The Record Newspaper 27 June 1945

What is Soviet- Attitude to San Francisco.?

...Russia's

Doctrinaire Outlook the Chief Obstacle Economic Reconstruction Through Free Enterprise?

•Suspicion Based on Fears of Isolationism

The following analysis of theSoviet attitudeat theUnitedNationsConference atSan Francisco is by Professor N. S. Timashe8,who was born to Petersburg,Russia,andwasatthetime of therevolutionassociateprofessorof jurisprudence at the Polytechnic Instituteat Petrograd. Forcedtoleave Russia in 1921,he taught at various European Universities;he is now associate professor of Fordham (U.S.A.) University'sDepartment of Political Philosophy and SocialScience.

AtSan Francisco, Russiawillbepresent in the garb of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union is officially aState embodying the principles of Marxist philosophy. IIer social order is en• tirelt different from that prevailing in all the other States that will participate in the conference. IIer leaders exercise not only the functions of a government,butalso thoseofstandard hearers of anew doctrine which, they believe,isto conquerthe world.

This fundamental fact explains the particular role of the Soviet Union in the oar and in the preparation for peace. For the Soviet Union, this war is not the same as for her allies; it is rather aparallel war.

It is tort that the Soviet Union, lust as each of the Allies, has fought primarih for independence; but this is about all they have had in common. then, should the Soviet Union foster Democracy? From her view• paint, Demncracv in a neighbouring State is hettrr than Fascist dictator• ship, but Communist dictatorship is first of all. In Finland, such ndie• tatnrsh;p seems to have teen out'of the question; therefore, the Soviets have not ititcrfered with the Finnish clec•timts. Thrsc elections, by the way, cave exactly the same result as the only free electinnG he1,9 in Russia since the fnmmunisr revolution: only ?5 per rent. fthe votes were cast for the Cnmmt:nistsat therlrctions to the Russian Con-titurnt Assembly in 1917 sort to the Finnish Parliament in 19!.i Pttt in Pnlanrl, Rumania, Bulgaria and 1'ugnslayia, Communist dictatorship, ender the disguise of semi-rlrmncrntic inctirittion proved to l,r possible. and it has been imposed

on them, in flagrant contradiction to the Yalta promises.

In the realm of economics, the Soviet Union repudiates entirely the system of free enterprise. Therefore her leaders cannot be guided in their acts by regardfor it. Forthe time being, they do not want free enterprise destroyed in the most advanced industrial countries, because they expect these nations tohelp themreconstruct the Western half of European Russia. But they do not go beyond this. It is obvious that the best solution of the problems of the Danubian basin and the Balkans is the formation of one or two federations.

'That the nett armies and —,diploma esaredirected from Moscowwiththe same-firmness as musicians by agood conductor, is not revealed. By her intraItsigency to the reconstruction of the Polish Government, the Soviet l'nian has in practice robbed Poland of an>• representation at San Fran , cisro, while by the untimely denunciation of the pact with Turkey, she has arousedthesuspicions notonlyofthat country, butof all her neighbours.

• • • nature of

But theSoviet]eade,sdestroyed hope of this remedy by imposing their veto on Polish-Czech and Greek-Yugoslav com•crsations in this direction. They knots that if the area between Russia, Germane and Italy remains in the state of atomisation created by the peace treaties of 191S. no real economic reconstruction of Europe is Poss

ibl e

. But should they discuss that reconstruction on the basis of the system of free enterprise?

Thisrliccr,^ence ofviewsonthebasic problems of post-war reconstruction has been mahifcsted in the peculiar ronrhtrt of the Soviet leaders since the rleSnitise formation of the Grand :11liance, which can be dntert approxi• matcic Romthesignatureofthea\ngloSn•iet sort American Soviet treaties of \lay and Tune, 191?. Theveteran de• ntnc•racies expected that the Soviet Un

ion would hchat•c":tc afull-fledged ally." But how frequent sort strong have been the disappointments, especially after each of the meetings in Jioscnty, Teheran, and Yalta!

The reluctant attitude of the Soviet hnirnt tntsanl the San Francisco confcrrnce, which has beenso nmspicurnts in iltc past few weeks, is merely another indication of the general situation.\\'ithin the past(etc weeks, it has been disclosed that the Soviet Cninn demanded an exorbitadt privilrec, three votes in the Assembly, under the pretext that, on February 1, 1011. her constituent republics each recch•ed theright to.haveits own dip• lnmatir service and army.

Does this mean that the Soviet Union wants the conference tobe unsuccesshil? Probably not. But her !enders cannot ascribe to the conference, and to the organisation for general security to be created by it, the same value as the other countries. These leaders feel that, by the things, they will be isolated in an organisation the other participants of which hold an ideal incompatible with theirs.

This was the reason for their demands on voting procedure in the Council, which almost exploded the Dumbarton Oaks conference. It is the reason why they consider the forth• coming organisation as only asecond line of defence, the first being formed by their firm position in the neighbouring lands organised on the pattern of semi-Communist dictatorship, and by treaties witn such nations as Prance,which notonly are sensitive to the eventual revival of German aggressiveness but are not in full agreement with Great Britainandthe United States.

Gumming up,onemay saythat the position of the Soviet leaders is by necessity ambiguous; they wantamachinery of general security to prevent anett aggression against Russia, but that•arealso suspicionsofanymachintry which could in any luau be transformed into aGrand Alliance directed against the Soviet Union.

For

the time being, their desire for pencral security will probnbl`

vprevail and, if theyare in doubt, theirinrlina• tine to come to terms with the other r^atinnc will be simn^thcnrd by si,cni• ficatrt developments within Russia. Thera, since 1931, the historical procecs has been recerserl in that many rlemcnts of national tradition attacked fmm 191; to 193.3 had to he restored and re-enforced. 1n this tradition, the[tiro ofrrt¢anised prove is important. Let its rnnc4ler these(arts: in 1Rl:i, after the defeat ofNapoleon, the }Inly Allianc^, an organisation of European powers for the preservation of peace, war imposed mt the Allies by Emperor Alexanderof Russia,who enim•ed the full andenthusiasticsupport of publicopinion. In 1599,thePlague Peace Conferencewas convokedonthe initiative of Russia. Amongthe Rus-

sian intelligentsia, pacifist trends, sometimes in very extreme form, obviouslyprevailed„whileamongthepeasants and workerstsar has never been popular. ^Inthe courseofthe pastdecade, the Soviet leaders have learned animportant lesson: no dictatorship is strong enough toimposeonapeoplethatattitude of sacrifice without which any. war is lost before it has really begun. Therefore,•the desire of the Russian people to live atpeacewith other nations cannot be overlooked by the leaders. Thisdesireindeedis not absolute; there are reasons to believe that the whole Russian nation stands firmly behind the Soviet Government with respect to Russia's western Etontier as traced in 1939-40. This is the limit, however, and any aggression beyond these boundaries would be mat by the passive resistance of which the Russians have proved to be unsurpassed masters.

Living With the Church

July 1—Sixth Sunday attar Pentecost. Feasto4MostPrecious BloodofOur Lord (Red): Mass proper, 2nd. prayer of the Sunday. Creed. Preface of the Cross. Last Gospel of the Sunday. July 2—Visitation of the Blessed Virgin(White) Massproper. 2nd.prayer forpeace. Creed. Prefaceof the BlessedVirgin.

July 8--St. Leo II., Pope and Confessor(White): \lass proper. 2nd. prayer of the Octave of SS. Peter and Paul. 3rd. prayer "Concede nos." 4th. prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Apostles.

July 4--Sixth day within the Octave of SS.Peter and Paul(Red) Mass proper. 2nd. prayer of the Sunday. 3rd. prayer for peace.Creed. Preface of the Apostles —OR— Mass (Green). No Gloria. 2nd. prayerof the Octave. 3rd. prayer for peace Creed Preface of the Apos• rtes

July 5—St. .Anthony Mary Zaccaria, Confessor(Red): \fuss pmper. 2nd prayer of the Octave. 3rd, prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Apostles.

July 6—Octaveof SS. Peter and Paul (Red): Mass proper. 2nd. prayerforpeace. freed. Preface of the Apostles. July 7—SS. Cyril and Methodius, Bishops and Canfesoos (White): Massproper. 2nd, prayerforpeace.

The Catholic Answer

Effect of Sacrament of Confirmation',',,

WhyCongregational Singingis NotStronginCatholicChurches Is Dogmatic Teaching Fascism Translated into Theology?

SomeProblemsRegardingChristianBurial

Iintendedtospeakbrieflyofeachof the sevenSacramentsin turnfrom the practical point of view; not to justify their existence, which is another question.nottoprovetheirefficacy,butto tell you just what they are and how they are received. Ispoke of Baptism afortnightago. Last weekIinterrupted the series for the session on Church music (which probably bored alot of you). Tonight the will go on to the second Sacrament, the Sacrament of Confirmation. This Socrament, as thenameimplies, strengthens the recipient in the faith which he received at Baptism. Anewly born infantisatruemanineveryrespect.but he is not afully developed human being able to look after himself and perform the duties of aman in this world. So, too, one who has been baptised is atrue Christian in the strict senseof the word, but he isnot afully developed and afully instructed Christian; he is entirely dependent on the aid and encouragement of teachersanddirectors. Onlywhenhe has received the Sacrament of ConfirmationisheastrongandperfectChristian, able to withstand, with the help of the grace which he receives in the Sacrament, the temptations and difficulties which are the lot of everyman to undergo. Confirmation can he received but mice, just as it

ment to those who despise the opportunitieswhichcometothem.

ABishop istheordinary minister of this Sacrament, although, in very special circumstances,asimplepriestmay receive authority from Rome to administer it. This permission is not infrequently given to the Superiors of foreign Missions, who, although not Bishops, may be in charge of territories at considerable distance from the seat of the nearest Bishop.

makesthesignofthecrossontheforeheadofthecandidate. Hethenplaces his hand firmly on the person's head and says,"Isign thee with the sign oftheCrossand confirm theewith the Chrism of Salvation, in the Name of the Fatherand of the Son and of the HolyGhost:" He thengivesthecandidate alight blow on the cheek, saying:"Peace be with thee." The sip• nificance of this ceremony is that the Christian, now confirmed. must hold himself ready to accept and overcome any persecution, temptation, or difficulty which may comehisway,in the confidencethat the gracewhich hehas just received in the Sacrament will give him the will and the strength to be successful in these trials.

A baptised person. then, is atrue Christian, but if he be not also confirmed,he isin theunenviableposition of having all the responsibilitiesof his faith without the necessary help to shoulder them. He is attempting a truly man-sized job with the strength andenduranceofachild.

.First ofall there are two shortover. flow questions from the session on Churchmusiclastweek. Thefirstisa letter from "Enquirer," Nedlands," which asks why such well known and suitable pieces as the Wedding March from Lohengrin, and thatof Ifendelssohnarenot permittedtobeplayed in CatholicchurchesinthisState. -

beautifulresults. The lackofoongregational singing, then, should be to a great extent remedied within a few years when these children have grown up and are familiar with the correct way to take their proper part in tke Church'smore solemn functions.

Victor Hall,South Caroling:

Q.: Is there not much whichisof the natureofFascisminyourfrequently reiterateddemandfordogma,forprecepts.forauthority? Isnotsuchthe translationintotermsofTheologyof thecontentionthatCommunismmust be metbydictatorship?

A.: Imust admit that Iam a bit vagueastowhatconstitutesthenature of Fascismsince nowadaysitseemsas though it were considered to be syn• onymous ,

withanythingandeverything which isanti-Russian Communism. I did thinkonce thatFaiscismwasasysteminwhichtheStateisthemainconsideration,the rightsofindividualsand families, of religion and society being subordinated to the State, a system where political freedom, trade unionism, democraticand party government werenottolerated,asystemwhereonly onepartywaspermittedand membership obligatory, the whole being regulatedandenforced byamost efficient policeforce. This,however,soundsas muchlikeadescriptionofconditionsin RussiaasofthoselatelyandunlamentedlvexistentinItaly andGermany,so what am Ito take Fascism tobe?

Inpracticeletmelumpthe ,

child can grow up only once; having been received,itleavesthestamp ofadultship in thefaithwhich canneverbelost.It remainsasanhmuourable badgeofservice for those who try to co-operate with thegracesreceived; it remainsas amockeryand it

pledge offuturejudg-

silver jar of Chrism and

SIGHT TESTING

LAUBMAN

OPTOMETRIST,

A.: The answer to this should be quite clear now. The marches mentionedareessentiallyoperaticandvery sentimental, and there arehundreds of other less hackneyed and more impressive and much more suitable marches available to any efficient organist. The traditional marches irresistihh' suggest theparodiedweddingceremoniesofthe screen before judge So and So often follow closely on successful di• vorce proceedings at Reno, Nevada, Theyhaveevenbeena=edtosolemnise the nuptials of Mr. and Nlrs. Ilickey Mouse.

"Music Lover,"West Perth:

Q.: Why are Catholics not allowed to joinin the singing inyour churches. Surely congregational singing has alwaysbeenatraditionalpartofChristian worship?

A.: As amusic]over, Iwould have thought that our correspondent would have preferred there tohe less congre• gationaltinging ratherthan more.Certainly as music congregational singing israrelyatahighlevel. Ontheother hand, Ido admit the justice of Music I,ovcrsenquiry. Iadmitthattheob• jectofChurch musicistohelp the devotionoftheworshipperandnotmusic forthesakeofmusic. Well.then,congregationalsingingisverymuchencouraged inourchurches,but,I'm afraid I mustalsoadmit.inmostcasesitisnot very successful. One ofthe chief reasons. of course, is that much of the singing—allofit,infact,atMass—fsin Latin,andmanyofourolderpeopleare not verywell acquaintedwiththe Gregorian melodies to which these parts of the Mass are sung. There is, however,averyextensivecampaigninour Catholicschoolsfor the trainingof the childreninthisformofChurchsinging, andithasproducedsomeexceptionally

wholelot together, and Iprotest very strongly thattheChurch'ssystemofdogma,and precept founded on authority isnot a hit like anyof them. First ofall the Church forces her membership on no one, but merely (and surely reasonably) insiststhat those whodobecome members of her organisation must do so mu her own terms and that they must keep the rules or be turned out again.

Iagree with you that Fascism, whether of the German or any other variety, can onlv he combated by anothersystem which has sufficient authority to see that its own members either keep the rules or elseopenlygo over to the enemy. This very free• dour to secede is contrary to any idea of real dictatorship.

Howcanareligionbeofanyuseatall unlessitisauthoritative? Amanwho believesin theexistenceofGodrealises that he must obey God's law or take the consequences, so the onlyultimate standard of truth or goodness is that which conforms. to God's idea of truth or goodness. A man then wants a practical reply to practical questions: is such athing true or false? Is such andsuch an action good orevil? Ile himself,ofhimself is uncertain; hecan only be sure if he receives his answer from an authority in which he hasno doubt. Areligionwhichcannotgivea sure answer is useless since it leaves the individual in his original state of doubt. IfChristfoundedareligionat all. Ile certainly founded agood one, onewhichwascapableofbeingofsome practicaluseto theordinaryman.This positionofintellectualandmoralrecuritv is nomoredictatorship than isthe exalted position of ajudge upon his bench—itisfoundedonrightandcommon sense.

WhyNon-CatholicsClaimSt'.TeterWasNotinRome

Implications' of Britain's Preservation of Italy's Defeat

Communism Obviously Opposed to Christ's Teaching...

ALittleNonsence Now &Then

"Protestant" Perth:

Youwillpleaseanswer thefollowing questions over your Session:

A.: We shall do as you tactfully command.

First question has been answered many times. It deals with our claim to betheonly true Church. We will send you one of the previous answers if you are still interested.

Second Question: ACatholic woman marries in the Church of England, has achild who is baptised in the same Church, later it is re-baptised in the Catholic Church. Will the Church perform theburialceremony overthewomanwhenshedies? Her marriage you do not recognise and the child you call illegitimate.

A.: The Catholic Church is very reluctantto refuse the rightofChristian burial to anyonewho has beenbaptised aCatholic and, consequently, only apostates of various sorts and manifest public sinners are excluded from these rites. Any sign of repentance before death, such as asking for a Priest,eventhough he arrivestoolate, awillingness to kiss the Crucifix or any other probable indication of sorrow, willmakeitpossible for thatper. son to be buried by a'Priest.

Inthecase youmention,thewoman who knowingly and willingly attempted marriage outside the Church before anon-Catholic minister is excommunicated,andisconsideredamanifestpublic sinner; as such she could not be buried bya Priest unless she gave some sign of repentance before death. The Church has too much regard for the sanctity and sincerity of her ceremonies to turn them into an empty andmeaninglessmockeryforthosewho evidently do not desire them. (Inci. dentally, having her child conditionally re-baptised in the Catholic Church , might easily be asign of repentance, don't you think? Of course, Idon't knowthe precisecaseaboutwhich you are speaking.)

Thanks, by the way, for telling us how we regard the marriage and the child. You are right in the first and wrong in the second. We consider the marriageinvalid and thechildlegitimate.

Third Question: Iwasrather astoundedtohear yousaythat,when burying aProtestant soldier. you read the same service asfor an R.C., but donotblessthegrave. Ifailtosee that this is what Christ wouldhave done,andalsoyoudonotunderstand the parable of the good Samaritan. Doyouthinkthatblessingthegrave will make the R.C. rest more comfortably?

FourthQuestion:YouclaimtheCityof Rome as the seat of government of Christ'sChurch. Canyouquoteanywhereatall theDivineauthorityfor this? Christ was born, lived and died in Palestine, and ascended into Heaven from there.

A.: Ihavealteredyourquestionabit to make it intelligible. Ihope you don'tmind. Wheredoyoureckonthe governmentofChrist'sChurch actually issituated,in Jerusalem, perhaps, or in Canterbury, Geneva, or Salt Lake City? Ican't quote any scrip. tural reference to Rome as the centre oftheChurch.neitherdoIhave to.St. Peter was appointed the Head of the Church, and he exercised that head. ship; he established his headquarters in Rome, ofthat thereis no historical doubtwhatever. Theonly argument against Peter's presence in Rome can beproposed thus: Itis veryinconveni. ent to the claims of non-Catholic Churches that St. Peter should have made Rome his headquarters, thereforehedidn't. Tocontinue,whereSt. Peterestablishedhimself,therewasthe supremegovernmentoftheChurch.He triedJerusalemandheleftit; hetried Antioch and he left it; he came to Romeandstayedthereand diedthere. Inamatterofsuch importance to the Church, the guidance of the Holy GhostissurelyseeninthechoiceofSi.

Peter.

Q.:Youcontinue:Iwouldliketoknow where on earth He (Christ) will descend. JerusalemistheCityofGod and this youcannot deny. We are told that when we shall nee Jerusalem encompassed with armies, then we shallknowthattheendisnigh.

A.: WhereandwhenChristwillcome again for the General Judgment has notbeenrevealed tous, sospeculation is idle. ThatJerusalem was the City of God. we admit; that it still has claim to the title of the Holy City on account of its memories of Christ's life and death, we also admit, but that Jerusalem is to-dav the City of God,we can and do deny. Jerusalem hasbeenencompassedby thearmiesof itsenemiesseveral times.- In A.D. 70. for instance, by the armies of Titus, the Roman General and future em. peror,and itwas tothis seigeandsubsequent destruction of Jerusalem that OurLordwasreferringinHisprophecy in Matt.24,andwhichyoureferto.

Q.: Youaresodefiniteaboutbeingthe true Church. How is it that when England was almost rent asunderin thispresentwar,God,inHiswonderful way, saved her andher Empire? He saw His Church in danger and came toher aid.

A.: Well, there you are. If nCatholic Chaplain did not bury anonCatholicsoldieryouwouldraiseanoutcry and say he was un-Christian. If, under special w-ar-time conditions, he does do so, you shriek again that he won't bless the grave for the Protestant; unfair treatment, discrimination; andthen in yournextwordsyou sneer at the blessing of the grave and sav whatgoodisitanyhow. Tomymind, what.theChaplaindidispreciselywhat Christ would have done—treating the dead Protestant like a Catholic, but leaving nut what the Protestant certainly did not believe in—holy water rear' blessings. While admitting that we all could profit from another careful reading, and more careful practice. of the parables of Our Lord, Ithink that, in all justice, you could doalittleGospel readingandalittleevangelicalpracticeyourself.

Again PmWar Quality Root Paint, 96/. gal. Copper Grates, 4/. Has sea's, W Welliagtoa street.

A.: Therecanbe no doubt thatGod came to the aid of England in awonderfulway. it

A.: When could they have done this tianteaching,andwhenIsayChristian blowing into thesea? Before or after teaching Imean the teachingofChrist thesurrenderofItaly? Thattheycould Our Lord, not merely the teaching of have done it before the surrender is a thisorthatecclesiastical organisation. stupid and idle boast—we did bomb a Communism would abolishall private fair bit, you know. If you mean ownershipofproperty,butChrist,while after surrender,thankGodithasnever Hslovedthepoorandspokeharshlyof been an English habittobombsurren- the unduly rich, never condemnedpridered armies or cities into the sea or vate ownership—infact He confirmed anywhereelse. AllthisreferstoItaly. the Commandments given to the anciAs regards the Vatican City, this.is a ents:"Thoushaltnotsteal"and:"Thou neutral State as independent of Italy shaltnotcovet thyneighbour'sgoods." asis Poland of Germany and, once Communismwouldhaveusbelievethat agar, thank God, we have not yet allmenareequalandshould ,

therefofe , copiedtheNazistotheextent ofwalk- shareequally,but Christ, while admiting into neutral countries whenever it ting theequality ofmenin fundamensuitsPowerPolitics. IftheAllieshad tal rights, by His parable of the ten attacked the Vatican City they would talentsshowedthatmenarenotequal have been guilty of another such das- in thegiftsthey receive norin theuse tardlycrimeaswastheinvasionofPo- theymakeofthesegifts. Christtaught land,concerningwhichwewenttowar. loveofourneighbour,butCommunism It is to the credit of the Western Al- teacheshateofclassagainstclassuntil liesthat theyhavenotinvadedneutral oneis destroyed, and in every place countries when perhaps it might have where Communismhasbeen tried, this suited them. Q presume, of course, hatred and this destruction has been that you did not approve of the Nazi put into practice with horribly sanor

any other invasion of poor Catholic guinaryresults. There isthe possibilPoland?) ityofcontinuingthisseriesofcontrasts

Q.: If the R.C. Churchis the one and much further, but what has been said only.howisitthattheItalianArmy is sufficient to show that Communism is not to-day victorious? Mussolini asoneextreme would havebeenasaband Hitler werebothCatholics. horrent to Christ as the hypocrisy of A.: Why the Italian Army was not the Pharisees at the other, and both victorious. Idon'tknow. Perhapsbe. wouldhavebeenequallycondemnedby cause it was not avery good army. Christas"blindleadingtheblind." Field Marshal Montgomery would be Q•;

Yourlast question is why an

axbetter able to answer this question communicatedCatholic. having been than I. The Catholic Church claims buried in the Protestant portion of to be sent to teach the nations their the cemeterybyaProtestant minis faith and morals, not the science of ter was afterwards exhumed andremodern orancientwarfare. Iseemto buried in the Catholic portionwithmember the Jews of old being very out anyceremony. soundly thrashed on numerous coca- A.:Idon'tknow,butthereisnolaw lions. Would you care to deny that againstit. Probablyone of thepoor theJewishwasthe true religionbefore woman's relatives wished her to be the comingof Christ? buriedamongstherkithandkin.

