masses. Thus the main threatto the democratic nations is not military in nature, but rather it partakesof planned disintegration. When the trans port system of Perth is paralysed for aweek on end, or when the country comes almost to the verge of rain through thesuddencutting offof electricpower,mostof ussee nothingbut "justanotherlabourdispute." But

It often is more than that, for in many cases the men went on strike in defiance of their own elected leaders, the unionofficials. Ifinacertaincasethe unionleadersdidnotorderthemento go onstrike, the question mightfairly be asked,"Who did give theorders?" This unknown person must posses's more than afairshare of cunning, for most of these disturbances 6ccur in "key industries," wwhose dislocation, withtheminimumeffortuponthepart of the organisers, and with the smallest possible number of men out of work, is cleverly calculated to bring about the greatest amount of material damage. Itcannothave been amere fluke that in recent weeks 80 men, upon no pretext at all, were able by withholding.electricpower, to bold up to ruin and ridicule the economic life ofthisState,whileSydneyandsuburbs at the same time were deprived of electricitythroughadisputeinapower house. Ihave afeeling that someone behind the scenes was smiling at the success of this double rehearsal; and laughing outright at the meetings between political leaders,trade union officials, and arbitration authorities, hurriedly called together to save the landfrom disaster. Afewindividuals, in fact, held the whole community up at the point of apistol. It is easy to foresee, with alittle more experi ence in organisation, such efforts in future being completely successful and heing assisted by civil disorder and mild terrorism. Slogans or pretended objectives would he publicised, in which the public would see acertain amount of justice and consequently }would not he unanimous in opposition to the lawlessness. But the granting ofone demvtd in these cases seldom brings peace; ratheritleadstogreater demands. Thus wecould drift into a state of chronic mob-rule, or rule by the masses, while thinking that we still enjoyed thebenefitsofdemocracy, or rule by the people.

The Masses and the People.

In his broadcast last Christmas, His, Holiness the Popedrewacleardictinc.

(Continuedon Page4.)'

ZFte Catholic Answer

The Blessed Eucharist Essential to Spiritual Life of Christians.

Four Conditions Necessary for Its Validity

Comparative Literary Merits of the Gospels

How the Canon of the Scriptures was Decided

TheBlessed]Eucharist,thethirdSacramentofthesevenaccepted,usedand venerated in the Catholic Church, is the Sacramentofthe Body and -

Blood ofOurLordJesusChrist„undertheappearnceofbreadandwine.

It is not my object this evening to defend the truth of this Catholic doctrine, that has been done many times before; nor do Iintend to go into its supreme importance, except to mention that in the belief of Catholics it is as essential to the spiritual life of aChristian as is food to the physical life of the body. It is the link between all the other Sacraments. A person cannot retain thefruits ofBaptism without the Eucharist. AChristian cannot grow to adult Christian status as conferred by the Sacrament of Confirmationwithout the sustaining nourishmentof the Blessed Sacrament. Itisalsopartofthenecessaryprepara• tinn for the fruitful reception of the other three—Extreme Unction, Holy Orders and Matrimony. Iintend to touch on the Sacrament of the Blessed Eucharist from an external point of view, insofarasitisappreciable to the senses.

Therearefourconditions to he ful. filled before the Bodv and Blood of Christ become present on ouraltars in the Sacrament of the Eucharist: the right matter, the correct form,avalid. ly ordained minister, who, fourthly,

hasthe right intention. Theessential matter for the Sacrament is wheaten bread and wine of the grape. Any sort of real bread made from wheat would be sufficient for validity, and no other bread made from any other grain would do. Consequently,whether the breadbe made withyeastor withoutmakesnodifferencetovalidity,although aPriest of the Latin rite is under serious obligationto useunleavened bread, such asChristusedat His LastSupper. WeknowthatHe used breadwithoutyeast,becauseitwasthe Passover Feast when Jews used, and usetothisday,waferbreadinmemory oftheirhurried departurefrom Egypt. Catholic Priests of thevarious Eastern rites,however, are underanequalobligation to use ordinary yeast-made bread as such hasbeen their custom from the earliest centuries. Likewise thewineused mustbetrue wine, that is fermented grapejuice, plain unfermentedjuice wouldhequiteinvalid,as would, the using of wine made from any other fruit than grapes. Nine made from raisinswasusedforcenturiesbytheChristiansofEgyptafterthe Mohammedan conquest of the country onaccount of theirstudied destruction of all the vineyards of Egypt. The use ofwineisforbiddenby the Koran, and the MohammedanArabs hoped to cause the extinction of the Christian religion bymaking impossible the cele-

bration of N_&ss,. which, they very acutely realised, was the source of spiritual nourishment without which Christh.nity would eventually die out. Their plan was to agreat extent successful, since avery large proportion of the people of Egypt gradually becameMussulmen. TheChristianswho enduredforfourteen hundred years in spite of every sort of persecution, did so through their sturdy attachment to the Mass. Theyimportedraisinsfrom other countries secretly, and made their Mass wine from them. Raisin wine, if made properly, is real grape wine, and can be used validly for the confection of the Blessed Eucharist.

Whilemanv Protestantshave retainedthetraditionofusingrealbreadand winefortheir Communionservices,not afew, apparently, have, become very lax on thismatter, either for exaggerated reasons of total abstinence from alcoholicliquors orforsome othtr reason. Inoticed recently that anonCatholic minister was commended by his authorities for having used water ononeoccasion,when he hadnowine.

The third requirement for the valid preparation of'the Sacrament of the Blessed Eucharist is that the minister he validly ordained aPriest. Christ told His Apostles to continue to do what lie had'done and, consequently, only the Apostles and their rightfully constituted successors can do what Christ had done and, by His power, change bread and wine into His own Body and Blood. The Catholic Church does not claim that her Priests alone hnyc this power, as some people may think: she admits that the thousands anrd thousands of Priestsof the Schismatic Oriental Churches are, for the mostpart,validlyordained Priests; for similar solid and unprejudiced reasons she denies that the vast majority of Protestant clergymen are validly ordained in the Catholic and traditional sense of the word. This, of course, dnes not worry the majority of nonCatbolie clergymen at all,-and quite reasonablyso,.because thegreaterpart of them has no desire nor intention of being Catholic Priests. Only those who Nvould like to forget, or at least pass overwithoutscrutiny,thedevelopment of Protestantism during the last four hundred years, are hurt and offended, most illogically Ithink, when the Catholie Church refuses to consider them as"one ofus."

thepointofviewofliteraturealone?

TheApostles, for the most part, wouldseemtobemenwithlittleopportunityforstudy.

TELEPHONE:

The last requirement for the valid Sacramentof the Eucharist is thatthe yatidlyordainedPriesthastherightintention. The Priestisahumanbeing, tintablindandcoercedagent,and,con sequently, he must act as the instru• ment ofChristaccordingtohis nature, that is freely and deliberately. He must wish to do as Christ did at the Last Supper. He must intend that, through his instrumentality, Christ becomereally presenton the altartinder the appearances of bread and wine.

"A Sincere Listener,""Beaulieu," Bic. ton:

Q.: Would you tell me if the Gospel aswehaveitto-dayisadirecttranslation from the original letters, and what is their value or quality from

A.: It depends to which version of the Gospels you are referring. The Latin Vulgate,the official versionused intheCatholicChurch,isadirecttranslation from the original Greek of the New Testament writers. The English CatholicBiblesareatranslationofthis Latin edition. The Anglican authorised version wastranslated directfrom the original Greek. From aliterary point of view, the Anglican version is better thanourCatholicEnglishBible, although, not surprisingly, thbee is a good deal of similarity between the two. The English Catholicversion of the New Testament came out in Rheimsin 1582, manyyears beforethe Anglican version, authorised by King JamesI.,andthislattercontainsmany passagestakenalmosttotheletterfrom the Catholic version—the alterations relate almost entirely to the literary style. Ontheotherhand,theEnglish Catholic translators at Rheims almost certainly usedquite anumberofpassages from anearlier Protestantversion called, Ibelieve, the Bishops' Bible. Yourreference to theliteraryability of the.Apostles would seem to infer that you are really more interested in the stvle and composition of the ori• ginal Greek. Well, none of the four Gospels are exactly literary masteipieces. The order of comparative excellence is generally considered to be Luke. Matthew, Alark, with St. John bringing up the rear as amaster of Greek. Thisorderisverymuchwhat one wouldimagineifoneknewnothing of Greek, becau'eLuke was a physician and was probably the best eduented: Matthewwasacivilservantand must have been acquainted with the three"R's"atleast; ofMark'stradeor profession we knownothing,andJohn. we know,was only afisherman. The dialect which thev all used was not ver•suitedtogreatflightsofliterature either. It was the Koine, the Greek which was the lingua franca of the eivilised world, many of the finer points ofclassical Greek grammar and construction had been shorn away to makeiteasierforforeigners. Itwould he somewhatlikewhat Iimaginebasic English tobe—certainly notvery suited to works of pure literature. But then the objectof the Gospels was to be read by all and thatobjectwasachieved by its being written in-alanguage which practically everyone capableofreadingwouldunderstand. St. Paul's Epistle to the Hebrews is generallyacceptedasbeingthe'finestpiece of literature in the Greek New Testament—hutthen,St.Paul,besidesbeing agreat Apostles, was also a highly educated man and agood philosopher. Q.:Howwasthematerialcollectedand arranged to form the New TesW ment?

A.: There, weremany writingsin the early Church relating the life and teaching of Our Lord. Of all these writings the fourGospels have always held pride of place and were always read with special devotion at the Domestic Problems Solved: By bmericanBlue)'lameStoves. AtW.A.Stove Co.,Wellington-ttrest,Perth. DOW.

IsThereMoreThanOneCatholicChurch?

Man'sAgeon the Earth Not Definitely* Known

St.ThomasGives 3Reasons Why God Permits Evil

Catholics and Irishmen in-Key Jobs

gatheringsof Christians—one might almost say that theGospels chose them!elves. Of the other letters, gospel , and prophecies, the Church selected thosewhichinHerjudgmentweretruly inspired, and to these alone She gave her official approbation. The books rejected, although many of them still exist,fellintoalmostcompleteobliviin.

This, incidentally, isoneof ourarguments against the Bible being the sole rule of faith for Christians. If the bookscomprising the Bible wereselected by the Church and others reject:1, ;t would seemquite obviousthatthere i• an authority higher even than the Ifible—the Church which made Its Bible.

Q.: Would you giveme the historyof the Rosary?

A.:The Rosary,asweknowit, dates from the time of St. Dominic in the thirteenthcentury. Heusedthisform of prayer as one of his chief weapons against the Albigensian heretics in the province of Toulouse in the south of France. It consists in aseries of fifteen short meditations,thirteenon the life and death of Our Lord, with the last two concerning Our Lady. The length of these meditations is measuredby therecitationof one Our Father and ten Hail Marys. In the whole Rosarv, then, one hundred and fifty Hail Marys are recited and,for this reason,the Rosaryhasoften been called the people'spsalter,'since originally it substituted for theone hundred and •fifty Psalmsinthecase ofthoseunable to read.

Tsaid"theRosaryasweknowit,"becausestringsofbeadsorknottedcords were used from time almsot immemorial forthe numbering of prayers. Tlta famous Ladv Godiva of Coventry Jor example,leftastringofpreciousstones, on which she had been accustomed to numberherprayers, to the local shrine ofOurLady. Thiswasin theeleventh century. St.FrancisXavier,thegreat Jesuit Missionary of the sixteenth cantery, was astonished tofind the Ch' tiara of Malabar using Rosaries for their prayers. Even the Mahommedans use arosary of thirty-three or sixty-six leads to number their recitat;nn of the thirty-three names of God.

(The Mohammedans say that men know only thirty-three of the thirtyfour namesofGod. The camel alone knows the thirty-fourth. They say that thatisthe reason why be looks sosuperciliousandsuperior.) TheearlierCa. tholic Rosaries seem to have been used for numbering the recitation of Our Fathers,"Pater Nosters," because the craftsmen tchnmade these stringswere caller, in medieval England "paternosterers," and from them was named "Paterno..,terRow"inLondon.

"Fair Go," Leederville:

•Q.: Ishouldlike to know the purpose or religious significance of the halfhourly tolling of the bell of Catholic chutches on Sunday morning. The onlyreasonIcanthinkofis to summonthefaithfultoworship,butsurelydevotedCatholicsknowwhenthey should attend Blass. If thay don't, some other method seems called for, as the disturbance of non-Catholics on what should be a day of rest strikes me as beingselfish and tends to rouse extremely un-Christian feelings in our neighbourhood.

'A.:Ireally think thatyou shouldbe feeling rather un-Christian in wanting Again Pre•War Quality Roof Paint, 'ls/. gal. Copper Grates,4/. Has. gall's, 09 Wellington Street.

to stay in bed on Sunday morning. When all is said and done, Sunday is the Lord's Day, and one is only entitled to enjoy its secondary purpose, that of restingfromone'sdailyoccupations, when one has fulfilled the prime obligation, which is to worship God publicly on that day. Catholics are not all so perfect as you seem so flatteringly to imagine. Aclanging reminder that antherMass will be commencing in ahalf an hour's time is often needed to rouse them from their torporalso. However, there is noreason why youshouldnotgo and see the parish priestof Leederville; pdrhaps he mightbewillingtodisnontinuetheringing of the Sunday morningbells.

A.B.C.,Cottesloe:

Q.:InlisteningtoyoursessionInoted thatyoucontinuallyreferredtoyour Church astheCatholic Church.Ifeel that youruseofthewordCatholicis far tooloose,as,inpoint offact, the true nomenclature for your belief is RomanCatholicism. I have been brought up and believe in the doctrinesof theChurchof England, and as the English Catholic Church has no relationship whatsoever with the RomanCatholicChurch,itwouldappear that you have overlooked the fact that there aremany who listen to yoursessionwhofeelasIdo and wouldliketohearyouusethewords RomanCatholic. Yourviewswould be appreciated. A.: Our views inanut-shell are that wedenythatthereisanyotherCatholic Church than the Roman Catholic Church. It is our belief that the Catholic Church is the Roman Catholic Church and that the Roman Catholic Church is synonymouswith the CatholicChurch. Itfollowsthenthatinthe sense that both namesare the same, it is quite correct to call its the Roman Catholic Church, since the Catholic Church is also Roman, but when used, as you and many others use it, to distinguish us from other sorts of Catholics, the existence of whom we deny, we refuse to call ourselves Roman Catholics. Ofcourse,wehaveno control over the names which others may call us, but certainly if Avebelieve there to he nn other sorts of Catholics than nurseh•es, you can scarcely expect us touse aname which obviously implies the contrary.

Letter(noname,noaddress):

Q.: Ayoung Catholic woman married to aCatholicin tha Catholic Church has herhusbandinamental hospital with no hope of recovery. Would the Catholic Church grant her adispensation to get married again in theCatholicChurch?

A.: if at the time of the marriage there was nn unrevealed impediment which would have made the marriage null from the start, and if the coupla had lived togetherafteftheirmarriage, therewouldbenopossibilityofadissoIutiot. A valid consummated marria,e between Christians permits of no divorce which isrecognised by the Cntholie Church. Itis very hardon the woman, you will say. Iagree with vou, but so would itbe hard on herif herhusbandhadlostbothhislegsinan accident, but they would still be hushand and wife. The Christian conceptof marriage is that husband and wife become almost the one person— they become one flesh—so no matter how diseased oneof the members may become, it is still antemttr until it dies and is cut off.

"Bon Ami," Mount Lawley: Q.:Wouldyoukindlyinformmeofthe approximatedateofAdamcadEve's life in the Garden of Eden?

A.: No. I'm afraid I cannot. It' was probably longerago than the four thousand yearsB.C.whichwas the tra, ditional date for centuries(arrived at by adding the ages of the patriarchs given in the Old Testament, because we have no way of knowing exactly how many gaps there may be in these lists of the ancestors of King David). Ontheotherhand, thereisnoevidence to show that men have been on this world for the millions of years_postu. lated by some anthropologists. Iam open to correction, but Ithink that there have been no remains found, indisputably those of men, which canbedated with any probability more than sixor seven thousand yearsB.C. Nat. urall%', Iam notspeakingofthe age of the world nor of the immense age of some of the fossilised animal deposits which have beendiscovered. Thegeological age of the Earth, no doubt, is colossal, and there isequally no doubt that mare-

livingcreatureswereonthis earththousandsandthousandsofyears before the creation ofman.

Q.: HaveyouseenthafilmoftheHun prisoncampatrocitibs,andcouldyou give me the,or your,reason why

Our Good Lord pe.mitted such terrible torture even to little children?

A.: No, Idid notsee the film, but ihave seen many still photographs which, Ithink, gave me asufficiently clear ideaof thehorrorsperpetratedin someoftheprisoncamps.

The answer to the second part of your question implies the reply to the age-old problems of evil in the world.

The difficulty is, of course,toreconcile two certain facts—facts about which there can be nodoubt—first,the existence ofaSupreme Being,who,because Ile is good, must be.infinitely goo! and just as well as powerful, and th. second,theundoubtedexistence of evil andinjusticein thisworld. Thesetwo truths are like thetwo endsofachain passingbeneath thesea; weknow that they are the two ends of the same chain, but exactly how they are connecter!,wecannotsee. Weknow that thegoodnessand justice ofGodcan be reconciledwith theexistenceofeviland injustice,but we arenotsoclearonthe manner of their reconciliation. St. Thomas Aquinas gives three main reasons as to whyGod permits the existence of evil in the world. First, God Ili- His Providence rule'severything accordingtothenatureofeachthing. His Providence is to preserve not to destray—consequently, if He has given a creature free will, He will not usually interfere with the exercise of that free will. Second, the good of one thing often cannot be attained without evil hefalling something else as, for example, the death of an animal for food is the life of men, and the patience of one man is not exercised wihout his beingpersecutedbyanother. Inother

words, the generalgood isoftenattain• ed by permitting evils to befall some particular individuals. St. Thomas' third reason is that, by permitting hie free creatures to commit evil if they wish to, thevirtueofthegood ismots commendable in comparison, as from the foolishness of men the wisdom of Godghine'soutthe moreandthegood* nessofGodstrikesusallthemorewhen compared with the evidences of some of his rebellious creatures.

You are not satisfied with these reasons? Thinkthemover; theyaregood ones if you do not let yourself be carriedaway bymistaken sentimentality. In anycase,.theexistenceofevilisnot so great aproblem to those who believe in an after life where, according to Christian teaching, the evils of this life will be avenged and its injustices redressed.

"Listener," Harvey:

Q.:At the recent thanksgiving service heldonVE-Day,Inoticedthatthree of the churches of the district were represented,but notthe Roman Catholic Church. Surely it was the dutyofthe RomanCatholicstooffer theirthanks toGodforpeaceinEuropetogetherwiththeotherreligious bodies in the town.

A.: It depends what you mean by "together." If you mean thatit was the duty of Catholics to offer their thanks as well as the non-Catholics, I agree. Ifyou mean that they should have made these thanks at areligious ceremony•.;hich they shared with the non-Catholic sects, Idisagree. You shouldknowthatCatholicsare anxious toco-operatewith theirbrethrenofthe other churches in all civic and social matters, but that they conscientiously object to sharing their religious functions with other denominations. The abjection arises from the factthat Catholics do not consider one religion as good as another; they believe that theirs is the true Church and those of the others not true.

Twoletters have come from "Loy alty,"VictoriaPark,accusingmeofdishonesty in not reading and commenting on two paper cuttings—one aboutDr. Mannix and his favouring a"Yes" vote in the recent Referendum, the other concerning ArchbishopGriffin, of Westminster, and his excellent state• mcnt regardingthe Polishquestion. I stilldeclinetoreadlongcuttingswhich, inanycase,almosteverybodywillhave rear, already. This session isnotconceited with politics. .;sregards Dr. Gritlins statement on Poland, IfeW that he said what the majority of decent peoplewould havelikedtohave said, and, in most cases, didn't. If you think me disloyal,don't tunein to this seditious session.

(Continuedon Page4.)

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TheMasses-CapitalEnemyofTrueDemocracy

Why AgitatorsTry to Discredit Arbitration

Red Aim to Capture Unions and to Flout Leaders

Communism Met By Publicity, Vigilance and Organisation

(Continued from Front Cover.)

tion between "the people" and "the masses." "The State," he said,"does not contain in itself, and does not mechanically bring together in a given territory, ashapeless mass of individuals. It i$, and should in practice be, the organic and organising unity of areal people. The people, and a shapelessmultitude(or, as it is called, "the masses"), are two distinct concepts. Thepeoplelivesandmovesby its own energy; the masses are inert of themselves, and canonly be moved fromoutside. Thepeoplelivesbythe fulnessoflife in the menthatcompose it, each of whom—athisproper place, and in his ownway—is aperson consciousof his own responsibility andof his own views.

