The Record Newspaper 13 June 1945

UkrainiansandWhiteRussiahaveMore in Common with Poland-Than Soviet Religious&CulturalConsiderations

More ImportantthanEthnography

By JOHN S. MIX, C.R,, in "The Catholic Leader."

The territory which Russia claim8from Poland has been Poland's from the dawn of history,ruled by her,inhabitedbyaPolishmajority,and influenced by Polish culture. Poland'sknown history begins with the year 988, when her Sing,Mieszko,and her people became Catholics. Within the first few decades after that Poland increased her territory by uniting the SlavicgroupsfromtheBalticSeato the plains south of the Carpathians, and from the Elbe to theBug Rivers. In 1024 Poland extended northerly to _ the Baltic from the Oder to the Vistula;in the east it reached the Bug and the territory where later (1240)was founded the city of Lwow; in the south is included Slovakia as far as the Danube and Bohemia,in the west it went to the Elbe.

In 1386 Queen Jadwiga of Poland married Grand Duke Wladyslaw Jagiello of Lithuania. who together with all his subjects embraced the faith of his queen consort and joined his lands to hers. This union almost doubled Poland's size. It included the lands north-east of Kovno and those directiv south, including the Pripet regions.

The year 1569 saw final and permanent unification of Poland and Lithuania. The Ukraine, Ruthenia, Podolia, and \roulvnia joined the Polish crown and the grand principality of Lithuania and formed "one indissoluble union," About this time Livonia and Latvia, seeking the advant• ages of western culture,asked to be incorporated as provinces of the Polish commonwealth. Poland thus became one of the largest countries in Europe, containing 430,502 square miles. Mov ing east from the border between Germany and Poland, then approximate}v m it would be Sept, 1. 1939, Poland iii eluded all of East Prussia, and. along the Baltic, thepresent-dos} States of Lithuania, Latvia. and the southern part of Estonia. The eastern boundary toward 'Moscovy (present-day Russia), was, in the north, aline just west of Pskov; it then bent far to the east to include land beyond Smolensk, the valley of the Dneiper and its tributaries, as far as the west bank of the Doniec. South of the Wnieper, the land was Tatar. The Ukraine was Polish down to the Black Sea. in 16S6 Poland ceded to Russia, be. sides some border districts of White Russia, the whole eastern part of the Ukraine, including Kiev. The Ukraine

For •Value and Service

(The Kievan State), by the way, has never enjoyed political autonomy, and has frequently changed allegiance, belonging once to the Poles, then to the Tatars, and again to the Poles, and finally to the Russians.

During the regime of Peter theGreat, Russiabecame an empirewith astrong military force, and soon afterwards showed an ambition to play aleading part in general European policies. From then on it became one of Rus. sia's main objectives to destroy the independence of Poland, for Poland stood in the way and hindered Rus• sia's expansion and direct control with the powers beyond Poland. Russia's objective was realised with the partitioning of Poland engineered by Catherine the Great.

Historical Argument.

:1t the time of the first partition in N72 Poland's area was 39 2

,664

square mile.;, Prior to the second partition in 1,93, Poland contained 200,772 square miles. Two years later all this territory was taken from her by the third partition. From 1921 to 1939, the period (luring which Poland again enjoyed her autonomy and had fixed her boundaries, her area was about 1,-

4).450 square miles.

This historical sketch reveals an uninterrupted continuity and acomplete identitybetween thecountrycalled Poland 1,000 years ago and the Poland of September 1, 1939. To be exact, we shouldsay that the Polandof 1939 was only half of her historical self, since she had given up her rightful claim to pinch of her former territory to avert trouble with Russia in 1921.

But the historical argument in favcusofPolandcarrieshardlyany weight with agreat many observersto-day. In their opinion the Polish Soviet dispute should be settled on ethnographic grounds. Seeing (but notunderstanding) the mixture of nationalities inhabiting eastern Poland, they favour the surrender of that part to Russia, apparently taking for granted Russia's unfounded contention thatthenon.Polish elements there belong to her. What they conveniently fail to take into consideration is the fact that nowhere in Europe are ethnographic frontiers clearly delineated,and that at any point where two neighbouring countries meet there are always territories inhabitedbyamixed population.Take, for an example, the Franco-German frontier(Alsace and Lorraine), or the DanishJGerman frontier (Schleswig )

, the Balkan peninsula (Macedonia), the Italian-Yugoslav frontier(Fiume), the Austrian-Italian frontier(Tirol), or the CzechoslovakiaGerman frontier(Sudetenland).

Mixed Population.

Eastern Poland likewise has amixed population. Since 1569 that part of Poland has had to contend with two cultures: one influenced bythewestern or Romanspirit, the otherby the eastern orByzantine. But in spite of the differences, there were no problems of nationality in the past such as exist to-day, (In 15-47 there was an at. tempt to unite the then federated Polish Republic With the Russian Czardom. But the constitutional and cultural differences, as created by Ivan the Terrible, were so profound that all such schemes, whether suggested by the Poles or the Rusisans, proved td be entirely impracticable.)

Under the Polish-Lithuania Union of 1569, under which the Ruthenians and Ukrainians also became united with Poland, theprinciple of completeequal , ity of language was fully recognised. The upper classes in Lithuania, who used the White Ruthenian language to afar greater extent than Lithuanian proper, even adopted the Polish language simply in consequence of the natural penetration of Polish culture and of social contacts with the Poles.

In partitioning Poland, Russia took the eastern half of the country, where most of the rural population had remained Ukrainian or White Ruthenian. In that same section, however, there lived not only many Lithuanians who newer had anything in common with Russia, but also and in amuch larger number, roles, who for four centuries had prompted the cultural develop• ment of that borderland of western civilisation. How little Russia cared

for ethnic considerations at the time is" clearly shown by two,significant facts: one of the first provinces she claimed was the Polish part of Livonia, while at the same time she agreed that eastern Galicia should go to Austria.