The jibe about Mussolini and Hitler isstale andhaslostitsbarb,especially sinceboth,andparticularlytheformer. have paid for theirmisdeeds in apar- "BrotherRobb,"Bunbury: ticularly unpleasant fashion. Thisisaletterfromoneofourmost

Q.: Thank God for the King of Eng- appreciatedjesters, exceptthatfor the land—the King from the North, as nap and bells he substitutes the bass the Bible prophecy today is being drumandtrombone. Inapreviousletfulfilled to theletter. ter. as well sprinkled with block eapi-

A.: Iecho,"ThankGod fortheKing tals and underlining as is the present of England," who is also the King of one, our correspondent issued a chalAustralia. Iconsider that constitu- lenge to us toprove our claims. Brotionalmonarchy,especially1withsucha ther Robb'sconditionsof combatwere worthy incumbent as

Isis Majesty, is thatifhewon,hemightaskfortheopthe ideal form of good stable govern- portunity tojoin the Salvation Army. ment. Iwould hesitate, however, in Thereferee? Oh,Bro.Robb,ofcourse. my enthusiasm to confuse our King Now,inhismostrecentletterhestates with the!Messiah in the prophecy you thatafriend told himthat we agreed quote. tohisconditions. Indeed? Hischal-

Q.: Of all the denominations Ishould lenge certainlywasaccepted before he notbewrong insayingthattheSal- issued it; the whole purpose of this vation Armyare the only ones who session is togivesubstantiation to the definitely represent Christ on earth claims of the Catholic Church. The to-day. Can you tell me what re. conditions, sincewe got in before him. ligion Christ would be if to-daY_He are ours:If we convince you,become appeared among men? When He aCatholic;if we don' t, stay as you washerebeforeHewasoftheJewish are or ask more sensible questions if faithand thatreligion stillremains, y.oulike. Don't say, however, thatif

A.: Well, what do you mean? If we do not convince you that, thereChrist came on earth again, would He fore, ourargumentsarenotvalid. We be, inyouropinion,Salvation Armyor thinkthatthatisputtingratherahighJew?

My answerisobvious. Ithink er premium on your intelligence than Christ would approve of the Catholic any evidence which we have to hand Faith only. ifIdidnotbelieve that ,

would warrantusto presume. Take IwouldjointheSalvationArmyorthe Brother Robb's most recent effusion Jews,if eitherofthem wouldhave me. (presumablyheisreferringratherblasIonly hope that you are apractising phemously to the Blessed Eucharist): member of either the Jewish faith or •Do you swallow asix-feet man, and the Salvation Army. You would be that man isJesus Christ,do you swalvery- insincere if you were not. low Him dead or alive, and what do Q.: Communism you condemn.but your do with the crown of thorns?" who was the greatest Communist of "Now, Sir, PROVE these, then I'll all time?Christ' Can you tell me

is somethingforwhich we have every rcason to be grateful. Don't you think that asreasonable an interpretation ns yours would be that His Church was in dangernot in Eng. landalone,butin the whole ofEurope if Nazism. had conquered, and God in His mercy was using the British Empire to forestall that calamity? It would not be the first time that God had employed the instrumentality of another nationtofree IfisChosen People. Whatabout KingCyrus,thePersian. who is called the anointed of God because he freed the Jew's from captivity and allowed them to return totheirhomesandtorebuild theTemple. However:allthisismerelyasuggestion. Ian,unabletostatequiteas dogmatically as you do why God huge majority of Communist writers choosesacertain courseofaction until which are obviously opposed to the lie has revealed His ownreasons. teachingofChristthatHe himselfwas Q.: The United Nations could have God, that all men had asoul to save blownItaly andyourVatican City andwhichwouldgotoHeavenorHell intothesea,buthavepostponed the after the judgment, the social position may. ofCommunismisalsoopposedtoChris-

Now then.you FREE, Catholics, and

checkuponthemandsendsomemore. lifferent? No.

A.: Thanks for answering your own Anglo-Catholics, alsosome Protestants. questions. ithoughtthatyouexpect- take heed."

edmetogivemyownanswerstoyour Ithink that Ishall risk the accusa• questions. it will probably surprise tionofnothavingattemptedtoanswer you toknow thenthatmy answersare these so-called questions in the hope not thosewhich you haveprepared for that our correspondent may perhaps me. despairof makingus see reason, cease

Apart from the atheistic attitude of writingothersuchletters,andreturnto manyCommunists and the completely the singingofgood simple hymnswith materialistic position defended by the rousingmartialtunes. Whatnowedo with the crown of thorns? Ishould saythatwewearitwhilereadingsome ofourcorrespondence.

NOMOREWOODCUTTING1Amed• can Perfection Stoves;ideal for Coin tryandbeach. AtHasseil's. 186M.

Physical Suffering and Death Are. Peaalties for Sin Considerations Which Lend Purpose to Pain

Bearing the Cross With Christ

Any serious study of the Passion of Jesus Christ brings us face to face with the problem of human suffering.

`There are many mysteriesin both the natural and the supernatural order, and suffering is one of them. Divine Revelation makes no pretence to tell us everything we would like to know. Its purpose is to give us the informationnecessaryin ordertohavethe virtuesandmoralswe needtoget to heaven. Most of us are strongly tested. Faith, purity, and in some cases pride or avarice, seem to be the chief tests. When St. Paul the Apostle was miraculously carriedupinto thethird heaven before death, he heard mysteries, he said, that no man is allowed to utter III. Cor. xii., 31. It is obvious that we do not have acomplete picture on this side of death. Yet we have enough.

Catholics whoknow theirreligion are aware that suffering began with original sin. It was not intended that the human race should have an unhappy time of it. during its time of probation, before entering an eternal state of happiness where sin would be impossible; but man fell and physical suffering and death were among the penalties. Away was established to give sanctifying grace, or supernatural spirituallife,backto thesoul,although God allowed many of the penalties of sin to remain. DivineJustice did not demand that manbe restored i the supernatural state, much less to the extraordinary gifts.such as exemption from physicalsuffering and death. That God should have seen fit to restore the opportunity of supernatural grace was proof of completely gratuitous love on His part. The mannerof this restoration was proof of the indescribable love involved—the Second Person of the Blessed Trinitv became man and died after the manner of A criminal un the cross in order to appease the:ovine justice and to offer an infinite price for an infinite offence.

:Although the price offered was large enough to satisf for all possiile sin, and although many actual sins had teen committer) and would be commit• ted by human heings. the theological fact is that the Passion took place mainly because of original sin. This is obvious flint mamv statements in iloly Writ. Satisfaction was offered for all sins; but chiefly for this sin.

Depth of Sin.

The writer does not pretend to understand the depth of original sin, but it must have been horrible beyond all possible human imagination to demand, in Divine Justice, that such a price should he paid—all the physical suffering and death, including that of the Son of God Himself, since the world began.

We cannot measure sin, it seems like anatural thing to us,easily enter• ed into and easily excused. But the fact is that an offence must be mea

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sured,in one respect, bythe dignity of theoneoffended.andmortal,sinofiends an infinite Being, God. It might seem, then, that even avenial sin isinfinite, but this is not true because in itself the act is not gravely offensive. We must measure sin as it is intrinsically, as well as by the dignity of the one offended. Every mortal sin is an infinite evil.

Suffering would not make sense if it

were not for the following facts: 1. Original sin and our personal mortal sins are far greater wrongs than we, with our sin-darkened 'understanding and our worldly distractions, are able to perceive; 2. Alan was not destined by God for merely natural happiness, butforsupernaturaland eternalhappi. ness, beyond anythingwecanevenimagine on earth, and it isfair that the test to show our worthiness of this be difficult; 3. Regardless of what our sufferings are on earth, this life is extremely short, described by the Bible as the path left by a bird flying through the air; andGodhasall eternity to recompense us; 4. If men deliberately turn their backs on asupernatural reward of never-ending bliss, and prefer the rottenlittlesatisfactions of earth, they richly deserve eternal punishment; for both reason and revelation would indicate that,when the soulseparatesfrom thebody, the mind is made up finally and he who dies a rebelremainsone. whereashe whodies afriend of God forever remains a friend.

Acceptance of Suffering.

Times without number,the Scripture teaches the value of penance, of suffer• ing accepted in co-operation with Christ, of difficult self-discipline. We cannot achieve anything in the supernatural order without the help of God'sgrace, but we need to co-operate with this grace by our free will. -

We should freely accept suffering because Christ did so. Even the great saints suffer, sometimes for their own sins of the past, sometimes for others; they are willing to suffer in co-operation with Christ. Not that Hismerits are lacking in any way, but that their own sanctity may increase through doing what Ile did, they willingly suffer forothers.

We have never known it good person whohad too peacefulalife. Usually the pious bear heavy crosses. some unseen by its, but always there. The good seem to he merged with Chrkt on Calvarv. Ile meant exactly what fIe said when Ile told us to take up our crosses dailv and follow iiim. Follow where? Up Calvary to death with Him! Real death if necessary; death tothe world„theflesh,and the devil, certainly)

It is

not wrong to prav against suffering. God may see fit to answer these prayers, as Christ worked many miracles for the afflicted when' lie wasonearth. Nevertheless,itismore heroic to accept the suffering. Saints often prayed for it! To he able to say, and to mean, "Thy will be done," many times daily, is agolden road to heaven, but it may be arough one.

Clirktianity is not nearly so concerned with teaching us how to avoid suffering as it is with teaching us how to bearit.

Orthodoxy Seeks Unity Through State Aid

Significance of Attacks on Papacy Moscow's Bigotry_aSign

Philadelphia.

The Rt. Rev. Edward Hawks, noted author and convert, has expressed interesting opinions of the Orthodox council held in Moscow recentiv with the blessing of the Soviet Government. Asked to write on the council, he said it would be moredifficultat thistime to have amoredefinite agreement of dissident Orthodoxy than was shown at Moscow, admitted that it may be aturning point in history, showed that there are sections of the Orthodox fold that are not likely to join the movement, and declared that the fact that representatives of the enfeebled remnants of Orthodoxyshouldgoall the way to Moscow is aconfession of their need of help. He asserted:"That the Russian Government allows such ameet. ing to take place is an indication that it needs the assistance of religion; dictatorships cannot defy religion for long." The article follows:

Is Stalin about to take the place of the Czar as ecclesiastical guardian of the Greet: Orthodox Church? Metropolitan Benjamin Fedebendov, the Exarch of the Russian Patriarchal party in this country, boasted, before he left to attend the election of the new Patriarch in Moscow. that the Soviet Union-was about to assume the historic Russian role of big brother and protector of all Orthodox countries and peoples. Ile has been such astaunch defender of the Communist government that it is unlikely that he would make such adefinite prediction to an American newspaperman without authorisation.

Metropolitan Benjamin referred to astatement made last spring, a-

few days before his death, by the late Patriarch Sergius as confirmative of his opinion. it will be remembered that Sergius made a savage attack upon the Papacy, denving that it was the necessarycentre ofChristian unity, Ile spoke of the possibility of asu• preme authority that would unite the Orthodox everywhere.' Such an authority has never been realised in the Greek Church without the aid of the State. After his death the newly elected Patriarch:Vexei, then locum tenens, repeated the attack on Rome and hailed Stalin as "the leader chosen by God."

Opening Gun of Duel, in line with these statements is the opinion of the Very Rev. D. J.

Shook• letovich, one of the best authorities on Orthodox matters in this country. At ameeting of the European Christian forum in New York last\fay he referred to the attack on the Pope as the opening gu.n of aduel between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. It is significant that he is not aRussian but aSerb.

Before the election of :llexci the council of Bishops and others assent• bled in Moscow made another attack on the Pope, accusing him .of trying to shield the Nazi criminals, At the council were: The Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch; representatives of the Patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem; the heart of the Geor• gian Church; also delegates from Ser• bia and Romania. Bulgaria, still in astate of schism,«•as not represented. All signed the declaration of hatred of the Catholic Church. It would he difficult at this time to have amore definite agreement of Orthodoxy. It may mark aturning point in history, it may mean that the leadership of Orthodoxy is passing from Constanti nople to Moscow. itmay mean that Stalin has taken the place fin the mind of the council) of the Roman Emperors and Sultans, who once supported the authority of dissident Eastern Churches.

To understand hov such a thing might happen it is necessary to ex• plain that the affairs of the Orthodox

ofWeakness

have beeninastateofgreat confusion. . When the Turks took Constantinople the Eastern Church, which had been restored to Catholic unity at the Council of Florence, quickly returned to astate of schism. They were disappointed by not having received sufficient help from the West. The Sultan offered them protection on terms that were highly advantageous from amaterial point of view. The four Patriarchs accepted the humiliation as the only way in which they could govern their flocks. In return they acted asadministrators of Turkish subjugation. The Sultans appointed the Patriarchs and deposed them at will with scandalous simony. Russia alone wasexempt from thisdegradation, but here the evil genius of Orthodoxy again asserted itself and the Czar eventually dominated the Church.

National Sects Arise,

When Turkey lost the Balkan provinces, the Orthodox in each of the new states repudiated Constantinople and accepted the control of their own government. Thus we have Romanian, Serbian, National Greek, and other so-called autonomous churches. not always in communion with one another or with Constantinople. When the new Turks came into power they reduced the authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople to ashadow. More confusion arose when the empire of Russia fell, The Russian Orthodox split into anumber of contending sects. The repercussions were felt in this country. At the moment we have groups of national Churches with the Russians divided amongst themselves. The largest group of the'latter(it is said about eighty per cent) sepudiates the Patriarch of Moscow as atool of an atheistic government.

Flower of Orthodox Theology, Metropolitan Benjamin is the acknowledges] head of the smaller bodv, known as the Patriarchial party, He is trying his best to persuade the separated group under Archbishop Theophilus to return to unity with Moscow. Ile invited them to send delegates to the election. Their par•iripatinn seems to he uncertain. Th— are apowerful host• with members scattered all over the world. Amongst them is the flower of Orthodox the. ology. Thew have asplendid semin• ary in Paris. Thev are confident that the union with Stalin will not acrrnnplish any religious revival. On the other hand, Beniamin offers power. ful attractions. When peace comes many of them map wish to visit their fatherland. There is also danger that their separated status may lead to a ins of identity, through fraternising with Protestantism.

Benjamin declared that the council at Moscow would proceed to the creation of apermanent World Council of Eastern Orthodox Churches, which would regulate religious mattersin all parts of the world.

(Continuedon Page 17.)

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EasternChurchesinCommunion With Rome

StateDependenceaMajorObstacle to Reunion

Some 8,860,000 people,in other words,five to six per cent.of all Eastern Christians,are at present once againunited with Rome. Almost each of the Separated Churches has her euunteapart in aUnlat community. How Cidall these groups originate?

After the Schism, the East's first contacts with the West were brought about by the Crusades. True, these contacts wereonthewholemoreharm. ful than usefultothecauseof reunion. At that time,anumberofattemptsat reunion were made. Only one, however,was toremainpermanent,thatof the Maronites in the Lebanon, concluder) in 1182. The 1ltaronites constitute the only group among the Eastern Christians who are Catholics en bloc. The unions achieved at the Council of Lyons (1274) and at Flor. ence(1439) were only short.lived. In both cases politicalreasonsformed the driving force,andthereunionmetwith most violent resistance among clergy and laity at Constantinople.

SomeExamples.

The outstanding unions of modern times are those of the Ruthenians and Rumanians.The Ruthenian.,orUkrainians. had regained contact with the West after the political union of 1386 between the Lithuanian State, which at that time embraced the Ukraine, and Poland. Thus began a gradual process of rapprochement with the Ca . tholicChurch, aprocesseffectively fostered by theJesuits'missionary activities in Poland. In 1569,.Ruthenian Bishops who had assembled in BrestLitovskacceptedareunionwithRome. The union of the Rumanians in Tran• swl•ania took place in 1697, shortly after that area hadcome under Hapsburgrule. Here,too,thereunion had beeninitiatedbytheJesuits.

intheNearFast,inAfricaandAsia, the work of reunion in the 16th. cew tury led to the regaining of some 28 percent. oftheChristiansfor Reunion. This relatively large success was due to the self-denving work of Latin missionaries, particularly Capuchins, Carmelites and Jesuits. After the arrival of the Portuguesein India in the 16th. century, the NestorianMalabar Church was re-united. In Ethiopia, a com. munity ofCatholics of Ethiopian Rite was formed, thanks to the Capuchins missionarywork attheendofthe19th. century.

ReunionTo-Day.

One may 'sneak to-day of areunion movement which in agreat many regicur. iq leading ennsiderable groupsof

.wtern

Christ:nnc tot•nrrls the fatho• 1:, ,

rhurrh. Very promising, for instanrr, wnq the reuninn n^daily which he ,

;ao in Eastern t'olanl.,dare 1923. It wnsdirect,•Iat npopulatinrn whichhnrl nlready been L'niat in the past, and which w-as brought hark to Schism only underprey=ureofthe rzari ,

lGov. r,

;•.....nt curcr f-1 w•orl< w•ns Anne. 'ere by Capuchins, Rerlemptorists and Jesuits. The tntnl number of Pales Pained for Catholic Unity reached 40f100 Ltnh^fpily, the war has once ngain rendered all this problematical. In F,

•ria, wood w•nrk is being done by nh ,

-Paolicts in the so-called Aber Christi: within afew years, thev have already won several thousnnris out of the30.(100 dissidentsthere. .1 cenuiur reunion nnoverrent exists sly. in Transjnrdan. In Egypt the Camber of rathnliv(opts has nearly doubledinth^last20venrs. In India. two Monophysitir Bishops ininco the CatholicChurchin1030. \early6001t1 EasternrhristinnsinIndia returned to -rethollc un;tyin the last few years.

Despite these suce"srqhowever, the EasternChurchesseparatedfrom Rome still form agigantic bloc offering the most violent resistance to anv reunion work. In large aresq, aq in Russia, Bul¢aria and Greece, reunion has so far scored only minor successes. Desr,iteall individualreturns,ithassofar proved impossible to create an atmosphere favourable to reunion in wider circles of the schismatics. The rreation of Uniat groups and the conver-

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lion of individuals tended in most casestointensify theopposition.

Obstacles

What is this apparently insuperable difficulty to reunion? First and fore. mostitmaybetracedbacktotheeasternprinciple of theStateChurch. The Church'snot infrequent dependencyon anon-Catholic, sometimes anon-Christionor even an AtheistGovernmentis the great obstacle to reunion. The Eastern Church communities constitutingasmanynationshaveformanycenturies been leading an existence of theirown. Itisextremelydifficultfor them to accept the ideaofsubordinatingthemselvestoahead notbelonging to their own nation. The conception of the Church Universalunderasingle headis somethingquitealientothem.

In addition, reunion would mean to them adenunciation ofalargepart of their past. They would have to admit that they had been for centuries in error and that many of their great men had been professing erroneous viewsor had at least been separated from the true Church. They are also apprehensive oflosing their individualitvshould theysubordinate themselves to Rome. If wewish tobehonestwe must admit that the work of reunion has in many cases fostered these fears ofthe Eastern Christians.

Astrong element of westernisation has gradually found its way into the Uniat Churches, partly caused by the lack of understanding on the part of some missionaries, and partly too by acertain feeling of inferiority among the Eastern Catholics, who thought of themselves asnot theequaloftheir strongerLatin Sister Church,and tried therefore in many matters to imitate the West. This Latinising tendency isnot limited tothe superficialaspects of ritual and customs, but also takes the form of an assimilation of mental attitude to the western prototype.

Qulte often it k not being clearly enontgh realised thatit is notsufficient to leave untouched the outward form ofritualbut thatitisalsoofevenforemost necessity to treat with awe the inner kernel of the Faith, the eastern attitude of mind. With most Uniats, the simple procedure was to replace eastern theology with western,without inquiring which elements within the rhurrh's theologv are essentially Catholir and which eperifivally western, or which elements in eastern theology at'c heretical and which others are legitimately pecular to the East. Furthermore, in most cases our western kind of piety was imposed on the Uniats as the only right one, without caring much abort enstern awetieism and mvstiricm. Innnanvcases,people failedtomakeanvefforttodigoutthe buried treasure ofeastern spirituality.

Modern reunion work pursues other methods. Many western Orders have members of the Oriental Rites. They want not nnly to

appear enstern. Tilt ns far as nngsihle to become enstern in their soul- nnrd henrts, so aq to he nble to wnrk effiriently for reuninn. Zealn ,,

qefforts are being made in vnriousquarterstoraspthespiritual treasure- of the Eastern rhurrhes and to make them known in widerrirrles. T here refertotheAs,umptinnists, to the Oriental Tlenedirtineq, and to the Pontifical institute fnrOriental Studies in Rome. Partirulnrlv in Germany, re spect for and understanding of the Christian East iq

very much alive,aq a number of modern valuable puhlicatinnq prove. ThenttitudeofWest towardsEnst is beginning to undergo achance. Side by side with the severe stricture of the"Decadent East," there has been eradually emerging it more reverential attitude towardsEastern Christianity. We are entitled to express nur hope thatin thenewatmosphere the deeprented suspicion of everything Lauer will gradually decrease.

Mr. Walter Lippmann was, in April, accorded the exceedingly rare privilege ofbeingallowedtoanswerinthepages of"Pravda" some 'criticisms there made of his book,"U.S. War Aims," Mr. Lippmann was mainly concerned todeny thestatementof the"Pravda" critic, Georgiey, that he advocated a "cordon sanitaire," aproject,which he regarded as"criminal folly." Georgiev replied by saying that Air, Lippmann had given avery inexact picture of Russian policy, which "had never insisted that the border States between the U.S.S,R. and Germany should be lined up in asingle row." We are glad to hear it. We shall be even more glad if the pages of the official Russian Press are to be opened todehate in which foreigners may participate.