The masses, on the contrary, wait for the impulse from outside, an easy playthinginthehandsofanyone who exploits their instincts and impressions; ready to follow, in turn, to-day this flag,to-morrowanother.... The masses—as we have just defined them —,

are the capital enemy of true democracy, and of its ideal of liberty and equality.... Whataspectacle is that ofademocraticStatelefttothewhims of the masses: Liberty, from being a moral duty of the individual, becomes atyrannous claim to give free rein to aman's impulses andappetites to the detriment of others. Equality degenerates to amechanical level, acolour. less uniformity; the sense of true bon• our, of personal activity,of respect for tradition, of dignity—in a word, all that gives life its worth—gradually fadesaway and disappears."

It is clear, therefore, that the problems which we shall fare in the postwar world will treat largely of labour andeconomicsand thenatureofdemocratiegovernment. We have not yet solved full• the problem of assuring to theworkingmanan equitable share of the fruits of his labour. Great strides are being made, and there is little doubt that the majority of em. ployers, both public and private, are honestly resolved tosecthat thework. ers get afair deal. As a protection for the worker we have in Australia the Arbitration system, an institution whose purpose is to secure peace in the economic field: afair day's wages for the worker and afair clay'swork for the employer. For those who do notwish for peace inindustry, the Ar• bitration Courts, with their purpose of banishing the class war, have become aserious menace; and it is not by chance that much of the present-dav agitation has in view the discrediting of these institutions. It is true that the.system is not always awell-oiled machine sometimes being slow and ponderousin itsworking; andnowand then being slightly out of touch with reality. The enemies of the system, of course, make use of its faults in order to discredit it,rather than make aseriouseffort to reform and modern• ise it.

In addition to the break-up of the Arbitration system, the Communists

have amore important objective to secure in the destruction or the cap. ture of the Trade Unions. These institutions have come to play anintegral part in the national life; they fought at first for their own recognitionand to raise thestatus of thelabourer. Theirfunctionnowistowatch over theinterest ofthe workerand to represent him in amultitude of walks —includingtheArbitrationCourts.The Trade Unionshavejustified themselves athousand times over, and they are recognised by all classes as indispensable and beieficia1. They were instituted on the democratic principle, with free election of representatives and open discussion. Now, theagitators, whose tactics we are discussing, love neither democracv nor open discussion; and their plans necessarily must include certain reforms in the Trade Unions. In afew cases'im•portant unionshave been capturedby securing the election of reliable Communists to"key" executive positions.

To capture the machinery of aunion, they need nothing so old-fashioned as amajority. Theenthusiasm, industry andsubterraneanconnectionsofavery few trained propagandists usually are capable of manipulating themultitude willy-nilly, and the powerful organisa• tion of alarge union is kept inaconstant stir of agitation, resulting in strikes, stop-work meetings, defiance of political leaders and defiance of Arhitration Courts.

InthosecaseswhereCommunistshave tint succeeded in capturing the union machinery, an ther plan has tobe followed. Here secret agitation is carried on against the union leaders, and rank-and-file committees are formed whose purpose is to flout theirauthoritv. Manv instances have occurred inrecent monthswhere,upon themost ridiculous pretextsand contrary tothe orders of theirleaders, strikes inessential industrieshavecausedgraveinconvenienceorloss to thepublic. Inthe majority of cases the strikers themselves have not known who gave the orders; the latentgrumbling ordiscon• tenthasbeencapitalised and exaggerated by skilful underground propagandauntilthemovement appeared to he spontaneous. The result is the weakening of the authority of the unions, dislocation of industry or es• sential services, mvstification of the public and atendency towards chaos in the national economy; all of these tendingto promotethatanarchywhich is an essential pre-requisite to any plans'which have been laid.

The rrice of Liberty.

"The price of liberty fseternal vigilance"; and the Labour Unions, the natural bulwark of the rights of the working man, should remain vigilant lest theybeconverted unwittingly into an instrument for destroying this lib. erty. Officially,boththepoliticaland the industrial branches of the Labour \lovement refuse to recognise Communism; and in both Australia and the British isles all attempts by the Communist Party to secure affiliation with theLabourParty havefailedmis•

J. C. HAMILTON, M.P.S., PH. C. CONSULTING CHEMIST.

197 13RISBANE STREET PERTH.

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erably. More success, however, is being achieved by the unofficial method of infiltration by Communists of the Union administration. The technique is complicated, but the men are well trained; they are not able todis• close their Communist leanings, for that wouldrenderthemliabletoexpulsion from the Labour Movement. It is impossible to estimate the amount of deception and trickerywhich iscarriedonatevery turn, whetherintheir attempts to gain poweror in the propagandabymeansofwhichtheystirup strife.

The remedy against darkness is light; the remedy against secrecy is publicity; the remedy aganst subterranean intrigue is open discussion and free elections. Though the Commun• ists themselves do not come into the open in this country, their aims have been published many times, and their textbooks are open for all to read. They cannot repudiate their programme of revolution and armed overthrow of our democratic institutions. From time to time, for strategic rea• sons, they mayvary their"partyline" to suit the needs of the campaign in any particular country: as at present in U.S.A., where they recently declared that in that country they were not opposed to capitalism. In nearly every place they will deny officially their complicity in the civil disorders which are being engineered in obedience to their orders, by agitators who keep in the dark their party affilia• tions. No harm, therefore, can be done by open discussion of the aims of the Communists, for nobody should beashamedofhavingafewsuspicions.

The workersthemselvesshouldbeinstructed in thedangerswhich threaten them, and all freedom-loving sections of the people(including the Labour Party and the Liberal Partv) should be united against that which menaces their interest's. It is apity that this question is sometimes made apoliti• cal issue. Thus, to gain political advantage, the Leader of the Opposition recently moved avote of "No Confidence" in the Federal Government, on the grounds(inter ilia) thatit had done nothing to check the spread of Communism. In his reply, the Minister concerned spoke in a humorous vein about the"bogey"ofCommunism, cnBBesting that no such danger exists, and-that all w-ho think otherwise are nervous, jittery nincompoops. To me it seems incredible that the members of the Government can he ignorant of the menace of inrhistrial lawlessness, and of its cause. If alarge commun• itY is completely pnrnlysed for afew days by- awell-aimed economic blow, the real causes should lie discussed openly by all and sundry. Almost without protest, the general public accept alarge-scale disaster is if it 4vere anunavoidable"actofGod,"and some totally irrelevant and futile explanation is conked-up for public consump• tine; thus we may he told that the strikers had reason on their side because thevweretint provided with hot and cold showers.

System

questionssuch asthese; inaword,the remedy lies in the practice of true-de. mocracy.

Thethingthatwearefightingis the very antithesis of democracy; it does not love opendiscussionand free elec. tions; it does notlove awell-informed public opinion or kindly relations between individuals and classes; it does not love our Parliament, our Trades Unionsandour ArbitrationCourts.All these,therefore,shouldbeactivelysup. ported by apublic opinion which can appreciate our liberties and our national institutions forwhat they really are. Thecitizenofto-dayenjoysmore freedom and more individual importance thanatany othertime; he must be conscious of the value of the institutions which help to preserve that freedom. Our institutions, having been born of adesire for liberty, now play their part in upholding that liberty which was won only by astruggle lasting for many centuries.

(Tobecontinuednext week.)

THE CATHOLIC ANSWER

(Continued from Page 3.)

W.T. Parkin, NorthFremantle: 1st. Q.: Could you tell mehow it

is that you frighten little children

so much and make them believe that God is such aterrible Spirit?

A.: Idon'tknow how iwedo it: I didn'tevenknowthatwedidit. Who's "You," anyhow? Iam not conscious of havingmade little children consider God aterrible Spirit. For every in. dividual in the Catholic Church I'm afraid that Icannot answer.

2nd. Q.: Ihave workedwithCatholics inmanyplaces,andwhilst theywill take the name of the!Lord in vain veryoften,yetif anyone speaks dis. respectfully about the Popethey fly intoaviolentrage.

A.: Whilst in no way defending the taking the name of the Lord in vain by anyone at any time,onemustnev ertheless admire these Catholics for their innate sense of good theology. Thev have instinctively appreciated thedistinction,whichapparentlyhases• caped you, between something said carelessly and without malice and intentional disrespect.

3rd. Q.:Anoldquestionisrevivedconcerning the all Catholic staff of the Fruit Market Trust,and the allegation thatmanyUnionSecretariesare IrLhandwhy?

A.: What silly questions! Are you implying that aCatholic would be incapable of holdingdown these onerous iobs unless there were apower behind him tokeep him there? Ican assure you that, with the possible exception oftheappletreeoftheGardenofEden, theCatholicChurchisnolongervitally interestedin fruit nor in itsmarketing.

Lawlessness cannot he quelled by speerhes in Parliament. Wh a

e• quired is afirm and urgent conviction, throughout the Labour Moveanent. thatthe freedom of the workers is being endangered. An anti-Comrrnmist organisation should be set up, working by methods similar to those of theCommunists,and aunited effort should be madetoremove alltracesof the infection. The difficulty is that the average man cannot believe that the industrial disorders are organised bysuch means; itdoesnotrequireany intellectual effort toput themdown to chance and to sporadic discontent. In these days to he labelled"anti-Communist" means something like the notorietyofacrank;menareashamed to show their convictions, and the fas• pion is to"pooh-pooh" anvthing sug Besting alarmism. The remedy, therefore, lies in a well-informed public opinion andthe freediscussionofvital

ti s r

As regards Trishmen and their descendantsbeingprominent in the Lab, ourParty: itisonly their right. One of the chief reasons for the advanced stage of social and industrial legisla• tion in this country is that Australia was theAfecca ofsocial reformers who were not wanted and expelled from EnglandandITreland,.especiallyIreland, during the second halfof the last cen tury. Idonotknowwhetheryou are nsvmpathiser of Labour Partv policy and idealsornot,butit does notmat• ter,because youcan scarcely haveanv objection to Irish people and those or Trish descent taking aprominent part inLabouraffairssincethey,more than anv other national group, wereresponsihle for the establishment of the Aug. tralian Labour Partv in thefirstplace. PersonallyIthinkthatitisapitvthat Catholics have not even agreatercontrol over this party. Thev might be abletosaveitfromthethreateneddis. asterofcontrolbyCommunists, Flue Pipe for Stoves Bath Heaters. Stocks of Paints, Varnish. Calcomina, Hassell's Stores, Perth,.. 136107.

iseriminations

POT POURRI

SELECTEDBYSIRIUS-

ON MUSIC IN.RESTAURANTS'

"I have already remarked, with all _ the restraint that I could command, that of all modern phenomena, the mostmonstrousandominous,themost manifestly totting with disease, the, most grimly prophetic of destruction, the most clearly and unmistakably inspiredbyevilspirits,themostinstantly and awfully overshadowed by the wrathofheaven,themostneartomadness and moral chaos, themost vivid with devilry and despair, is the practice of having to listen to loud music whileeatingamealinarestaurant. It hasinit thatsortofdistractionwhich Isworsethandissipation. For,though wetalklightlyofdoing thisorthat to distract the mind, it remains really as well as verbally true that to be distractedistobedistraught.Theoriginal Latin word does not mean relaxation; itmeansbeingtornasunderasbywild horses. TheorginalGreekword,which corresponds to it,is used in the text which says that Judas burst asunder in the midst. To think of one thing atatime is the best sortof thinking; but it is possible, inasense, to think of two things at atime, if one of them is really:subconscious and therefore really subordinate. But to deal withasecond thingwhichby itsvery naturethrustsitselfmoreandmoreaggressively in front of thefirst thing is to find the very crux of psychological crucifixion. Ihave generally found that the refined English persons who think it idolatrous to contemplate a religious image, turnupnexttime full ofdelightfuladmirationof'someTogior or Esoteric Hindu who only contemplates his big toe. But at least he contemplates something and does not havetohavetenthousanddrumstoencourage him todoit. He isso far a real philosopher, in spite of his philosophy. Hedoesnottry todo two incompatible things atonce.

"Some social gestures have been found compatible with social intercourse by that very practical psychologywhichisasoldastheworld.Drinkingisahelptotalking; eatingmaybe indulged in with due moderation and proportion; smoking is also a subconscious and therefore soothing pleasure. But talking to people who are listening tosomethingelsewhichisnot the talk is asortof complexor nexus of futility. To listen toaloud noise which is noisy enough to make speech inaudible, and not noisy enough to make silence conventional, is astrangling cross-purposes of contradiction. Also, as Ihaveoftenpointedout,it is rude toeverybodyconcerntd. Itisas if Iwent to hear PaderewsM or Kreisler,at aconcert,and started to spread out an elegant supper in front of me, with oystersand pigeon-pie andchampagne, coffee and liqueurs. Oneisan insulttothecookand theother tothe musician; butboth would he an insult to acompanion who had come under the impression that he w-as to enjoy himself under normal and traditional conditions; ofattentionduringthelperfortnance of aconcert, or conversation duringtheprogressofadinner. Sometimes it

guest isactually described as beinginvitedto'aquietdinner: Itis rather it

quaint phrase when one considers it; as implying+hat the dinner itself could be noisy, that the soup would roar like the yea, or theasparagus become talkative, or the muttonchop shrjek aloud like the mandrake. ,

But itdoesbearwitnesstothe normal conception of comfort: that a quiet dinnermeansaquiettalk. Why,then, shouldtwopeoplewalkintothemiddle of an enormous noisein ordertohave aquiet talk?"—G.K.Chesterton.

MORE VERSE BY BELLOO.

Oneof the main themes activating much of Hilaire Bellocsthought has beenadeeploveoflifeontheland.In the last six lines of the sonnet below

appearing to the ignorant as unpatriotic or pro-Fascist or what have you, I must register mystrongdislikeofhavingtoendure any furtherCelluloidtabloidsof the horrorsof war,and in particular that brand which devote'sitself to awearying repetition of the wellknown habits of the Gestapo. One mightaswell resignoneselftowatching alongseriesofmotoraccidents,ortake atour through the casualty ward of a publichospital.

Iwent to"SeventhCross" because 1 knewthatTraceyrwasinit. Icherished ahope that this very fine actor wouldliftthestoryoutofthedoldrums. Iwas wrong. Instead, Isaw Tracey inthedoldrums,caughtinthedraftas .thesayingis,'detailedtodoajobofunrelievedpropaganda,withthecoldcomfort emerging that he would probably make the best"hunted man" of the Gestapo cycle. And withinthelimits of the story he didhisbest toennoble the role of George Heisler. He tried tohesomethingmorethanjustahunted man,butthedicewereheavilyloaded against him. From the time-that ifeisler makes his escape from aconcentration camp in company with six otherinterneesuntilthemomentwesee him safely aboard avessel that will bear him finally out of the clutches of his pursuers, that is to say from the.

HILAIRE BELLOC.

we seehim stressingtheennobling and enduring virtues of the vocation of a Catholic peasantry among the vocations of theworld. The second song, "Ha 'nacker\till;' is asimple lament for the depopulation of the English countryside:

"When you to Acheron's ugly water come, Wheredarknessisandformlessmourn. ersbrood, And downthe shelvesof thatdistastefulflood Surveythehumanrankinorderdumb. Whenthepaledeadgoforward,tortured more

By nothingness and longing than by fire, Which bear their hands in suppliance with desire, With stretched desire for the ulterior shore.

Thengobeforethemlikearoyalghost, And tread likeEgyptor like Carthage crowned; BecauseinyourMortalitythemost Ofall wemayinherithasbeenfound— Children for memory: the Faith for pride, Goodland toleave: and young Love satisfied.

HA'NACKERMILL.

Sadly isgonethatwassokindly, SallyisgonefromIIa'nackerHill. And the briar grows ever since then soblindly And ever since then the clapper is still, And the sweeps have fallen from Iia'nackerMill.

Iia' nacker Hillis in Desolation: Ruin a-top and afield unploughed. And spirits thatcall afallen nation, spirits that loved her calling aloud; Spirits abroad in awindy cloud. Cpirits that callandnoone angw•ers; ila' nacker'sdown and England's clone.

WindandThistleforpipe anddancers, And never aploughman under the Sun. N.ever aploughman. Neveraone. —H. Belloc. T

"SEVENTH CROSS."

Tracey'sGeniusWasted.

When one thinks of only afew of the great imperishable stories of the worldinthedramatisationofwhichthe genius of Spencer Tracey could have been sogainfully employed, one weeps inwardly to see him so poorly used as he isin"SeventhCross,"amediocre tale of the Gestapo, now screening at the Metro. Tosay that the public is nowheartilyfedupwithsittingthrough variationsofatheme which is aswell worn as Lamb's trouser-seat is to put it verymildlyindeed.• At the risk of

beginningofthefilmuntiltheend,heis scarcelyeveranythingmorethanabe. wildered, frightened and embittered man. Tracey portrays this emotional complex with deliberate and well-sustainedartistry; butthewholeissouninspiring as to leave one with the thought that the transcendent ability of Hollywood'spremier actorhasbeen recklesslysquandered inafilmoflittle merit.

Signe Hasso, who plays opposite Traceyas thegirl hefalls inlovewith atfirstsightand overnight,hasaslender part in the story and can be dismissed with apat on the back for a small jobwell done. Hume Cronyn andJessicaTandy, as Pauland Liessel Roeder,aremuchmorememorable,and 'both give interesting and convincing performances, the former revealing a penchant for comedy and the latter a sensibilityattuned to tragedy. There are several other minor characterisationswhich are very truetotype.

"SeventhCross" is notrecommended as afilm to put your money on,;-and after seeing Tracey as a propaganda stooge one awaits with aslight feeling of trepedation his next'appearance in Perth,which willbeverysoon, asColonel Doolittlein"Thirty SecondsOver Tokio."

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Fisherman's Riog Connects Pius XII With Peter of Galilee

Other Famous Centres of the Rome Alone Remains With Undying Christian Splendour

Inspiring Sermon on Feast-Day of Holy Father —

The FeastDayofHisHoliness Pope Pius XII. urea celebrated throughouttheArchdioceseonSundaylast. IntheCathedralSolemnHighMass,at whichHisGracetheArchbishoppresided, was celebrated at 11 am. Very Rev. L. J, Goody, D.D., D.Ph.i RectorofSt.Charles'Seminary,preachedthe occasional sermon.

"Andthe Lordsaid: Simon,Simon,behold Satan hath desired to have youthathemaysiftyouaswheat: but Ihave prayed for thee that thy faith fail not; and thou being once converted, confirm thy brethren."(Luc. XXII.,31-32.)

lly dearpeople, each year when the feast of the.Holy Apostles, Peter and Paul returns, especially whenthe occasion is given to speak publicly of this solemnity, my thoughtsinescapably go back to the immense church in Rome built in honour of the Prince of the Apostles and surmounting his tomb. The red andgold damask hangingsare in place; forty thousand people of almost every nationality are waiting expectantly. Suddenly the ring of the silvertrumpetsimposesstillnesson the murmuringthrong,theSuccessorofSt.

Peteris borne in on the Gestatorial Chairhighabovetheheads ofthepeople,and themostimpressiveprocession on earth moves slowly towards the Confession, the tomb of St. Peter still coverednvith the gold of the Emperor Constantineandsurrouded withahundred glimmering oil lamps. The procession stops and the Holy Father descends and kneels before the shrine of Rome'sfirst Bishop. The Fisherman's ring which he wears connects him through the long line of his predeces. -I-ors to the fishermanofGalilee. The lineis variedandillustrious; pastPius X.of recentand saintly memory, Leo XiII., thepioneerofmodernsocialand industrial reform; through Innocent ill. of the glorious Middle Ages, and 'Gregory VII., whovindicated theindependence of the Church from secular control: lack through the great missionary Popes ofthe past, Gregory the Great, who returned Christianitv to -Englanrl by Augustine and his Benedictine brethren,Celestine L. who sent first Palladius and then the Great Patrick to Ireland: back through the immortal bishopsofRomeof the General Councils,who saved,as Christhadpremised, the true faith for the Church against the heresies which threatened tooverwhelmher—LeoandAgathoand Svlvester' The thirtv odd Popes of the first three centuries, martvrs all, werethe fisherman'sringandworthily exercised the Papal prerogatives which they had received from their founder intheRomanSee,Simon Peter.

If the present Holy Father, kneeling beforePeter'stomb,weretolookbefore him he would see the great bronze chair, symltol of the Roman primacy, sustained by the doctors of East and West—AmbroseandAugustinefor the West, and Athanasiusand Chryostom fortheOrientalChurch. Onbothsides

of him in letters of gold mosaic he would see Christ's injunction to feed the lambs and the sheep of his flock, significantly expressed in both Latin and Greek as asignthat the Foldwa's toexcludenonationalityandthelambs ofall peoplesweretobehiscare.Soaringabovehim,afitcanopytoPeterand hissuccessor,themasterpieceofMichael Angelo,the domeofSt. Peter's, crowningallwiththeunfailingandunfailable promise of Jesus Christ: "Thou art Peter,anduponthis RockIshallbuild \Iy Church."