There had been an equally unusual domestic debate afew days before, in which Ilya Ehrenburg was taken to task by his departmental ebief,Alexandrov, and sharply rapped over the knucklesin thepublic print forhaving taken atoo sweeping and "Black Record" view of the Germans. Alexan. drov's article from"Pravda" has been reproducedin"Soviet WarNews," and it is not altogether reassuring at this particular juncture to read what he says, supporting himself with quotations from Marshal Stalin, about the necessity of preserving the German State. it is.not surprising that MarshalStalinshoulddisassociate"theGerman people" from "Hitler's clique," but it is alittle surprising that he .should also disassociate and exonerate "the German State" The rehabilita. tion of the German State is not an idea that would find much favour in

the West,exceptamong people regarding it as a"cordon sanitaire." "Agitation"andits Uses.

Alexandrovis head of the "Propaganda and Agitation Department" of the Communist's Party's Central Committee, and what he writes therefore carries weight. There is irony in the way the word"agitation" as used in the Soviet Union, since what we un. derstand by agitation is not at all en-' couraged among Russians nowadays.

"The Times" was quoting the other day views on British affairs expressed by "The AgitatorsNotebook," adirective sheet for"scores of thousands of Communists in the Moscow region."

Theexplanationoftheuseoftheword is that the regimerequires the perpetuation of what is known as arevolu-, tionary outlook; certainly not directed towardsanewrevolutionathome,and not necessarily even directed towards revolution abroad, but required in order to avoid the development with the years of any sense of ordered security in which revived respect for human personality might undermine the foundations of the collective State. "Agitation" means the perpetuation of it sense of tension, in which permanent social collectivism can be maintained and justified in terms of"collective security." The struggle of the proletariat to maintain its ascendancy is presented as something never ceasing, like the Darwinian struggle for existence. This is common to all regimes politically derived from the Ilegelian dialetic; it characterised Nazi Germany also, and is reflected particularly in Nazi law, where the permanent revolution is the determining factor,overriding all written law or precedent.

PressExaggerationsofTito'sMilitarySignificance

"Treachery" of Mihailovic Impossible Without British Connivance Defectionsinthe"Marshal's"Ranks

Whatthe

Partisans'Own Communiques Reveal

This article is concerned to set out anumber of conclusions which seem to be fairinferences from the military communiquespublishedby"FreeYugoslavia" during what was, perhaps, the most advertised period of Partisan activity, from the beginning of last year until the enemyattack onTito'sheadquarters at Drvar at the end of May, 1944, which necessitated the Marshal's flight andabsence from the Yugoslav mainland forabout three months. If the claims made on Tito's behalf during thisperiodare foundtobegreatly exaggerated, it follows afortiori that hedid not;tanytimeperformtheservicestotheallied causewhicharesupposed by hisfriends to justifyhis present ascendancy.

Afewwordsmustfirstbesaidabout the fortune'sof the Partisansfrom the autumn of 1941 until the end of 1943. Like the Chetniks of Mihailovic, they organised their first guerillas in the western mountains of Serbia. Towards the end of the same year, their main forces left Serbia, not to return again until theliberation ofthat country by the Russians in the autumn of 1944.

The Partisans have several explanations to offer for their prolonged absence,exceptinafewisolated districts, from Serbia—chief among them, the alleged long course of open treachery on the part ofMihailovic, which could not possibly have occurred unless the many British officers attached to his variousunitshadconnivedatit.

During the first half of 1942, the main strength of the Partisans was in Montenegro, Herzegovina and Eastern Bosnia. By the early summer of the sameyear, the Partisans, whoin January had completely dominated the greater part of Montenegro, had been drivenoutofthatprovincebythelocal peasant guerrillas. In his article in the American journal, "The Free World," Totn attributed this defeat to the activities of traitorsin the pay of Ttaly who succeeded in misleading the people,buthedidtintexplainhowand uhv it was that one of his own principal lieutenants, Stanisic, turned against him, and persuaded many others to do likewise The Alontenegrins do not ordinarily produce reactionaries and traitorsby the thousand, especially only afew months after a popular and successful revolt against it foreign aggressnr

\fanv of their supporters, mostly youngmen, followed the Partisans out ofSerbiaand\lantenegroandlongcon-

stituted their best fightingtroops. But by the beginning of 1943, and indeed until the Russians drove the Germans out of large partsof Serbia, the great bulkof thePartisanforceswerein the independent State of Croatia(in the Serb districtsofWestern Bosnia, Lika, and in North Dalmatia), where the Ustashi massacres had destroyed or driven away theSerbsoflocalprominence, that fs to say, just the class of people most strongly opposed to the Partisans in Serbia properand Monte. negro.

It was the changing policy of the WesternAlliesandthecollapseofItaly in 1943 that gave the Partisans their great opportunity. Their geographical position enabled them to seize a greatpart ofthearmsheldby theItaliansand toreceivefarmorehelpfrom the Allies than had ever been sent to \lihailovic. The Partisans were able tomoveintolargeareasinwhichthere was no one to oppose them, and to dominateforalittletwoorthreeofthe largerDalmatian ports. Theyappear. ed tobe successful andstrong.

The Germans, however, soon established with comparativeeasein all the Dalmatian ports and in the Bosnian towns of sufficient'strategic importance to interest them. By the end of 1943, it few Dalmatian islands were still held by- the Partisans, as well as asmall part ofDalmatianear the Bosnianfrontier. Otherwise,theGermans andCroats wereincontrolofmuch the greater part of this maritime province, and they werein possession of th:, im. portant railwav fromSarajevo througn Mostarto thecoast.Thisrailway alone sufficed to enable them to supply the two or three divisions, which were all that were needed to hold the easilydefensible Dalmatian coast against a possihle Allied invasion.

The failure of the Partisans to hold theDalmatiancoastmustnotbecounter) against them. Since the Allies did not arrive and the Germansdid, there was little that they could do except withdraw. Attheend of1913, though they hart lost most of Dalmatia, the Partisanswere in factjustasstrongas thev had been three months earlier. The, had filler) avacuum and had later been obliged to move out again when amore solid bndv entered it. Their numbers, however, were still growing: and they were soconfident of theirstrength that,onNewYear'seve, thev launched an attack on the Western Bosnian town of Banja Luka, the

MEN'SWEAR

SUITS,

UNDERWEAR, HATS, SHOES, Etc....

second town of Bosnia, with anormal population ofover20,00'0and defended by aconsiderable garrison. This attack,whichfailedafteronlyafewdays' fighting, was the biggest hitherto launchedbythePartisans. Itjustifies the assumption that it was at about this timethat they reached the height oftheirmilitary power.

Space forbids adetailed account of the course of military events inYugoslavia from the time of the attack on Banja Luka until Tito's precipitate flightfrom Drvar. Itis possible only to give some inferences from informa. tion mainly supplied by the Partisans intheirown communiques:

1. During the fit%t few months of 1944, the Partisans couldfairlybe said todominatethegreaterpartofamoun. tainous and desolate area extending fromtheriverNeretva,inthesouth,to the South-Westehn corner of Slovenia, in the north. This area included a very small part of Slovenia, the westernmountainsofCroatia(GorskiKotar, Likaand Kordun), asmallpartofthe hinterland of North Dalmatia, and a large part of Western Bosnia, southwest of aline fromSarajevoto Bihac. In the north, the railway and road from Ljubljana to Trieste were in enemy hands; and in the south, the railway and road from Sarajevo to Southern Dalmatia. Enemvcommunications between Italv and Yugoslavia and between the plains of the interior and the Dalmatian coast were, therefore, secure. Some alternative routes —such as the Ogulin-Knin and Karlovac-Fiume railways, and the JaiceSplit road—were denied to the Germain%, but, since their interest in this area was confined to the problem of supplying two or three divisions, they here at no serious inconvenience on this account. Spasmodic attemr

nts weremadeby them and moreespecial.

lvbythe Croats togaincontrol of the Ogulin-Knin andJajce-Splitroutes,and practieally all the little towns along both of them were in enemy handsby the middle of June.

Only the southern, West Bosnian, part of this mountainous,area constituted an extensive and genuine liberated territory, inside which the enemy possessed no towns and into the interior of which, before the attack on Drvar, hesent no punitiveexpeditions.

ThePartisanswerealsoactiverhtring this period in varinus parts of iferzegovina and Eastern Bosnia,in someof theSerbiandistrictsofSlavonia,intwo separate areas in Montenegroand, toa very limited extent,inMacedonia. The fact that they captured, lost and recaptured a considerable number of small townsand villages,most ofthem not even nn roads of minor strategic importance, in Eastern Bosnia- and Herzegovina. proves that they never dominated any large part of either of these provinces.

2.Outside Slovenia and the Croatian State, there were nolarge PartisanTorres, nor anv local unit as large as a guerrilladivision—that istosav,which couldreasonablyhe assumedtoconsist ofas many as it thousand men. The only references to Partisandivisionsin this part of Yugoslavia occur in April and Mav, daring the attack on Serbia. nnl- four divisions, the Second, Fifth, Seventeenth and Thirty-seventh are specifically mentioned,and they all, as isevidentfrom thePartisans'owncommuniques, must have entered Western SerbiaandtheSanjaksometime inthe spring. The Partisans may- well have usedmanvmorethanfourdivisionsfor theirattack on Serbia,but there is no evidence that anv of them were in either Serbia or Montenegrobefore the attackbegan.

ifweexcept theperiodofthe attack on Serbia, there are actually, between January 1and June 30, 1911, far more references in the Partisan communique tofightingagainsttheChetniksin Bosnia than to Partisan activity of every kind in the whole of Serbia, including Macedonia. As forBarka and Banat, the rich Yugoslav provinces northeast

oftheDanube,thereareextremelyfew references to them in the"FreeYugoslav"communiquesofthisperiod.That istosay,itis afair inference fromin. formationprovidedbythemselvesthat, atleastuntiltheendofJune, 1944,the PartisanswerefarlessnumerousinSerbia than were the Chetniks in Bosnia, amuch smaller province and the one mostcompletelydominatedbythePar. tisans.

3.Duringthefirstsixmonthsof1944, "FreeYugoslavia"referredindividually to rather over twenty Partisan divisions,ofwhich the37th.bearsthehighesi number. If we assume—and this is agenerous assumption—that the average strengthof aguerrilladivision wasfrom 1,500 to 2,000men, and that there were aboutforty divisionsin all, it follows that there may ,

have been from60,000to80,000meninTito'sforces. Of these, probably as many as three-quarters,ifnotmore,werein'Bosnia, the Dalmatian hinterland andthe mountainsofWesternCroatia. Ofthe remainder, about one-third may have been in Slovenia, rather more than a thirdin the rest of-theCroatianState, including Herzegovina, and two or threethousandinthewholeoftherest of Yugoslavia Except in Slovenia, Dalmatia, the Croatian Zagorje(adistrict north of Zagreb) and one or two other small areas, the Partisans were most numerous in the Serbian districts of the Croatian State Thisis an important point, for there is good reason to believe that,untilthearrivalofthe Russians,onlyaminorityoftheSerbssupportedTito,butthatthisminorityconstituted the majority of hissupporters and the great majority of his fighting troops.

4. During the same period,"Free Yugoslavia" mentions not less than twelve separate enemy divisions, German and Croat, but most of them on notmore thanoneortwo occasions. It isneverpossihletotell,fromthe"Free Yugoslavia" communiques, what proportionofan enemy division was habitttaliv oron any particular occasion used'against the Partisans, The Ger. man reports suggest,however, thatthe great bulk of the fighting against the guerrillaswas done,besides the Croat:an Ustashi, by the Prinz Eugen and the 13th. Bosnian SS divisions. It is .snlikelythatunitsoftwoAlpinedivisinns were at time's fairlv active in 11.

"tern Bosnia and the mountains bf Western Croatia. Units of aCossack division were also frequentlyemployed against the scattered guerrilla hands. it is tint possihle to sayhow many, if any, of these divisions were at full strength. Among theCroatian troops, theVstnshiwerereliable,buttheRegutars fDomohrancil wereofpoorquality

As the Prinz Eugen division was recruited from the German minoritv in Yugoslavia, and the Cossack and Moslem divisions, as well as the Croats, were,ofcourse,notGermans, it follows that most of the troops actively emplovedagainsttheguerillaswerelncally recruited. Germans from the Reich were used only occasionally and, prohably, in small numbers.

5, The constant references to the Chetniks are aprincipal featureof the Partisan communiques. Almost as often as theyarementioned, theChetniks are accused of open collaboration with the enemy; and that although there werestillat that time Alliedofficersattached to severalof their staffs. TheGermanandCroatian reports,however,donoteven mention anyfighting at the times and places at which, according to "Free Yugoslavia," Tito was engaged against both them and theChetniks.

(Continued on Page 7.)

AL,

TITO'S ACHIEVEMENT

(Continued from opposite page.)

Theirown communiquesreveal how much of their energies the Partisans devoted to thecivilwar,andtheyalso prove, if we follow the movements of theirtroops,thattheywereusuallythe aggressors. Their attackon Serbiain thespring,theirgreatestmilitaryenterprise, was most probably primarily directed against the Chetniks. Their unsuccessful attacksinJanuaryon the Bosnian towns of Banja, Luka, and Tuzla must have convinced them that they were far from strong enough to drive the Germans out of Serbia, but they could reasonably hope to establish themselves in the less accessible districtsheldby the Chetniks.

6, Between January and June, 1944, thereoccurredonlythreedistinctmilitary operations(possibly four,ifweincludetheattackonTuzla) inwhichthe Partisans wereopposedby asmanyas athousand regulai enemy troops. These operations-the attack onBanja Luka, the invasion of Serbia and the GermanattackonDrvar-ineachcase endedwith thetotaldefeatofthe Partisans. The rest of the fighting was spasmodic and irregular, involving at times considerable numbers of menaltogether, but scattered and always, in any particular area, on asmall scale.

The communiques which describe this fighting use amilitary vocabulary appropriate to regular warfare between largearmies,butwithalittlesenseand agood map,it is easy enough to discover its true proportions.

We say this with no desire to belittle the men who took part in the fighting. They fought well, and it is nofault of theirsiftheirpolitical leaders pretended that they had achieved whatwas, underthecircumstances,impossible.

7.ItisprobablethattheattackonSerbia involved the Partisans infarmore fighting against regular troops than their leaders had bargained for. The Chetniks, when the Partisans penetrat. edintotheirdistricts,resistedand usuallyrepulsed them,butitwasthe 13th. Moslem SS Division which pursued them into East Bosnia and decimated them.

This disastrous retreat and the Ger• man attack on Drvar, which led to greater disaster, broke the military power ofthe Partisans,atleastfor the time being. This was borne out by the suddenly altered characterof their own communiques, in which the activiticsofisolatedgroups, hithertoseldom mentioned, became prominent, while forslaysonendverylittleornothingat allwassaidabout themain theatresof operations. Theextent of theirdisaster was, hnw•ever, best illustrated by the change in the behaviourof theAl. lied Press, which, having regularlyand enthusiastically praised the Partisans since the autumn of 1913, practically ignoredthem forseveral months.

The writersofthePartisancomnnuii(lues soon recovered their accustomed assurance, but it was clear that, from the military if not the political point ofview,the Partisansestablishedthem. selvesin thatcountry. Atthepresent time,the Partisanforcesaremorenumermisthaneverbefore,possiblyasnumerous as they were falsely asserted to i,cinJanuary, 1911 Butit would appear that thev are far less formidable. The Germanshavelongsinceceased to beof muchaccountmilitarilyin Yugo slavia, where the principal enemies of Titoare theCroatiantroopsofPavelic. These, hopeless of the future though theymust be,have,on thewhole, held theirownsurprisinglywell.

The flowerofthe Partisan army per. ishedin thespringandearlysummerof 1911. Of themen who constituted it, though afantastic legend wascreated about them,itcould trulybesaidthat they were soldiers. To-day, Tito's troops, most]• recent recruits, prudent orenthusiastic, appear to be of avery differentcalibre.

WANTED TO BUY: Stoves, Wood Gas;PlainandOldRootIron,Coppers. Heater..BestPrices. RingPMM.

PERTH FISHERIES

489 WELLINGTON ST., PERT -

4 rISH AND POULTRY SUPPLIED.

Wholesale and Retail.

Phone: B5992. City Deliveries. Country Orders Catered

rat.

Iirims-Brown Wedding

St. Brendan's Catholic Church, J

ohnstone-street, Annandale, was the scene ofavery prettyweddingonSaturday, April 14, when Miss Gwendoline Patricia Brown, eldest daughter of Mrs. V. E. Brownand the late Mr. P, S. Brown, of Bombala and Cooma, and now of "Innisfail," Annandale, and Able Seaman Albert James Imms, of Subiaco, Perth, were married by Rex'. Father Burn.

V.C. was Exemplary Practising Catholic

Heroic Deeithof Lieutenant Derrick

It has now been confirmed ,that Lieuicnant T.C. Derrick,V.C.,D.O]

Canteen.

Phyllis Dean: Friday, July 6; Tues• day, July 31.

Dunleavy: Holiday, June 25; Tuesday, July3.

Donations of wool for the Merchant Navy Comforts Fund are urgently needed.

Executive meeting, Monday, July 2. General meeting, Monday,July9.

HIGHGATE HILL

SOCIALANDDANCE.

The monthly social and dance for Sacred Heart Primary School will be held on Friday, July 13, at

sp.m., in the Parish Hall, Harold-street. Old.time and modern dancing will take place, and Miss K Condren's dance bandwill providethemusic.

Make the Parish Hall your rendez. vous on Frida}-

,July 13, for an enjoyable evening'sentertainment.

Irish Trade Unionism

BREAKWITHBRITAIN.

An Intolerable Position.

Amove to break the domination of Irish trade unions by British unions was launched in Dublin recently at a special delegate conference of the (`ouncil of Irish Trade Unions. The Council passed aresolution declaring that it was satisfied that"the opinions and aspirationsof Irish Labourcannot is ext,ressed by the IrishTrade Union Congress,whichiscontrolledbyBritish tradeunions,and that the Irishunions affiliated to Congress occupy an intolerable and humiliating position" It, therefore, recommended the affiliated unions to withdrawfrom Congressand establish con organisathion composed of trarle unions with headquarters in Ireland.

The immediate cause of this move were the eventswhich led to theseridingof twoIrishdelegates tothe recent World Trade Union Congress in London. On the grounds that an Irish delegation might he regarded ar a breach of the countrv's neutrality(for the conference was held to represent onlyasectionofworld tradeunionists) the mit,,nine national executive last vear decided not to send delegates to London. But, through the influence ofthe British Unions,thisdecisionwas reversed at last year's Drogheda Con. grew.

Pointing out that when it consults with the Irish T.U.C., the Government of Eire might be presented with ade• cision representingthe viewsof unions outside Ireland, the Council added

"While we have nodesire todoany thingwhich would seem to divide the forcesoflabour, we are convinced that the present position is intolerable. A nation which so recently succeeded in achieving the right of political inderendencewouldhe onlyhalffreeifthe economic policy of the State and the economicconditionoftheworkerswere 'ohe decided by those whodo not regards themselves as citizens."

vuheroes,

who was killedatTiiakanrecently, died aCatholic.

L, oneof Australia's outstanding

InalettertafriendinSydney, oneof theCatholic chaplains serving

oa Tarakan wrote: 'Ming the pat six months Lieutenant Derrick was an exemplary practisingCatholic, and his last words wort:'Tell my wife

areeetyed

all theSacramentsbeforeIdied;"

"Lieutenant Derrick was not always aCatholic, and no details of his conversion have yet been received, 1ut those who

knew him v.'o home State (South Australia) say that he

wait always

well disposed towardstheCatholicreligion.

PicturesreceivedRomTarakanandpublished

on thispageshowtheletters "R.C." printedonthe crossabovehis grave.

Lieutenant Derrick,(then a sergeant) won the VictoriaCross during the battle for Satelberg, New Guinea, in 1943.

The citation, which told astory of great courage, tenacity and endurance, revealed that on November 23, 1943, an Australian infantry battalion was meeting with intense enemy machinegun fire in its attempts to outflank strong enemy positions on aprecipitous cliff-face near Satelberg.

When it appeared impossible to reach the objective or even hold the ground alreadyoccupiedtheorderwas given to retire, but Sergeant Derrick requested one last attempt to reach the objective.

"\loving ahead of his forward section he personally destroyed with grenades an enemy post which had been holding up this section.

UnderHeavyFire.

'Ile then ordered his second section around on the right flank. This section came under heavy fire from light machine-guns and grenades from six enemy posts.

"Without regard for personal safety, he clambered forward, well ahead of the leadin:t men of the section,and hurled grenade after grenade, so completely demoralising the enemy that theyfled.

"By this action alone the company was able to gain its first foothold on the precipitous ground.

One-Man Attacks.

"Not content with the work already stone• he returned to the first-rind, together with thethird section of

his platoon, advanced to dealwith three of the remaining posts in the area. On four separate occasions he dashed forward and threwgrenadesat arange of from six to eight yards, until the positions were finally silenced.

"Sergeant Derrick reduced 10 enemy posts. From the vital ground hehad captured, the remainder of the battalion moved to capture Satelburg the following morning."

Lieutenant Derrick's earlier decoration, the D.C.M., was won during the historic battle of El Alamein,

shaped, 14in. long........ 5/6

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No. 5.-Colouredshaped Galalite Beads, 17in. long (colours, red, blue, yellow and black).. 15/-

No. 7.-Oval shaped Pearl Beads, 15in.long ...... .. .. .... 13/6

No. 30-Round shaped Pearl Beads, 14in.long.......... 18/6

No. 56 Oval shaped Pearl Beads, 16in. long.... 19/6

No.34.-Roundshaped Pearl Beads, 15in.long........••.. 25/-

ROSARY CASES.

Leather Rosary Cases;'size 3in. xNin., with MY ROSARY, nicely stamped in goldorsilver on front. Colours: Black, Blue,Fawn, Dark Brown and Light Brown • • .. .. ...... ...... .... .. 2/3each

MEDALS.

Beautiful silver-plated Medals; 5-Sin. diam,; subjects, Miraculous, Scapular, St. Christopher, and St. Therese............ 8d.each

CENTRALCATHOLIC LIBRARY- 36PIER#STREET,PERTH

LECTURE.

On Friday,July6, Dr. Gelle, French ConsularAgent,willdeliverthesecond in the series of fortnightly lecturesarrangedby theLibrarycommittee. Dr. Gelle'ssubject,"FranceandGeneralde Gaulle," should make his lecture one of wide generalinterest.

BOOKSHOP.

AMapofLife,asimplestudy of the Catholic Faith, by F. Sliced(4s.); A Manual ofChristianDoctrine,byRichard W. Grace (4s.); Schuster's Bible History(3s.); Schuster'sBible History Notes(2s.): Teaching the Faith, from the Sign of the Cross to First Communion (2s.); A Handbook of True DevotiontotheBlessedVirgin,byRev, Denis Kelly(4s.).

Fiction:"Bonin," by Robert Standish(11s.6d);"TheJourneyHome,"by Robert Henriques (9s. 9d.);"March Moon," by Nelle M. Scanlan(10s 6d); "This is Murder, Mr. Jones," by TimothyFuller(8s3d);"Dark Peril," by JohnCreasey(9s6d):"TheWood and theTrees,"byMary Mitchell(10s3d); "Masquerade," by Jane England (9s 5d).

ROSARIES:Mother ofpearl beads, with strongs chains,12/6. 13/6, 17/6, and 18/6astring.

F. HUFNER

29MABELST.,NORTHPERTH.

TUNES AND REPAIRS PIANOS ANDORGANS.

'Phone B5824,

Catholic Girls' c.c.M. MOVEMENT

Headquarters and Club Rooms: Bank

of N.S.W. Chambers, 65 St. George's Terrace (near Sherwood Court), Rooms 7.10, First Floor. TELEPHONE: B4836.

MISSALS: "IPray the Mass," by Father Hoever, 2/-, 3/-, 7/6, 10/6, and 14/--.

HOLY PICTURES: Id.,2d.,3d.,and 4d. each.

INTHE LIBRARY.

Alistofrecentadditionswhichcountry clients should paste on the blank page at the back of the catalogue: "Colour Scheme," by Ngaio March; "Death Invadesthe Meeting,"by John Rhodes; "The Road to Roundabout," by Michael Burt; "AMan for Margaret," byFayChandos; "Westwardto My Love," by Jan Tempest -

"So Dawns Our Day," by Phyllis Mannin; "This Way Southward," by A. F. Tschiffely.

LIBRARY LECTURES.

On Friday night, June 22, Rev. Father 1I. Brennan, of Highgate, gave avery interestingtalktoquitealarge gatheringattheLibrary. Thesubject was "Catholic Boys' Clubs and CoOperation." During the evening severalquestionswereasked, whichresultedin interestingdiscussion. Owingto the short notice,which deprived us of advertising, many people were disappointed, so, therefore, it has been arranged to repeat this lecture, which undoubtedly will appeal to all parents who have boys at school leaving age andwhohavejustleftschool. Watch for thedateofthislecture, which will appear in these columnsin the near future.

On Friday, July 6, Dr. L. Gelle, French Consular Agent, will speak on "France anddeGaulle."

The Colonial Mutual Fire Insurance COMPANY LIMITED.

FORALL CLASSESOF INSURANCE, INCLUDING FIRE, HOUSEOWNER, and HOUSEHOLDER'S CO1tfPREHBNSIVt' BURGLARY, PLATE GLASS, MOTOR VEHICLE, CROPS, FIDELITY, GUARANTEE,WORKMEN'SCOMPENSATION,THIRD PARTY. NO. 33 BARRACK STREET, PERTH. W. L. CARTER, Manage:.

CALENDAR CF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY:

Shorthand: 5,15 p.m.

TUESDAY:

Physical Culture: 6.45 p.m..-7.45 p.m. Dressmaking: 5,30 p.m. Orchestra:8p.m.

WEDNESDAY:

Shorthand: 5,15 p.m.

Arts and Crafts: 8p.m.

THURSDAY: MASS: 8a.m.

EXPOSITION all day.

BENEDICTION: 5.15p.m. Choir: 8p.m.

SATURDAY:

Kalamunda Busy Bee:1.15bus.

Tennis at Robertson Park: 2p.m.

Basketball.

SUNDAY:

Tenisat RobertsonPark:2p.m.

•

DANCINGCLASSES.

All girls who desire to attend these classes,which areheldevery Thursday fortnight at Highgate Parish Hall, in conjunction with the Y.C.W. (Boys' Movement), are asked to get in touch with the office, and they will be notiedwhenthenextcoursebegins.

CAFTEEN.

C.G.M.: July 18; August 12. L.B.A.: July2,July27.

Members of thesegroupsareremindedthat canteen beginsat 7p.m, week daysand2p.m.Sundays.

DRESSMAKING.

All girlswho desire to join acourse in this activity must notify the office and have their names placed on the waiting list.

LITERARY GROUP.

Are you interestedin books? Ifso drop in one night on our Literary Grop. The idea of the Group is to learn something about prominent Catholic authors of to-day. Sometimes we have aspeaker to run an informal discussion, if not, we just talk among ourselves. The Group meets every second Tuesday, next meeting being July 3. After the meeting supper is served.

BASKET BALL.

Below are the fixtures for the next twoSaturdays:

"A" Grade:

June30: Lecdervillev.Highgate1,at llighgate,2.30. Umpire:S. Fitzgerald. Mavlands v. Nest Perth, at Highgate. 2p.m. Umpire: Daphne Knox. llighgate2,bye. Mosmans, bye.

July 7: llighgate 1v. Mosmans, at llighgate,2p.m. Umpire:BettyRyan. Ilighgate2v. West Perth. at Nedlands, 3.30. Umpire: Sue Price. Leederville, bye. \favlands, bye.

"B" Grade:

)one 30: Subiaco Iv. Subiaco 3, at Subiaco,2p.m. Umpire: Pat Rule. Fremantle 1v. Cathedral, at Nedlands, 2p.m Umpire: 11. Markham. Fremantle2Y.Midland,at Nedlands, 3.30. Umpire: Mary Connor. Subiaco 2, bye.

July7: SubiacoIv.Subiaco2,atSit. Liam. 3.30. Umpire: Joy Baker. Subiaco3v.Cathedral, atSubiaco, 2 pm. Umpire: Margaret Ilegney.

Fremantle 1v.Midland,at Nedlands, 2pro. Umpire: S. Fitzgerald.

Fremantle2,bye.

We have now commenced acourse for those girls who have not 'before played basket ball, or who have playedbuthavebecomealittlerusty. We intend to coach the girls for several weeks and later have a competition

Iround. Any girls who would like to put their inames down for the course should hand in their names to the ofifce.

PHYSICALCULTURE.

These classes are held every Tuesday evening at the National Fitness Rooms, 130 William-street, Perth, ba tween6.45and 7.4'p.m. Afee ofone shilling is charged for the use of the rooms, showers, etc.

Fremantle Branch

Rooms2,4, and7,ImperialChambers, 45 MARKET ST., FREMANTLE. Telephone L1958.

41

CALENDAR OF 'ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY: 7.30 to9.30p.m.: Dressmaking.

8--9.30 p.m.: Ilomecrafts.

TUESDAY: 7--8 p.m.:Choir.

WEDNESDAY: 6.30 to8p.m.: Physical Culture.

7--8 p.m.: Dancing Classes.

8--10.30 p.m.: Canteen Social.

THURSDAY: 7.30to9.30p.m.:Cooking.

SATURDAY: 2.30to 4.30 p.m.: Bas. ket Ball.

• PHYSICALCULTURE.

This activity has just commenced again, and will soon be in full swing once more. —

If you are interested, come along to the L.C.Y. Club Rooms on Wednesdays at 6.30 p.m., or get in touchwith the rooms.

DANCEBAND.

We are formingaDance Band. So far wehave only afew interested, but hope that you whohave musicin you or think you would like to join, will ring Marie Wright at the Rooms any daybetween1and2p.m.

DANCING CLASSES.

Every Wednesday, between 7and 8 p.m.,at he CanteenSocial,is forlearners, so don't be shy. Shirley Verjans istheretoshowyouhow,

HOMECRAFTS.

The girls on this activity are very busyjust nowmakingthingsforasale of work. They have already master• edtheartofpapemacheworkandare nowworkingonsomeshell novelties.

TRUEDEMOCRACY.

True Democracy provides equal opportunity for all. The Charities Consultationsare trulydemocratic. Every ticket-holder has achance of winning the first prize,£2.0(10. Buy aticket to-dav in the No. 263h Consultation.

METROPOLITAN BUSINESS COLLEGE

I

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12Months' All-Day Course, E24 (l'avnble 10s. weekly).

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EVENING COURSES.

Shorthand,Typing,Bokkeeping, Eng1 4

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Six weeks', 21s. each subject. ThreeMonths,35s, eachsubject. SixMonths,63s.eachsubject.

Metropolitan Business College

NextMetroTheatre (upstairs), WILLIAM STREET. B6406.

...Significance of Student Foreign Travel

Catholic Intellectuals Develop International Contacts

Re-Knitting the Christian Culture of Europe...

ThinkersWill Give Final Shape to NewWorld

Among the many internationalisms ofpre-war}-

ears,none isperhapssointeresting,andatthesametime solittle known, as the new internationalism ofuniversityyouth. Intheyears 1919 to 1939 there was asurprising growth of student foreign travel. Internationalstudentorganisationswerefounded, grew in size,andbecame firmly established, each organising annual conferences, university games, student torus, debates, camps, relief funds, scholarshipfundsand so forth.Affiliated national organisations sprang up in similar abundance: Great Britain had over ascoreatone time, ofwhichfive are still flourishing. Under the aegis of these organisations, national and international, awhole special literature grew up on behalf of student foreign travel—handbooks, guidebook's, year books, pamphlets, bulletins, journals, directories. And just before the war, there appeared abook ("Students in Search of their University") which seemed to indicatethat student travellers hadbegun tocreate aliteratur#of their own. Statistics

given in these publications indicate that in the 1930s student travellers were becoming numerous enough to warrant comparison withthewanderingscholarsoftheMiddle Ages. In the years 1924 to 1934. C.I.E. student tours moved 60,000 students across frontiers. Congresses of the international student organisations each attracted from 300to 1,000. Some thousands of travel scholarships were offeredannually. Thepopularholiday courses at the universities of Europe eachdrewupwardsofahundred.There were over8,000foreignstudentson the roll of the French universities, over 7,000 in the U.S.A., and over 6,000 in our own country. The upward tendency was not checkedunduly byperiorls of acute economic or political crisis, and it affected Great Britain as markedly as other countries, despite our traditional isolation from the contincnt. every year the N.U.S. issued three and four thousand student iden. tity cards for use by'British student travellers abroad.

An interesting feature of thisgrowth of student forcien travel is the wav in which, from 1031, Governments, influenced bythe Ameri,•an example,began tosignculturalagreementsoracademic treaties4fraternity,providing formutual recognition of university degrees, etc., reciprocity of rtnivcrsity posts, travel scholarships, and the encourage. ment of student foreign travel in general. Europe may claim to have invented the idea for the very first cultural agreement was that between France and Switzerland in 19q7; but America gave it robust development, returning it to Europe, ng

she did the cinema nod the radin, grown up and full of daring. The central American. aeadcmic treaty, sfined at Guatemala nn April 12. 1931, was rapidly followed in the Old World by the Poland-Ilun• gary convention, signed in Warsaw on October 21 in the same year. But whereasinAmericathemovementsoon led tothe Pan-American convention of i)ecemher. 1936, which abolished all frontiers for intellectuals of the New \vorld I)—it strokeof the pen, GovernmentsintheOldWorlddoledouttheir cultural favours cautiously, reserving them in the main for their friends. Totalitarian Governments made agree• ments with other totalitarian Governments, and democratic States with de. mocratic; and the wanderings of students abroad were canalised to serve political ends.

Some of the federations of Catholic students sought to counteract the ten-

dency by announcing their desire to sign among themselves their own cul. tural agreements, which would "not necessarily follow friendly relations of apolitical order" In1936, the Catholic University Federations of Austria, Hungary and France signed such an agreement; and among the documents before the British University'Catholic Federation on theeve of the war was -lie draft of an agreement submitted by "Faederatio Emericana;" the National Federation of Catholic Students of Hungary. Unhappily, the movementhail alreadybeencheckedbythe swift suppression of the Catholic Federations inCzechoslovakia,Austria and Germany, where Pax Romana was singled out forspecialopposition. The four big German Catholic Federations perished in the Nazification of 1933-4, andthegraduateassociationwaswatch ed till it shared the same fate in 1938. British delegates on their way to the last Pax RomanaCongressin pre-Nazi Europein 1938weregreetedat Cologne with "Schwarze Korps" placards announcing that"True to the opportunism of the Papacy, the Catholic students of Europe are off to discuss in Yugoslavia ways and means of cooperating with the Communists."

The habit of foreign travel was so firmly established among university students and scholars that thousands more of them readily crossed the fron. tierswhen the restrictions were imposed on Jews and non-Aryans in the Germanand Italianuniversities. Large numbers were received inour country, where they made contacts with the British universities and transplanted their student groups. Meanwhile, student travellers continued their normal journeys across frontiers, and the Pax Romana CongressinNewYorkinSeptember, 1939,carried through its whole programme among 300 delegates from thirty nations, including Poles and Germans, despite the outbreak of hostilities in Europeon itsopening day.

Since 1939, the international university organisations, reverting to their earliest traditions, have concentrated upon thework ofinternationalstudent rehabilitation and relief. Three ofthem, the international Student Service, the Student Christian\lovement, and Pax Romana,have together reconstituted thejointorganisationofWorld Student Relief, which has provided thousands ofeducationalbooksforFilldent prigoers, formed prison camp t

"nniversitieR," negotiated facilities for examinations and prepared mimeographed studycourses, purchased'food stuffsandrelievedfoodshortageamong student;, and secured permission for student refugees and internees to continuo their university studies. More recently,WorldStudentReliefinitiated aworld ,

wirdedrive tocollect text-books and funds forthe relief ofthe stricken universities of Europe. and in association with UN.R.R.A.hassent over 5M reliefworkerstoassiststudent schemes of rehabilitation in the liberated coun tries.

The vast improvement of modern transport and communications hasprovided conditions specially favourable to the advancement of the"universal element" in the world of thought: and at the same time, the shatering confusion and bewilderment of modern life hag increased the hunger for universally-valid principles with which to build anew and better world. These tendencies have astrong appeal to the optimism and idealism of university youth. Butowingtotheweakeningof the Christian tradition in the universities, the new internationalism of uni-

versity youth has been produced more by the potent universalisms of the post-Christian revolutions than by any return,consciousor unconscious,tothe universal validity of the Christian precept, or to the medieval traditions of the universities which owe sustained thefundamental unityofourChristian culture. Of the six big international university organisations, only two can claim an avowedly Christian inspiration; andinourowncountry,although the older universities still cling to a dualistic humanism, much of the new internationalism is steeped in monistic philosophy and coloured by leftist opinion,anattitude thathasbeenmost pronounced athe annualcongresses of theNational Union ofStudents.

University Catholic youthhas reached,indeed,more slowly than might be imagined to the new internationalism. Four of the big international student organisations were alreadyinexistence beforePax Romana wasfounded. The first Pax Romana Congress outside Switzerland,wheretheorganisationbad its headquarters, took place only in 1923; and it was not until 19% that anyseriousattemptwasmadetoassist Catholicstudentforeigntravelbetween oneCongressand thenext. Even then, somefiveyearspassedbeforeanyeffectivemachinerywas evolved,andafurther five years elapsed before there wasanyappreciableuseofit. Reasons for this tardy reaction are not far to seek. United already as members of theUniversalChurch,Catholicstudents didnot experience the need to re-knit Europeanculturetothesameextentas others. The various congregations of the Church already provided an"international" for the clergy. And for maim years the aim of Pax Romana was to be protective rather than constructive—thelinetakenwastoremind Catholic students of the grave moral and psychological dangers, rather than of the opportunities, awaiting them in their,travels abroad.

Later,with thegrowthoftheuniversity Catholic movement and especially with itsdevelopment_onthe graduate side,adifferentattitudeprevailed. In the late'thirties there was awide appreciation that contacts between the rising generation of educated Catholics of the different countriesservedin imponderable and unseen ways to strengthen the Christianculture ofEurope in its hour of clanger, confirming faith in the Universal Church. Soon thedesireforcontinualcontactbetween Catholic students and scholars in all countries was in this way enkindled. And at the Pax Romana Congress in NewYorkin 1939.Catholicsoftheuniversities warmly greeted a message

from Cardinal Hinsley enshrining their aspirations in the following words:

"There exist' scattered throughout theworld,numbersofUniversityCatholics, who need tobeincontactandto find mean'sof expressing that Catholic world-outlook which finds itself in opposition to the'After-Christian' creed. TheCity ofGod and the GodlessCivi ligation are visibly in conflict. Yet, withinthelatterarethousands whoac. knowledge theinadequacy of theirsystem and its powerlessness to provide either exterior peace or interior happiness. .AmongCatholics alsoaremany who have become bewitched by the 'After Christian' and may honestly be discouragedby their sense of isolation. Pax Romana hopes to remedy this, withGod'shelp. Certainly,theCatholic historian, doctor, psychologist, etc., need every assistance if they are tobe not only triteto theirprinciples, buta creativeforce in this our distracted world."

In one formor another, these words havefoundanechoinmanylandsduring the war years. Therehasbeen a considerable growth of Pax Romans outsidewar-tornEurope,andespecially in North and South America. From being an international organisation of the European continent, Pax Romana has thus grown into aworld organisa. tion. Onlv this large acquisition of new strengthmakespossible the shoul• dering ofthe heavyburden of restoration and reconstruction, necessitated by the suppression of'so many strong Catholic student and graduate organi. sations in Europe, and the heart rendingdestruction of Catholicuniversities on the continent.

0ifter the last war, the international rapprochement of youth was overshadowed by the official International Committee of Intellectual Co-operation of the Leagueof Nations. Thatcommittee, set up by the League in 1922, first envisaged its function asbeingto advise on League problems, but from 1930 it began tofosterstudent foreign travel, interesting itself in the popularisation of the idea of international society, and, following the direction givenitbythe League in 1935, inpro. pagandafor theLeagueofNations.In the sphere of civilisation, as opposed to thatofculture,ithad somesuccess; and it insisted with effect that science should serve truth and not the State. But in the cultural field, compared with the independent international student organisations, it was less successful: and the Dumbarton Oaks plan for aNew World Organisation quietlyomitsanymention ofitstasks.

Thus, after this war, we may expect to see thework of intellectual andcul.

(Concluded on Page 1Q.)'

VaryaretO '

the groundsthat the authorhad never metareal,liveone. Afterall,shehas.

Sturdy Religious Upbringing Counters Artificiality

ByJERRYCOTTER.

Perched primly on an enveloping chairinthe Waldorf suite provided by her movie employers, tiny Margaret O'Brien looked far more like the aver age 2Acherubthan Hollywood's latest wonder child. Serious-eyed, befreckled,andpigtailed,sheisobviouslyintelligent beyond her years. Yet, thanks tothevigilanceofalevel-headedyoung mother, she is neither precocious nor cute.

That pleasant fact puts Margaret in aclassapart from the hundreds of unfortunate, blondined youngsters whose parentshauntthe studiocastingoffices by day and the directors' dreams by night. Piquant naturalness, rather than any artificially created personality, seems to be the sole+secret behind the unusual success of the little IrishSpanishgirl whowaschristenedAngela Maxine O'Brien. The critics and her fellowworkershaveaddedasubtitleto that. They callher"JuniorDuse:"

Margaret, aname she chose for herself after appearing as apathetic blitz orphan in"Journey for Margaret," is living proof of the claim that thebest actors are born, not made. In eight crowdedyearsof living, she hasn'thad much time for dramatic training, vet through sheer inborn ability invariably outsparkles the Barrymores, Laughtons, and Durantes with whom she is cast. Effortless ability at emotional interpretation, phisawishful, poignant charm, are the combination which has won for her such widespread affection andacclaim.

Yery rarelv does she muff even the most difficult dialogue passage daring the staking of apicture, even though she must memorise an entire scene the night before it is shot. Her mother, Glaclvs Flores O'Brien, reads the script to Margaret once or twice hefore beI. time. The next day Margaret skin; onto the set, pigtails fiving, ready for the director's call to action.

The most remarkable of her quirk• study feats {Sas

arecent appearance on the Cecil B. DcMille Radio Theitre prograrktmein asixty-minuteversioncf oneofherpreviousscreensurcesses. III. *,

muchas she has

not vet learned to read, thisentailed memorising not only alengthy part of herown, but also innumerable cues and the dialogue of every either memberof the cast. The veteran DeMille w•as so a•tounded by the performance thathe missed on- cf his own cues that night. Later, he y;eat ein record as saving that Mir garetw•asthefinestdramaticactresshe had ever encountered.

The voting comes by heracting ability and her Gaelic surname quite naturally. Bothhermotherandfather were O'Briens and both were theatrical people. Margaret's maternal grandfatherwas:]Martin O'Brien,aSanFran• disco law•ver, whose slaughters danced professinnally under their mother's name, Flores. Gladvs married Larry O'Brien. ahandsome and nimble cir. ctrl performer. Their marriage wa happy, tint short-lived Larry died a fewweeks before Margaret wasbornin Los Angeles on January 15, 1937.

Three-fourths kish,one-fourth Span. ish, and all actress, the youngster's elfin quality thatis so much apart of her appeal was evident in cradle days. Before she was two years of age, Margaret, then Angela Maxine, had posed forseveralartists,includingPaulHesse, who used her as amodel for various magazine-cover illustrations.

It was in 1942 that the movie pro. ducersfirstbecame awareofthescreen potentialitiesofthe thin little girlwith puggish nose and direct, hazel eyes thatalwaysseemedabouttobrimover, even when she was happy. Margaret hadappearedoppositeJamesCagneyin ashortsubject released by the government and hadflitted briefly beforethe path ofthe camera inaJudyGarlandMickeyRooneymusical.

At the time the Metro-GoldwynMayer Studiowas conductinganationwide talent search for two children to appearin"Journey for Margaret." The roles were difficult to cast, calling as they didfor aboy and girl who could convincingly project the terror, pathos, and appeal of tots cast adrift by war and bombing. The title part, in particular, calledfor achild whose expres• sive features and acting abilitv would tug powerfully at the audience's heartstrings. Afteronescreeningofthetest Margaret made for the past, she was unanimously selected and given alongterm contract.

in "Lost Angel," her second important role, she was case as Alpha, aforlorn child prodigy who was the subject of apsychological experiment by an assorted group of scientist's. This teas followed by an appearance with Lionel Barrymore in "Dr. Gillespie's CriminalCase." Barrymore,notprone to reckless praise orgushing after fiftv years in the acting profession, declared t}tat Margaret was one

of two actresses whoenuldbringtears tohiseves. The other was his sister, Ethel. in appreciationhehadaringwornlit,

hisgrand. mother, Ellen Drew, made intoasmall broorh w•hirh Margaret now wears on special nccaSions.