As the Eternal Father had sent Christ, so also did He send His Apostles to teach the Gospel to everycreature. Ilesent themwithHiscommission and with His authority to preach to all nations and to baptise them in thenameoftheBlessedTrinity.:and setting out they went from city to city and from country to country founding flourishing communities of Christians, who surprised the pagan world with the spectacle of how they loved one another. The congregation ofJerusalem was followedbyothersat Antioch and Ephesus and Rome, Corinth and Phillipi, at Thessalonica, Colossiand inGalatia—thegloriousnames of which places are perpetuated inthe New Testament in the Letters of St. Paul andtheotherApostles. Someof these names cannotevenbe found on modern maps. Some of these once flourishing citiesare reduced toamiserablehuddle ofsqualid hutssurround. ed by ruined palaces and broken columns,mutetestimonialofformergreatness. Someofthemhavebeenrebuilt and become the metropoli of the heathen and unbeliever, and some of the most ancient Christian temples in the world are now dedicated to the worship of false gods or their venbrable wallsecho the sensual promises of Mohammed. Only Rome remains with her undyingChristiansplendour. Ceasingto be theimperialCityshebecame the eternal City of Christ's Vicar on Earth. Conqueredandsackedadozen times,sheconvertedherconquerorsand went forward with the task of converting the world. Ruined andburned and thrown down, she arose as the Phoenix from theflamesand reinvigorated by her chastisement gave the lie to thosewho thoughtthey had encompassed her ruin. Romestill flourishes and remains the undying source of Apostolicity, ofApostolic Faith and of Apostoliccontinuity.

Certainly the Apostolicity of the ChurchofChristdoesnotdependwhol• Iv and entirelyon St. Peter. Andrew, James, John, Thomas and Bartholomew andtheotherswererealand true

'Phone B3517. 'Phone B2517. ALL

Faith Lie in the Dust

:Apostles in every sense of the word, but itwouldseem thatChristhaswished to prove by the long synthesis of Ilistory, too, that the ultimate human foundations of His Church are those which lie Himself established upon Simonthesonof'Jona,whom Hecalled Peterthe Rock. Itwas to Peterthat Our Lord addressed the words which 1pronounced at the beginning of this discourse. lie saw the human weaknessesexistentinallof Histwelve specially selected friends. He foresaw chatthey wouldfleeatthefirstsignof danger; He forewarned Peter that he, too, would offend evenworse than the rest,denyingHim interrorat thefirst supiciousrenquiry of akitchen maid; but still He promised that when Peter had overcome and repentedof hisfailure, through the strength-giving grace of the HolySpirit, itwouldbe hewho wouldconsolidateandconfirmtheway ering faith of his brother Apostles. "Simon, Simon, behold Satan hath desired to haveyouthathe maysiftyou as wheat; but Ihave prayed for thee thatthy faith fail not:and thou being once converted, confirm thybrethren." This confirmation and this consolation have goneonwithoutend through the centuries. Through schism, heresy and conquest by the infidel great sections of the universal Church have at differenttimesfallenaway fromthe centreoffaithandunity,butthelosses have been made good. The Eastern Churches in the eleventh and twelfth centuries hastened their own ruin by secessionfrom Rome,butwithinashort time the conversion of northern and north-eastern Europe brought new in. crementtothe FoldofPeter. Thedis. astrousheresiesofthesixteenthcentury tore great rents in the seamless Robe of Christ, but almost in thesame century thelossesweremade goodbythe gathering of the peoples of the New World to be numbered amongst the Flock fedandprotected by Peter.Dur• ing all thistimethedependence of the Universal Church upon the See of Peterwasbecomingmoreandmoreemphasised. Ancient churches founded by some of the Apostles themselves have come to naught,but progresshas been made always through the energy and the initiative of Peter's successor. Ephesus, the place where St.John, the beloved Disciple,spentso many ofthe years of his life,and famous, first, for its magnificent temple to the pagan godess Diana, and then later for the vigour of its Christian life, nourished by the care and solicitude of St. Paul, has but grass grown walls and broken stumps of column" to mark the place of some of the greatest of the early Christian Basilicas, and the frogs alone are left to croak the praises of Diana by the hlue waters of the Aegean Sea. RoutetookupthebrandwhichEphesus reGnquishcd: Rome carried it to the New World—where inChicago, Boston, and New fork therearemoreCatholics than thereeverwere inan•cityofthe ancient world.

Antioch, second city of the Roman Empire, and the most beautiful city of the East. The plarewhere the followers of Christ were first called Chris. tians. The,place whereSt. Peterfirst set up his See before transferring it to Rome. Antioch was torn by heresy afterheresy^ shatteredheearthquake; ruined by the floodingofherneglected watet:wayst conquered and beaten flat by the Arab horde, until to-davbut a few miserahle villagers, entirely ignorant of the Message of Christ, live squalidly by the hanks of the Orontes amidst the ruinsof whatonce was the splendotr of the East. Antioch let the light of the Gospel fall into her malarial raddled swamps, but Rome snatched itup: Rome,by the handsof her missionaries, transferred it to the Spanish and Portuguese Americas to Rio, Valparaiso, and Buenos Aires, where the heathen,sittingin darkness, was delighted by the Light of Christ which othershad rejected.

Alexandria, the second Patriarchate oftheChristianEastandthewealthiest cityofthe Roman world. The Seeof

Athanasius, great defender of the div. inity of Christand the primacy ofthe RomanChurch; theAlexandria of St. Cyril, thechampionofOur Lord'strue humanity and the personal friend of Pope Celestine I., who had also sent Patrick to Ireland. Alexandria, once again weakened by heresy and dissension, became aneasy prey to the conquering Arab Moslems. The symbols of Alexandria's greatness—the great Pharosorlighthouse,oneoftheseven wonders of the ancientworld,and her Library, containing the distilled wisdom of athousand years, were both ruined by the barbarous invader—the first thrown down in the childish expectationoftreasureburiedbeneathit; thesecond burnedtotheground, since it contained writings contrary% to the Koran; and theeclipse of hermaterial greatnesssaw the passingofher Christian heritage also. Alexandria failed but the teaching which she had so strenuouslyhelpedtovindicatewascarriedonby Rome,andthroughhermissionaries, eager for the propagation of the Faith, spread it to India, China, Australia, and the island's.of the Pacific by the work ofsuch men as St. Francis Xavier and Blessed Peter Chanel. EgyptwaslosttotheRoman faith, but millions of orientals were clamouring to enter the fold of Peter, with only the lack of missionaries a checkon theirnumbers.

One last illustration. North Africa, the Africa Proconsularis and granary of ancient Rome; adistrict as fertile in Christian greatness as it was in its agriculture. The NorthAfrica ofTertullian,ofSt.CyprianofCarthage,and of St. Augustine of Hippo—one of the three wisest men the world has ever known.'Manyofoursoldiershave seen how thiscountry is now but aruin and a sun-bleached skeleton of its former self. Heresy again was the harbinger of material disaster. The Visigoths and the Vandals, invited to takepartintheinternecinestrugglesof theinhabitants,begantheruinandthe Arabs once again completed it; it was butlefttotheSaharatocoverwith its slowly drifting sands the last remains of agreat Christian civilisation. But theteachingofTertullian and of St. Cyprianand thegreatnessofAugustine have not been forgotten; they are livingstill in the dark-skinned peoples of the Niger and theCongo,livingstill in the faith ofChristtaught to these people by the modern missionaries of Ancient Rome, afaith which is still so vihtantwithlifeandrigourthatjustas it gave courage to the martvrs of the first centuries, so also it inspired with asimilarsteadfastness thehundreds of martyrs of modern Uganda, who have been raised officially to the dignity of Saints by asolemn decre of Canonisation.

O, nnv dear Catholic people, let its size thisopportunityofthankingGod for the sublimity to which Ile raised HisApostle Peter,andtoaskmost fer. vently that Ile bless his latest successor, our most Holy Father Pope Pius XII. The ageshave shown that with Peter thereisstabilitvandunchanging faith: by the grace of God may it be theIptofmanyotherstoentertheCom. munion oftheFishermanofRome,llis net is copious, his ship is seaworthy, andhisfirstare ofntanvkinds,butall will find with him thatsecurityofconfirmed faith which Christ Himself promisedwouldbeinthegiftofHisVicar upon Earth:"Simon, Simon, I have prayedfor thee thatthvfaith fail not: andthoubeingonceconverted,confirm the brethren."

WANTED TO BUY: Stoves, Wood, Gas;PlainandOldRootIron,Ooppers, Heaters.Best Prices. RingBUM.

FLIGHT OFFICER W. J. FULLER, OF NEDLANDS, who resignedoffice of Executive Council TreasureroftheIrish NationalFor esters, and joined the R.A.A.F. His wife has received aletter which indicates that he may be expected to ar• rive in Australia any time now.

The Societyhasjustreceivedacommunication fromhim,inreplyto aletter of congratulation on his Commission beingconfirmed, sayingheiswell, and had completed all operational flights beforeV.E.-Day. He expected to seeall members at any time, as a transfer was very likely at an early date. Ilehadspentconsiderable time flying over Europe, but had only been on land thereforafew hours. He and the crewofwhichhehadbeen amem. ber had come through all flights safeIv. He was looking forward to the time when, please God, the world would return towaysofpeace. Flight Officer Fuller is ason of Mr. W. J. Fuller, of East Fremantle, District Chief Ranger and E:C. Trustee of the I.N.F.

rARINACCI, ENEMY OF THE CHURCH,DIED ACATHOLIC.

Roberto Farinacci, the Italian Fasekt leader and elf-confessed enemy of the Church in Italy, died aCatholic.

1broadcast by the Partisan-controlI'd Milan radio recently said: "We learn from the special service of'Popolo' that the'Fiume Adda' Brigade at,;t c

d IIoIwrIt, I'arivaccd in the German car at Rovagnate.

"Taken t•.\'imercate, he wassubmit. ted toasummary trial in the presence of the families of the young patriots whom he had shot at Arcore. After the(Leath sentence was passed he received the sacraments. Farinacci was executed on the square of the municipality of Vintercate, in the presenceof thewholepopulation." R.I.P.

NOMOREWOODCUTTING!Ameri. can Perfection Stoves; ideal for coup. try and beach. At Hassell' s. B6307.

„Qcum

tk Kt1ia1111arm

amil t6t, THE LATE MR.S.S. MARSH.

OnWednesday,June6,1945,atPerth Hospital,there passedtohiseternalreward,after alongillness,SamuelStephenmarsh,devotedhusbandofMrs.Ida Mary Marsh, of 40 Sunbury-road, VictoriaPark,lovingfatherofEileen(Mrs. Leo Malone) and Kathleen, esteemed father-in-law of LeoMalone(R.A.A.F.), and devoted grandfather ofbaby Dennis Malone.

The late Mr. Marsh was areturned soldier of the last war, having served intheA.I.F.withtheTunnelersforthe greaterpartof thewaruntilthe'Armistice. giginally hailing from York, South Australia, Mr. Marsh came to W.A. in 1903, his early days in this Statehavingbeen'spentontheEastern Goldfields, chiefly in the Kookynie'district. Afterhisreturnfromthewarhe settled down in the metropolitan area. During recent times he was employed in the hotel trade and for some time pastuntilhislastillness,whichresulted inhisdeath,he wasanesteemedmemberof the staffof the Broken Hill hotel,Victoria Park.

Thefuneral tookplaceat Karrakatta on Thursday,,Tune i. Requiem Mass havingbeenofferedforthereposeofhis soul at St. Joachim's Church, Victoria Park, by Rev. Father II. Kearin, P.P., the cortege then left the church for the cemeterv. The burial service at the graveside was attended by alarge numberof friends of the deceased gentleman and his bereavedfamily.

The pall-bearers were: Messrs. H. Sampson, \V, Reeves, J. Malone, sent., G.livatt,D. O'Brien, andGreen.

Amongst those present were: Rev. Father O'Connor; Messrs. C. M. Bartlett, J. Green, A. -

Zones, J. Preston, J. Fitzgerald, B. Maihlis and D. Marsh; Mesdames J. Fleming,J. Fitzpatrick,J. Malone, Kelly, McGuire, Ilarford and Carroll.

The bereaved family desire to offer thanks for floral trilnrtesto thefollowing: Mr. and Mrs, J. Fitzgerald and family; Mrs. FitzgeraN. senr,: Mr. D. Marsh and Mrs. R. Gvmcr; Mr. and Mrs. J. Malone and family; Mr, and Mrs, F. Kelly; Mrs. Wiltshire and Mrs. Thomas; Mr. and \frs. P. Crisp: Mr. and Miss Lander: \Irs. P. Ifearn; Mr. andMrs.D.Blight;Mr.ancdMrs.P.Job and family:\Irs. farthv; Mrs. Paltridge and Mr. S. Pnitrid,zc;junr.;\Irs. D. O'Brien and family; Mrs. E. Rogers and family: Messrs. Reeves and Son and Staff: theStaffofthe Broken•Ifill hotel, and the Staff of Station 6IS. For the many telegrams, carols and messages of condolence received from friends, associates and representatives of the various parishsodalities and societies, of which the family are members, sincere thanks are offered by them. May,

hissoulrestinpeace.

34CATHOLICCANDIDATES.

So far, 31 Catholics areknown tobe standing as candidates in the general elections, the majorityof them Censervativ&. They include 19 M's.P., who oreseeking re-election. Of those stand. trigforthefirsttime,vx—includingMr. Christopher Hollis and Mr. Richard O'Sullivan, K.C.—are Conservatives: six, including the Hon. Frank Pakenham, who helped to bring out the Beveridge Report—are Labour; three Liberals; andone Democratic Party. Three existing Catholic M'S.P, are retiring —Lord Colum CrichtonStuart, and the two Labour veterans, Mes?;rs. W.A.RobinsonandJ.J.Tinker.

CENTRAL CATHOLIC LIBRARY- 36PIER(STREET,PERTH LECTURE.

On Friday, July 6, Dr. Gelle will speak in the Library, at S p.m., on "France and De Gaulle."

SCHOOL REQUISITES.

Exercise books, 6d.; drawing books, 6d.; transcription books, 3d.; copy books, 3d.; pencils, Id.; pen holders, Id.; erasers, Id.; ink, 4d. per bottle; compasses, 9d. each; Reeve's Greyhound Pastels, Is.apacket; plasticene, id.apacket; TheModernSchoolAtlas, 3s.; Oxford Readers, book 1, is 1 book 2, 2s ld; book 3, 2sSd; Temple Literary Readers,books1and2,2sld; book3,2s 4d; W.A. Readers, book 4, 2s.; books 5and6,2s2d.

IN THE LIBRARY.

The)Caravan Passes,by Eileen Finlay,anewAustraliannovelofthesaga

type. Ittellsthestoryoftheriseand fall and rise again of aGippsland cattle station, with life-likepicturesofthe lifeofthe familythatownit.

OutoftheDawn. By F.J.Thwaites. MurderintheVillage. ByT.Arthur Plummer. Work for the Hangman. By Bruce Graeme.

Sunday: JULY:

2nd—LEAROYD

and TOODYAY: One Day of Exposition.

3rd—BUSSELTON: One Dayof Exposition.

4th—MOSMAN PARS: One Day of Exposition.

Sir,—In an interview which General Slim gave to the press in'Burma had this to say:"Other armies say they fighttothelastman,buttheJapanese do"

So with certain Australians in a more prosaic cireumsatnces when they say:"One Australian with a blunt knife make more impression in atree than these W.O.W.) men withasharp axe:" And another,"These(P.O.W.) are slow in anything theydo, and one good:Australianbushmanisworththree of them." Expressionslike these conceal an antipathy and contempt for the Italians generally, and naturally with"these men".ve feel identified. The facts are that the Italians, called fromthegoldfields and farms,were organisedinlabourcorpsthreeyearsago, and up to date, Willy-willy, they have supplied firewood to the metropolitan areaandsomeofthepumpingstations.

Moreover,when,inJune,1940,theGovernment, in order to appease public opinion,interned wholesale theItalians on the goldfields, the mines could not keepgoingforlackoffirewoodcutters, andalthough theywereinternedunder the National Security Regulations, the StateGovernmenthadtomake representations to the Federal Government for the release of all former cutters for the Kalgoorlie woodline.

Somuch, then, for national security.

Imade, nearly ayearago,somesuggestionstotheman-powerauthoritiesin regard ROW, Isuggested,interalia, that P.O.W. on wood cutting be paid current per ton rates,and to put the money, after expensesare defrayed, of course,intrustforthemandtoletthis trustbeadministered,forpsychological reasons,bytheApostolicDelegate.The reply was that international conventionspreclude implementing these suggestions.

Iwrotesomeletterstoth"WestAustralian,"but they neversaw the light. On June26 oflast yearIsent the followingtothesamepaper:

"Hitherto theproblem ofthe Italian P.O.W. hasbeen discussed purelyfrom autilitarian point of view, convenient-

ly avoiding the moral issue involved. Suggestions that P.O.W, on wood cuttingbe paid full current per ton rates have also been rejected as conflicting with international conventions. The attitude of the PYA, and kindred or. ganisations to the£2per week is that of the boss indenturing an apprentice. He is good for five years; suddenly after that he becomes inefficient and good for nothing. Nevertheless some sensibleapprisalofthePJO.W,situation as"abird of passage" has come even from that quarter, in so far as it isastainonhuman nature toexpecta P.O.W. to earn money which he himselfdoesnotreceive.

And yet we also learn that, taking every possible human factor into con. sideration, this labour force has been put to good account here, in England, and other parts of the British Empire, notexcluding,ofcourse,theU.S.A.

But to dissert awhile on the high planeofinternationallawandinorder, therefore, to bring home the moral issue referred to at the beginning, I would like to quote an excerpt from General Eisenhower'sofficial proclamation broadcasttotheItalian peopleon July 29, 1943.. . "And provided all BritishandAlliedprisonersnowinyour handsarerestoredsafelytousandnot taken away toGermany, the hundreds of thousands of Italian prisoners capturedinTunisia and Sicily will return tothecountlessItalianhomeswholong forthem."

The Italian people have carried out the terms of this official proclamation to the best of their possibilities under the heel of the Nazi invaders. Notwithstanding, the Italian P.O.W. are still considered as the"res nullius" to be disposed of at will. However, the question will not be discussed here of their immediate repatriation; this will takeplacewhenconditionspermit;but whatis indefensible isthecondition of these ex-P.O.W., who are considered not onlyprisoners, butnecessarywork. ers without rights.—Yours, etc., D.G.

The Colonial Mutual Fire Insurance COMPANY LIMITED.

FOR ALL CLASSES OF INSURANCE, INCLUDING FIRE, HOUSEOWNER, and HOUSEHOLDER'S COMPREHBNSIVi BURGLARY, PLATE GLASS. MOTOR VEHICLE, CROPS, FIDELITY, GUARAN. TER. WORKMEN'SCOMPENSATION,THIRD PARTY. NO. 33 BARRACK STREET, PERTH. W. L. CARTER., Manager.

METROPOLITAN BUSINESS COLLEGE SUCCESSES

Catholic

1 d11:'Jli%f1•llIIll Girls' c.c M MOVEMENT

Headquarters and Club Rooms: Bank of N.S.W. Chambers, 65 St. George's Terrace (near Sherwood Court), Rooms 7.10, First Floor.

TELEPHONE: B4836.

CALENDAR OF Aorlty MEA.

MONDAY:

Shorthand: 5,15 p.m.

TUESDAY:

Physical Culture: 6.45 p.m:-7.45 pm.

Dressmaking: 5,30 pm.

Orchestra: 8p.m.

WEDNESDAY: Shorthand: 5,15 p.m.

Arts and Crafts: 8p.m.

THURSDAY: MASS: 8a.m.

EXPOSITION all day.

BENEDICTION: 5.15pm.

Choir: 8p.m.

SATURDAY:

KalamundaBusy Bee: 1.15bus. Tennis at Robertson Park: 2p.m. Basketball.

SUNDAY: TenisatRobertsonPark:2p.sa.

DANCINGCLASSES.

These classes are progressing very nicely and all members intending to take the next course must notify the Office and havetheirnamesplaced on thelist. TheclassesareheldatHigh. gate Parish Hall every Thursday fortnight at8o'clock, inconjunctionwith the Y.C.W:(Boys'Movement), andadmission can onlybe gainedby producing acard which is procurable at the office on commencementof thecourse.

CANTEEN.

Phyllis Dean Hostel—C.G.M.: July 18; -August 12.

L.B:4.: July27.

Members are reminded that Canteen begins at 7p.m.week-days and2p.m. Sunday's.

BRAILLESOCIALS.

The next social will be held onJuly 25, at the Rechabite Hall at 8 p.m. These socials arerunonceamonthby theC!G.M.,andanygirlwhowouldlike toassistinthisworkisaskedtonotify theOffice.

DRESSMAKING.

The presnt course is in full swing, and any members desiringto takethe next one is asked to notify the office and have their names placed on the waiting list, and they will be notified of the date of the new course.

Choir:

DONTTRUSTTO LUCK—BE SURE.

Theonlyfive studentsin W.A. who passedtheShorthand(1unit)Theory and Speed Test in the lastJuniorExamination. Full Business Course,124, Payable10s.weekly, Six Months,£14. ThreeMonths,£7lbs. Term Starts with First Lesson. Personal Individual Instruction.