Anecdotes about the O'Brien antics and savingsoilthemovielotarelegion. Some are obviously publicity-inspired, othershavethe ring of anthcoticity.In the latter division, the storyofher association with Charles Lnughton bears retelling. Cast opposite the rotund Cocknev in the screen version of Oscar Wilde's"TheCenterville Ghost,"sherequired abit of conditioning before becoming friends with the actor. Like most youngsters her age, Margaret had ahealthvdread ofghosts, goblins, and other childhood imageries. When Laughton appeared on the set ready toenact the part of atired old ghost, his luminous grey make-up was hardly conducive to friendship.

But agirl with circus blood in her veins isn't one to give-in to fear very easily. Margaret swallowed hard, walked over to Laughton and gravely shook hands with him. Later, be. tweensceneshe wonherovercompletely by reading some of Kipling's"Just So Stories." Since then she refuses to hear anv fictional ghost maligned, oil

Kingsley Watson -Photographer

Iles reopened his Studio, on being discharged from the RA.A.F., at 66 ST. GEORGE'S TERRACE, PERTH.

Her recent trip to New York and, Washington was acombined business, vacation,andeducationjaunt. Sinceall business is fun to her, the trip was a complete success. It also gave Mar• garet achance to meet as varied a groupof people,celebritesand nonentities,asfeweight-year-oldsevermanage. She met them all, and while properly polite andamiableaboutit,'thefactremained thatshe wasmuch more impressing than impressed.

One day alargecrowdgathered before the entrance of aFifth Avenue department storewhile the young star was shopping with her mother in the toydepartment. When theyemerged, aconsiderable amount of manoeuvring and thebroad armsofseveral of New York's finest were required to hustle the O'Briens into ataxi and safety. Buteven thismanifestationofhowlow amass "I.Q." can actually be didn't ruffle the young lady's serenity. She just sat and gazed calmly at the jostlinggroup as the blistering taxi driver inchedhiswaytipthe avenue.

Suave Jimmy Walker, the Former \[ayor,fascinatedher. Introducedone night in arestaurant where'.Margaret and her motherwere havingalatedinner,

the ex-politico said,"Little lady, it's much too late for either of us to be out. I'm too old and you're too young for this night air:"

One of the official assignments on 1fargaretsschedulewastorepresenther studioattheceremoniesand partiesattendant to the Fourth Term Inauguration. One afternoon was spent romping with the Roosevelt grandchildren and the overpublicised Fala. Later, she paid visits to the city's Children's Hospital and to the students of Holy CrossAcademyand DumbartonCollege.

En route to Washington, Margaret passed the hours absorbed in her favourite pastime, sketching. Bill McCormick,of the studio publicity staff, who accompanied Margaret and hermother, had supplied her with anew box of tempera paints at the beginning of the trip. Most of the time she sat in the corner of the rrmvrled club car painting industriously. Between periods of tense applicationshewouldglance sideways at ayoungpriest seated opposite her. Margaret is very fond of priests and loves to meet them. Too bashful to introduce herself, she continued to gaze at him furtively.

Puralk, she anouncerl to her mother in aratherload mice,"Mother, Ithin]; I'll paint an vtgd."

When the outline was finished, she n-

asundecided whethertheangelshould be painted in drab or bright colours. Turning to Rill, she hinted that the priest might know. Fill went over with Margaret's request and returned with the; formation that the angel should he painted in bright color=. \\'hen the.sketch was completed, Marga

re

tannounced that she w•ai going to presentittothepriestforhiskind help in mlcing the problem. She walked over to him with thebrightly coloured angel.

"O'Rrien" he exclaimed. "Why, that's my name too."

From thatmomentuntil the train arrived at Union Station, the two were boon companions. Margaret was dejeered when she found that father O'Brien tvrndd not he able to join her in the car and ride behind the motor• cycle escort waiting todrive herto the White ]louse. Asaconsolation, Father O'Brien promised to take her around the city on her nest trip to Washington.

Still naively unaware of her ability and position, she is completely uncon• cerned with the trappings of movie stardom. Margaretlooksonhermovie work as agame and tends to live her current part both in treat of the camera and at home. So absorbed does she become in the problems of acting that she would,ifpermitted, carryover the actions,mannerisms, and speech of her role at all times. In the beginning hermotherallowed this,believing

TALENT

it would help her performances. It didn't workoutsowell,however,when she was cast asaspoiled brat in the film version of "Jane Eyre." That proved tobe abittoomuch. _

Briel1—Hollywood'sLatestWonderChild ... AMAZING INBORN ACTING HowaWise MotherPreserves Her Naturalness —

"It'stheonlytimeMargarethasbeen punished," said Mrs. O'Brien,"but it was absolutely necessary." Margaret now does all of her playacting at the studio.

Thosewhohavewatchedheratwork before the cameras marvel at the ease with which she masters the emotions sheiscalled on to display. Tears are her specialty andherfavourite. When the director calls for acrying scene Margaret quickly obliges by screwing up her mobile features and letting go with agood hearty"temper cry" or "hurtcry" as the occasion demands. A minute after the scene has been shot, she'll be racing across the set to finish agame of jacks or hopscotch with her stand-in.

The press, long wary of the:spoiled Hollywood moppers,hastakentheselfproclaimedhopscotch championofHollywood to its hard-boiledheart. Lacking all but the most necessary of the trimmings associated with stardom, neither Margaret nor her mother act like personages. They are friendly, artless, and thoroughlyrefreshing. Like alovable pixie she delights either in sketching her interviewer or recounting the doings of her cocker spaniel, \flggie—"who dances." Margaret has never been called upon to sing or dance in her career and is in proper awe of those who do, especially her aunt,Jlarissa Flores, who isembarking on amoviecareer shortly,

Ask Margaretwhat sheintendstobe when she grows up and the answer is instant and determined: "A nun." Evidently, in addition to professional coaching, Mrs. O'Brien isproviding her child with as sensible and normal a background as movie life makes possible. Like most youngsters her age. Margaret has acollection of treasured articles. ilers are brightly coloured holy pictures and statues which line the shelves of their small Hollywood .apartment. Margaret's mother and aunt are sincere, practising Catholics. Recently they took the young star'to thefamousShrineofGuadalupein:tfex• ice and during their New York stay cmdd he seen frequently in St. Patrick's Cathedral. Little Miss O'Brien will at least have the advantage of a sturdy religious upbringing to counteract the artificiality oflife as ajuvenile star "The Sign."

Doyou wish to helpeducate apriest for work in Western Australia? Make ❑regular annual contribution to help •n indizent student.

Eighty Per Cent.ofthe Population...

Ire Afflicted with Some Form of spinal Defect, that is the cause of so much Nervousness, Indigestion, Headache, Rheumatism, Mental Weakness, and other grave and dangerous Diseases.

What Can be Done about the Film Problem? .. Need For

New System of

Replacing the Censor of Morals With Arbiters of Quality

By NIALL BRENNAN.

Can it be said withanyhonesty that the existing system of film classifica, tion satisfies anything more than the elasticconsciencesof afewpoliticians? Irecall that in the stricterdaysofold, when "Children between the ages of six and sixteen were not admitted," the censor's pontifical stamp flashed uponthescreen wasgreetedwithstrident and raucous laughter by the mobs of nrebins in the theatrewhom nobody had restrained from entering the.theatre. Being of that tender and sheltered age at the time, Irecall also the avidity with which prohibited films were selected in preferenceto the sissy one we were allowed into, and never once did any usherattempt tobar our entry. To-day, with the certificate as general and vague as it is, it counts for exactly nothing.

Proteeting•Children.

It is not from truth that children should be shielded, but from the falsenessoftheglamourandthephonysexiness and sentimentalism that pervades agood percentage of the films passed as suitable. Abad impression is not made on achild'smind by Boris Karloff(at whom most jeer derisively while adults wriggle with fright), but bythemoneyed lushnessofwhatisdepicted as ordinary life. When afilm openly depicts fantasy, nobody is greatly affected because it is taken at its face value. But when film after film depicts what purports to be ordinary life, and depicts it with flagrant falsity, then that film will cause harm not only to children but also to adults.

It appears to me that there is too much talk of protecting children; and there is not enough talk of protecting adults. Children are in reality very hardy creatures, both mentally and physically. They endure corporal punishment with far more equanimity than most adults; they can -

endure frustration. taboos, bad environments, and pooreducation withoutdeveloping any permanent neuroses, traumas or fixations. But what they need most is not protection with its implied to-. boos, but outlets for their animal vigour and if they get that there will be no need to protect them.

Prohibitions.

It is because the adult world has failed to provide children with these outlets that they seek some self-justification in imposing these prohibitions. But if achild has books su

itable for his age and temperament, he will not read Balzac or Boccaccio because, although in amoment of frustration he may dabble in Balzac because Balzac is a "dirty writer," the fart is that Balzac has no interest for him beyond that. A child with its u

ndeveloped ideas of right and wrong will intere st himself in the had. when he finds it more interesting than the eood The more prohibitions placed upon athing as bad increases his interest ih it and defeats the purpose of the prohibition. The proper solution is to remove all need-for prohibitions(thus removing the thing that interests him most) while providing opportunities for him to become interested in the good.

In practically every field of child welfare this is the normal approach. Achild derives more interest from his tm- train than from areal train, for the latter, though asource of wonder. ment to him, is something the vastness of which cannot he fully compre• hended. Bu

tgood toytrainscan help t

,, develop that comprehension of real trains. in books, the child moves through variousstagesofreading, from the picture book to Shakespeare. At any given moment, there is afull opportnaity for the tot;l absorption of his interests. Ile is neither conscious of his childish inferiority nor confused by an overdose of sophistication.

discrimination, that good films are almost invariably jettisoned after doing the roundsonce.

Classification

in"The Advocate."

Three Classifications.

To my mind, films should be classi-• fied asfollow:

(a) those which make adiregt appeal to children of various age-groups but in which the average adult would not be interested;

(b) those which are suitable for older children who have reached the age of reason, and also suitable for adults;

(c) those in which generally, children would not be interested, but which, because of their maturity, might have agreat appeal to intelligent adults.

This classification removes the unctuous atmosphere of virtue from thecensor's office andplaces uponhim the role of protecting not only children's morals, but adults' intelligences. The censor,as acivilservantinasecular State, has an invidious role as an arbiter of morals, arole which it is avell nigh impossible for him to fill. Butthe censor might, witheveryjustification, become an arbiter of quality.

The first type of film is practically non-existent, although the Education Departmenthasdone acertainamount of commendable work in the production of children's films. But such films must necessarily be confined to child-audiences, andmustingeneral be produced in conjunction with the Education authorities. They could not be screened indiscriminately, and as some work is already being done in that regard, let us regard the other two classifications as the more import. ant.

These films cover all films shown in commercial theatres,and sincethevast majority of theseareimported (including all the worst), there is acontrol point in the Customs Department which has power to refuse admission to the country to any film(or book) it likes. The less said about the way' this power has been administered in the past the better, for when such hooks as"Brave NewWorld" (aChristian classic) and "Ulysses"(an incom¢rehensihle opus for dilletantes) are hanned nn groundsof public morality and vellowbacks, cheap pornography andwhatnotareallowedin inadeluge, there is'agrave sense of maladministration somewhere.

QualityControl.

Quality control is necessary on two counts; firstly there are too many films. Let thatbe understood clearly, and let it also be clearly understood that because of the lunatic race for more and more films, alarge number of first-class films are rast aside after nnh- afew screenings and forgotten. Secondly, it is nerersary to discriminate between the two types of film— that which is suitable for children and that which is suitablefor adults. There is it third ground, that with unrestricted importation, the whole full(,

lion of thefilmsisnbused. Filmsare not intended in the present scheme of things to educate nnrl enlighten as even to entertain. Thev are simply ameans of orcupyinq time, and they are seen by people who gn, without knmvlerlge of the film beforehand and with nn memory of it afterwards, who reek nn1v one thing. and that is the occupation of their time. That is, done. The dope of mndern work. with its soulless irresponsibility is supplementer) by the dope ofentertainment. That is ascrims matter and merits aserinus remedy Good Play Never Forgotten.

Agood plav is never forgotten. It is played again and again with new teams. in new theatres. Agood film, requiring nothingmore thanatin box tokeep it in, canbe preservedindefinitely, but so great is the demand for change and varietyandsosmallis the

The idea of quality control is that an intelligent board• of competent critics should ruthlessly prohibit entry into this country of any film which is not technically, artistically and morally agoodfilm. They would adopt the principle that dope is not to be pedalled in this country, and this country is not to by made adumping ground for mass-produced rubbish from overseas. The result would, of course, be acalamity for the film industry, but as society owes very little to this industry of traffickers"in muck, we need feel very little sympathv with'them. We would, of course, find it necessary to see that the powerful interests be. hifid this traffic in muck did not use their great power tointerfere with the scheme. They would certainly try.

There would be adrop of about SO per cent. in the number of films imported. Thatmightmeansomeunem. ployment, but even if it did, it would be nomore unfortunatethantheunemployment among other dope pedallers.

It might mean that instead of a dope-store in every suburb (almost like asocialised soporific industry as it is), we might have fewer theatres, with some individuality of their own, where the quality of a certain type of film upon which the reputation of the Theatre *is built is guaranteed by its reputation. It might mean longer runs for the best films, and it might mean that people who wished to do so could see good films more than once.

FilmsThatShouldlive.

Such films as the fairy tale classis, "Wizard of Oz,"which should neverbe

forgotten, would be in permanent cir• culation. Likewise"Bambi," and many otherDisney classics. The discriminating audience is always there, and if Hans Andersen'sfairy talesareimmortalbecause thereisalwaysanewgeneration of children to whom they are stew, and always some adults who love to go back to them, thereis noreason why afilm like"The Wizard" should not also be immortal. Athriller, like Alfred Hitchcock's "Sabotage" should represent the minimum standard of film permitted to enter the country. That is agood adventure yarn, which both adults and children would enjoy. "Jane Eyre" might be classified as of little interest to childrenbecauseof its profound artistry, but for adults, it could bear repeating indefinitely."Citizen Kane" would, obviously, bore children because it bored many adults. But many adults,because it mystified them, would relish the chances of seeing it again and again.

CommercialRacketeering.

Because many great works of art have to grow upon one's perceptions, there is very little chance of any film ever becoming awork of art. They die too soon, strangled by thelust -

for box office changes, quick-fire replacement, and all the other tawdry odds and sods of cheap commercial racke• teering.

Quality control, to my mind, is the answer. Strict, severe, and ruthless, it is the only remedy for an appalling problem, and no amount of squealing from vested interests should interfere with it. By that means alone could the films ever take their rightful place in acommunity which calls itself civilised.

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OfficialOrganof the Archdiocese of Perth.

Addressall communicationstothe Editor,BoxA35, G.P.O., Perth.

450 HAY STREET, PERTH.

Feast Day of HolyFather

The FeastDayof HisHoliness,Pope Pius SII., will be celebrated through• outtheArchdiocese onSunday.July 1, IntheCathedralSolemn High Mass will be celebrated at I a.m. Very Rev. L. J. Goody, D.D., D.Ph„ will preach the occasional sermon. St, Mary's Cathedral Choir, under the.direction of Rev. A. Lynch,willsingthe "MissaQuartiToni," byVittoria. The motet at the Offertory will be"Exultate Justi" by Viadana.

Theceremonywillbe broadcastover Station 6WN,

INTHESCHOOLS.

TELEPHONE: B6950.

PERTH, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 27, 1943.

The Moscow Farce

T:,e Polish trials have come to an ignominious end—and the ignominy does not rest oilthe convicted. They followed along the well-worn pattern in which the Russian Courts specialise, with the accused almost insanely eager to adroit theirguilt. The

Lolldon Poles are, of course, completely right in refusing to recoguise thevalidityofthe wholeatTair. And if everything alleged against the Poles by the Russians were really proved to be trite, it would not alter that fact nor would it diminish one whit the treachery and dishonourof the situation in which they were arrested. What the convicted Poles dirt is what would naturally occur to any patri)ito do against a "liberating" invader who Stayed in occupation

of halfhis countryand maintained an unrepresentative puppet gove:•nnient servingnot Poland but its foreign master,.

Theonly pointat issueis thecharge that the Poles cu-operated with the Germans. And in this allegation the Russian propagatt'a ntachntcutadeahideouserror. Forthe whole worldknows the intense and uncompromising loyalty of the Pole.,

. Our first awl mrst gallant Allj,

,with higher casualtieS than the British,the Dill

nation ation which die! not produce asingle Qtlisling—to he asked to believe that the single-minded leader, of such anation were hand-in-glove with they power that raped and destroyed her people i, utterly fanla,tic. It is aSampleofiving,o nt+,nstrou, thatonly all L- orn mindomld hopethat it wouldbebelicyed. The phutof the trials i, painfully clear—utterly to discredit the London Pole., and

n deny them the major representation in the goverutueut of their country to which they are entitled. But did \losom• advert to t!-cimplications of such an effort—the imputed connivance of the l;ri'i,lt Government'.

That sorry caricature of truth, the international press, is giving out to the world that everybody is now perfectly contented winoOleproposednewgovernmentinPoland. Theonly factornot mentioned is the contentment of the Poles themselves. For'this like Rachel's children, is not. The Russians can afford now to have Slightly fewer Communists in the government, because by this time thekey positions in the Civil Service and the Army have been suitably tilled h loyal "des-men." 'this Polish solution solves nothing, andPoland remains the rockon which the high falutin xyindow-dres Sill

gof LT.N.C.f.(1, trill break tip. it would now seem that Russia is contemplating further trialsofthe already convicted Poles for charges; against their own people. But God or history or hoth will sooner or later put Russia in the hox, and thicnrejudged verdict will he an cminenth• iust one.

Each school and college will hold its ownformofcelebration. Thechildren will make aSpiritual Bouquet for the intentions of His Holiness during the Octave of the Feast of SS. Peter and Paul.

PETERSPENCE COLLECTION,

The annualPeter's PenceCollectionwillbetakenupatallMasses on Sunday.July1.

tot A CCOatOC¢g¢

ARCHBISHOP'SENOAOEMZ3M.

July6:

Canonical Visitation and Confirmation atSacredHeartChurch, Highgate Hill.

July 16(FeastofOurLady

of Ibmt Oarael): Carmelite Monastery, Nedlands: 7a.m.:CelebrateMass, 9a.m.: PresideatSolemnHighHats.

July 22:

Canonical Visitation and Confirmation at St. Joseph's Church, Norseman.

July 25: Receive debutantes at Catholic Ball, Kalgoorlie.

July26: Administer the Sacrament of Confirmation at St, Mary's Church, Kalgoorlie,

French HierarchyonSocialOrder

In an appeal addresed to the whole nation, the Cardinals and Archbishops of France,followingameetinginParis, have issuedastatement callingforprivate property for all, part-control by the workersof industrial organisations and the establishment of professional associations to include owners, directors and worker's.

The worker can gradually acquire private property, the hierarchy says, through aprogramme of just wages and the establishment of social conditions allowing him to develop his personality and to raise afamily in ade(-put, healthv house, corresponding to his needs. Workers should take part in thecontrolof industry with thefollowing conditions: that the directors maintain authority, based on competence and morality: that legitimate rights are respected: that the possibilities of national economy are considererl, and that all violence is ex• eluded.

.Ns to the establishment of professional organisations, in which all should collaborate fraternally, the Hierarchypoints out that the Church has declared once again the need and the legality of professional guilds, or syndicates, prhile rejecting the principle of the single guild for each profession. This tends inevitahl_v towards totalitarianism.

'N,'e constantly remind Catholics," they- add."that their place is in the Catholir unions which, being trtdv professional and independent, are inspired l,v Chrktinn morals and the social doctrine of the Church, rather than in the Socialist or Communist unions. with their materialistic con• ceptions of life, work and society.

"The diversity of these organisations would in no w•av exclude the possibility of inter-syndical agree• trents on determined reforms, threatening nn clanger to the unity of the working world, but oil the contrary strengthening it more efficaciously through the respect for personal liberty and the independence of the or. ganisations."

To carry nut this new social order the episcopate tells Catholics to. be ready to collaborate with all men of goodwill, no matter what theirbeliefs, whohave thesame ultimatedesign.

"Above the plan for material reforms," they conclude,"we bring to the general task, with nur faith in ?&u, Christ, the moral atmosphere necessaryfortheir peaceful andlasting realisation."

Earlier the Cardinals and Archhishops deal with the subject of education which is threatened in France. A complete understanding must exist between teachers and the Catholic clergy, they state. Freedom of in-

struction must be effectively assured by State grants toCatholicschools.

Parents, they say,"have the inalienable right to choose, without any sort of pressure, theschoolwhere they will be able toobtain both instruction and education, inseparable one from the other. But this freedom in education must not be the privilege of money, it must be offered to all, including the families of the lower classes." Parents must not be forced to pay twice because they want to fulfil their duty.

The very reason for this war and the Allied victory is the destruction ofthe totalitarianState. This isone more reason why care mutt be taken to avoid creating the totalitarian school.

"The functionof the State is not to teach one type of doctrine in one type of school but, together with its own schools open to all and respecting the convictions of all, to control, maintain and encourage the teaching given by the different spiritual families of the nation, so that each may help to form the national unity."

The lliearchv recommend all Frenchmen to rally incomplete unity around the head of the Provisional Government, "who after being the incarna. tion of the hope for deliverance has taken such alarge part, with our Al. lies, in the liberation of the whole of the countr}."

Their appeal, they say, an appeal for national reconciliation, is made without any hiss. They urge all citi. zens to discard what remains of those divisions existing between them in certain provinces,"the spirit of indict. ment, of suspicion, and of venge. ance..,.

"Leave to the justice of the State those unfortunate people whose crime of voluntary treachery is juridically proven Ilutlet its remain convinced that the general mass of the French people have sought to serve their country and tobefaithful to it....

"The Church teaches that the State Possesses sovereign authority in its own sphere and in the exercise of its own mission. The Church insists that the authorityof the State be fully re• cognised and obeyed. It makes sub. mfksion to the established power a moral virtue based on justice. To obey the just laws of the State is to comply with the very will of God."

The Churchis veryanxious that the religious quarrels which have "for ton long atime divided the country" he ended.

"The Church and the civil society are two distinct-encielies, independent each in itsowndomain, but order and social peacedemandharmony between

notedl wits interest during the -week that the West Australian Broad. casing Advisory Committee had discussed asuggestion from New South Wales foradopting astandard of programmeethicsforthebenefitofbroad. casting stations. This follows on the acceptance of a code of newspaper ethics in this State. But we may hope it has better success. For the newspaper code appliesseemingly only to local"copy." It never by any chance appliesthe testof veracity and faircommenttoitscables. The.Press still indulges in the fiction that it has no option but to trust its news sour ces—a contention that will not hold water. In the present Polish dilemma, for example, there is plenty of news from Moscow, and occasionally from the Polish Government in Lon.

y .