METROPOLITAN BUSINESS COLLEGE

HUGH V. EVANS, F.C.T.S., F.F.T.Com., Principal. NextMETROTHEATRE (Upstairs), WILLIAM

ARTSSECTION.

ChoirrehearsalsrecommenceonWednesday,July4.Don'tforgetthechange of night,because wehave shiftedchoir from Thursday to\Wednesay to fit in with those girls who attend night school. Wehavehadalongbreaknow and you should all be ready to start on new concert numbers. Domakea point right from the jump this time of 1leing regular in attendance; it means alot lessrush work at theend. Just remember when arranging your programme for the week that Wednesday nights are always booked.

Orchestra:

Orchestra rehearsals started last Tuesday, July 3. We hear you are a very reliable group,':okeep up the good reputation and let us hear more work like"Waltzofthe Flowers" and "Concerto forTwo."

Marian (Arts Guild:

Just one more point for this week. The next Marian Arts meeting will be on the third Friday,July 20. Father Purcell is going to give alanternslide lecture on the Holy Land,so keep the night free. McNess ]call will be our meeting place, of8p.m. Bring your parentsand friends.

BIITINO CHANCES.

Some people will never have a chance to save f2,000,but everyone withhalfacrowncanbuyachanceto win 12,000. Tickets are now on sale in the No.264bCharities Consultation.

Canteen.

Phyllis Dean Hostel: Tuesday, July 31.

Dunleavy Hostel: Thursday, July 12.

The general meeting Will take place on Monday,July9.

As the work for the Native Mission atWanderingiscompleted,theCentral Rooms will be open every Wednesday afternoonfrom2p.m,to4p.m.forsewing and knitting.

HighgateHill Branch.

The monthlymeetingwill take place asusual in the Parish Hall, Haroldstreet, onThursday,July 12, at 3p.m.It would be appreciatedifpresent and intending members would pay their subscriptionsearlyin the year.

CATHOLIC TEACHERS' GUILD

Weare pleasedtoannouncethatthe junior branch of the Guild has been formed -

andisanactivebody—veryactive indeed—meetingfortnightlyatSt. Theresa'sSchool,Nedlands.Thesemeetings have avery spirited discussion group. What about it, junior teachers! Come along next Tuesday,July 17, at8p.m.

The SeniorGroup meetsasusual on the second Saturday morningand the fourth Monday evening of the month inBecton House.

Lastmeeting itwasagreed to make astudyoftheGospels.Next Saturday meeting,July 14,Mr. Lobstein will lead the discussion.

It was decided,too,to occasionally have aguest speaker. We hope to start again on these lines from the fourthMondayinJuly.

H.A.C.B.S.

Our Lady Help of Christians Branch, East Victoria Park,

On Tuesday, June26, our fortnightly meeting was held, and we are very pleased withthenotedimprovementin th atendance. Sr. J. Ramsay was initiated and duly welcomed by the President. Wedeeplyappreciate Bro. D. Felton,ofHighgate,forhiskindness in making it possiblefor our members to adjourn to the hall after the meet- , ingandenjoyBadminton. Also,whilst thisgamewasinprogress,severalother members took theopportunityofplaying table tennis.

We are very pleased to be able to offer our congratulations to Sr. T. Courtney and Mr. F. Hiltz, on the occasion of their wedding.

Special: Members, please note that our next meeting takes place on July 10, and it will start sharpat 7.30 p.m. Afterthe meetingasocial and dance will oe held forthebenefitofmembers and friends. So don'tforget tocome along and enjoy yourselves on this date, and rememberwe areendeavouringtohavesomethingofinterestforall members after each meeting. Winner of the lucky seat was Bro. F. Stock. den. ,St. Joachim'sBranch.

The President, Sr. Daly, presided over avery good attendance of members at the meetingheld on June 25. MissGloria Carroll was nominated for membership, and was initiated by the ]'resident. Sheis the fourth sister of thisfamilytojointhebranch. Sr, M. `'ymonds has returned from ahn at Bunbury, only tofind the wea -

' here no better than down there. We extend aheartywelcome home to Bro. F. Ellyard, who has been discharged. fromthe R.A.A.F. Wehope Bro. Ell, yard-will heabletocome toameeting andtellussomeofhisexperiences.

It wasdecided to invite membersof Help of Christians Branch to join our members in afootball match against the L.C.Y.,Subiaco,atadate tobearranged. After the meeting members accepted an invitation to attend asocial in the Liberty Hall, and all,had amostenjoyabletime. Thenextmeeting ison July9.

Revolution in England!

Making the State ' the Arbiter of the Lives of All Skilful Manipulation by Wealthy to Retain Power

The English Revolution has been gathering momentum ever since the characterofthewarchangedafterDun. kirk,andnow,that theend of theEuropean warhas come to pass, rapid developmentsmay,beexpected.

It is arevolution typically English in that it is outside the revolutionary _ floodwhichispouring throughEurope. Its currentismuchlessturbulent,and, sofar,ithasbeenflowingdownachannel separated from that main stream, but there is adanger that the two streams may eventually become one andsweepalongtogether,leavingchaos in their train.

The new system that is being evolyedforEnglandhasalreadybeentested in miniature under capitalistic conditions. One of the most advanced experiments was undertaken by the millionaire owner of the Bata boot fac-' tory in the years between the wars. The town inhabited by the employees of this business had aclosed economy entirely controlled by Bata himself. WagespaidoutbyBatawereexpended in Bata-owned shops, places of amusement, etc.; all the homes of the community were I.ata'sproperty; andsavings were deposited in Bata's bank. Thus Bata was not only an employer, but the arbiter of the lives of every individualemployee.

The English revolution consists in grantingtoStateofficialssimilarpowers over the lives of all Englishmen. Instead of dealing with the community as awhole through ageneralised system of common law, the Government is to make itself responsible for the livesand activities of individuals, and, in consequence, largely replace the judiciaryby itsownadhocregulations and theintroduction of departmental autocracy.

It is in no sense apeople's revolution, but on the contrary a skilful • manipulation by certain wealthy and powerful members of the community of the conditionsthrough whichwealth and power are assured to themselves. 'I'hc capitalist system hasbeen violent'- attacked by its proletarian wageearners,and,becausecapitalistshaverecognised their inability to another the attack, they have shifted their ground andarepreparingamuchstrongerposition from which to exercise their control over the masses. This change of

WAR'STOILOFVOCATIONS

in Spain the seminaries are full to overtlowing. Catholic Action's first campaign two years ago brought in thouFandsofrecruitsforthe altar,and to-day splendid new seminaries are hingbuilt everywhere in Spain.

But one mustlook at otherparts of the world to judge what reprecussions the world'shappenings are going to have on the Church of the morrow. Onlvafewdaysagoweheardfromthe Archbishop of Munich of the many lossesamongsthispriestsandstudents.

Who will care for the parishes?

in olden days,warssuers fought by soldiers only, leaving the civilians in peace. To-day, war is totalandthere is no class that does not suffer. All are mobilised; the family breaks up.

The Italy of 1531 had 29.000,000 in. habitants and80,000priests. Just be. forethewar,Italyhad42.00,000people, but only 49,000 priests. To-day the priests are fewer still. Bombsfall on seminaries and welosepriests-to-be. It is said that every 50,000souls need at least one priest, so to-day aworld of .2,000million soulsmustneed 4,000,000 priest*- andthereareless than50,000.

Nation-Wide Appeal for Clothing for Overseas Relief Catholics to Help U.N.N.R.A.

Anation-wide appeal for used clothing for overseas relief will be made throughout Australia -

on Sunday, July 8. The appeal isbeing sponsored by the Australian Council for U.N.R.R.A. (United NationsReliefand Rehabilitation Administration).

position has been masked by asmokescreen of clever propaganda. Rigid btate control of the whole population isbeing introduced under the cover of such attractive titles as"social security,""equality of opportunity,""na. tionalisation,'"full employment for ail;"acomprehensive health service," etc. Theneweraisbeingdepictedas one in which the grasping capitalist will yield place to the "democratic" :gate, which in its turn is identified %ctth the ummunity as awhole. Anuwer inducement, less openly advertis. ed but made equally evident, to support the revolution is the obvious fact that it will oiler innumerable civil serviceposts—allofwhichwillcarrywith them ameasure of control over the rank and file of the country—to men andwomenwhohaveneverbeforebeen in apositionto issueorders toothers.

The stage has thus been set with considerable care, and the curtain is going up on adrama in whichall the leading parts havealready been secured by thestarsoftheoriginal(Capitalist) company.

But propaganda, howeverpersuasive, is one thing; the experience of hard facts quite another. Already doubts are arisingabouttheutopiancharacter of the regimethatis beingplanned for us. Itistruethattherearesomepeople so far acclimatised to the revolution that they can say, as one of the newly unemployed washeardtosay at Coventry when asked what he was going to do, "They haven't told me yetwhereIamtogoandwhatIamto do"; but, speaking generally, dissatisfaction is beginning to take the place of eager anticipation. Parents who deniedthemselvesinordertosendtheir children to afee-paying instead of a Government free school, because they thought that the former provided a better education, are not pleased to learn that the school of their choice will, from May onwards; also be free. They- supect that it will sink into the lifeless uniformity of other governmental free schools. Nor does the skilledworkmanrelish theideaof paying out each week aconsiderable sum of money for whathe is inclined to call"giving the slackeran easy time."

Anumberofothercomplaintsofthis kind are being frequently heard, they denote the stirring of the ordinary Englishman'ssense of liberty; buttwo formidahle dangers implicit in thenew order have so far escaped general no tire. Thesetwodangersare,first,that its economicdefectsandincreasing unpopularity will cause ittobreak clown, and that the resultantchaos will pave the way for the European revolution of full-blooded communism; and, secondly,thatall theastuteplanningthat hastakenplacehasfailedtoprovidefor ntnn's first essential—food.

To realise the menace of the first of these two dangers one hasooh-on the nr.ehandtoadduptheannualcommitments already made by the Government in the wayof State expenditure (interest on war debts, education, soiat service, free doctoring. and on the other the total lack of incentive(as opposed to compulsion. which is two-edgedi rGbalance thisexpenditureby hard vork. The second danger is even more appalling. The food situation of the world, owing to thedevastatioyofwhole countrysides, the destruction of transport facilities, and, worst of all, the devitalisation, deaths, and internal conflicts among food producers is critical in the extreme. YettheinstigatorsoftheEng. lish Revolution are concentrating their attention upon the export of manufactured gods and elaborate financial plans,they do not appeartobe in the

At the direction of His.Grace the Archbishop,thisworthycharitywillbe brought to the notice of the failthful atallMassesonSunday,July8.

InthisArchdiocesetheSocietyofSt. St. Vincent de Paul has kindly consentedto lookaftertheclothingdonated pending advice from the Regional Committee of U.N.R.R.A, as to where the clothes are to be delivered. UrgentNeed.

Inareport toCongresson participationin operationsof U.N.R.R.A., President Roosevelt said on September 30, 1944:

"Millions of people do not have enoughclothestokeepthemwarm... in occupied Europe almost as many people have died from exposure due tolack ofadequate clothing ashave died from sthrvation."

From information now asembled it is revealed that, in the liberatedcountriesof Europealone,morethanthirty million are"statistically naked;" gvhile more than four times that number125 millions in all—are in desperate needof clothing,'shoes and bedding.

Amongthereportsarefound thefollowing typicalconditions:—

Belgium.—Only oneusableshirtin a family of seven. It isshared In turn bybothsexesand all sizesinthe family, and only one at atime—the current possessor of the shirt—is able to leave the hovel in which the family lives.

France.—"Lack of clothing is. tragic here;' writes aQuaker relief worker. "Eitherachild staysawayfromschool

least concerned with ensuring, as far as may be, even the minimum of food required by the nation.

Evensupposing(anditisanextremelyunlikely hypothesis) thatourdearth ofgoldcansomehowbemadegoodand that our exports will increase to such ailextentastogiveusasufficient credit balance to import large quantities offood, therewillremain,atallevents for many years tocome, the fact that the world production of food will not be sufficient to supply the demand.

There exists avery real peril of re. gional starvation in the world during the coming decade and perhaps for longer. An irresponsihle,somewhatdisgruntled, easy-going body of factory hands, in combination with a wholly uneconomicarmyofcivilservants,does notappeartoheareliablesafeguardof thevital needsof acountry that is at oncewildlyextravagantandsemibank—rupt.—"Weekly Review

while its mother washes and dries the family's lone shirt, orit goes toschool wearing the shirt wet and so inviting serious illness and possible death."

Holland.—The crude shoes which childrenareforcedtowear are deforming the feet and subjecting the wearers to permanent physical handicap. Few have clothes sufficient to withstand the rigours of the northern climate,andenforcedabsencefromschool among the childrenhasreachedalarming

proportions.

Greece, Poland, Yugoslavia, Oseohoslovakfa.—The lack of clothing is appaling. Neither ration cards nor actual money cancorrectit. In Greece oneisforced topayapproximately220 dollarsforapairofshoesmadeofsynthetic substance, which falls to pieces or wears through after five miles of walking. In Yugoslavia notice of a death occurring in a family brings inohs ofshivering folk offering"fabulous sums" for the clothing of the deceased. In Poland four families live inasingleroom,unheatedandwindowless, andonlyby sharing oneanotheis garments is one able to move from a place.

Conditions not dissimilar exist in Italy,'Bulgaria, Hungary, Russia, China,andelsewhere.

.Shoes—EitherOxfordshoesorboots of durable type with low or medium heels aredesired.- All shoes collected shouldbematedandtiedsecurelyinto pairs.

Usable Remnants, Piece-Goods.— Cutor uncutmaterials(cottonrayon's, woollens, etc.),oneyard or more in length—butnotragsorbadlydamaged, dirty or worn-outfabrics.

Note:Notgcodsbought fromfactories for the purpose.

Everyman womanandchildinAustralia can, and should, help to make thiscollectionanoutstandingsuccess— tohelpthewar-ravagedmillionstohelp themselves.

Shipping: IfAustraliacontributesthe clothing, U.N.R.R.A. will do the rest. The shippingwill be provided through government channels. U.N.R.R.A. goods will be given urgent transport priority.

HOWTO GIVE.

Tie those articleswhich you wish to give securely together and label "U.N.R.R.A. Clothing Appeal;" and hand them to yourlocal Conferenceof the St. Vincent de Paul Society. If there is no Conference of the Society in your parish, your parish priest will adviseyouwhat todo.

It is important that gifts towards thisappealbelabelledasabovetodistinguishthemfromgiftstotheSt.VincentdePaulSocietyitself.

It is to be understood that the Society is merely handling the goods on behalfofU.N.R.R.A.

Human and Fallible Institution of State Should Not Over-Control

How Labelsare Used toMislead

PreciseDefinitionsofTypes ofC,overnments—

Three Acid Tests for Soundness of Administration .

By REV. C. LUCEY, D.D., Ph.D.

One ofthe outstandingchangesover the past hundred years has been the enormous expansion of State services, State departments, State dependants, andthe Civil Service. Acentury ago the view accepted and acted upon everywhere was: "ThatGovernment is bestwhichgovernsleast";now theopposite view prevails,andthat Governmentisregarded asbestwhichgoverns everythingandeverybody. Acentury agoitwasregarded asdegrading fora man to take State help; now all expectand availof itasanormal thing.

Atremendous changethathas taken place since the early Victorian age when the State did little morefor its subjects than keep the peace, and let eachfend for himselfasbesthe could. True, we have still a.long way to go in this countrybefore we reach wholehogStatecontrolsuchasexistsinBolshevist Russia. Butwehavetravelled factandfar of late, and there are few indicationsthat we are aboutto apply thebrake, much less gointo reverse.

Beyond all doubt the world is the better for the change—the policy of Stateinterventionhasmadeforamore equitable distribution of income than the old Liberal policy of"every man

for himself." But it is one thing to saythat State control is thebestpossible formofsocialcontrol,orthatthe morethereisof itthebetter. Before wehandoverallpowertotheState,we oughttobeconvinced thatitisworthy• of the trust. Is it?

What is astate?

TheStateforallpracticalpurposesis theGovernment, andthe Government in turn is the personnel ocupying the various executive, administrative and Party posts in the country, i.e., the Ministers in charge of the different Government Departmentsand the permanent officialsof these Departments; or

in other words, the successful politicians and the Civil Service chiefs, human beings like everybodyelse and thereforeasliabletoerreitherthrough ignorance, or lack of judgment, or downright malice, as anybody else. Whatguarantee is there thattheywill know how best to regulateeverything from beekeeping to bookmaking?-And even if theydo know, whatguarantee is therethattheywill alwaysactfrom thefulness of their knowledgewithout thought of the consequences to themselves,thefeelings andpocketsoftheir friends,etc. TheState,therefore,isin reality aeery fallible and human institution after all'. Consequently be--

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fore we allow itovermuch control,we should make sure that it is organised and manned to make good use of its powers.

Hence the need foreveryoneofusto take an intelligent interest in politics. Good governments don't"just grow." They are the result of conscious planningon the partof the citizens.

Misleading"Labels"

Thisisanextraordinaryage inmany sways. One is the way in which the useoflanguageisbeingperverted.The same adjective or noun is applied to two things,notbecausethe-twothings are of the same nature, but because the speaker wants people to have the same feelings towards them; thus, for instance, propagandists of the r,eft speakofthePortugueseGovernmentas Fascists, not because it has the same clt,aracteristics as Mussolini's Italian Government had, but because Fascism is unpopularand they wantthePortuguese Government to be equally un- popular.

The other extraordinary feature of the ageisthe way in which peopleassume that only two attitudes are pos• sible in regard to any and e+•er"y pro. blem. Thus, for instance, if you are against Communism you are assumed to be for Capitalism, and vice-versa. Therefore, it is that we need so much to-day not merely to plan for better governmentbutalsotolookbehindthe shibboleths and propagandist labels and see thevariousrival types ofgovernmentas theyreally are. Wemust paymoreattention to what each type is and does than to how its friends and itsenemieslabel it. And noless important, we must recognise thatthe practical choice in the matter of regimes is not between two clear-cut alternatives but between several not so clear-cut alternatives.

Various Types of state.

i. Totalitarian: Whatever else it is, Fascist.Communist,oranythingelse,a State is rightly called totalitarian or not, according as it claims to regulate everything and everybody within its borders or not.

ii. Democratic: ADemocratic State is aState in which the Government bases its right to rule on the consent of the citizen and holds itself respon• Bibletothepeopleforthe useitmakes ofitspowers. In aword, theGovernment governs because the majority want it as the majority want it.

iii. Authoritarian: An Authoritarian Regime,on the otherhand,isaregime which l;ascs the right to rule apeople onthespecialfitnessofthe headofthe State for the task, and rules asitconsiders hestratherthan as themajority of its citizens may consider best. In aword, it governs because it can and asit wills.

iv. Centralised or Bureaucratic: One in which the Government ahcays and in all cases rules through agencies of its own. What aCentralised State does, he it much or little, it does through ministers, officials and departments w•holh• and solch• part of the machineryofState.

v, Corporate: ACorporate State, on the other hand, is one in which the Government acts through organisations, fonned on a vocational basis butfuhctioningasadjunctsof theGovernmentmachine., It rosy be described, therefore, as centralised governmeat with afacade of vocational cor• porations. (\hissolini's Fascist State was the classical example of the Cor• posteState,justisBritainisregarded asthe classicalexample of theCentralised State),

vi. Corporative: ACorporative State is aState based on vocational organisation inwhich thevocational corporations, though partof the machineryof government, arein certain respectsautonomous as well. The two distinctive featuresoftheCorporativeState,therefore,are(a) theexistenceofvocational bodies,.endowed with legal personality and some measure of self-government bythe State, and(b) participationby these bodies in the machinery of the State, either as administrative agencies enforcing prices, wages, etc., decreed by the Government, or as con• stitucncies providing the member's for one orboth Legislative Houses. The

present Portuguese State is aCorporativeState.

'Precise Definition ofMisusedTerms.

AState is rightly called lrsadat if, andonly if,it isauthoritarianand totalitlrian, works within the Capitalist system, and makesnationalaggrandisement its prime objective. Hence while the German Nazi State, thoughdiffer• ing from the Italian Fascist State in other respects, may be fairly labelled Fpscist, the present Portuguese State, which is neither totalitarian norultranationalist,maynot. AStat e

i s r

i g

htly calledCommunistif,andonly if, it isauthoritarian and totalitarian, works within asystem of public ownership and control ofall property, and makes an international classless materialistic social order its prime objective. A State is rightly called Socialist if, and only if, it isdemocratic,ownsandcontrolsall theessentialsourcesofproduction, and makes amaterialistic social order its prime objective. AState is rightly called Oapitalistif, and only if, it upholds not private ownership as such, but private ownership by a privileged minority, who employ the propertyless majority to work for wages and live themselves on interest, rent and profits.

Merits and Demerits of the Various systems.

So far we have been doing a little clear thinking, teeing what precisely currenttermsmeanwhentheyareused correctly—and, of course, there is no justification whatsoeverforusing these terms,oranyothertermsforthatmat• ter,otherwise thaninthecorrectsense.

Now we must make up our minds as to the real worth, the merits or demerits, of the various systems. We must make up our minds about them fromtwo pointsofview, namely, from the religious andmoralpoint of view and from the political point of view, from thepointofviewofourtemporal well-being: anh we must make up our minds about them in three respects, namely, in respect of their structure, thenatureandscopeoftheiractivities, and theirobjectives.

FirstPoint.

First, from the religious and moral standpoint. Asregards the Structure or Form of government, the accepted Catholic teaching is that any form whatsoever which works well is permissible. In the words of the Holy Father, broadcast to the world on Christmas Day last."the Church does not disapprove of any of the various forms of Government, so long as they arc.such as to secure the well-being of the citizens." Democracy or dictatorship, Monarchy or Republic, Cor• porative State or Centralised State— weare as free in conscience to optfor theone as for theother, aq freeas we are to opt forabungalowinstead of a flat, or for this brand of cigarettes rather than that.

Second Point.

As regards the Nature and Scope of the State's activities, however, the Moral Law lays down certain things. The most important of these are:—

(1) that theGovernment in all its acts is hound by the law of right and wronginthesamewav asthein. dividual citizen is—to boveott a neighbouringpeople,tobreakatreat% freely registered,etc.,areassinful on the part of the officials responsible as the ostracising of aneighbouring family, or thebreakingofapromise, by these same officials in their pri. vate capacity;

(2) that the Governmentisbound to help the citizen in sofar as he is unable to help himself by his own efforts;

(3) that theGovernment is bound not to attemptdoingfor the citizen whathe candoforhims

elfeither by his own efforts or conjointly with others;

(4) and that the Government is hound to respect the natural rights oftheindividualpersonand thevari. ous societies, particulariv the Fam• ily and the Church, within its con. fines,

:Applying these principles we con• elude, for instance, that the Laissez Faire State of the nineteenth century type must be censured as conflicting

Polish Underground Resists SovietisationofCountry

Stalin Thwarted by Active and Passive Resistance

The announcementofanagreement between the Allies and Russia to break the deadlock onPoland has its roots in recent developments in Poland itself. Whatever influence President Truman'spolicyhas had on Russian action, it isnow clearthatStalin's"managed revolution"is meeting bitter opposition from the Polish Underground. TheSovietdictatoris findingthathe candolittleto organisePoland,first because thousands of able-bodied Poles areabroadintheAlliedarmiesandrefuse to returnunder the Lublin "government"; second,because the people in Poland are actively and passively re&ting Russia's domination. Even Polish Communists have fought the Soviet invaders.

London, June 5, 1945.-1P.A.T.).—In spite of the arrest of sixteen Polish leaders on March 27, the delegation of the Polish Government has not ceased to function inside Poland. Deputies ofthe arrestedmenhavebeennominated,as reported in previous cables. These deputies are performing their dutiesinPolandandthe"DziennikPol. ski" of June5advisesthat the Council of National Unity and the delegate of the Polish Governmentin Londonhave issued ajoint appeal inMay, 1945,connected with recent development inside Poland.

Poles Take to Forests.

The mobilisationand round-upshave caused many Poles, especially those threatened with being called up, to seek refuge andsafety inforests.There are even soldiers of Zymiersk?s Army amongst them,whoare tryingto avoid being sent to Russia, or—and this has also been known to have happened— to the Far East. A'srecently report• ed, punitive expeditions of the N.K.V.D., the Russian "gestapo," are searching forests for Poles who escaped mobilisation and for soldiers of Zymierskisarmy. Tanks and 'planes are being used. The deputy of the Polish Government and members of the Council of National Unity in a joint appeal request Poles toleave the forests and to return to their normal occupations wherever possible in order to avoid desperate actsof armed selfdefence. This appeal, made to calm the population, does not only refer to men who haveescapedto thewoods to avaid mobilisation.

CommnnLts Fight Russians.

There are reports from Poland dating from the middle of May about clashes betweentheso-calledcitizens of the militia, recruited from Communists as well as Communist fellow•-traveliers, and Russians. Citizens of the militia refuse to act against their own countrymen and to partake in punitive expeditions. In the middle of \fav it came to blows between adetachment of the citizens '

militia carrying out pacification in the district of \fyslenice, near Cracow, and aRussian detach. - nnent which had been sent with them. The Russian detachment was liquidated and militiamen escaped into aforest.

On \fav 22, aconcentration camp at Remhartnty, near Warsaw, containing severhl thousand political prisoners, was attacked and prisoners were set. free. it is probable that new'c

of the renrganisation of the ritizen•* militia ' andthecreationofaspecialguard composed of men on whom the Soviet authnrities and the NK.V.iy. can rely is rloscly connected with afeeling of unrest amongst Pnles, who refuse to fight their own

countrymen.

GrowingResistance.

Another incident, which reveals the growing resistance in Poland, is the news of an open demonstration which took place in Lorz in :April, when w-nrkere of the large textile plant of Scheidler and Grohman protested against the dismantling of the plant and its removal to Russia. As pre• viously reported, twenty men were ar. rested in Siedlce on April 13 and shot on the spot without trial. At that time'amass round-up of Poles took place in the districtof Zamosc, during which many were shotwithout trial.

There are also reports of the execution of Poles, especially members of thenowdisbanded Home Army, inthe district of Bialystok. News of executions and punitive expeditions recently cabled has been widely discussed in the foreign press. Furtherreports from Polandindicate that theN.K.V.D.force the families of executed men to sign declarations that they had not been executed,but merely called upinto the army.

Mussolini Unrepentant

When Mussolini called upon Cardinal Schusterin NlilanonApril25, HisEminence gave him the place of honour uponasofa,drew achairupbesidethe ex-Duceand looked forgigns ofrepentance.

"Forme," the CardinaltoldaReuter correspondent recently,"Mussolini was asoul to save. We talked for over an hour."

ButtheCardinalremarked: "Hiswas not apenitent's condition. He was too dejectedand was far fromreligious belief. It mighthavebeenpossible to bringhimtoabetterframeofmindbut time was lacking."

Unconditonal surrender of the German and Fascist forces in Northern_ Italy, not religion, was the subject of the conversation. But had Mussolini carried out an undertaking he gave to the Cardinal he might still be alive, though underarrest. He promised to returnto the Cardinal'sresidence. Instead he fled, and was caught.

ThePartisanradioinMilanhasgiven Cardinal Schuster credit for initiating the moveswhichled tothesurrender.

TYPES OF STATES

(Continued from Page 10.) with the second; that the Socialist State must be censured as conflicting with the third; that totalitarianism whetheroftheComunistorFascistpattern must be censured as conflicting; with both thefirstandthird; and that any State which prevents, or even discourages,the average citizenfromowning property,or educating his children in hisown way,etc.,must be censured as conflictingavith the fourth.

Third Point.

As regards the Objectives of State policy the Moral Law also prescribes certainprinciples. These are(a) positively,thattheStatemustaimatsecuring the commongood of all its citizens without exception,and (b)negatively, that objectives good in themselves do not ustify the use of any and every means to secure them, and that objectives evil in themselves may never be pursued. Hence we may brand as morally unacceptable the Communist State inasmuch as its first concern is thegood, andthe purelymaterial good at that, of one particular class in the community; the dictatorship which serves to enrich aparticular clique or Party, gratify the lust for power of a particularindividual,etc.; and finally all political organisations which seek power for wrong ends or by wrong means.

fypical of the socalled"secret" mobilisation. It is learnt that police and local self-governmentauthorities havebeenissued with asecret order telling them to prepare ageneral mobilisation of men up to the age of fifty-five. The above-mentioned posters and various rumours havecaused muchanxietytothe wornout Polish community. It should be recalledthatthefirstmobilisationstart. ed in Poland in 1914, after the transferof the Lublin committeeauthorities from Moscow to Lublin. The call-up was ordered to fill war establishments of the*Polish Army under Russian command. The Polish Armv had suf. fered heavy losses, especially during the battle of Frankfurt on the Oder.

Communist Run Amok.

London, June 1, 191,1—(P.A.T.I.--

. — Mobilisation continuesin Poland.Mobilisation postersappearedinWarsaw on May 26, calling up the following categories: firstly men born between 1921 and 1925(five age groups); secondly, reserveN.C.O:sup to theage offorty; thirdly, regular N.C.O:s up to the age of forty-five inclusive; fourthly,reserve officersup to forty-five inclusive; fifthly, regular officers up tofiftyinclusive; sixthly, specialists,-women, doctors, dentists,pharmacists,nurses,etc.,upto forty. Theorderdidnotgivethedate of the call-up. The call-up into the armyisatpresentcarriedoutindividually by call-up papers sent in large numbers, which isPlus Pipes forStoves,.Bath Heaters, Rid Paving and Green Hoase Paints, Saseell's,650WomngimstzoN.

The "Dziennik Polski" of June 1gives further news from inside Poland stating that at the Ministry- of Transport ofthe Lublin'Government, the Russian General Rumiancev and Colonel Platotine have unlimited powers. All ministerial orders are issued in Russian. Raihvaylinesaredevastated. OnJlav 11 orders were issued to move all Tell. ingstock to Russia. All railway orders carriagesaresent to Russiamwarloot, provided they werenot Polish property before 1939. The railway implement factory at Byrdgnszcz has been transferred to Russia. The telegraph service and the traffic control are completely in Russian hands. Raihvay workers are starving. in the rear,hands of marauders are looting the countr•side. Alan%• farms have been burntdown in the districts ofSokolow• and Lukow. Aspecial Palish Workers'Partyguard (Communist) hasbeen formed on the pattern of the German S.S. Nine hundred women soldiers of the Home Army captured by the SovietforcesinMuehlhergon theLaha River were deported to Russia by the N.K.V.D. The Soviet authorities openly favour German Communists in Western Poland. Taking advantage of this situation, the former German minority,"Vollksdeutsche"pretendthat theyareCommunistsand assure safety forthemselvesunderSoviet protection. in the local administration offices at P.ytom andGliwice this fayouritd-sm of theGetman Communist element is obvious.

Aslongagoas February 9HisEminence wroteto the German Command asking that demolitions should not be carried outin Milan if the Germans retreated. TheGermans agreed,₹

On April 23, on the Cardinal's initiative, the proposal for, unconditional surrender was drawn up at his resi• dence. It was submitted to General Wolff at theGerman H.Q. The Germans accepted it in principle and pro. mised to sign it soon. On April 25 Jfussoliyiwascalled to thearchiepiscopal palace. There he heard for the. first time of the German undertaking, but he too agreed. He also promised to returnshortly,but afewhourslater it wasdiscoveredthathewastrying to make aget-away.

NextdayMilanwas occupiedbyPartisanforces, and arepresentativeofAllied H.Q., Major Max, called upon and congratulated the Cardinal on his successful efforts to prevent more blood. shed and destruction.

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OfficialOrganof the Archdiocese of Perth.

Addressall'communicationstothe Editor,BoxA35,G.P.O.,Perth.

450 HAY STREET, PERTH.

TELEPHONE: B8950.

PERTH,WEDNESDAY,JULY4, 1945.

.Proof of Last Resort

If the real crux of the social struggle of our day is between liberty and securityitwould seematthemoment thatsecurity will win on aknock-out. The totalitarian trend of Australian politics is already well advanced with lessandless consultationofthe people's will. The democratic basis of Australian life would seem alreadytohavechangedfromwhatthepeoplewanttowhat isgood forthe people. Onewonders, however,whether the Federal Government ever pauses to ask itself whether the ends it has in view are attainable in anyotherway, especially in ways consistent with the preservation of th; liberty-of the subject. Everyone admittedly needs medicine, care in sickness, and employment, but it is not so clear that the Government should act as its own pharmaceutical dispenser,nurse,andpatronofthepoor. Whatis tobe remedied, after all, is social injustice, and surely this should be met in logic as in morals by social justice before social charity.

♦ ♦

There are also political implications arising out of the new social benefits.1 The unemployment scltenic, for example, could easily become atyrannical instrument of compulsory labour. Similarly the benefits paid to the sick nttist inevitably lead to a proportion of malingering. Undoubtedly the Government will see to it that theseglorified doles willbe capably administered and tndoubtedl they will lielp to solve the problems they propose to. Butfrom theoutlookofhtuuan dignityandhuman liberty,are they the best, or evengood solutions? Does it make for initiativeand sturdy independence to level all citizens to the status of Government pensioners? And is the liberty ofour country bestguaranteed by the creation of an enormous class of officials without any experience of note in the commanding of others? in the long rum the people will need to call ahalt to Governmental control or else they will be faced with asystem indistinguishable front the tyranny we have just overthrown by force of arms.

For the Catholic, there is asimple test of the acceptibility of newGovernmentalprojects. Itisratherpompously knownasthe Principle of Subsidiary Function. It consists in asking: Can this or that beefficiently done in anyotherway than by State control? It is not sufficient to show that private enterprise or co-operative effort have failed in this direction in the past, or that people have not, or are not, organised at the moment for such aventure. It must be plainly demonstrated either that the matter is of paramount national importance or that no other adequate method of control is possible before Catholic sociology will accept State control. This is atest which might better be called the Proof of Last Resort, and it i*one which is cardinal to the preservation of personal liberty. Of course, its application demands asense of civic alertness and responsibility for which the Australian is not remarkable. But without it he will soon find himself in chains. it istherock nn which totalitarianism will eventuallyhe brnken.

Perth Priest Bereaved

DEATH OF MRS. ELIZABETH LYNCH

We regret to announce the death of Mrs. Elizabeth Lynch, mother of Rev. Albert E. Lynch, Diocesan Director of SacredMusic. The deceased,whohad beeninindifferenthealthforsome time past, died at St. John's Hospital, Kalgoorlie,onFnday.June29. Aconvert to the Catholic Faith, the late Mrs. Lynch was held in high esteem by all whowereprivileged toknowher. Diligent and devoutin the practiceofher religion,hershiningexamplehaditsreward in the conversion tothe Faithof all her children. Those who were associated with her in the many organi. sations, especially patriotic, of which shewasamember,willmissthiskindly soul whose unassuming manner and cheerful disposition earned her ahost of friends throughout the State.

Toherbereavedfamily"TheRecord" extends its deepest sympathy.

Prior tothefuneralSolemn Requiem Mass wascelebrated in St. Mary's CathedralonTuesday,July.3. HisGrace the'Archbishoppresided,assistedatthe thronebyVery Rev. E.MossandRev. E: Sullivan. Very Rev. E. Kennedy, Adm.,wasAssistant Priest. TheHass wascelebrated by Rev. A. E. Lynch, Very Rev. L.J.Goodyand Rev. P.,f. Donnelly being Deacon and Sub-Deacon, respectively. The ceremonies were under the direction of Rev. J. J. Raf• ferty and Rev.J. P. O'Farrell.

Present in the Sanctuary were His Lordship, Most Rev. 0. Raible, D.D.,, P.S.M., Vicar Apostolic of the Kimberleys, and alarge body of diocesan and religious clergy. The Priests' Choir, alternating*ith St. Mary's Cathedral Choir, rendered the music of the Mass. His Grace the Archbishop pronouncedthe Absolutions.

From theschools and collegesof the metropolitan area camegroups of chil• dren and their teachers, with whom FatherLynchissocloselyassociatedin hisworkasDiocesanDirectorofSacred Music, topay alast tribute to the de. ceased by crowding the Cathedral to overflowing for her obsequies.

Tnterment took place at Karrakatta Cemetery, where the prayers at the graveside were read by Father Lynch, assisted by alarge group of his fellow priests.

Funeral arrangements were in the hands of the Perth Funeral Directors.

Living With the Church

July 8—Seventh Sunday after Pentecost(Green):

Massproper. 2nd.prayerofSt.Elizaheth. 3rd. prayer"Acunctis." 4th. prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of theTrinity.

July 9—Feria(Green)

Mass of the Sunday. No Gloria. 2nd. prayer"Acunctis." 3rd. prayer "Fidelium." 4th. prayer- for peace. Common Preface.

July 30—The Seven Holy Brothers, Martyrs; SS. Rufina and Secunda, VirginsandMartyrs(Red): Mass proper. 2nd. prayer"Acunctis." 3rd. prayer for peace.

July 11--Blessed Oliver Plunket, Bishop and Martyr (Red): Mass "Statuit." 1st. prayer of the -Proper. 2nd.prayerofSt. PiusI. 3rd. prayer"Deus omnium." 4th. prayer for peace. Common Preface. July l"t. John Gualbert, Abbot (White):

.Mass proper. 2nd. prayer of SS. Nabor and Felix. 3rd. prayer for peace.

July 19--St, Anecletus, Pope andMartyr (Red): Mass "Sacerdotes Deis" 2nd. prayer "A cunctis.", 3rd. prayer for peace. July1"t. Bonaventure, Bishop,Confessor and Doctor (White): Mass proper. 2nd. prayerforpeace. Creed.

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Arc0bioccoo

ARCSBJSSOP'IENGAGEMENTS.

July8:

Canonical Visitation and Confirmation atSacredHeartChurch, Highgate, Hill.

July18(FeastofOurLadyof Mount Carmel):

Carmelite Monastery, Nedlands: 7a.m.: CelebrateMass, 9a.m.: PresideatSolemnHighMass.

July 22:

Canonical Visitation and Confirmation at St. Joseph's Church, Norseman.

July 28:

Receive debutantes at Catholic Ball, Kalgoorlie.

July28:

Administer the Sacrament of Confirmation at St, Mary's Church, Kalgoorlie,

RevelationofEnglish Pledge to Poland

In connection with thedisclosure by the British Foreign Office of the com. plete text of the British-Polish Treaty AllianceofAugust25, 1939, theveteran foreign editor of the Scripps-Howard newspaperchain,WilliamPhilipSimms, comments from San Francisco:

"This protocol, which I have seen, gives definite legal basis for the Lon. don Poles' claim, not only for aSan Francisco Conference seat, but for a territorially intact Poland.

"It is an unpublished part of the Anglo-Polish treaty of mutual defence. Therehavebeenrumoursofsuchaprotocol, but it was only recently made available to the British Parliament aconfidential.White Paper.

"This indicates that any newundertakingsatYalta,Teheran,orelsewhere between Britain and Russia, for example, regarding the Curzon Line, wouldnotbebindingonPoland.

"Onthecontrary,itwouldconstitute aviolation of paragraph three of the protocol, whichstipulates that anyundertakingsbetweenoneofthecontractingpartiesandathirdStateshouldbe so framed as not to prejudice either thesovereigntyorterritorialinviolability of either contracting party."

Polish Exhibitionat.SanFrancisco.

An exhibition of the Polish Underground State opened in San Francisco on\fay22last.

At this moment, when astrong propaganda campaign had been launched against Poland and its Government in the effort to counteract impression made by the arrest of 16 Polish demo• rratic leaders, this exhibition, showing the long struggle directed by those men wasparticularlyopportune,especiallyin San Francisco,where U.N.C.I.O was nearing its end without Poland's participation. Organised under the slogan,"Justice for Poland," this exhibition helped delegates to understand the iniustice upon which the world organisationwasbeingbuilt..

Prof.Halecki,inanimpressivespeech, described thePolishUndergroundState and the long struggle against the Germans. Stressing that Poland wasstill not free,he declared that,nevertheless, the struggleofthe Polish Underground hasnotbeen invain. itsreply tothe molts of anti-Polish propaganda was that it proved that nodictatorandno totalitariansystemcanconquerPoland, andithas been andwillbetheinspiration toold Poleswhose struggle forliberty is by no means finished. On a largediaKramshowingthe structureof -

he

Polish Undercround State. Prof. Haleckiindicatedtheroleplayedinthe Underground by the sixteen leaders, and declared that Poles in exile will reiect all;decisions on Poland which would betrav the ideals for which the Underground fought forsixlongyears.

Theonlyreallyimportantthingabout the Polish situation is how the Poles themselvesfeel aboutit, andthe onlv indication of the reaction of the Polish

people to the"broadened" goy• ernmentisareportfrom"agencymessages from Warsaw:" Accordingtothis delightfully-

anonymous source, thoutands of Poles gathered in the large ruined theatre-square of Warsaw to hear addresses by leaders of the new Provisional Government.Despite newspapercaptions,"NewLeadersAcclaimed,"-the popular enthusiasm seemed directed,nottotheGovernment (which is atleasthalf Red) butto theperson •of 11.Mikolajczyk,formerleaderofthe UndergroundandoftheLondon Polish Government. Hewastheonlyoneof this latter group which accepted the

4y

FRANCIS G ILBERT

Yalta decisions, and he is apparently tryingtorescuePolishindependenceon thebasisof friendshipwith the Soviet. Whether the two ideals are compatible only time will show& ht. Mike. lajczyk reasserted Poland's determination to be free and appealed to Polish soldiers and scientiststo come back to Polandtohelpinthetaskofreconstruetion.