4

FRANCIS G ILBERT

don, but there is no excuse for not hiving both sides of the story in comilent. For the Poles have excellent Iress agencies in London, New York, and Sydney, and Australian papers have despatches on theirfiles. One reflects what apity it was that Spain did not have similar facilities during the Civil War. But perhaps it would not have made much difference, for that hatred is not to be explained on purely human grounds.

To return to the matter of broadcasting ethics, it was rather deplorahle to read of the emphasis placed n❑ the subjectivity of morals—''the views ofone might differ materially from the views of another on ques. tionahle jokes." Does this difficulty arise practically? Is there no such thing as auniversal conscience? I take it forgranted that there is acon,orsus of decent and honourable men in the counts•(the majority), and that even if thev do not all enjoy the advnntages of asupernatural religion. they ,

let according to the lights of their natural conscience. If this pro. position is true, it mast be possible to have aconsensusofopinion on such a matter asquestionable jokes.

As apractical issue there is an nccepted conversational norm which men of the type fhave mentioned ap i,1v in the drawing room meetings of their friends. Tdoubt whether anv",.e of an- refinement would he in doubt as to what reception acertairw type of joke would receive in such circumstances. Again, even among cruder typed of men there is usually to he found amore or less graduated liberalism. What is permissible, in their view, among men is not necessarily so among men and women. And the presence of children restricts their conversation vet more. These conditions, Isav, are generally agreed upon a• conventions if not as morals, and thelarrikin iseasilybrandedbyhhedeparture therefrdxn. Adnnittedly there are shades ofgrey among these blacks and whites, but even here convention counsels silenre rather than incurring the risk of giving ogence.

Ihave said this is

apractical issue. And it may easil-

he tested when mixed assemblies congregate —

on trams, trains, racecourses, etc. Serious breaches of this convention are comparatively rare. An-II sre no difficulty in applying a similar test

CATHOLICRURALMOVEMENT

Irresistible Case for Developing Australia Regionally

Cities Dry Up Natural Fertility

Absorbing Surplus Rural Population in Country Town

tobroadcasting. Butitmust bekept in mind that the convention in its strictest form should apply here. For the radio programme is privileged to enter the intimate circle of family life and is heard by women and impressionable children. What would not be permitted from afriend in one's house is certainly not to be tolerated from acompletely strange voice protected by amicrophone.

Mr. R. Menzies recently made a speech in Melbourne in which he stated:"When the next election has passed Australia will either have agovernment which is Communist-controlled or agovernment which really be. lieves in free men and in free enter. prise, and in free institutions." In considering suchastatementonemust rememberthat Mr. Menzies is inmuch the same position as Mr. Churchill in regard to Socialism at the moment. In other words, he has an axe to grind. The tragedy of his position is this: that he representstheownersand con. trollers of concentrated wealth whose selfishness and anti-social activity through many years have created the social disorder in which Communism breeds and develops. And so far from having aremedy, the same old gangjostle forpowerin theblindhope of being able to restore the status quo. Nobodyisdeceivedby the mere change of title in apolitical party. It is quite true that during the term of idhce of Mr. Menies and his party, Communism was sternly repressed. The reason for this wasthat the Reds were directly and actively engaged in sabotaging the war effort. Russia's entry into the war, however, made straight their path. and it is neither pos,ihle nor desirable to make martyrsof them when the crisis is past.

\ir.\ic•nzies' vision of Communism is sound enough, but his warning comes as it were in the last quarter hear of the battle, when, according to militarists, B decisive issues are resolved. ut he said at least one thing of it that has been crying out for attention in political circles for a long time. "(Communist) stooges are t"l,e found in every Australian social movement, and even in church gathering-. Itis atributetotheskillofthe Ccmntunist that,although he uses his handtostrike theface of God, hecan usually get aminister of religion to stand on the platformwith him."

Here is avery striking phenomenon. Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions; butin higher ecclesiastical circles among the nonCatholic sects there is a naivete or ignorance so profound that they permit themselves to be used ad libitum as pawns in the grim business of revolution. It is apuzzling affair in that whatever these clergymen, devoid of a sound social philosophy, may think of Communist economics, there isno doubt in theworldof the wholehearted and essential atheism of the movement. Itmaybethat thesegentlemen are actuated by a misguided charity, or it may be they believe that apose of radicalism will re. admit them to the heartsof the workers, or it may suit their book at the moment to play up to the Orthodox Churches. But to aman of clear vision, none of these reasons, nor all of them combined, could justify so grave astep as active alignment with anti-God forces. A similar reflection applies to these churchmen as to the capitalist press of the world. There may he immediate returns from truck-

(Continued on Pace 16.)

The regional development of the Commonwealth can be regarded from two standpoints—as a necessity for the proper organisation of city life, and as an essentialfor thestability of our rural society. In either case, regioinalism is the framework to which every other policy designed to further rural interests must be attached.

The case for developing our civilisation on aregional basis is overwhelming. Theconcentrationofourpopulation in great metropolitan cities has clearly been destructive of ourrealinterests asanation. Sydneyand Melbourne, the most dramatic examples of this concentration, have been'successful in their worst function—the constant drawing away of population from country towns and from rural areas properly so-called. The causes ofthis fatalmagnetismareeasytodiscover. Theharsheconomicconditions imposed on farmers over the last fifteen years, the low wage standards whichhaveprevailedon thefarms,the breakdown ofthetraditionalsociallife of our rural communities—thelack of cultural and educational facilities, the over-hard lot which rural life has imposed on too many women—all of these things have conspired to create the"lureof the cities."

For Australia the"lure ofthecities" has ben afatal magnetism. Nosoon. ed have families been drawn to the ,ities than their natural fertility has fallentocatastrophiclevels. From520 children over the age offive years for every- 1,000 women in our rural areas, there isarapidlandslide to420in the provincialtowns. Butthelandslideis notsorapid asthefallbetweenthe420 in the provincial towns and the290 of F•:ydney. These figureshavebeenquoted often, but no apology is made for quoting them again. if their meaning is not realised to-day, tomorrow they may become our epitaph.

To combat the"lure ofthecities" is therefore an objective of national importance. T'he development of regional townswhichwill provideall theamenities to-day provided only by the metropolis istheonly ingical andeffective w•av ofachieving thisaim. Whatever the standard of prosperity which the farm may enjoy, it kcertain that the farmer, and particularly his family, will not be satisfiedwithsimplemoney returns unless the life on the landcan he made ac full ns that of the cities. The motorcar, properly used, canplay avery great part in bringing about this objective. It can be used to enable thefarmerandhisfamilytoenjoy access to those towns about which theirregioncentres,or which the planned development of the future may bring into existence.

The economic arguments which favour aregional policy are impressive. Granted thenecessityof preservingour agriculture and of making it prosperous,itisatonceapparentthatafarming community is the victimofanun. balancedeconomyifitdependsentirely on itself, and if it does not play the partofproductivehinterlandtoatown which will act as the focus of the region.

From the economic viewpoint, the numberofchildren who canheabsorb. ed on the family farm is limited. i'nt:I the population of this country rises substantially, so that there will he alargeandassuredinternalmarket forthe products of the land, this fact will remain. So long as this country hasonly asufall population there cannot be aflourishing internal market for food, even if our people are fed as they should be, and not on the inade-

quate basis which prevailed even before rationing. The raising of the standard of nutrition, not only ofcity but of country families, will expand the internal market considerably, as willanincreaseinpracticesofself-sufficiencyonthefarm. Theprocess,however, willbeslow.

Migration into industry of the children who cannot be absorbed on the farm has been afeature of everycivilisation. The figures already given clearly indicate the reason. Were it not for this migration from agricultural districts, the cities simply could not maintain themselves. The indus. trial process simply could not go on, fordeprivedofalahour forceadequate to man the machines, industry must slow down and enter its decline.

The two factors which go to create the national synthesis are present in that situation—the sphere of agriculture whichcannot employ all the childrenoffarmfamilies; the sphereofindustry which cannot replace its operatives from its own natural resources, but whichmust draw on theruralsurplus to maintain itself.

Describing the situation,"Pattern for Peace"used thefollowingwords:

"Thereductionin theaderageacreage of Australian farms, the intensification and diversification of production,may increase the numberof people employed directly in agriculture, but it is doubtful whether the proportion concerned will beradically altered.(Thisstatementismade subjectto the effects of thedevelop:rentofnewlinesofagriculturalproduction as raw material's.) In any case, in arural population which shows ahealthy rate of increase, therewillalwaysbechildrenwhocannot beemployedonthefarmandfor whom outside employment will have to be found. It is better that this employment should be found in regional centres rather than that the concentration of populationin industrial cities should be aggravated."

Thealternative, therefore, iswhether this surphis rural population is tofind its employmentin the metropolisorin regional towns. This will largely be determinedby thelocationofindustry.

If the concentrationof industryin our capital cities is to continue, we must reconcile ourselves to the attraction of the descendants of farming families into an envorinment in which, in relatively few years, their natural fertility is completely destroyed. On the other hand, if this concentration can be overcome, and if industry can be redistributed throughout the regional centres of the Commonwealth, the environment in which this section ofour population will live will be one which is conducive to arelatively highbirth rate. That, for Australia, is the ultimatecriterion.

QUARANT' ORE

Sunday: JULY:

let- ST.BRIGID'S.WEST PERTH:Forty Hours' Prayer.(June 29-July 1.)

2nd—LEAROYD ST. and TOODYAY: One Day of Exposition.

3rd—BUSSELTON: One Day of Exposition.

4th—MOSMAN PARK:One Day of Exposition.

5th—ST.FRANCIS XAViER'S, EAST PERTH: One Day of Exposition. AUGUST-

let—VICTORIA PARK:Forty Hours' Prayer.(3rd-Sth).

Science in the Cloister

Notable Work

tBy GRACE CONWAY, for N.C.W.C. News Service.)

Wherever there are cities there are juvenile delinquents. Glasgow, Scotland'sgreatest seaport, isnoexception. But last year its delinquency figures were down, and no one couldhave felt moregratified than SisterMarie Hilda, oftheConventofNotreDameatDowanhill, Glasgow; for it is at the Child GuidanceClinicfoundedbyherand located inside the convent that the causesthatsooftenleadtochilddelinquency are tackled at their roots. SisterMarie Hilda hasjust received State recognition of her work for problem children. She has been appointed by the Secretary of State for Scotland to serve on the Scottish AdvisoryCouncil for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Offenders.

Included on this Council of 14 are Scotland's most distinguished educationalists.and social workers, including Sir William Hamilton Fyfe, Dean of Aberdeen University,and its function will be to advise the Secretary of State on all problems regarding the treatment of delinquents,

In establishing her Child Guidance Clinic in portals of the convent,Sister Marie Hilda has opened new field of study for Catholic educational institu• tions.

To the convent-clinic come children of all ages and of all denominations. Troublesome, aggressive, nervous children; stutterers, dull children whose teachers can get nothing out of them at school and even, for diagnosis purposes only, mental defectives. Since its foundation in 1931 more than2,000 childrenhave passed throughitsdoors. 4'1' 1"nIlullllu1nU11.,1lllllllllnllllllllllllplI'llll1111111111IIIIII

'Racing Selections

By "THE HAWK:"

BELMONTPARK

Saturday,June 80, 1945.

Maiden Handicap: Nevis, 1; Camelette, 2: Star Flight, 3.

June Purse Handicap: Agrathara, 1; DayTramp,2 Maddington,3.

Park Handicap: Guarantor, 1; Andirich, 2; Anna Neagle, 3.

Belmont Purse Handicap (1): Ocular, 1; Harmian,2; Oreoco,3.

Belmont Purse Handicap (2): Oredanus, 1; Cajana,2; Tresigne,3.

Welter Handicap (l): Common, 1; Anna Neagle, 2; Vasseite, 3. Welter Handicap (2): Monisan, 1: Kopje, 2; Pantbee, 3.

J.NEILSON, Optician

S. DANNELL, F.S.M.C.(London), W.A.o.A. i OPTOMETRIST. Tel,: B2014. 16 PLAZA ARCADE, PERTH.

BRYANT R WATERS, SO toN1STIRLING ST., PERTH. WOOD 8t.COALMERCHANTS.

Orders Promptly Attended To. 'Phone: B39S8. '

S. BEECROc —Butcher

181 Rokeby Road. Sui,:aco.' Omy.Prime Ere+t. K.. +ea !.te...

,;,_4e Piton'!

IIIINBIIRY.

LAND and ESTATE AGRNT, G. H. TEEDE.

'Phone 31 ...... Private 267 SMITH'S BUILDINGS, WELLINGTON 3T., SIINBIIRT. Businesses,!'arms,8oses,Land For sale.

for Delinquents

Among Sister Marie Hilda's patients were thesonofamillionairewhocame tobe curedofabadstutter; adoctors son who suffered from nightmares and sleepwalking; asea-captain's son with burgling tendencies, and the child of aministerwhohad to be cured of pilfering.

The clinic is stalledby psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers, speech therapists and, in fact, it has all the requisite personnel of aregular secular ChildGuidance Clinic. But it has something more. The late Archbishop ofGlasgow (the Most Reverend Donald Mackintosh) appointed achaplain whose duty it is to advise the staff on ethical problems and to help in the diagnosis and readjustment of the child's behaviour, where the cause of the trouble is due to religious diffi• culties.

Notable success has attended the .speech-therapy department and so many stutterers presented themselves for treatment that it was found necessary to have two evening sessions of three hours for,these children alone.

Dotvnanhill Convent seems to lend itself to the pioneering spirit in other fields, too. Sister Monica Taylor's name is known in universities the world over for her important research work on the freshwater free-living amoebae. In this work she has been associated with anotherscientist member of the community, Sister Carmelo Hayes, Ph.D. In the early days, when it was necessary to collect the fresh eggrafts of the gnat or mosquito from the ponds, both nuns used to spend dark, wet nights in muddy fields, to the accompaniment of croaking frogs andhooting owls, waitingfor the rafts to be deposited.

her subse• quent work on the Liver Fluke which infests the liver of sheep she was awarded the D.Sc. of Glasgow University.

Will Truman Appoint Personal -Envoy to Vatican?

Excellent Relations Between Holy See . and U.S.A.

No hint has yet been given as to whethr or not President Tromso intendstomaintainansavoytotheHoly See.. Mr.MyronTaylor'smissionautomaticallyendedwiththedeathofPre sident Roosevelt,who tenthimto the Vaticanearlyin1940 as.hisownrepresentative with the personal rank of Ambasador.

The United States has had no diplomatic relationswiththe HolySee since 1S67, when the American mission lapsed while the Papal States were disintegrating.

For several reasons, however, Truman will continue his predecessor's policy.

One reason is the undoubted success of Mr. Taylor's mission from the very beginning. No envoy is more frequently receivedbytheHolyFatherin private audience, and it has all along been obvious that his presence has been agreat benefit to the United States as well as to the Holy See, particularly in the restoration of order in liberated Italy.

The reasons which have made 11[r. Taylor's presence at the Vatican a necessity since the Allies landed in Italy will certainly not decrease now the North—in many ways the most important part of the country—is freed from theGermans and their Fas• cis) supporters.

There appears to be little cause to fear serious opposition to a continuanceofthe presentarrangement. The factional opposition expressed when Dir.Taylor's appointmentwasannouncedwas comparativelyminor, soon died down, and has not been seriously revived.

Dying Bigotry and Opposition.

President Roosevelt's decision to send Mr. Taylor'did point the way to the re-establishment of full diplomatic relations, but it did not put any obligation upon -

hissuccessoror upon Congress. The same will apply if Presi• dentTruman followssuit, anditwould therefore have in it no seeds of ado• mestic crisis in the U.S.A.

Now and again in the last century there were motes towards the setting up of'diplomatic missions, but they came to nothing Principal reasons were the existence of widespread bigotry against Catholics, ignorant suspicionsabouttheHolySee'sintentions, and the lack of any urgent call which could be met only by the establishmentof formalrelations Another reasonhasahyaysbeenthedesire to main, fain the independence of Church and State Government and Vatican Have Drawn Closer

Very little remains of the old-time bigotry: it flared up for the last time in aquickly-dying flame when Mr. Roosevelt, seekingelection for the first time, was opposed by aCatholic, the late Mr. "Al" Fmith. \fr, Roosevelt had nothing to do with fanning that flame: on the contrary, before and after his election he constantly preachell religious tolerance.

Taylor's mission has had afar higher purpose than that, but his presence there has satisfied the urgency which led other countries to establish regular missions.

Ontheother hand, thecontinuedexistence of the temporary mission over aperiodof years may clear as well as point the sway to the appointment of an American Ambasador at the head of apermanent Mission, especially in view of the United States' determination to share in the maintenance of world peace.

After 1\[r. Taylor had been appointed, Bishop Ryan, of Omaha, wrote in the"New YorkTimes": -

"That ourGovernmentand theVatican are drawing, almost daily, closer together there can be no'doubt. Recent acts of both the holy See and the United States speak louder than mere protestations of goodwill. The patent community of interests and purposes which exists points to an understanding which can only be climaxedbyfull and spontaneousrecognition onthepartofboth ChurchandState:'

The establishment of regular diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the U.S.A. might have an effect upon the BritishMission. Itishardly likely that Congress would ,once it came to the point, decide onless than an Embassy at the Vatican. This might be followed at last by the raisingofthestatusof theBritishMission, whose head, as aMinister, continues attheVatican totakeprecedenceafter the envoysofmany small countries.

AnappointmentattheVaticanwould not necessarily mean that the Apostolic Delegation in Washington would become aNunciature, with a Papal Nuncio enjoying the diplomatic rights and privileges. As in London, the Holy See's representative in Washington might remain an Apostolic Delegate.

In England, as in Holland--where the Papal representative holds the rank of Minister—this question involves the statusof aNuncioasdoyen of the Diplomatic Corps.

"The Song of Bernadette" film caused such ahuge demand for pamphlets on St. Bernadette by Father Martindale and Father Lane—to be sold at cinema queues—that orders eventually had to be declined, states the English Catholic Truth Society's annual report.

Paper rationing kept the total pamphlet sales down to 1,522,421. This number, the report remarks, was no measure of the demand.

The impossibility of setting up a great new record of sales was counter• balanced, however, by anew record in membership, in the fifth year of the w•ar. With anett increase of 1,041, therearenow 18,31.1 members,thehighest since the Society was founded in ISS4.

Commission Agent 802 HAY STREET. AGLtdT FOR W.A. CHARITIES. Ring B5841 and BUM. III' 11111111'11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111N111111111111n1 1 T. VIVIAN, 1!9 Rokeby-road,Subiaco. Wifltl. FOR SEWERAGE CONNECTIONS, Bad Water Pressure, Broken Pedestal Pans, Blocked Server Drains, Cistern and Roof Repairs. T.V. Model Bath Heaters are now available. nnnmunlmannunmm•nnnnneunlnlennnnitnmma

Nor is the Holy See misrepresented or its intentions misconceived these days on anythingliketheold scale; no nnc but the inevitable extremist imagines that the election or appointment ofCatholics to high office foreshadows, as some used to believe, the transference of the Vatican to the White Tlouse.

Moreover, since the U.S.A last had a Mission to the IToly See, anew situation hasarisen by the establishment of the Sovereign State ofVatican City.

Many of the-diplomatic missions accredited to the Vatican have been established through recognition by the Governments concerned of anecessity to have representatives at the centre of Catholicism, if for no higher reason than that the Vatican is regarded as "the listening post of the world:" Mr.

*The report underlines the necessity of planning for replacement of pamphlets. In five years no fewer than ;4fi2 have had to be allowed to go out ofprint. :\ further sum of£5,212 has been set aside to provide funds for reprinting.

FDAEHEAPERGROG

First German Post-War Pastoral Attacks Nazism

People Do Not Share Guilt of Official Crimes

Asweeping and unqualified attack against the Nazi regime, which, he declares, worked systematically towards itsgoal of worlddomination,has been made by Mgr.Graeber, Archbishop of Freiburg in Breisgau, in the first Pastoralof aGermanBishopto be issued since the war.

TheArchbishopruthlesslyexposesthe crimes of the Nazi leaders, castigates Hitler's"premeditated deception" of theGermanpeoplebyhispledgetorespect Christian principles and to adhere to the Concordat with the Holy See,describes his persecution of the Churchesand explainsthat,intheface of thebrutal andorganisedpowerthat he wielded, arevolution by Christians was impossible.

Lest it be thought that the Archbishop has awaited the hour of safety to say what he might well have said afew years ago, it should be noted that both before and during the-war he made several outspoken statements against the immoralities instigated andencouragedbytheNaziauthorities and even against the doctrines of National-Socialisut. These attacks brought him under the notice of the Gestapo who ,no doubt for reasons of public policy, took no direct action against him.

In his new Pastoral, Archbishop Graeber claims that the collapse of Germanywasduetothe Nazi beliefof brute force"which led to the false creed of a'Nordic' master race that was to rule the world." Saying that "never were the German peopledeceived as much-as they were during the past thirteen years," he shows how both Hitler's assurancesthathe would recognise and apply Christian prin. ciples and those oftheConcordat were merely adeliberate deception of the public.

Hatred and Brutal Vengeance.

The ArchbMiop goes on to speak of the manner in which "hatred and aspirit of brutal vengeance" were made to prevail against Motherly love by fanatics"whn thought everythin,,

permissible, he it wanton impriFrnunent, or barbaric ill-treatment, or murderous plots, or killing individuals or whole peoples,or the violent appropriation of foreign soil."

After dwelling on the evil that hart been piled up during the past thirteen Fears, the.Archbishop declares that by no means all connected with the Nazi movement sharedthe responsibility for th crimes committed, and he puts the • ehief responsibility fnr them on "cer. tain unscrupulous gro+cps who carried the abominable principles thev belie. ed in to alogical conclusion, t in¢ them into practice with the detern,ination ,

farliaholical fanaticismpredicated on the assumption that even crime could be considered aservice to one's country."

Alm of World Domination.

"TheNazi regime,"he adds,"prepar. edfor war systematically withtheulti. mate intention of dominating the world. hccn collections for public welfare were diverted to armaments. in the field of education all moral restraints were abandoned s%ttematically: childrenwereencouragedtoover. rule their own parents: teachers were trained how to destroy all vestiges of Christianity in the Young souls entrusted to their care; the feeble-minded and sick were exterminated: even young girls were encouraged to bear children out of wedlock."

Dr. Groeher then refers to the re. prisals that were taken against those who refused to subscribe to the Nazi creed. Churches and religious com. munities, he says, werit deprived of their property, people were chased away from their homes in the eastern provinces.

People CouldNot Revolt.