This return of the exiles is amost importantmatter,fortheycomprisethe hulk of the able-bodied youth and the brains of the nation. Afree and re. presentativevoteintheirabsenceisunthinkable. But, on the other hand, there r= little inducement for them to returnwhiletheSovietsecretpoliceare At large and the Polish Army largely commandedby Redofficers. The fate of the recent 16leaderswill, moreover, act for mamv as apositive deterrent. It would seem thateconomic sanctions are being contemplatedto forcethe return of the soldiers,ofwhom thereare 250,000 inEnglandand 100.000in Italy. Already there istalkofacessation of military pav and of the return to the Polish Bank of the E20,000,000brought out from Poland in 1939. Andalthough theserumoursaredeniedbyPolishmilitary authorities in London, they are calculated to undermine moraleand to cause desertion. Already it is reportedthatPolishtroopsthreatentodesert .and go underground when Britain and America recognise the new Govern. ment.

"The Times,"inafatuousleadingarticle, refers to those Poles abroad "whose svmpathies are with the ex. treme Right and hostile to Russia;" as being reluctant to be repatriated. it is the old business of giving adog a badname. Polishpatriotsaresudden. ty"extreme Rightists;'because they distrust Russia. Asif they did not have every reason under heaven! This should beamatterofgreat interestto Australia wh i

ch is in such desperate needofpopulation. Thereisnodoubt that tens of thousands of'Poles will not want to return. and itwouldbe a statesmanlike action toinvite them to Australia. Theyhave every qualifica. tion we mightdeemdesirable in immi. grants. They are lovers of freedom, they have ahigh birth-rate, they have astrong rural tradition, they take a real interest in politics, and they are profoundly religious. On each such score they would be avaluable asset

to Australia, and they would complement the national character precisely inits majordeficiencies.

Theprojectwhichisbeingmootedat Cunderdin topurchase thehotelandto runitasacommunity venture is very interesting indeed,not so much in itself as in its implications. The country has always been more progressive than thecityinthatitreallydoesaim at away oflifebased onfreedom and independence. In this State anyhow, co-operativemovementshavelongflourishedinruralareas,whereasthey have scarcelybeenheardofin the city. The population of the metropolis is largely aparasiticone,whichpreysontheland and its wealth. It is proletarian and sounaccustomedtodoinganythingbut another'swill thatitreadilybecomes a pawninthebusinessofrevolution. In Australia the cities have long fostered aservile outlook so that the people's liberties may easily pass overnight almost entire into the hands of Government. Thereisnothingillogicalto thecitydwellerinachangeofmasters. Thecountry,too,ofcourse,hasknown itsoverlords. Thefarmershave been tied, for at least ageneration, hand andfoottothebanks. Thiswasmade possible by the application of massproductionmethodstotheland,bythe techniqueofspecialismand dependence on overseas markets rather than on subsistence.

But the farmers never laiddownundertheyoke. Theywere always able to display acertain militancyandevenifitdidnotseemtoget them very far, at least it kept alive the passion ffor freedom. More than that, on the positive side, they did bring into existence acertain measure of co-operation, notably in the important matterof bulk-handling.

The issue is now being presented to Australians that they must choose between theoldevilsystemofcontrolby ahandfuloftherichorverywideState control. Thisisalvingrepresentation becausethereisathirdcourse,anditis particularly realisahleontheland. It rrnsists in awide extension of private (m-nership combined with highly-develnneden-operativeinstitutions. Private ownershipon awide scale will be pnssihleon1vbyacompletechange-overin thehasisofagriculturefromspecialised to diversified farming. This involves not onlv achange in technique but a reyolutionarc change of outlook. It should come concurrently with selfhelp or co-operation in credit unions, marketing, and the purchase of farminz implements and manures, etc.

in thisrespect theGovernment Pnlievof decentralisation istoheheartilv welcomed But it will he impossible to create sturdy regional towns unless the hinterland upon which they must depend is sanely and efficiently developed. ifthecombinationofindependent ownership and co-operation comes in our life-time in such strength as to characterise the country-side the farmers will not alone have saved themselvesbut thenationatlarge. ifit does tint coade it isdifficult to see how the encroachmentsof the State can he re•kted. in that rase we mar live to gee milertiviced farming and that will he thedeathknellof the liberties ofus all.

Perhansthemo<t interestinc interna. tional develonment at the moment is the exnan=ion of Russian foreign police- Uptillnow theAllieshave nlaed hall with theSoviet, fib because it isthemost powerful nation of Europe,

and 121,because the issues involved have not directly affected the welfare of Britain and America, Butthe scene changes. Russianow aspires to fulfil her centuries-old ambitionof having an outleton the Mediterranean. This involves arevision of the Montreux Convention. It is not withoutsignificance thattheSovietdemand'sin this respect were made to Turkeyandwereprecededbyasystem. aticanti-Turkish campaignin the Russian press and on the radio. Turkey, very astutely referred the question to AmericaandBritain,anditremains to beseenhowBritainespeciallywillview anewlineupregardingtheDardanelles and the SuezCanal. Considering her historic reluctance to having any major Power in the Mediterranean whichmight threaten theIndian trade route and her shortest line of communication with the Empire,itwill be interesting indeed to see how the balanceofpower will he equalised. This may be the issue which will test the reality of the friendship of the Big Three,especiallyas the controlofPanamahasalsobeen mooted.

Meanwhile Czechoslovakia—the centre ofthe Red anguishat Munich and the occasion of the great campaign againsttheappeasementofHitler—has tamely handed over to Moscow that part of Ruthenia which is known as the Sub-Carpathian Ukraine. Here therewas no questionofaplebiscite— the polite fiction indulged in by the Nazisbeing unnecessary with the synthetic"conditioned" stateofthenorthern Slays.

What the Ruthenians or rather the botch-potch populations of that area thinkabobtthechangeisapparentlyof minorconsequence.Theyhadthesame amount of choice asthe BalticStates. Yet they are some who hear the warningoftheAtlanticCharter,framed oh so long ago! At the same time the Czechs took avery firm line with PolandwhenthefutureofTeschenwas discussed. Itisacharmingillustration ofhowPower Politicsmoveinmarvellouswaysits wonders toperform.

But more important than either of theseis the Chinese delegation to Mos.mow.....«.

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COW. We must recall thatthe Soviet has been along time entrenched in China, maintaining Communist armies in the North which have thwarted all effortsat national unity and havesew erely handicapped the National Gov. ernmentinitseffortstoridChinaofthe foreign enemy. It has been plain, however,totheRussiansthatCommun• ismco-ild'neverworkinChina,sodeep is the attachment of the peasants to the soil. So it has contented itself withdisruption,anarchy,andbanditry. Add to thisChina'swar-wearinessand the criminally slow flow ofAllied assistance,andtheMoscow talkstake on asignificance we cannot afford to ignore.

VATICAN-RUSSIAN ' RELATIONS NOT POLITICAL PROBLEM

Prof. GuidoGonella, whoforseveral rears wasamemberof the editorial staff of theVatican newspaper"Osservatore Romano," commenting on the rumours concerning relations between the Holy See and Russia, says that theChurch isinterestedonlyinthe religious and moral welfareofbelievers.

Theproblem,hewritesin the"Affari Internazionali;" is particularly interestingonaccountofCommunism'snewattitude towards the Orthodox Churches in RussiaandotherSlavcountries,and theSovietoccupation ofcountrieswith large Catholic populations.

"Amongthe many ambiguitieswhich will have tobecleared up," saysProf. ronella,"thereisoneofspecialimport. ance. This is the tendency to consider theChurch asapolitical power rather than as aspiritual power. In principle,relationsbetween Russiaand the Holv See are considered as relationsbetweenone Stateand another.

"Fromthisarisesasingularconfusion` oftermsandatendencvtosetRussian interestsagainst thepresumed political interests of the Vatican, whereas it is clearthattheChurchisinterestedonly in the religious and moral welfare of believers.

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THE INCARNATION

By B. R. ADDERLEY.

"The Wordwasmadefleshanddwelt amongst us"—with these words St. John proclaimsthe tremendousfact of the Incarnation. This event is the pivotof history—everything priortoit anticipated it; everything after it looks back on it. It is the measure ofall things,forwiththeadventofthe God-Mancame theawfulwords,"Those who are not with Me are against Me." NOW, there isnoexcuseforneglecting the divine plan for the Incarnation broughtusintoactualcontactwiththe Divine in the person of Jesus Christ.

God.wasin the worldandtheworld, HisCreation,passed byunheeding. BeforeChrist'scomingtherehadbeenperhaps some excuse for neglect, butnow He iswithitsand He,hasshownusby His life and death how we may be with Him.

Ifwecouldimaginethedarknessand the uncertainty which preceded His coming :we could perhaps appreciate more fully just how world-shaking the Incarnation was. No need now for prophetstoguidtusandteachvsfaith and hope in aRedeemer to come, for Heiswithus. Whatisdemandednow is faithinHiscomingandalifeinconformitywith His divine life. Before, man groped blindly towards God, now the road to heaven is plain and clear, fordoes Ile not tell us Himself,"Iam the Way and the Truth and the Life."

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So thatheaven isfor those who would follow in His footsteps.

Afore than this, His coming was an expression,the sublime expression of the Holy Poverty ofGod whoemptied Himself taking to Himself our flesh, poor,lowly, thatwe mightbeliftedup and made one(with Him. It wasthe supreme donation which showedusthe boundlessness of God's love for us. "God so loved theworld that He gave His only begotten Son to redeem and save us."

ThroughtheIncarnation thepromise of man'sRedemption was honoured. For as manChristcould suffer,andas GodHecouldofferthissufferinginadequate and perfect atonement for the infinite malice of our sins. Thuswas IIe able to winback for us the supernatural favours which had been lost through thesinofourfirstparents.

Hebecame man so that we in afashion might become God, notby losing ourindividualitybutbyaliftingupof our naturesthrough grace and theper. fectingofourhumanityby theindwellingofGod. Allthisturnsbackonthe Incarnation as the original impetus which speedsus towards the Trinity.

Without Him is no Redemption—in IIim, by Him and with Him is Life. AsThou, 0Lord, in allhumility Took to Thyself our stark humanity, Hake us to share for all eternity God-life through Thy Divinity.

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Pope's'Peace Plea on V

-E-

Day

foryourprovincesand}•otlrfatherland, amoreacceptablefutureandarejuvenated blood.

"With the lurking threat of death driven from the earth, from the seas and from the skies,and henceforth assuredby the laying down of arms, the life ofmen,creatures of God, and that which remains to them of private and common possessions, Cain be rededicated.

"Men can now set free their minds andspiritstothe buildingofthepeace.

"Inconsidering Europealone,wefind ourselves face to face now with the giganticproblemsanddifficultieswhich must be overcome if we wish to plan thewaytoatruepeace,theonlypeace that can be lasting. This, indeed, cannot flower and prosper except in an atmosphere of security and of'perfect fidelity, alivewith reciprocal trust,mutual understanding and goodwill.

"The war has everywhere aroused discord, suspicion,andhatred.If,therefore, the world wishes to regain peace, falsehood and hatred mustvanish, and in their stead, truth and charity must reign.

The Holy Fathermarked the end of thewar by broadcasting to the world from his private study in the Vatican recently,appealing for abetter world "basedon Faith,onrespect for human dignity and equalrights for all people and all states,big or small, weak or strong."

His Holiness said:

"At last this terrible war, that has bound Europe with the bond of the mosthorrible andfrightfulsufferingfor nearlysixyears,isended. A.profound, humble cry of gratitude rises from the depth ofour heart towards the Father of Mercy andGodofeveryconsolation.

"With our thanks goes a fervent prayer imploringDivineGoodness that the war may end in justice—also the sanguinary battles that are raging in theFar East.

"We kneel before the graves wherein lie the remains of innumerable human beings who fell in battle,fell victim to inhumanmassacres,orfellprey tobun• ger and want. In our prayers we remember them and we pray to Jesus Christ, their Saviour and their judge.

"The fallen seem to be pointing a minatoryfingeratthesurvivors ofthis inhuman conflict,beckoning them and saying:'Let the architects of anew andbetterEuropearisefromourbanes, our graves and the earth upon which we were scatteredlikeseeds of corn.'

"Let anew world arise based on Faith, respect for human dignity and .equal rights for all people and all States,big orsmall, weak orstrong.

"Around it the war has piled up a chaosof ruin—bothmoralandmaterial ruin—such as mankind has never before witnessed in the course of all its long history.

"Now the moment has come to rebuildtheworld.

"As afirst foundation stone of this proce.'ss of restoration, we wish to see, aftersuch alongwait,andasfarascircumstances allow, the rapid return to their homes of prisoners of war, civilianinternees,soldiersandcivilians.We wishtosecthemreturntotheirhearths, totheirwives, to theirchildren, and to .he noble work of peace.

"Thentoallwesay:'Donotlet your courage waver or your energy flag. Throw yourselves wholeheartedly into the work of reconstruction. Let your workbesustainedby complete faithin DivineProvidence. Each oneof you, .standtoyourpost,resolute andtenacious, withheartsanimated by an indestructibleloveforyourneighbour,

"This lose will greatly facilitate the task that ties before each of you, the taskof makinggood the thousand and one disastrous effects of the war, .It is difficult but also it is aholy undertaking that awaits you in repair• ing immediate and disastrous consequence'!ofthewar:evemeanthedecayof public order, the misery and hunger, the brutalising of customs and usage, thelackof discipline andunbelief.

"Bysodoing,little bylittleyou will prepareforyourcitiesandyourvillages

"Above all, however, in our daily prayers we should constantly beseech the God of Love to fulfil His promise made by the mouth of the Prophet Ezechiel:'And Iwill give them one heart, andIwill putanewspiritwith- ' in you..

"May the Lord God deign to create thisnewspiritinpeopleandparticularly in the hearts of those towhom He has entrusted the responsibility of establishingthefuturepeace. Theff,and thenonly,will the rebornworld avoid the return of the tremendous scourge ofwarandwilltherereignatrue,stable and universal brotherhood."

CATHOLIC PART] WANTS KING LEOPOLR BACK

KingLeopoldof the'Belgians,said to have been rescued with his family by ,U.S. troops near Salzburg, in Austria, is to be asktd by the Socialists to ab• dieate, but the Catholic Party insist that on his return the King must recoverallhisconstitutional powers.

"La Libre Belgique;" a newspaper famousforitsstandagainsttheGerman invader in two war's, declares that the politicians who would invite the King to resign are committing an abuse of power, "La Nation Beige;" organ of theCatholicParty, saysthatthe King, on returning to his capita], should receive the warmest of tivelcorrtes which thegreatmass of the people are eager toaccord him.

Meanwhile,M.Spank,chairmanofthe Belgian delegation at San Francisco, has flown home in view of the crisis that has arisen and Catholic leadersof the Chamfer and Senate have met M. can Acker, Socialist Prime Minister, to press their view that no change must hemacle'in theconstitutionifthecountryisnottofaceagravepoliticalcrisis. umunimoosiunuuwinmNnuninuennnnulnuuuun•"

Trotting Selections

By "THE HAWK."

GLOUCESTERPARR.

Saturday,July 7, 1946.

\C.A. Breeders' Handicap: Stretta• nex,1; IcyDerby,2; Genwyn,3.

Melville Handicap: Radiant Warrior, l; Flora Lady, 2; Noel's Lady, 3. -Purl Handicap: Little Sheik, 1; NOT— err-)r,2; Rohda Lou,3.

Harbour I[ancticap: Leo's Choice, 1; Nice Vin.?; Rise and Shine, 3. Richmond Park Handicap: Kato, 1; Red Jlavista,?;\Virra Roseitta,3. Paymyra Handicap ,

Cressena, 1; \terra, 2; Kwobrup P:elle, 3.

I're=)dent's Handicap: Child Wirra, l; Courageous,2;LLeTennessee,3.

DeathofMrs.E.Lynch,ofPerth.

With deep regret we learned of the deathofMrs. ElizabethLynchm,other of Rev. Father Albert Lynch, on Fridayeveninglast.

Airs. Lynch arrived alittle while before tospend the winterin Kalgoorlie, aswashercustom. Illnesscausedher toenterSt. JohnofGod Hospital,and it was soon realised thathercondition wasserious. Shereceivedthelastrites of the Church, and passed peacefully away on Friday evening.

Mrs. LynchhadmanyfriendsinKalgoorlie, andwill be particularlymissed by members of St. Mary's Parents' and Friends' Association.

Mayhersoulandthesoulsofall the faithful departedrestin peace.

'Personal.

Congratulations toMr.and Mrs. Eric Heenan, on the arrival of a son and heir.

TheJackJohnson'sare also celebrating thearrival ofason(theirsecond).

The friends of Mr. James Kelly are pleased to hear of his progress towards recovery after his recent serious illness.

Mr.and Mrs. F.Dawsonhave receiv. ed news of their daughter'.Margaret's success in attainingher commission in the A.W.A.S. Lieutenant Dawson is attached to Ordinance.

SacredHeart Sodality.

Members met in good numbers on Sunday for monthly devotions. On Sundavevening,the SpiritualDirector, Rev. Father AtcSweney, preached on thePrecious Blood,andintroducedthe story ofTheresa Newmann, theBavarianstigmatict.

The Prize Packet.

The £100 Prize Packet is now in its fifthweek. Therearestillspacesavailable for late starters on the collection cards. All money already collected should he handed in to the secretary weekly, so thatnames canbe included in the draw for the weekly prize.

TheCatholicBall:July25.

The communityconcert organisedby ( -

has. Logan and his Slay-High Compa

ny was held on Sunday evening in ,t. Mary'sHall. tofarther thefinancial interestsoftheBall,tobeheldonJuly 2.i. Thecompanypossesses somefirstclasstalent.andisnotedforgenerosity. The band included Billy Trembath, ninno; Norm. McMahon, corner: Phil. Fryer, saxaphune; and Gib. inkpen, drams: while the following artists al'" appeared: Roma Ranson, Les. Poore. Alice Doriz7i(secretary )

.Bob Kissack, Barbara and Alarian Corbett, MiilicLeithhcarl,andChas.Logan.hiss Al. Glasson also offered her services and was well applauded for two songs.

After theconcert theartists were entertained at supperbymembersofthe Girls' Club. Rey. Father Carolan thanked the company for their gener. ousgestureinofferingtheir serviceson several occasiotrs during the last year.

Basket Ball.

Baskethall hasgainedafirmfooting amongtheyoungerset during recent weeks. Ateam from C.G.C. met the "W.A.A.FS" in ascratch match and won 4--3, on Sundayweek Last Sunday C.G.C. met St. Mary's team, and an exciting afternoon ended in awin for the former, the scores being 17-14. C.B.C. Art Union.

The draw took place on Wednesday during ameeting of the Parents' and Friends' Association, and resulted as follows: First prize, No. 130, Patsy Lewis: second prize, No. 1577

))(no name): third prize, No. 1,010, Mrs. Whiteley.

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thirdorderofSt.Trancis

July lst.,in spiteof threateningwea. ther,sawalarge numberof Franciscan Tertiaries assembled to hear their Director, Rev. E. McBride, T.O.S.F., first read an interesting account of the great Franciscan Portuncula Indulgenceandlatergiveasermonetteonthe Feast dayof SS. Peter and Paul. This was followed by Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament.

During the business section, Brother Prefect asked for and received satis. factory reports from the treaturer, secretary of the knitting circle, librarian, andpresident of the Franciscan Social Club. The latter suggested having a Brothers' luncheon at the Club and spokeof asociallater on inhonour of St. Francis, and the annual Club Social, tobe heldonJuly24at2.30p.m., in the roomsof TheWomen's Service Guilds, CecilBuilding,SherwoodCourt. She hoped that as many Tertiaries as possible would attend the latter and keep the date, July 24, very carefully in their minds.

Leaeue of Catholic Youth, Subiaco

Last Monday night'smeetingwasattendedbyfiftymembersofthe League. The indoor competitionsstartedin full swing. Following are the number of pointsgainedbyeachteamuptodate:

Pat Fitzsimmons, 28 points; Tom Hughes,22;BobFirns,31; BrianKeay, 27.

Boxing.

Bert McPartland was present at the meeting and showed agroup of lads the finer points of boxing. The boys appreciated this very much, and only hope that Bert will be able to attend more meetings and show them more about self-defence.

Gymnasium Work.

TheGym.equipmentisbeingutilised more lately, and the prospects of obtaining agood Gym. team looks prosperous. The boys were very pleased to see one of their older members, in Bill Patterson, taking part in Gyn1. exercises.

Dance.

Last Saturday night over 190 people attended the L.C.Y. Dance in St. Joseph's Hall, Suhinco. Luckv spots and aMonte Carlo were added atractions atthedance.

Grand Carnival Dance, Saturday, July 14. `

:lnvone wishing to get an invitation to this dance should contact Mr. Bevin Iiesford or the Secretary of the i.eague,200Cambridge-street,Wembley Park.

Personal.