The Pastoral goes on to refute the charge that all the German people

share in the guilt of Nazi crimes, and lie denies that the people could have overthrown the Hitlerregime,

"Those living among us," he says, "know that we have tried the utmost, even to the point of risking imprisonment and persecution. But the organised power of those in control was sobrutaland their cunningsotremendous that particularly we Christians andCatholicscouldnotthinkofrevolution. It was not only because the Hitleriteshadusurpedpowerbymeans ofaregularvote andcould, therefore, claim the legality of their regime, but every resistance against them collapsed in the face of aforce that was bareofallscruples andruthlessto the core."

He adds:"However, in the eyes of God, at least, we bear aportion ofresponsibility."

The Archbishop ends by exhorting Catholics to forgive those who made them sufferduring thepast years, and hevoicesthehopethatduringthe per. iod of reconstruction ahead all plan. ning might bedone in the sign of the Cross,"inwhichalone,andinnoother, there is salvation."

LEAGUEOF CATHOLIC YOUTH SUBIACO

At last Monday night's meting of the League over sixty members were present.

The main attraction of the meeting was the selecting of four captains to lead the fourteams inthe indoor competitions in darts, quoits, table tennis, basket ball, boxing, gymnasium work, and bobs. Following are the names of the four boys seected as captains: Tom Hughes,BrianKeay,PatFitzsim. mons and Bob Firns. Teamt. are as follows:

B. Keay: R. Greffreys, P. Tobin, P. Sweeney (vice-captain), K.Casserly,G. 11IrGrade, N. Harris, L. McMahon, A. Brace,$. Darcy, R. Peirce, P. Clarke, F. Rice,E. Sales.

T. Hughes: L. Giralt, A. Bull, D. Crannage,R.Green,S.Chequwidden, K. O'Connor,R.Stowart, B.Collopy(vice. captain), P. Allen, J. Head, Kevin Clarke, Bob Casserly, R. Beeton.

B. Firns: M. Pollick, B. Pollick, P. McCormick,G. Silverlock, K.Green, F. Hughes, J. Kelly,J.Doyle,B. Hesford, B. Nelligan, P. Philby, B. Cas!serly, P. Taylor (vice-captain), J. Kirby, J. Clarke, T. Riley,

P. Fitzsimmons: L. Gar

di ner

,D. Sales, C. Radon, B. Torby,G. Fennell, K. Moxham, B. West, A. Collopy, C. Taylor, P. Berry, B. Hodge (vice-captain), V. Flynn, H. Jermy.

their real mission of saving souls and bringing them closer to Christ.

Football.

Shortage of useablegroundslastSaturday as aresult of floods made it necessary for the match, L.C.Y, v.Subiaco P.B., to be played on Sunday at SubiacoOval. Astrongnorth-west wind almost at gale velocity spoilt whatotherwise wouldhavebeenatopnotch game. However, one consolation wasthatlittlerain fellduringthe game, but theground waswell soaked afterthe heavyrain'sduring the week.

The L.C.Y.won the tossand elected tomakefirstuseofthewind,butonce again the kicking in the forward area tailed, with the result that the score boardatquartertimeshowed2.9. At the first change over it was Subiaco P.B. turn to hammertheforwardarea, and they started off by scoring three goalsstraightandthingsbegantolook desperate for the L.C.Y, boys. How• ever,playingtoinstructions,theL.C.Y. teamforcedtheballonto theflatside wing, which made goal scoring more difficultfortheopposition,andathalftime the scores were: S.P.B., 4.7; L.C.Y.,2.9,

Holy Rosary Branch, Shenton Park.

Another very successful social was held in the School Hall on Tuesdav, June 19. But there is onedisappointment: we really don't seeenough new faces. So

come on now, you other branches. What about rolling along onenight;wepromiseyouagoodevening's entertainment. The floor is verygood andothervisitors have told usthat the music is marvellous. Now, don't forget, ournextsocialis on July

So keep that night free and come along to the hall, in Iienry-street, and enoy areally superb evening. The admission fee is is., and we promise you avery enjoyable night.

St. Patrick's Branch.

The Metropolitan Social Council's winter session of inter-branch social visits was inaugurated at St. Patrick's Branch on M,nr lav, Time 25, when St. Patrick's was "at home" to St. Columma's, South Perth,and St. Kevin's,Su. burn.

After abrief business meeting, presided over by Bro. T. J. Ilynes, Past National President, in the absence of President Brn. P. J. O'Rcilly, decks were cleared and with no flood waters about-table tennis balls were set roll. ing and some exciting contests took place. Meanwhile the quoits cliampions had possession of their portion of the sporting arena, and St. Patrick's veterans found thev were not quite equal to the youthful visitors. The darts contests, however,were fair. Iveven.

Atthe conclusion ofaverypleasant evening, the secretary, Bro. O'Donog. hue, expressed the appreciation of St. Patrick's at the visit and predicted a very successful session for the fixtures of the Council, which had so successfullycommencedatoldSt.Patrick's.

On Monday night, June 18, over thirty members of the League at Su. hiaeo visited the L.C.Y. Branch at Fremantle. The League's sincere thanks and appreciation go to Father McQuinn and his fine band of boys who gave the Subiaco boys such a grand evening's entertainment. A dainty and plentiful supper was pre. pared forthe boys by the C.G.M.girls at Fremantle. Father Brennan was present and at the end of supper he gave the boys avery inspiring little talk on the Catholic youth of to-day, and on how they must form aunited front if they are going to -

From the bounce after the long change the L.C.Y, boys went into attack and with the aid of the wind built up athree-goal lead. However, this proved to be insufficient, as the oppositionfinishedverystronglyinthe last term and ran out comfortable winners.'

AmongthePlayers.

succeed in

Probably the greatest playerfor the limited opportunities he had was the diminutive Keith Moxham. Bill Hodge wasagainagrandplayerandhiswork was very effective. Ron Jeffrey weighed in withanothergoodgame at centreandwas toogoodforhisoppon. cut. RavGreen pleasedwith another good exhibition at centre half back. Frank Alderman was a power of strength in ruck, as was Fred Clarke. Others often under notice were Bill Cochrane, Phil Beans.Jeff Fannerand Bob Healy.

Our Catholic Schools and Colleges

Loreto Convent "Osborne" — Claremont BOARDINGANDDAY COLLEGE.

TheSchoolprovidesasoundeducation on modern lines in all branches of study. The pupils are prepared forallexaminations. TheSchoolis beautifully ith:ated between Ocean and Sliver, in extensive grounds, with fine playing fields and private Swimming Pool in River.

'fetephone: F2135. Apply— MOTHER SUPERIOR

SACRED HEART HIGH SCHOOL

HIGHGATE — PERTH.

(CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS NOTRE DAME DES MISSIONS). BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. PUPILS PREPARED ALL EXAMINATIONS. MONTESSORI SCHOOL FOR YOUNG CHILDREN. For Prospectus apply— Phor.e: B3810. REV. MOTHER PRIORESS.

ST. ILDEPHONSUS' COLLEGE

NEW NORCIA

CONDUCTED BY THE MARIST BROTHERS.

Catholic boys recommended on theScore of character by their Parish Priest, and ready to commence atleast Sixth Standard or arrival, can be now enrolled for commencementin February, 1945. Application should be made at once. Acceptanceduring 1945 is nolonger possible.

For Particulars Apply to—THE BROTHER DIRECTOR.

CHRISTIAN BROTHERS,MT. HENRY.

ONE OF THE ASSOCIATED PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF W.A. AQUINAS

COL.LEGr

TELEPHONE: MU1520.

FOk BOARDERS AND DAY STUDENTS, BOYS ADMITTED FROM 7UPWARDS.

Beautifully Situated, overlooking the river, near the new Canning Bridge, For Particulars apply to—

The Principal, Aquiaaa College, CanningParade,Mt.Henry

Archbishop Answers Yugoslav Partisans

"We are little affectedby the threat of including theArchbishop of Zagreb among 'war criminals," declaredMgr. 3tepinao-the Archbishop concerned— at aYugoslav students'')Easter conlerenoe.

The text of HisGrace's speech answers the accusations of Marshal Tito's followers:

"One day," continued the Archbishop, "everything will become clear, all calumnies and falsehoods will be unmasked, and objective history will show that the representatives of the Catholic Church inCroatia did not betray their vocation for one moment and that the possible errors of some priests are trifles compared with what occurredon theotherside....

"If these people perhaps imagine that we fear them,let themknowthat we standat our posts withaclearconscience,whateverhappens. We say the following to those who think that the representatives of the Catholic Church have duties but are only entitled to say 'Amen' to everything committed by the other side, be it in harmony with common sense or not; the first condition for peace is: Render to God %that is God's; and, then, the second follows: Render to yourself what is your due! And you students have a debttohumandignityyourselves.

"But thereremainsathird condition as the prerequisite for peace, namely: Give others what we owe, be it as individuals or asorganised groups.

Church Attacked.

"I knowthat the questionisforming itself in your souls:'What does the Church think about that? 'If it is a question of individual peoples and States.' Indeed, you need not have asked. Since you already learned as children in school that we must love

ourhomeland and people, and sacrifice everything for them if necessary, though we may not'despise or hate otherpeoples and wish them evil.

"We, therefore ,wonder whence do some fighters for'liberty' come and' violently attack the Catholic Church in Croatia because it loves its people simply,

because it is God's command? The same Church throughitsrepresentatives did everythinginitspower not to do evil to anybody, to whatever religion, race, people, or class he belongs, however much the contrary has been asserted with impudence and per. sistence.

FreedomofPeople.

"Thus we do not fear to say once more,even if we riskbeing proclaimed a+w•ar criminal': Ifallpeople have the rightto security,lifeandindependence, asolution which it does not want of its own free will cannot, either, be forced upon the Croat people, which, however, knows best whatisgood and what is had for it.

"Nor do we fear to say that the Croat people will reject every regime, be it extreme Left or Right, which does not consider and esteem to the utmost its morethan 1,000-year-old ,

Catholic traditions.Such aregime would represent nobody among the Croat people,or an inconsiderable minortay forceduponit.

"Force cannot be thebasis of peace. Thevisionofpeaceloomsbeforeeverybody's eyes to-day. The present Pope, Pius XII., has it in his coat-of-arms, and it is best symbolised there, since we see atwig of the olive tree there, not on the top ofagunbarrel, but in the pigeon's bill. Only when Christ will be in all peoples' souls and hearts throughout the world will lasting peace reign in the world."

conditions in Boans Model Kitchen.

Without Apology

(Continued from Page 13•) ling to Communism, but when Der Tat breaks theirs will be the first heads to fall. Press and pulpit may rail in concerted duet against Spain, but Franco's victory certainly saved the pulpit and given achance will exorcise the press.

The pioneer antagonist and the most consistent adversary of Communism has been, and is, the Catholic Church. For along time She has "tool alone in Her opposition. In these twilight hours She is finding allies, but often they are as much embarrassingas helpful. NotinfrequentIv they have unconsciously helped to foster Communism in the'past and cling to theories which can but perpetrate it. In aword, they are now doing the right thing for the wrong reasons. There is one thing certain, Communism will never be crushed by mere suppression, but onlybut aright ordering of society, and that cannot be achieved until the social principles propounded by the Church are widely known, recognised and applied.

From apurely political aspect the Labour Party is in dire peril from its unwanted allies. On the one hand it is faced with the mounting power of its industrial(wing (largely directed by Reds), which is successfully attempting to govern the Party's political action. On the other, there isthe ever-present fear of a political split in the ranks. Certainly the Thornton business should give the rank and file of Labourites food for furious thought. It may prove the match to the gun-powder. But upon its ability to handle its dictatorial minority depends the Party's—and perhaps Australia's—future.

FRENCH HIERARCHY ONSOCIAL ORDER.

(Continued from Page 121

)

then(. The State can rely on the disinterested support of the Church for loyal collaboration in the service of the city, outside and above all political parties,.but simply through the riormal working of its spiritual action. Itasksof the Stateonly respect forits independence and the power to fulfil efficaciously and completely its spiritual and social mission.

"The State will be the first to benefit from this assistance from the Church. It willguarantee thefecundity, stability, and fidelity of home life. It willencouragein the professionsthe love of work and justice and charity between the. classes. It will produce respect for obligations of conscience and for honesty in business dealings.

"It will be the firrn support of public morality and, although it is entirely directed towards the reign of God and the eternal salvation of souls, its message will bring in all its efficacy social peace on earth because it promulgates order in the rights and duties for persons, families, communi• ties and authorities"

RE-KNITTING THE CHRISTIAN CULTUREOF EUROPE

(Continued from Page 9.) tural relations between nations left completely in the hands of the independent and autonomous confederations of students and scholars organked on cultural, intellectual or religious lines. And these arrangements may he expected to give added dig. nity and importance to the international organisations of university people. When the war ends in its victory, the deeper conflict which led to it and which gives it meaning will go on to the greater decision. We may recall the question asked by the holy Father last September: "Who are to be the architects of the New World—who are the thinkerswho will give it final shapet" In the answer to thatquestion theideasofuniversity youth will constitute a (actor of importance: and it is one in which Ca. tholics of the universities, united in Pax Romana, have acontribution to make thevalue of whichiswellknown to them.

+ IN MEMORIAM +

DREW, Sara.—In loving memory of our dear mother and grandma, -who died July 1, 1942.

Immaculate Heart of Mary, pray for her.

Ever remembered by Sheelah, Bill, DenisandVincent Roberts.

DREW, Sara,—Of your charity, pray for the reposeof the soul ofmydear wife, who passed away July 1, 1942. O, Sacred HeartofJesus,havemercy on her soul.

—Inserted by C. J. Drew.

EASTON (Elaine Patricia).—In loving memory ofour darling daughter and sister, accidently killed June 20, 1943. Always treasured memories by her loving father, mother, and brother Fred.

EASTON (Elaine Patricia),—In treasured memory of our dear grand(laughterandniece,who passedaway June 20, 1943.

—Inserted by her loving Granddad, Gran., Uncle Will, Aunties Florence, Helen, Caroline, and Imelda.

FLYNN.—In loving memory of our dear mother, who departed this life on June 23, 1944; also our dearfather, who passed awayJanuary 24, 1936, loving and devoted parents of Charlie, Kitty (Mr's. J. Hough), Molly fAlrs. A. E. Webb), Tom and Jack, and mother and father-in-law of Olive, Joe, Bert, Phyllis, grandparents of Dulcie Flvnn, Kevin, Patty, and Therese Hough, and Harry and Allen Flynn, and sister and brother-in-law of Miss B. Thomson. Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on their souls. R.I.P.

GODFREY.—In loving memory of F/Lt. Richard Gerard (Dick) God- -% frey, killed near. Trappes, June 8, 1944, beloved son of Mr, and Mrs. Godfrey, Queen's Park, and grandsonofAirs.A.Stokes,McCourt-street, West Leederville. R.I.Y.

LEDDIN.—In loving memory of our dear husband and father. William Leddin, who died June 30. 1942. ',lost Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on his soul.

—Inserted by his loving wife, sons, and daughters.

ROOKE.—In affectionate memory of our dear daughter and sister, Lila, died June 28, 1937.

Immaculate Heart- of Mary, your prayers for her extol. Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on her sold, and all the souls of the faithful departed.

—Inserted by her loving mother, Marjory, and Alf.

RYAN.—In loving memory of our dear husband and father, Leo Ryan, died July2, 1941.

Eternal rest grant untohim,0Lord.

—Inserted by his loving wife and family.

STANLEY.—In affectionate remembrance of our darling Babe, Gloria Claire, who fellasleep June, 29, 1942. Sadly missed by her loving parents, brothers, Harry, Colin, Vincent,•Loo. Dcarly lovedto ever be forgotten.

SWEENF.Y.—Of your charity, pray for the repose of the souls of Alan garct and Joseph Sweeney, who departed this life on June21, 1939, and July 13, 1937, respectively.

Immaculate Heart of Mary, your prayers for them extol.

0, Sacred Ileart of Jesus, have mercy on their souls.

\VADE.—Lt loving memory of our dear wife and mother, Johanna, who departed this life on J

udy 1, 1941.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on her soul.

Alvavs remembered by her loving husband and family,

ENGAGEMENT.

Mr. and Airs. J. T. Englebrecht, of 14 Falcon-street, Narrogin. announce the engagement of their eldest daughter, Theodora Josephine, to Cpl, John Crutchley, R.A.A.F. (retd., S.V. Pacific), only son of Mrs, James Figgins, and step-son-of Capt. James Figgins, C.B.E., R.N., London, England,

Doyouwishtohelpeducateapriest for workIn Western Australia? Make aregular annualcontribution to help an indigent student.

HowLong Shouldan Engagement

Selfish Considerations Which Delay Marriage

This is aproblem that almost every girl engaged to marry at some time asksherself--orherfriends.

There is atendency to-day to enjoy along engagement;the reason being given is usually, on the surface, very good—nowhere to live. So the housing problem for many couples makes theengagement periodalongone. It is to be hoped that theywon't change theirmindsbeforehousesand flatsare offered to let as they used to be in happierdays!

Another reason given in favour of a long engagement is:"Oh, we can't marryuntilJim getsbackintocivilian life and agood job." That reason, too, sounds wise enough. But, as indications point,that may be along, long time to wait, too.

Still another reason for letting the engagement spin happily along, is one notusuallyspoken out loud. Thisreason is the good time so many young couples can enjoy by virtue of the amount of money they are earning and the current assent on "gather ye roses while ye may."

A favourite reason given by fond parents for deferring the marriage day is that along engagement gives the young couple abetterchance to get to know one another.

And, finally, the most common of all reasons for the long engagement is that neither party wishes to marry until they have saved up enough money to build and/or furnish the homeof theirdreamsso thatitwillbe

Orthodoxy Seeks Unity

Through State Aid

(Continued from Page 4.)

Is aunited Orthodoxy under the protection of aprofessedly atheistic government something to be expected? That itis tobeattemptedseems probable. There are, however. immense difficulties; inside Orthodoxy there are strong national hatreds, This is shown by the Bulgarian schism, which haslasted since 1872, and which has set up Exarchy under the very shadow of the. Phanar at Constanti. nople, where the Patriarchial Church is established.

The blasts of bigotry from Moscow are signs of weakness rather than strength. That representatives of all the enfeebled remnants of Orthodoxy shouldtravel toMoscow inorder toexpre•ss their unity is aconfession of theirneed of help.evenifitistocome from agovernment that has been persecuting their religion for aquarter of acentury. That the Russian Government allows such ameeting to take placeis an indication that it needs the assistance of religion; dictatorships cannot defy rrlii ,

ioe for long.

A word should he said shout the iellenic Greeks. They were not re• presented at Moscow. The Archbishop of Athens, Damaskenns, who has figured so prominently in the recent troubles, exercises great influence, Ile offerer( hismen life when the Germanp threatened to execute 50 hostages. Ile has sawed the lives of thousands of Jews, Greeks, and captured British officers, There is little likelihood that Russian intervention will succeed here, and that the Hellenic fhurch will accept Moscow as aThird Rome. It is more likely that it will look for pro• tectinn to the British Government, which seems to have secured from Stalin.for the present. the opportunity to make the Levant asphere of influence.

Paints! Enamelised and Aluminium, now available at Hassell'sStore,corner Wellington and Queen Streets,Perth,

Be?

ready to step into immediately they are married. It seems evident enough that when. ever the engagement is along one by common agreement of the parties con. cerned,the reason given is directly the outcome of a materialistic, and, therefore, selfish; outlook. Such engagements also indicate a selfishness that brooks ill for the long sacrifice called for to make marriage happy.

True love desires to be consummat. ^d in the bonds of Holy Matrimony. Love, surely, is-not dependent upon the man being demobilised from aservice, getting a"good" job, or growing wise enough to know hisown mind.

The girl who cannot face the prospect of rigid economies, the curtailment of a"good-time," orasmell and poorly furnished home, is surely not a girl so much in love as she should be with

theman towhomshe haspledged herself. And parents who hope that some years spent by the young couple is"getting to know each otherbetter," should not have agreed to the engagement, anyway.

It isquitewrongforagirl to engage, herself to marry amanunlessherlove for him is strongenough and selfless enough to sustain her as a helpmate during those early years of married life when her husband may have a struggle to achieve even a reasonable degree of economic security.

Thegirl whodemandsafinehome to walk into on theday she returns from her honeymoon is selfish and worldly in her outlook. But the girl who would be happy to share even the .smallest and humblest home during the time when her husband is struggling to build asuccessful career for himself, is truly awife.

Unless agirl, or her boy, are prepared to fight and struggle against all the difficulties and hardships of life, they have no business to become en. gaged.

No engagement based on true love should be longer than is necessary for both parties to make the required and simple arrangementsfor their marriage.

It isoften wondered why two young people so much in love as to wish to marry each other, should wait to think in terms of an engagement at all, Why shot]-( they not marry aF soon as they have determined their wish to do so?

Along engagement does rather indicate on the part ofboth concerned•an unsure state of mind about each other.

it is like acontract which virtually says,"imat•break this pledge:ntime, and if it suits me, but meanwhile, to suit my convenience, it is tobe regard ed

as binding" 'there is little to recommend along engagement.' Nor should one he enterer( into without asearching examination as to one's suitabilit,r• and readiness for marriage. Just now,due to the excitement c4& war-time conditions and ageneral laxity of outlook, socially awl morally, engagements are entered into all too lightly. The ma. jority of young women seem to regard the acquisition of an engagement ring, the bigger the better, as proof of her `cxappeal. The hunt for andrunning to earth of aman seems to be asocial obligation, to fail at which (manvgirt believe3 is toearn•withthemashame Hence the competition isfierce—nots much to find asuitablemate as towi asparkling ring to flaunt before less enterprising girl friends.

There is also considerable risk o an engagement breaking down if i lasts very long. That, of course, i preferable to an unsuccessful marriage and the couple will be lucky to dig covertheirmistakebeforeitistoolate But there are manv psvchological rea sons who,

the sanctified consummation of love and the'state of parenthood shouldnotheindefinitelydeferred.An so to the question—Is along engage ment desirable?—the answer is—No Make sure before you make up you mind tomarrv. Onceyou feel certain that the man of your choice is th right one toshareyourlifewith,marry him assoon asyou can.

An

d

these materials delightfully easy to makeupand the results will thrillyou.

Feltisanotherexcitingmedium that offers unlimited scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy's HomecraftSection in many lovely colours. Here isagrand opportunity for you to save money by making your own Christmasgifts this year.

Smile. a

The teacher put aquestion to the pupil which the pupil couldn'tanswer. A boy beside the pupil whispered to him:

"The teacher is an ass."

The teacher,observing this, called out: "Don't tell him. He ought to know it himself."

Anervousold lady was beingferried acrossariverby a-jovial oldboatman. As she looked at the agitated water she said:"Are there ever any persons lost in this river, boatman?"

The old mariner bore asmile, and replied:

"Bless yer,no, mum; we alias finds 'em agin the nextday."

An oytstanding Net; York obstetrician has found ahappy answer forthe inevitable question of new mothers, "Doctor, isn't it a lovely baby?" Years ago the old doctor disco,

%cred ho wto please the proud mother but still tell the truth. Whenever that question comes up, he shakes his head admiringly and says with special inflection, Now, there is ababyl" + + +

During sermon time the otherday a baby began to cry, and itsmother carried. it towards the door. "Stop!" said the minister."the baby's not disturbing me." The mother turned toward the pulpit, and made the audible remark: "Oh, 'eain't, ain't'e? But you're adisturbin' of'iml" ■ + •

Sam was employed in avillage shop. He wascompletinghisdutiesonenight when his masters voice sounded from the head of the stairs,

"Sam, have you sanded the sugar?"

"Yes."

"And watered the milk?"

"Yes."

"Well, then, come upstairs for evening prayers,"

"I'm telling you the truth when I say Iwas much happier when Iwas poor"

"Then why don't you let your millionsgoand be pooragain?" "Thatwould be of no use. I'd still feel miserable thinking of those poor fellows cursed with money."

+ * +

Junior:"Oh, Mama! 'there's aman tip in the nursery kissing the nurse:' Marna (with arunning start):"I'll fix him,"

Junior:"April fool; it's only Papa."

It was an excavation job, and there was some danger of flooding. Agang of twenty men were at"work" when a foreman came along and yelled ":111 out!"

Themenjumpedontothe bankwith surprising agility. Then came the command, ":All in." and in they went again.

These order.; were repeated several times in quick succession.

Then up spoke the boldest of the gang: "What's the game boss? There's no water coming."

"\o;' was the foreman's reply,"hut you take out with tour boots much more than you do with yourspades!" + * +

It was visiting day at the ppol and the uplifterswere on deck.

"\[y

good man." said one kindly lad}',"Ihope that since you have come here you have had time for meditation and have decided to correct your faults:"

"I have that mum;" replied the prisoner in heartfelt tones. "Believe me, the nest job Ipull, this baby wear gloves." + * +

Two old friends who hadn't met for some years chanced to patronise the same place of refreshment.

"Hallo, Alberti" exclaimed the first. "You've chang..d alot. What's making you look so old?"

"Trying to keep young!" was the curt reply.

"Trying to keep young?"

"Yes- seven of'eml"

An old farmer who, by hard work and parsimonious habits,had got to_ gather a little fortune,decided that the time had at length arrived when he was justified in ordering afamily carriage.He went toacarriage builder's and described in detail what kind of avehicle he wished to buy.

"Now, Isuppose you want rubber tyres?" said the carriage-builder.

"No. sir: replied the old farmer in tones of resentment. "My folks ain't that kind. When they're riding they want to know it:"

# # * *

A Scotsman told afriend that he was running for an undertaker, as his wife was seriouslyill.

"But," remonstrated the friend,"it's not an undertaker you want, it's a doctor. ,,

"No, no," was the reply. _'Icanna' afford to deal wi' middle-men."'

Angler (to friend):"Yes, the fish was toosmall tobother with. so Igot two men to throw it back into the water"

Ancient Beau (Bravely): "A man is never older than he feels. Ifeel as fresh asatwo-year-old."

"Horse or egg?" asked the sweet young thing.

":1[y man, where did you become such an expert swimmer?"

"Why, lady," responded our hero, modestly, "Iused to be atraffic cop in Venice."

After ahopeless round of dubbing, one discouragedgolfer said to another: "Do you know, old boy. Ibelieve my whole trouble is that Istand too close to the ball when Idrive?"

"Oh, no!" replied his friend. "Your trouble is that you stand too close to it afteryoudrive."

The meek little gent in the restaurant finally sighed and decided to give up his steak. It was tougher than sole leather. He called the waiter and pleaded that it be taken back to the kitchen. The waiter dolefully shook his head and said: "Sorry. pal, Ican't take it back now. You've bent it!"

*

* #

Ile: "You didn't condescend to notice me last night, and Isaw you twice:"

She (haughtily): "Inever notice people in that condition!"

"ThewomanImarrymustbeagood swimmer."

"What for?"

"So that she'llknowhowto keepher mouth.shut." * * * #

In the good old days, a king and s queen were so fond of their court jestertheyoftenhadhimastheirsoledinner guest. On one such occasion, the jester asserted:"An apology can'be worsethananinsult."

"Either you prove that," remarked. the royal host,"or I'll have you beheaded."

:Afterdinner,hisRoyalHighnesslean• ed over to pet his spaniel. WhamI The jester landed alusty kick on the mval pants. then quickly cried:"Pardon me, Sire. Ithought you were the Queen."

Lady of the]louse:"You may have these boots. Ify dear departed husband wore then until he died."

Beggar (eyeingboots):"Itwasabout timeforhim todie,muml" # * # •

During the performance at asubur• ban cinema, the following notice was flashed on the screen during the interval:"Lost, between Itlaples Road and this theatre, apurse containing fifteen pounds. Finder rewarded." Almost at ontf aman went to the booking office. "It;s found," he said.

Theyfetched the manager. "Have you got it?" he asked.

"Or,no;"repliedtheman. "ButI've onlyjustcomealongthatway,and it's not there, soit mustbe found."

materials delightfully easy to makeupand the results will thrillyou.

Feltisanotherexcitingmedium that offers unlimited scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy's HomecraftSection in many lovely colours. Here is agrand opportunity for you to save money by making your own Christmasgiftsthis year.

The teacher put aquestion to the pupil which thepupilcouldn'tanswer. A boy beside the pupil whispered to him:

"The teacherisanass."

The teacher, observing this, called out: "Don't tell him. He ought to know it himself."

s r *

Anervousoldladywas beingferried acrossariverbya-jovial oldboatman. As she looked at the agitated water she said:"Are there ever any persons lost in this river,boatman?"

The old mariner bore asmile, and replied:

"Bless yer,no, mum; we allus finds 'emagin the nextday."

An ogtstanding Nety York obstetrician has foundahappyanswerforthe inevitable question of new mothers, "Doctor isn't it a lovely baby?" Years ago the old doctor discotered ho wto please the proud mother but still tell the truth, Whenever that question comes up, he shakes his head admiringly and sayswith special inflection, Now, there is ababy!"

During sermon time the otherday a baby beganto cry,anditsmothercarriedit towards the door. "Stop!" said the minister."the baby's not dis. turbing me." The mother turned toward the pulpit, and made the audible remark: "Oh,'eain't, ain't'e? But you're adisturbin' of'iml" • * s

Sam was employedinavillageshop. He wascompletinghisdutiesonenight when his masters voice sounded from the head of the stairs, "Sam, have you sanded the sugar?"

"Yes."

"And watered the milk?"

"Yes."

"Well, then, come upstairs for even. ing prayers."

"I'm telling you the truth when I say Iwas much happier when Iwas poor."

'Then why don't you let your millionsgoandbepooragain. "That wouldbe of nouse. I'd still feel miserable thinking of those poor fellows cursed with money."

junior:"Oh,Mama! There's aman up in the nursery kissing the nurse," Mama (with arunning start):"I'll fix him,"

junior:"April fool: it's only Papa."

It was an excavation job, and there was some danger offlooding. Agang of twentyme❑were at"work" whena foreman came along and yelled "All out!"

Themenjumpedontothebankwith surprising agility. Then came the command, "All in and in they went again.

These order,: were repeated several times in quick succession.

Then up spake the boldest of the gang: "What's thegame boss? There's no water coming"

"No," was the foreman's reply,"but you take out with your boots much more than youdowith yourspades!"

* R f ■

It was visiting day at the pool and the uplifterswereon deck.

"My good man." said one kindly lady, "Ihope that since you have come here you have had time forme. ditation and have decided to correct your faults."

"I have that mum," replied the prisoner in heartfelt tones. "Believe me, the next job Ipull, this baby wear gloves."

Two old friendswho hadn't met for some years chanced to patronise the same place of refreshment.

"Ilallo, Alberti" exclaimed the first. "You've chang.d alot. What's making you look so old?"

"Trying to keep youngl" was the curt reply.

Trying to keep young?"

"Yes—+seven of'eml"

An old farmer who, by hard work and parsimonious habits,had got together a little fortune,decided that the time had at length arrived when he was justified in ordering afamily carriage.He wenttoacarriagebuilder's and described in detail what kind of avehicle he wished to buy.

"Now, Isuppose you want rubber tyres?" said the carriage-builder.

"No, sir: replied the old farmer in tones of resentment. "My folks ain't thatkind. When the -

y.

re riding they want toknow it."

A Scotsman told afriend that he was running for an undertaker, as his wife was seriouslyill.

"But," remonstrated the friend,"it's not an undertaker you want, it's a doctor."

"No, no," was the reply. "Icanna' afford to deal wi middle-men.. ,

"

Angler (to friend):"Yes, the fish was toosmall tobotherwith. soIgot two men to throw it back into the water"

Ancient Beau (bravely):"A man is never older than he feels. Ifeel as fresh asatwo-year-old."

"Horse or egg?" asked the sweet young thing.

*

*

*

"My man, where did you become such an expert swimmer?"

"Why, lady," responded our hero, modestly,"Iused to be atraffic cop in Venice."

*

After ahopeless round of dubbing, onediscouragedgolfersaidto another: "Do you know, oldboy. Ibelieve my wholetrouble is thatIstandtoo close to the ball when Idrive?"

"Oh, no!" replied his friend."Your trouble is that you stand too close to itafteryoudrive"

The meek little gent in the restaurant finally sighed and decided to give up his steak. It was tougher than sole leather. He called the waiter and pleaded that it be taken back to the kitchen. The waiter dolefully shook his head and said: "Sorry. pal, Ican't take itback now. Yotive bent itl"

Ile: "You didn't condescend to notice me last night, and Isaw you twice."

She (haughtily): "Inever notice peoplein that condition!"

* * *

"ThewomanImarrymustbeagood swimmer"

"What for?"

"So that she'llknowhowtokeepher mouth-shut."

s

In the good old clays,a king and • queen were so fond of their court jestertheyoftenhadhimastheirsoledinner guest. On one suchoccasion, the jester asserted:"An apology can'be worsethananinsult."

"Either you prove that," remarked. the royal host,"or I'll have you beheaded."

Afterdinner,hisRoyalHighnessleaned over to pet his spaniel. Wham! The jester landed alusty kick on the royal pants. then quickly cried:"Pardon me, Sire, Ithought you were the Queen."

Lady of the house:"You may have these hoots. My dear departed hushand wore then until he died."

Beggar (eyeingboots):"itwasabout timeforhim todie,muml"

During the performance at asuburban cinema, the following notice was flashed on the screen during the interval:"Lost, between Maples Road and this theatre, apurse containing fifteen pounds. Finder rewarded" Almost at omf aman went to the booking office."It;s found," he said.

"Have

Theyfetched the manager. you got it?" he asked.

"Or,no,"repliedtheman. "ButI've onlyjustcomealongthatway,andit's not there, soitmustbefound."

Dear Cornerites.—Herewe are in the last week of the month, which marks the middle of the year. And Ihave ahorrible revelation to make to you all. We havenot reached thehalfof our Objective,wbich is £260! So come on out of your hollow logs, old Cornerites, and see *hat we can do in the coming six monthg. Idon't appeal very often in this way,soIknow that you will treat this S.O.S. as urgent and put your shoulders to the wheel. A long heave and a hard heave, and there we will have anice fat cheque as aChristmas present for the Bushies.

This coming month is dedicated in aspecial way to the honour of the Precious BloodofOurLord, and opens with this glorious Feast. It should be aday ofgreat comfort for those who have lost loved ones in this ter• rible war to remember that the Prince of Peace shed all His Heart's Blood for us, and that their suffering united to His can be very precious in the sight of God.

Ihope all who can will go to Mass on Monday, the Feast of the Visita. tion. Think of the great kindness that sent Our Lady on such a long visit to her cousin. St. Elizabeth; think of her humility, combined with atrue sense of her great dignity, and ask her to help you acquire these two great Christian virtues. Also, pray for the Bushies.

AUNT BESSY.

491 Beaufort-street, Perth.

Dear Aunt Bessv,—This is my first letter to you, and Ihope you will acceptme as one of yournephews. I quite realise what wonderful work You do, as Iwas once aBushie myself. Igo to the C.B.H.S., Highgate, and Ihope to be confirmed on July S. We have just finished three weeks' school holidays and-we will resume school on Tuesday, 29th. Will , r

you please send me aprick card, as Iwould like to help the Bushies. I must close now. Hopingyou and the Bushies are well,—Your loving nephew, FRANCIS GIBE.

Dear Francis,—Iam pleased indeed to meet anew nephew, and an exBushie at that! And Iwillsend you aprick card as soon as possible you like school, Francis?

AUNT BisSSY.

11 Rason-avenue, Bellevue.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Members of my class at St. Erigid's Convent School, \lidland Junction, have all been talking about writing to you, so hoping to be first

iam writing to-day. Iam eleven Years of age, in VI. Standard, and my home town is Bellevue. i travel by train every day to chroJ. Our parish priest is Father Lynch. Will you please send me it prick card, and the class will help me to fill it. 'trusting that you will accept me as one of Your nieces.—Your would-be niece, JL\UREEN TROP.

DearMaureen.—Yes. Ithink you are the first from Midland Junction this time, and I'm very pleased towelcome you to the Corner. i have often passed through Bellevue in the train. and Ithought it avery pretty little place. Do you enjoy your journey backwards and forwards each clay' The prickcardis on theway,Maureen. AUNT BESSY.

Bunburv.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Herewith please find asmall donation towards your Bushies. Wishing you every success.

—Yours faithully, MOTHER OF AONE-TIME BUSIIIE

Leinonade Bottle

ACKNOWLEDGED WITH THANKS s. d.

A Friend .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 0

Mrs.\f. Cunningham .. .. .. .. 5 0

Hilary Noonan .. .. .. .. .. 2 6

Carmel McCarthy . , .. .. .. 2 6

Fansta Franchina .. .. .. .. .. 2 6

Irene Folkhurst .. .. .. .. 2 6

Zelma Dodd 2 6

Dear Mother of aOne-Time Bushie,— Iwon't tell you what it means to receive alittle note from you, because Iam sure you realise just what your donation means to the Bushies' Scheme. It is very kind of you, and shows that the Scheme is appreciated.

AUNT BESSY.

t • t •

Sacred Heart High School, Highgate.

Dear Aunt Besy,—I was glad to help the Bushies. How are they? Joan hashad the mumps and hasjust come back to school. Iwent to the Zoo and saw alion and its cub and a baby tortoise about two inches long. Good-bye for now. Iwill have to -close.—Your loving niece, IRENE TOLHURST.

Dear Irene,—You do seem to have had alovely time at the Zoo. Did YOU see the hippopotamus too? I remember once that Ihad towait for nearly half anhour to see him. And Iliked the camel too. Well, Irene, Ihope you don't- catch the mumps, too. It would be too bad now that Joan is better, too. wouldn't it?

AUNT BESSY.

# # # t

Sacred Heart High School. Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy.—I hope you and the Bushies are well. We have just come back to school. Hilary is my hest friend at school. My father de. livers"The Record." I went to grandma's in the holidays; shelives at Subiaco. Ihad good fun with my cousin. Ihave filled the card all up. This is all the news. With lots of love. From

ZF,LMA DODD.

Dear Zelma,—Another 2/6 for the Bushies; thanks ever so much. Your dad has told me about his little girl, so Tfeel as if I'm hearingfrom an old friend. Did You have much trouble filling the card, Zelma? But it was worth while in the long run, isn't it?

AUNT BESSY.

Sacred Tleart High School, Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—T have filled in my card, and Twas pleased to help the Bushies. Inm in second standard, and Ilike going to school, as we have such alot of little girls to plav with. In our sports Tam in Rede's House and Thope they come first this time. Well, good-bye, dear Aunt Ressv. With lots of love to you and the Bushies. From FAUSTA FRANCHTNTA,

Dear Fansta,—Thank You ever so much forfilling the card. Tthink the Bushies will ahyays have cause to re. member the little girls from Sacred Ileart. ITow is Bede's Notice getting on at the sports? Do you run in the sports, Fansta?

AUNT BESSY'

# # # t

Sacred Tleart ITigh School, Tighgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy.—T received Ymrr Prick card and was so glad tofill itin. Tn the holidays we had good fun; we went to the pictures. My auntycame home from hospital, and T w•as her nurse. Aunty said Twas agood one for it little girl of eight. Iam back at school now w-orkinZ hard at my

lessons. Tlearn music, too. and Tlove it. Well. good-bv`c, dear Aunt Ressv. With lots of love to You and the Bushies. From YVONNE rARAN-DONTS.

Dear Yvonne,—It's nice getting a letter fromalittle girl who's alsoalittle nurse. Is your aunty quite better now.?Keep up the hard work at your lessons and your music, Yvonne. AUNT BESSY.

# # # #

Sacred Heart High School, Highate.

Dear Aunt Bessv,—I hope you and the Bushies are well. Ilike saving upthe moneyfor theBushies. Thave heen home on two weeks' holidav I go to Sacred Heart ITigh School.Manv of ourgirlsare writing to you. Iam going for atheory exam. on Saturday, and Thope that I pass. Well, this will be all, Aunt Bessy.—Your loving niece, CARMEI, \fcCARTTfY.

Dear Carmel,—I'm so glad you like saving your pennies for the Bushies, and I'msure the Bushies will be glad too. How-did that theory exam. go, Carmel. I'llwatch thepaperforyour result, but in case Imiss it, perhaps you had better write and tell me how you got on.

AUNT BESSY.

r * *

e

Sacred Heart HighSchool, Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am sending you my prick card. Iwas very glad to help you get pennies for the Bushies. Zelma is my best friend at school. Ihope you will receive alot of letters. Iwent out to the beach for my May holidays. Iwent to a concert on break-up day. Ihope you

n

and the Bushies are well. because I have to leave you now. With lots of love. From

HILARY NOONAN.

Dear Hilary,—Icertainlydid receive alot of letters. Ithinkall thelittle girls at Sacred Heart have written to methis week,and thatiswhy Iwon't be able to answer all of them at the one time, a

But those which don't appear this week will be answered by next week. Was it very cold at the beach? Ihad aholiday, too, duringMay,andIwentuptothe country, where Ihad alovely time.

AUNT BESSY.

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Catho

cFunerals

Priests Shared Torture and Death at Buchenwald

Sacraments Dispensed by Stealth

CatholicsRevealedHorrors6YearsAgo

The world hasyet to learn the full measureofthediabolical torturespractised in the German concentration camps. Even the films, correspondents' stories and the accounts of survivors leave agreat deal to be added tothecomplete story of sadisticcruelty with which the name of Nazism will ever be associated.

One thing we do know now—that thousands of priests and religiousper. ishedintheseplacesoftorment. Last week,forexample,itwasrevealedthat at Dachau 1,300 priests starved to death.Within the past few days more revelations of the mass murders of clergy have been made.

The latest account to be published is oneby Rev.Father Leloi, aBelgian White Fatherwho, acaptive in Buch. enwaldsincelastAugust,wasliberated byAmerican troops by the margin of an hour. Orders for the massacre of the remaining prisoners had been given, and flame throwers were being di. rected on the camp when the proximity of the Allied deliverers forced the Germans toleave everything and take to their heels.

FatherLelol,.who servedtheMaquis of the French and Belgian Ardennes as achaplain, tells astory of barbarism at Buchenwald that surpasses manyofthechapters ofhorroralready unfolded.

To make him talk they plunged electrically-heated red-hot irons into his arms and legs, and these limbs, after ayear, still show deep wounds and extensive burns. When they found that they could force noadmission from him, the authorities condemned him to death, but the execu. tion was postponed time and againin vain hopes that he might give the information theywanted. Inthemeantime, he and his fellow-prisoners were subjected to allkinds of rigours. At roll call they were frequently forced to stand naked in the rain for more than an hour.

One prisoner, aGerman—he was said by someto have been the former Flue Pipe for Stoves Bath Heaters. Stocks of Paints, Varnish, Calcomine. Hassell's Stores, Perth,.. BGM.

Randolph

tMayor of Weimar—was kept on a leash in adog kennel, and was made to walk on all fours and bark when he passedanS.S.man. To makethe degradation complete, he was not allowed to usehis hands foreating, but had to gnawhisfood likeadog.

In the midst of all this bestiality, Father Leloi managed to say Mass once amonth, and even to form Catholic Action groups in every block of buildings. Exposure, of course, meant death.. Mass was made pos• sible when hostsandalittlealtarwine were smuggled into him. Once a month, during the"interininable musters," he said, he used to consecrate 2,000 hosts. The Catholic Action groups were formed in spite of the guards' vigilance, and Father Leloi made contact with his disciples when he was engaged on his daily tasks of grave-digging, optical work and tailoring. He wasassisted by aCzech Premonstratensian, Father Thil, who was the sole survivor of his abbey in Moravia.

There is now, happily, no need for Catholic activity to be carried on in secret in the horror camps of Germany ,and Catholic chaplains have been busy in them, ministering to the dying and consoling those others who will survive their living death. At Belsen last week aBritish army chaplain said the camp's first Mass at an improvised altar in the open. His congregation was small, but this was because few ofthestarved, emaciatedInmates had the strength to walk to the clearingwhere the Mass was said.

Last week the"Times" recalled the interesting fact that it was the "Catholiq.11edical Guardian"—which has been suspended since the early partof the war--that in October, 1939, first published an eye-witness account of the atrocities that were even then being perpetrated in the camps. The writer was adoctor who, by some meansoranother,hadmadeapersonal investigation of the camps and managed to get out of the country to tell his story.

Isis descriptiondeclares that thenornral punishmentsatDachau and Buchenwald at thetime(that is, before the war) were flogging, hanging to trees andsolitary confinement in totaldarkness. Those who were suspended from treeshad their hands crossed behind their hacks, the wrists tied with rope or chains and hoisted by these fastenings until their toes were about IC inches from the ground. They remained there for an hour and ahalf even for the most trivialoffences.

One part of the account dealt with the,blood-lust that was stimulated in the young S.S.guards by the freedom with which they were allowed to commit excesses. He spoke ofone youth who crier( out repeatedly:"Imustsee blood," as he belaboured his victim, andhewentontosay- thatthe guards vied with each other in devising ingenious tortures apart from official punishments. He ended by saying that 7,000 S.S. men were posted at Buchenwaldatatimeandthat"whatever tendencies they had towards sadism were given the fullest opportunities of development" Hitler Youth partieswereregularlyescorted through the camps.