The Leagueannounces with deep regret that Pat Sweeney will have to relinquish his activities with the League, because of atransfer to the country. Pat has been avery keen and enthusiastic member of the League in the past.

J

im Daly has also been transferred to the country, another one of our good members. Jim has been on ,nano sub-committees of the League, and hasshown his willingness to work for its best interests.

The League's committee and memhers generally wish both these members every success in their future undertakings.

Just landed, new Gas Fires and Room Heaters; also Enamel Saucs. pans. AtW.A. Stove Co., Perth.

Lithuania Being Sovietised

Lithuania is being sovietised and is suffering afamine, while many thousandshavebeendeported. ThisinformationonpresentconditionsintheBaltic Republic under Russian dominationhasbeen obtainedbytheLithuanian RomanCatholic Federationat Chicago,throughaLithuanianscholarwho nowresidesatParis.

"Lithuania is undergoingamost ter riblt processofextermination,"observes theexiledLithuanianin hisreport to the Federation, based on letters and newsbroadcasts. "Acasuallineinone letter:"hestates,"said'200,000weredeported.' Pele'ckis(Sovietpuppetpresident) boasted over the radio that 83,000 Lithuanians voluntarily left for work inthe Soviet Union."

"Lithuaniaisgoingthroughaprocess of russification, which, according to a Lithuanian rodia announcer, hasmade goodprogress,"thereportcontinues."It is thoughtthat new Russiancolonisers havebeen brought in.

"Lithuania is being subjected to steadysovietisation. Thelandreform wasto be concluded by February 1of this year. Demands are being made over the radio that non-party officials beremoved,fortheysabotagethework of'the reform.

"Lithuania is undergoing afamine, for one reads,'We are bloated from hungerl''Wearedyingfromhunger: The president of the Lithuanian Writers' Association, while discussingworkingconditionsofwriters,admittedthat they are often hungry, yet he urged themtowriteabouttheSoviet Union, the achievements of the Red Army, etc."

Discussing the question of the country's survival, the Lithuanian savant saysheis troubled"by someverypessimistic thoughts," adding: "We are heartenedbythe news coming from America. Indeed, all gur hopes are onlyin'America. Evidentlyallofyou thereare workinghard. Yourfather• landwill bevery grateful to you.

"At the time the Bolsheviks were rampantfor the first time in Lithuania, all eyeswere turned to Washington, to America. You cannot even imagine what is taking place there, .what aterrible blight has befallen Lithuania," the report concludes.

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"Seeds. of New War May Be Sown"

DEATHS

The Catholic Bishop of Munster, Count

Vori Galen, who was notable under the Hitler regime for his courage in faceof Nazi tyranny, has now taken up the cudgels onbehalf of his defeatedcountrymen,against thecharges of universal guilt and cormption levelledagainst them byextremistson theAlliedside. Theseedsofanother war,heholds,willbesownifthisview prevails and dominates Allied policy.

According toan "Age" reportof last week,the'Bishopspokea'.qfollows:

SurelytheAlliesdo notbelieve the propaganda put out by Goebbels that the German people knew nothing but revengeandhatred;'hesaidyesterday.

'The German people have been conquered, and, of course, they will.hae vto bear the consequences. ButIdo not feel it right that every Germ rhould be heldresponsiblefor all that hasbeendone.

"Itisrightthatwarcriminalsshould bebrought tojustice,butitisnotfair thatthosewhosufferedundertheNazis should now sufferunder occupation."

BishopvonGalensaidthat,ofcourse, theAllieswere deeplyshockedbywhat they had found in German concentra. tioncamps,butthosecampswerelargely filled with German prisoners and German dead His own brother, at the age of 65, had been imprisoned at Sachsenhausen, without trial andwithoutknowing any charge against him.

Most Were Not Nazis.

"Thebulk of the people didnotsup. port the Nazi philosophy," the Bishop claimed,"although they might have supported the Government because of theorderwhichitbroughtoutofchaos in 1933. Ithink German support for Hitler was more general in 1933 than it was in 1940, when he had lead the people into war."

Jumble Sale and Paddy's Market

at SCHOOL OF MARY IMMAC'QLATX SING ST., EAST FREMANTLE.

July 14, at 2.30 p.m.

GoodClothes(Coupon Free), Home. Made Cakes, Jams, Pickles, Produce Stall,Afternoon Tea.

Bishop von Galen, whose anti-Nazi pastoral lettershave been widely quoted in England and America, said he thought Nazi philosophy or similar anti-Christian philosophy might rise again

in Germany if economic'chaos wasallowed to develop, butit wasobvious that Germany could not go to war again"in our lifetime."

Opinion in 1959.

Ile could not discuss the causes of this war, he said, because he, in commonwith allGermanpeople,had been somisinformedbyNazipropagandain. manyyears. Ile thought theGerman people had gone to war in 1939 with very much less patriotic feeling and less feeling of justification than they had in 1914.

Important things needed to prevent G-

xmany from becoming amilitaristic State again were education, religious freedom andorderlygovernment,

TO THE EDITOR ... .

Sir,—Being aregular reader of your paper, which, through my good wifeI receive very often, Iwonder if you wouldallowmeashortspacesometime to give praise for the wonderful work our priests are doing up here in Tarakan. Wearrivedjustafterthelanding andweresurprisedalongtheroadleading toourcamp to read noticestelling were Masscould be heard. There were only four priests; one had to be with thetroopsallthetimeinthefrontline; the other three to cover the island. They each were sayistg ten Masses on Sundays and Mass in different places every night. They had made it thateasy, that therewas noexcuseforany soldier or airman missing Mass. They putinhourshearing confessions.What agreat sight to see the boys coming to church covered in mud and sweat after beingdays in the frontline, and going up to the altar to receive Holy Communion; and the boys who are going to take their places alongside them. Itmakesone feel proud tobe aCatholic. Last Sunday night the littlechurchIattendwasfullofA.I.F., R.A.A.F.,andYanks,alsoafewnatives. The sermon was very good, straight fromtheshoulder,andmusthavedone agood job, because everyone present went to the altar. Things like that give you courage, even in the worst spots. Thank God for our faith and our great priests in Tarakam—Yours, etc.,

THOMAS GILROY.

MACKAY,—On June 28, 1945, Elizabeth,loving wifeof Harold,dearsister ofLucy,andsister-in-law of Bert Maley, Eternal restgrantunto her,0Lord, and may perpetual light'shine uponher. Amen.

SCALES, Jim (Private, Perth Infantry).—Diedofwoundswhileprisoner of war in the handsof the Japanese in Java. R.I.P.

—Inserted by his loving Aunt, Mrs. Jerose.

►T, IN MEMORIAM + OnService.

MATISON.—In loving memory of our dear son and brother, Harry, killed inactioninSyriaon July 6,1941. Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercyonhis soul.

STEFFAN.—Of your charity, pray for thereposeof thesoul ofJames Pat., killed in air operationsover France on July8, 1944. Eternalrestgrant untohim,0Lord, andmayperpetuallightshineupon him.

—Inserted byhis father,motherand brother.

BOGUE.—Of your charity, pray for the repose of the souls of Mary Angela and Thomas Bogue, who departedthislifeonJuly5, 1944,dearly lovedmotherand brotherofDouglas and Agnes, loving grandma and uncle of Brian, Pat and Kevin Bogue.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercyon their souls.

BOGUE.—In loving memory of our dearest grandma andourlovingand devoted uncle, whodiedJuly5,1944. Sweet Jesus, have mercy.

—InsertedbyGeorge(RA.A.F.) and PatricaWalsh.

BOGUE.—Sad memories ofmydarling mother and dearestbrother, who departed this life July 5, 1944.

Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on them.

—Insertedby their loving daughter and sister, Margaret, and George.

ROGUE.—Ofyourcharity,prayforthe repose of the soul's of my darling motherandbrotherTom,theanniver. sariesof whose deathsoccuron July 5. 0, Eternal Father, through the Most PreciousBloodofJesus,andthemost bitter dolours of Mary, have mercy on theirsouls.

Alwaysrememberedby their sorrow. ingdaughterand sister,111onme.

BOGUE.—+Ofyourcharity,prayforthe soulsofourdearmotherandbrother, Tom, accidentally killed on Judy 5, 1944.

Eternalrestgrantuntothem,OLord, andmayperpetuallightshineupon them.

EverrememberedbyStanandQueen.

BOGUS.—Ofyourcharity,prayforthe soulsofmydearmotherandbrother, Tom, who departed this life on July 5, 1914.

SweetJesus,havemercyonthem.

IIENEBRY (Rev.James).—Atokenof prayerful and affectionate remembranceof our late revered Parish Priest and friend, who departed this life on July 5, 1944.

RequiescatinPace.

—Inserted by thechildren ofSt.Joseph's School, Kellerberrin. , LYNCH.—In loving'memory df our dear husband and father, Patrick Joseph Lynch ,who was accidentally killedonJuly3,1944.

Yost Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on hissoul.

—Inserted by his loving wife and family.

MULCAHY.—Sacredtothememoryof my dear husband, Thomas F. Mulcahy, who died on July 10, 1941. R.I.P,

On whose soul, Jesus, havemercy.

O'CONNELL.—Sacred to the memory ofour dearmotherand father, who passed away on Jyne 15, 1925, and July 19, 1942, respectively.

Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on theirsouls.

Always remembered by Kathleen andCharlieRhodesandfamily,Bayswater.

O'\fEARA.—Of your charity pray for the repore of the soul of Catherine Agnes O'Meara, who departed this lifeJuly 6, 1942.

,

On whose soul, Sweet Jesus, have mercy.

—Insertedbyherlovinghusbandand family.

PARKINSON.—Of your charity, pray for the reposeof the soul of Ellena Parkinson,nvho diedon July4, 1941. Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy onhersoul.

—Inserted by her loving husband, daughter and son-in-law and grandchildren,James,John, Ellena,andBernadette Hynes, and loving sister, Mrs. Gallagher.

SULLIVAN.—Prayfor the repose of the soul of CorneliusSullivan, wlio departed thislife onJuly 10, 1924.

—Inserted by his loving wife and family.

WALL. 'A tribute to the memory of Thos. A. L. Wall, who passed away on July 3, 1940.

Requiescat in Pace.

—Inserted by his loving wife and family.

a

BEREAVEMENT NOTICE.

Mr.G. Bana and family wish to THANK all kind friends and relatives for prayers, letters, cards, telegrams, and personal expressions of sympathy in their sad bereavement. Will all pleaseacceptthisas apersonalexpression ofsinceregratitude. •

BOARDAND RESIDENCE.

Above required by refined business girl; privatefamily. ApplyC.T.,this office.

Thegarden in which St. Teresa as a novice'used to pick weeds—as she relatesinherautobiography—washitby nearly 100 bombs in the days preceding and following D-Day, states aletter from Sister Anne of Jesus to the Carmelite Nuns at Rochester, U.S.A.

:✓J

EVENING LESSONS FOR AMBITIOUS YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN.

Semi-private tuitionisgiven four evenings weeklyatthe C.C.C. from 7--9 p.m.. You may study— SHORTHAND, TYPEWRITING, BOOKKEEPING, ACCOUNTANCY, OOMPTOMETER. LEDGER MACHINE, ETc.

If you are working and wish to increase your qualifications, we inviteyoutocallforfulldetails.

PREPARATION FOR NURSES' ENTRANCE c

EXAMINATION.

Girlswhowish toentertheNursing profression must pass their entrance Examination. The C.C.C. have special Coursesof instruction by personal attendance or Correspondence Lessons. Our experienced coaches have been training girls suecegsfully for many years. If we can he of assistance to you, do not he-eitate to get in touch with its. The fee is veryreasonableandcanbepaidby instalments.

City Commercial College

CO1t4IERCIAL OORRZBPONDINCE OOW-203, SISSFFIELD HOUSE, 713.21 HAY STREET, PERTH,

Always remembered by Gerry(R.A. A.F.).

CULHANE.—In loving memory of John Culhane, died at Margaret River, W.A., July 8, 1937. R.I.P. —Inserted by his loving wife and sons, Jack, Pat, Mick.

DELGADO, Frances Christina(Bub).

—In loving memory of our darling daughterandsister,diedJuly4, 1943. Eternalrest grantunto her, 0Lord.

'FUDGER.—Of your charity, pray for therepose ofthesoul ofHarry,who departedthislifeJuly4,1942. R.I.P. —inserted by his loving l:rother, Charlie,Vonnie, Bernard and Charlene.

HENEBRY.—Ofyourcharity,prayfor the soul of Rev. Father Henebry, whodepartedthislifeonJuly5,1944. Eternalrestgrantuntohim,0Lord, andmayperpetuallightshineupon him.

—Inserted by Monnie Bogue.

HENEBRY.—A sincere tribute to our belovedfriend,Rev,FatherHenebry, whopastedawayonJuly5, 1944. Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy onhissoul.

Ever remembered by Terence and Brian Rhodes,Bayswater.

"Our convent is standing among nuns," writes Sister Anne,"but many of our affiliated buildings are severely damaged. More than 1,000 windows' are broken in our convent and other buildings."

St. Teresa's twosisters, MotherAgnes and Sister Genevieve, she adds, are still well andcarryingon theirduties.

America LegislatesAgainst Bigotry and Racialism

Employment Discrimination an Offence

Sex Education Vetoed

Billsofgreatinteresttoreligiouscitizens h•ave been before legislators in _ variou4 States. Decisions of high interest are also reported. Seven other States and Cppngress have received 'Bills similar fo the Ives-Quinn anti. discrimination law signed by Governor Thomas E. Dewey, of New York. It makes religious or racial prejudice in selecting employees apunishable offence and sets up afive-member salar. ied commission to enforce the law, Hailing passage of New York's precedent-setting law, Albany observers agreed thatthe impressive supportregistered for the proposal by representatives of the three major faiths wasa leading factor in its adoption. Protestant,CatholicandJewishgroupsunanimously backed the Bill, says ReligiousNewsService.

BillsalongthelinesoftheIves-Quinn Act received strong support fromMas+saebusetts religious leaders at apublic hearinginBostonbeforethe

JointCommitteeonStateAdministration.Among thoserepresentedwasArchbishopRichard J. Cushing. "Iam here to-day," saidthe Rev.John S. Sexton,editorof the "Pilot." who spoke for Archbishop Cushing, "because there is involved a clear-cutandvitalmoral issue. Ican't think of anything more un-Christian than the persecution of anybody be. cause ofwhatGodhasmade him."

The Kentucky Court of Appeals has reaffirmed adecision first reached by itmorethan50yearsagothatrevenueproducing property owned by charitable, religious, and educational institutions is not subject to taxation. The opinion was written by Judge William H. Reese, and unanimously concurred in. The case grew out of an attempt + by Louisville in 1943 to make an assessment of 757,446 dollars against institution-owned property in that city, such as office buildings, stores, restaurants, rooming houses,parking lots,and filling stations. "The day may come," the opinionsaid,"when the amount of tax-exempt real property owned by in. stitutions will constitute an evil, but the people will then doubtless correct the evilbyconstitutional amendment."

A Bill to make taxable certain pro. fits derived from property owned by Church and fraternal organisations in Wisconsin wanopposed by spokesmen for the twogroups at apublic hearing held inMadisonbythe Assembly'stax. ationcommittee. W. H. Spohn,attorney representing the Milwaukee Archdiocese,asserted that the Bill was "improperly drawn" and would permit taxation of Y.M.C.A. and Y.W.C.A. agencies. The measure is being redrafted in committee.

Released Time Allowance.

ABillpermittingpublicschoolpupils to beexcused two hours weekly for religious instruction was given final passage by the Washington State Legislaturein Olympia.

In Arkansas, Governor Ben Laney 1signed aBill exempting parsonages from all real property taxes except improvement district assessments. Parsonages immediately adjoining churches have been tax-exempt previously, but thenewlawextendstheexemption toallchurch propertyusedfortheminister's home, regardless of location.

The Iowa House of Representatives voteddown an amendment toaSchool Code Bill for State reimbursement of 'Paints!Enamelised and Aluminium, now available atHassell'sStore,comer Wellington and Queen Streets,Perth.

school transportation costs. The amendment was intended to make bus transportationavailableto all students.

"Sex instruction" will not be given in the public schools of Wilmington, Del., according toDr.William H. Lemmel, superintendent, who added 'that the major responsibilityfor such teaching rests upon the Church and the home. Earlier reports that coursesin sex hygiene were planned in the publicschools led toaprotestfrom Bishop Edmond J. FitzJlaurice, who called on Catholic parents of children in the schools to forbid their attendance at "sex instruction ,

'lectures.

.Anti-BigotCourses.

In Wisconsin, Republican and Demo. cratic legislatorsaresponsors of areligious and racial tolerance as aregular partofthecurriculuminall publicand private schools. Authors of the Bill are Assemblvmen Fred Pfennig, of Kenosha, and William Nawrocki, of Milwaukee.

At Olympia, Washington, by avote of27 to 18,the StateSenategave final approval to legislation recognising the right of private and parochial school pupils

t6 ride on school buses. The legislationwasinserted by amendmentin the65.000,000dollarschoolsupport Bill. The statute now given firial passage by the Senate had previously been approved by the House with the vote of69to28favouring the section. Senator Paul G.Thomassaid there would be acourt test. In 1943, asimilarlawwas heldunconstitutional by the State Supreme Court .

ABill toguarantee the participation of all American schools in Federal aid toeducationhasbeenintroducedinthe U.S. Senatehy.SeriatorJamesM.Mead, of New York, and Senator George D. Aiken, of Vermont. This measure, which has the support ofthe American FSderation of Teachers, among its pro. visions authorises an appropriation of 300,000,000dollarsyearlyto wipe out illiteracv and to raise education standardsin the United States.

The proposedlegislationisdistinctive and special because it makes aid available for every needy American school child, rural and urban, regardless of race, creed or colour.

The twoSenators sponsoring the Bill issued ajoint statement, saying: "The

Bill recognisesthe fact that to-day the health'and welfare of the American child is as much aproblem . as is the educational structure itself. We are determined that the same opportunity for development must he given the poor coloured bov and girl in Blississippi as isgiven the bov and girl of am• other race in our State, or in any State. For this reason we shall push with all the power we possess for enactment bf this Bill."

Federal Control Avoided.

Within its general provisons, the Bill emphasises the need for local control of education and points out that the provisions of this Act shall be so con. strued as to encourage local control and initiativeinthe conductofschools.

The Billcreatesinthe Federal Secur• ity Agency aNational Board of Apportionment,to hecomposed offiverepresentatives appointed by the Presi. dent by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, whose dutv it shall he to formulate policies for the allocation of all funds authorised under the provisionsofthe Act.

ForNon-Public Schools.

In order to secure the most demo. cratic distribution of funds and to assure equalisation of educational oppor

tunity forall, Senate Bill717 provided for adistribution of funds to non-pub. lieschools that are in need of help. In each State which informs the National Board that it is prohibited from disbursing to non-public schools funds appropriated under this Act, the National Board is empowered to appoint atrustee whose duty itshall be to re-

ceive and disburse that portion of funds allocable to the State which the National Board determines should be disbursed to non-public schools. In makinganysuchdeterminationtheNational Board is instructed to consider the extent to which the burden of the educational needs of the State are borneby non-public schools.

ai• as aa+ r WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BUTCHER. NEWCASTLE ROAD,'MIDLAND JUNCTION.

Tel. 118 Midland. TRUSSED POULTRY.

Dressed Poultry

READY FORTHE OVEN, ALWAYS AVAILABLE AT— MACFARLANE &CO. LTD.

48 MURRAY STREET. 'PHONES: B3777; B1438

HOTELS — CAFES — TEAROOMS SUPPLIED BY SPECIAL SERVICE.

— MILK — HONEY — BUTTER — BACON — ALL DAIRY PRODUCE SUPPLIED.

-State Sawmills -

SPF.CiA),ISE IN LOCAL TIGERS STATE PRESSED BRICKS AND Other Builders' Requisites

306 MURRAY ST., PERTH

Alec,

at Country and Metropolitan Yards

Hotel and Accommodation Guide COUNTRY.

DUKE OF YORK HOTEL, NARROGIN.

Reconditioned and Refurnished. New Lounge,Dining Rooms, and Commercial Rooms. ARTHUR BOYLAN, Proprietor. (Late George Hotel, Perth).

GOLDFIELDS.

Rod Beaton's HANNAN'S HOTEL, HANNAN STREET, KALGOORLIE.

STAR & GARTER HOTEL, Cur. HANN,iN & NETHERCOTT STS., KALGOORLIE. BERTSTARR .... Proprietor.

'Phone 19......... Box 124. AUSTRALIA HOTEL, KALGOORLIE.

C.T.A. and R.A.C. HOUSE. One Minute from St.Mary's Church.

Hot and Cold Water in Hotel Bathrooms. Refrigeration Throughout. Only Lock-Up Garages in the Oentre of Town. Nf.J. DILLON, licensee.

FREEMASONS HOTEL, TOODYAY.

Exeallent cuisine, Amatice Refrigerator Installed. Old and New Friends are Cordially Welcomed. MRS. E. WING, Proprietress.

STAN. O'BRIEN, COURT HOTEL PERTH.

'Phone: 84261.

HOTEL BEACONSFIELD, FREMANTLE.

Overlooking the Ocean. SuperiorAccommodation.

Moderate Charges.

bL BYRNE (Late of Grand and Shamrock Hotels, Boulder).

VICTORIA HOTEL, HAYSTREET, SUBIACO.

Renovated Throughout.

Essence of Comfort. W. F. ART&4, Proprietor. (Lateof BalmoralHotel,Vic. Park)

KEOUGH'S for CATERING

Any Number, Place,orTime.

ThreeReception RoomsforHire.

On Hire: Crockery,Cutlery arld Glassware, etc. 'Phone:89454.

GLAD KEOUGH.

NEWCASTLE ST., PERTH.

up and the results will thrill you.

Feltisanotherexcitingmedium that offers unlimited scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy's HomecraftSection in many lovely colours. Here is agrand opportunity for you to save money by malting your own Christmasgifts this year.

Smile a

Wife:"Is athree weeks'old chicken big enough to eat?"

Husband: "Good heavens—nol Why, it would only be amouthful."

Wife: "But if it can'teat,how can the poor little thing live?" * t * t

Acaptain in the Merchant Marine who received much commendatidh for his wonderful courage and endurance during thewar. was asked toaddressa meeting in the West. The Chairman spokefirst and at considerable length, and when he had finished the audience rose, almost to aman, to leave the building. The chairmansprangto his feet,rushedtotheedgeoftheplatform, and calledexcitedly:

"Come back and take your seats. Come back, every one of you. This man went through hell for us during thewar,andit'suptousnowtodothe same for him:'

Agroup ofsoldiers' wiveswerebrag. gingabout theirhusbands.Thefirstremarked that at last hers had been granted acommission.

"Bill has just got notice of his captaincy!" thrilled the second.

The third hinted that her husband was hoping for his first lieutenancy thatmonth.

In abrief pause the fourth bride burst out bravely: "Well, Johnny still has his privacy, anywayl"

* * r

Aman hall an attackof pneumonia, and doctor was called in. After an examination the doctor sav: "You are amusician, Ithink, and play awind instrument?"

"Yes."

"Thatexplainseverything.There'sa distinct straining of thelungs, and the larynx is inflamed as though by some abnormal pressure. What instrument do you play?"

"The concertina."

* * t r

"That ,young fool, Gushleigh„ can't scc what'sgoing on underhisnose.", "Isitasbadas that?"

"It must be, or he'd have it shaved off."

* * * *

The meaning of the word "collision" was being explained by the teacher of theclassofsmall boysandgirls.

"A collision." he said,"is when two things come together unexpectedly:"

Immediateh,

asmall boyjumped up and said:"Please, teacher, we've had acollision at our house."

"Whatever do you mean?"

"Well,motherjusthadtwins." * * * *

FirstIfenpeck: "AllmylifeI'veplayedsecond fiddle."

Second Henpeck: "Blimeyl you're lucky! I've never even been in.the Ninkin' orchestra!" * * * *

The father of a large family was down with To. Little Willie was alloved into the sick room, and during hisvisit was very quiet.

Before leaving he said: "I'se been good,daddy, hasn't I?"

"Yes;' said daddy, "very good."

"Then," ventured Willie,"can I'se pleasesee the baby?"

*

* * *

"On the day on which my wedding occurred--"

"You'll pardon the correction, but affairs such as marriages, receptions, dinners, and things of that sort'take place.' It is only calamities which occur: Youseethedistinction?"

"Yes, Isee. As Iwas saying, the clay on which my wedding occur. red----"

* * *

"Yes, my dear," said amuch occupied wife to afriend,"for months I wondered where my husband was spending his evenings, until one night Iarrived home early—and there he was!" r r r t

Medical Officer:"Anyscarson you?"

Nervous Recruit: "No, sir, but I've got some cigarettes if you'd like one."

Theplumber,withhisapprentice,had certainly been an incredibly long time over the job, and showed no signs of gettingit finished.

Theownerofthe property thoughtit wasabouttimehegentlyremindedhim of the fact.

He approached them as they were going leisurely about their work one day, and placed hishandon the shoulderof theapprentice.

Then,turningtotheplumber,hesaid, drily:"My word, how thisladofyours isgrowing!"

"What are ethics?" asked ayouth of his father, who was apartner

i n a grocer's shop.

"Ethics," replied the parent,"arethe things that tell you the difference be. tween the right and wrong."

The youth looked puzzled.

"Well," went on his father,"suppose I'm servingin ashop,andamangives me apound notetopay atenshillings bill. Igo to get his change and c.,scover there's two one-pound notes stuck together. Well, ethics is what makes me decide whether to keep the extra pound for myself or go halves withmy partner."

Thief: "Iwant to adjourn my case, as my solicitor hasn't arrived."

Judge: "As there are witnesses here who actually saw you stealing, what can your solicitor say in your fay. our?"

Thief: "That's what I want to know."

"Im not surprised that Bob finally married Edith. He spent so much moneyon her."

"Yes, they say he marr

i e

dher

for his money."

* * *

The military-looking gentleman had backed the wir.ner ofthebig race,and received anice wad of notes from his bookmaker on the racecourse.'

Ashady individual noted this and followed the military gent to the refreshment bar to endeavour to claim his acquaintance.

"How are 3 -

cu, Colonel Smith? You remember me in your regiment at D

_ ?

1.

The military-looking gentleman coldly replied:"Iam not Colonel Smith, and Ihave never been in D—"

"Then," answered the shady one, you must have adouble." -

'

.

Thanks," was the quiet reply. "I will."

*

* * *

Isuppose he loved her, otherwise he would not have married her, and I suppose she loved him, otherwise she would not have let him; but nevertheless at tin.es she did seem to do things to annoy him and he did seem to say things which were hardlyloving in their expression,

"Fred, dear," she said one day,"why are some w•omefi called Amazons?"

"Well, my dear," he answered, "you remember the River Amazon has the largest mouth—"

But she went out and slammed the door before he could say any more.

Foreman: "And in thatlargeroomin the rearwe have several dyeing vats."

Ladv Visitor:"Oh, isn't that a shame. And can't you do athing for them?"

"llow (lid your husbandlike making his debut at the concert?" asked the professor.

"The experience w,1s unnatural;" replied Mrs. Synick. "The worm got the bird."

* * * *

"You are suffering from brain fag and ennui," announced the specialist. "You should take more interest in your business."

"I wouldlike to," replied thepatient.

"Then why don't you?" demanded thespecialist.

"The law won'tlet me;" replied the patient. ;'I'm apawnbroker."

DearCornerites,—Ihopeyouhaveall. madeafirmresolutiontoworkhardfor the Bushies during this latter half of the year. After all, you will remember that the reward is only for those whoperseveretotheend. Itisalltoo easy to beginsomething withimmense enthusiasm, then gradually to grow wearyofit,andfinallytodropitaltogether. ItiswhatFather Faberused to call"weariness in well-doing." We more commonly call it discouragement and, believe me, it is atemptation of thedevilandoneweneedconstantlyto resist. Ihavebeenmadeveryhappybythe excellentresponseoftheschoolstomy appealfornewniecesandnephews.The Sacred Heart Convent Schools, High. gate; St.Thomas',Claremont,andMidland Junction have all three done an excellent job and one which I hope manyotherschoolswillimitate. Then, therearetheolderCornerites,too. We usedtohave some veryregularfriends ofoldwhosenamesIhardlyevercome acrossnow. How aboutare-unionof Corneritesbefore the end of the year?

Although they don't write, Iam sure they have not forgotten the Bushies completely. Comeon, youoldtimers, how aboutaletterforoldtime'ssake AUNTBESSY.

Post Office, Namban.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I hope you and the Bushies are well. No doubt you must have thought Ihad forgotten you, since it is along time,since I wrote last. I am returning your prick card and aP.N. for 2/6. It is raining up hereto-day. We went to \lassthismorning. We have nothad any mushrooms yet. We have aflower garden at school. There is alot of green grass coming up. Has it been raining in Perth? Will you please send me aprick card and Iwill fill it for you. Well, Aunt Bessy, Iwill close. Love to vou and the Bushies.

• —Your loving niece, NOREEN HUNT.

Dear Noreen,—I've posted you an. other card. Thanksforfillingthelast one. It certainly has been raining in Perth. Since you wrote, you will know all about the floods. Flow is your district getting on? You were unluckv with the mushrooms. Thad afortnight's holiday not long ago and gathered ever so many.

AUNT BESSY.

It Brockman-road, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—llere Iam once again writing to vou on behalf of the Junior Legionaries of Midland, and sending vou some stamps which we have all endeavoured to collect for the Bushies. No doubt you must havethoughtIhadforgottenyou,asit + iq so longsince Ihave written toyou. 1haveleftschool now andstarted out in life. 1am working in Perth. Well, Aunt Bessy, Tthink it is time Iconc

l u

ded this short note. Wishing you and the i?ushies every success.—Your loving niece.

KATiL COLLINS.

Dear Kath,—I've been receiving quite afew packets of stamps this week. Thank vou for yours, Legionaries. No,Ididn'tthink vou'dforgotten me. Asamatterof fact,Ihad a feeling iwould he hearing from you soon. Isuppose,you'd call it intuition, wouldn'tyou? Iiowdo youlike working? 16% a lot different to school, Kath. Ynu'il have more responsibility now. +

AUNT BESSY,

Tem01?rllle,Bottle,

ACKNOWLEDGED WITH THANKS. Qs•

10 Cheetham•street, Kalgoorlie.

Dear Aunt P.essy,=-On behalf of the Mater Dei Junior Praesidium of the Legionof1[ary,Iam sending you two thousand stamps which.we have collected for theBushies. We intend to continue our collection. With every good wish from us all, dear Aunt Messy.—Your loving niece, MARGARET AicLERNO\.

Dear hfargaret,—The stamps were ever so welcome, and so is the assurance that you'll continue to collect them. It's really surprising how quickly theymountup,isn'tit? Thank you, children.

• *

AUNT BESSY. • s Leederville.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am sorry I havenotwrittentoyouforsuchalong time. Will you please excuse me? I aminfifthstandardthisyearandhope Iwill go into sixth next year. My aunty is sending you some stamps with this letter. Ihope you receive them alright. Will you please send me aprick card?—Your loving niece, IRENE CHEGWIDDEN.

Dear Irene,—Ishan't growl at you this time,becauseitreallyisn'tsovery longsince youlastwrote. Thankyou for the stamps. They were very welcome Say thank you to aunty, won'tvou? AUNTBESSY, "• s • s

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Enclosed please find May and June sgbscriptions to the L.B. OLD FAITHFUL.

Dear Old Faithful,—Rain or shine, vou never fail the Bushies. And they, Iknow, will not fail you. AUNTBESSY.

• t

s •

SR South-street. Beaconsfield.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am rending hack my prick card with my brother Jim's. Ihopeyouarewell. Willyou please send me another prick card? love.

MARGARET ADAMS.

Dear Margaret,—Igot your prick card,andbythistimevou should have received the one Isent back to you. I'm sure it won't take you very long tofill it, especiallyifJimoffers tohelp Y

ou. BESSY. " s s s • New Norcia.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am sending vou back two prick cards. Will you send me somemore,please? Iwas a hit slow filling thefirst one Iput up.

The otherone.w•as fullinavery short time. We have lots of mushrooms uphere. Wealllikethem.- Doyou? Perhaps we will get some after the next rain, that is if it rains again soon. Gerard came home from Canada on Sundav night. We were all glad to see him home again.• Iwas that excited that Ididn't want to go tobed. Peterisgoingaway soon. We are having our term tests now. The holidays will he here soon. We get fourweeks. ihope Iwillbedownin Perth for aweek. Iam sending you afew stamps. Good-bye now. Love from LAUREL. LANIGAN.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Please find enclosed alittle helpfor the Busbies, in honour of the Sacred Heart. From "NO NAME:'

Dear"No Name;"—I'd know that writing anywhere, and your kindness to the Busbies is no new thingeither. Manythanks.

AUNT BESSY.

# •

20Clifton-street, Bunbury.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am in the Legionof liar} in Bunbury,andIwould likeyoutosendmetwelve Bushiepen• friends forsomeof the childreninthe Legion who have not pen-friends. Their ages are, seven boys, eleven years; two boys, nine and twelve years,and three girls eight years, ten }ears, and twelve years. These children are very anxious to receive these pen-friends.—Yours faithfully, YVONNE FERRIS.

Dear Yvonne,—Iwill be very pleased to send you some Bushy penfriends, and I'm sure the children will enjoy writing to each other. It is quite along time since I've had any letters from the Bunbury children, so yours is more than welcome, Yvonne. AUNTBESSY.

Nedlands.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Enclosed please find lOs. for the Bushies—a worthy cause. WELLWISHER.

Dear Wellwisher,—Many, many thanks for the'donation. Iam so pleased you think the Bushies' cause aworthyone:Iwishthere were many more like you. AUNTBESSY.

3New Bond-street, Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt Betsy,—Your letters in "The Record" are very interesting. I am 12yearsof ageandinV.standard. Iwould be glad to receive a prick card from you. Next time Iwrite I shallsend alongerletter.—Yourloving niece, IfILLIE ANDRICK.

Dear Millie,—Nell, Iexpect you will havefilled the prick card by now, for iam alittle late in answering these letters. Midland hasahostofardent

Cornerites-in Standard V., hasn't it? Ishall be looking forward to that longer letter you've promisedme.'

-

.AUNT BESSY.

18 Helena-street, Midland Junction.

DearAunt Bessy,—Ihaveread"The Record" and longedtobe oneofyour nieces. Iaminfifthstandardandour whole class are writing letters to you. Iwould like aprick card tohelp the Bushies. Hoping you are well, Aunt Bessy.—Your,loving niece, PATGORDON.

Dear Pat,—Fifth classat Midland is very helpful, and you've no idea how pleased all the Bushies will be when theyhearaboutit. Iexpectyouhave been having tests, too, Pat. Did you pass? Do write to me again soon.

'AUNT BESSY.

Box 6, P.O., Midland Junction.

Dear Aunt'Bessy,—•As Ihave often read your letters to your nieces and nephews in"The Record;" Ihave become very interested in theBushies.I Ithink Icould be helpful alsoif you send me aprick card. Iam in fifth class at school,and Iam hoping to pass in the term test shortly. Will write again later, Aunt Bessy.—Your loving nephew,

JOHN TREFRY.

Dear John,—Iam so glad you have decidedtowritetomeatlast,andit's very nice of you to offer to help the Bushies. Iexpect you received the prickcardacoupleofweeksago. You must write to me again, and tell me how you got on in the term tests. I amveryinterested,youknow.

AUNTBESSY.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Enclosed please find It for the Bushies' Scheme, askingtheirprayersforaspecialfavour.

AN OLD SINNER.

Dear Old Sinner,—Many thanks indeed for yourgenerous donation. Be sure the Bushies will remember your intentions in their prayers, and the petitions of the little ones have great poweroverthe HeartofGod.

AUNT BESSY.

SARA&COOK LTD.

Dear Laurel,—Fro sending two new prick cards in exchange for two old ones—that's agood exchange, isn't it? Yes, Laurel, Ilike mushrooms very much. ihave had quite alot this season,fortheyseemtobemoreplenti• ful than usual. How nice to have Gerardhome. Liemusthavehadever so many things to tell you about, and quite alot to hear about,-too, Iexpect. Now it's Peter's turn to travel, isn't it?

AUNT BESSY.

Subiaco.

•• .......... 200 AnOldSinner

d. Old Faithful

.... ......,. 100 No Name.............. 16 0

Wellwisher....••...,.. 10 0 Laurel Lanigan .. , .. .. 5

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I'm enclosing 5s. for the Bushies, for favours received through prayers to the Sacred Heart and Iris Blessed Mother. Wishing you everysuccess. Pleaseprayfor my intention—Yours sincerely, L.

Dear L. H.,—Tam indeed grateful

Wiish to advise their numerous clients that they are carrying on their business in temporary Premises, 495 Murray-street. 'Phone B5121. Whilstsomelinesarenotavailable, alargerangewill beavailable and increased fromdaytoday.

Cathodic Soc

i al Guild •

Any consideration of the institution and growth of the Church implies a consideration ofthe work of the Apos. tles. And when we use the mvord "Apostles"withacapital"A,"wemean the men chosenby ourDivine Lordas His messengers of the Gospel. They were twelve, and after the defection of Judas Isdariot, the others filled his place withoutdelay. The election of Matthias is reported in the fast chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, and took placein theintervalbetween the Ascension of Our Lord and the coming of the Holy Ghost. This shows us the importance attached to the Apostolic College. St. Peter said it was necessary: "Wherefore of these men who have companied with us, all the time that the Lord Jesus came in and went out among us. Beginning from the Baptism of John, until the •day wherein He was taken up, one of these must be made awitness with us of His resurrection." Later on, St. Paul was called by Our Lord and was numbered among the Apostles.

But we often use the name apostles in aless restricted sense, when we speak of those who shared in andwho still share in the work of preaching the Gospel. And we laud a man whose work for Christ is outstanding by calling him atrueapostle.

But we are liable to forget that all Catholics are called to be Christ's apostles,atleastin some measure. It iseasy to be thrilledby an accountof great deeds done for the cause of the Faith—but it is, sometimes at least, like cheering fromthe grandstand. It is also acomparatively easy, though none the loss laudable thing, to con. tribute to the work of others—for instance, the work of Foreign Missions. We can and should take part in the workof the Pontifical Mission Aid Societies by prayer and money offerings. Actually we could not do any more about it, except by becoming Foreign Missionaries.

But what about our own personal share in the general apostolate of the Church? Tosomedegreeit is fulfilled by the performance of our ordinary duties. For example, amother, tvho teaches her child his prayers, is helping to preach the Gospel. Neverthelessthere isaverywide scope formore active participation in the work ofthe Apostolate; and, while it is trite that individuals as such can accomplish something from time to time, it isbe. yond doubt that really effective work can only be done by combined effort Hence it is that the Popes, in recent times, have called upon Catholic lavfolk to participate actively- in the \postolate—hv means of Catholic Action.

Catholic action provides the means. It is up to all Catholics to provide the goodwill and the energy.

PopePiusXII,Greatest

LinguistinChair ofPeter

Of all the Popes who have occupied the Chair of St. Peter, His Holiness Pope Pius \II. is probably the greatest linguist, PietroScanzianisaysinan article in the "Gazette de Lausanne." In fact, he adds, no one can say definitely how many languages the Sovereign Pontiff speaks, writes or reads, because he is apt to learn another almostovernight,ifoccasiondemands.

Broke aRecord.

The article recalls how the present Pontiff, as Cardinal Pacelli, learned Portuguese while travelling from Buenos Aires to Rio de Janeiro, and made his first speech in that language before the Brazilian Parliament. "He not only broke arecord in learning Portuguese," the author says,"but he is thefirst Popein history tolearn the language of Camoens '(sixteenth cen. tury Portuguese poet); and if one wants to find another Pope who spoke English as well as the present Holy Father,one has to go back eight centuries to Adrian IV."

The English Nicholas Breakspear, whobecamePopeAdrianIVandreign. edfrom 1154 to1159,alsospokeanumberoflanguages. HehadbeenanAbbot in France and had sojourned in all the regions of northern Europe before becoming Pope. Gregory V., the first German Pope, according to an inscription on astone in the Vatican caves,"knew the language of the Franks, both the Latinianand the vulgate." He spoke German, Frenc•i Latin and Italian. Another linguist wasthefirstFrenchPope, SylvesterII. But none of these can stand comparison with the reigning Sovereign Pontiff, Mr. Scanziani says.

Passionfor Languages.

"The passion of Eugenio Pacelli for languages dates from his youth," the articlecontinues. "Hisfellow-students at the Roman Seminary and the Pontifical University of Apollinaris recall that even in hisschool days he always carried aSpanish, German or English grammar. What makes the study of languages easy for him is not just his intelligence but his exceptional memnry. Silvio Negro, acommentator on Vatican affairs, says that memory is one of the secrets of the eloquence of Pius_l'II. Hehastherare gift of'seeing ,

the written page. That is why his diction is rapid. and clear, his words precise and sure, his phrases so condensed an

dperfect they disconcert the listcnor, who has to avert being so carriedaway with the luminous clarity ofdevelopment thathelosessightofiti -profound significance.

PentecostalAddress.

"But the Sovereign Pontiffislikewise an improviser. Let u7cite as an example the time in 1936 when, as Sec. retary of Stpe. he addressed an assembly of Catholics from 30 nations. Ile lvgan his address in Italian, then after commenting that the multiplicity of languages of his audience was one of the most evident signs of the universality of the Church, he continued to speak successively in French, Spanish, Portuguese, English and German, and concluded—for thebenefit of those present who had not understood any of these languages—in Latin, the ecu. menical language of the Church.

Randolph Knapp

(WA.O.A. ).

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