Eastern Territory.

The territory annexed by Russia in the three partitions had all been part PA(and from the 14th. century. It f

Iadnever belonged to MuscoviteGreat `]Russia and had developed in such an entirely different direction that the J•krainian and White Russian people o hat region had much'more in coin mon with their Polish fellow citizens thanwiththenewconquerorsandtheir policy of artificial Russification.

In 1815, at the CongressofVienna,a fourth partition.of Poland took place , with Czarist Russiaacquiringmoreterritory to the west,including the central part with Warsaw. The southeastern part, eastern Galicia, still remained under Austrian "protection."

On whatdoes Russiabaseherclaims to Poland'seastern territory? Rus7ndd nationalists claim that all non-

Po hy nationalities,especially Ukrainians White Russians, are members of the Russian nation and should therefore belong to Russia. This is not true. These two nationalities have much more in common with the Poles than with the)?Muscovite Russians, - In fact, it is impossible for aMuscovite to un• derstand the language of a Ruthenian or Ukrainian anv more easily than a Pole can, Besides, Moscow or "Great Russia." had no,connection with the Polish part of these lands untilit seized them in 1793-95. The Ruthenian peasants are nearly all farmers, tenaciously attached to their land and to their co-operative societies. Neither Russian nationalist nor communist claims to the western Ruthenians have anv real basis.Ukrainian national• ism before the•war was strongly anti• Rusisan, `•\ ,Wilno hnd Lwow Claims.

Rusian claims to Wilno and Lwow, two of the greatest centre(s'If Polish culture, are non-existent on either 1istorical or ethnographic grounds. Wilno was included in the territory taken by Russia in the partition of Poland: that does not make it Russian. Neither did Russia ever succeed in making ,Wilno Russian, because the populationbf that city remained predominantly Polish even until 1939, when, among a population of 19 5

.100 only 7,400 inhabitants were Russians, and they did(

not even speak Russian,on the other hand, had iTever been under RuSsiandomina• tion, even in the course of the partitionsof Poland, That city was under

(Continued on Page 17.)

The Catholic Answer

What is'the Secret

of the Church's Survival Through 20 Centuries?

—Source of Catholic Life and Energy the Sacramental System.

Greatest Single Lack from which Non-Catholics Suffer

BaptismanEssentialConditionofSalvation

We have spoken quite alot in previous sessions of the appearances of the Catholic Church; even more has been said, both in answer toquestions and-straight out, about the beliefs of the Church. Howdoes shelive? How has she been able to continue for so many centuries with the path of her history literally littered with the remains of the mighty forces which periodically- have been arrayed against her? Youmustadmitthatitispretty remarkable,y'ou know,whetheryouadmire theCatholic Church orrevileher; whetheryou consider herthedivine repository of truth or the reactionary protagonist of outworn myths, that she, for well nigh twenty centuries, has goneonand onwithaneverincreasing accumulation of "progressive" opponents leftfar in herrear. Shescarcely seems on her last legs even to-day, do you think?

The source of Catholic life and energy isthe Sacramental system, It is perfectly true that Jesus Christ came into this world for one main purpose only, that is to re-establish man's claim to the attainment of his supernatural destiny in the presence ofGod in the next life. With this aim in view, to enable men once again to enter Heaven. he unfolded His double work onearth--ife didand Ile taught. Not nnlydid IleexppundHisdoctrine, explain His new commandments and establish what was necessary for men to believe, but Ile also left the means of appreciating that doctrine, keeping those commandments mid maintaining astrong and intelligent faith.

These means of actually following Our Lord's teaching are the Sacraments. Without them, knowing what Christ expected us to do, we would be led to despairrather than faithby realisingour own incapability of livng up to theChristianteaching,

Let us take an example. We will say that Icome across aman on the road who has been injured in an accident. Igouptohim and after acursoryexaminationI-tellhim thathehas abrokenlegandthatin all probability his skull is fractuured. Iadvise him of the necessity of getting the services ofagoodsurgeonand also ofthedesirability that he should enter hospital withoutdelay. "Now,youknowwhat is wrongwith you," Isay,"you know what you should do; so, good-bye and the best of luck." The obvious insufficiency of my help would be noticed immediately and you would say:"It's not abit of good telling the injured man what he must do unless you also give him the necessary help, without which he most certainly will not be able to profit by your advice." Christ knew andknowsour weaknessandthe various spiritual ailments from which we are suffering—our forgetfulness, our inconstancy, our weakness of resolve, our inclination towards evil—and He knew when Ile was on earth and He knowsnow that it would be quite useless togive us along string of instructions andadvice unless Ile gaveus, at the same time, the means of carrying outthose instructions and the strength totake His advice. These meansand this strength are supplied by the Sac.

raments. In our opinion this is the greatestsinglelackfrom whichthenonCatholic sects are suffering: The lack of many of the Sacraments, and (in some cases at least) thelack of nearly all the Sacraments. What use will it be, or at least so M1ve think, what use will itbe if theypossessthe mostzeal. ous of active ministers, the most eloquent of inspiring preachers, if, after_ they have given so much good advice and in some cases, so much solid doc. trine, they must weakly conclude: "Now, off you go, you know what Christ taught, you know what is expected of you. Ihave told you Ican do no more, the rest is up to you.'-! The Catholicpriest,on theother hand, may be, perhaps, an indifferent preacher, hemaybesometimesmore deficient in zeal that some of his nonCatholic brethren,butheisalwaysin aposition to re-echo the words of Christ,"C3me unto Me all you who labour and are burdened and Ishall refresh you.," Cometomewiththeconfession ofyour sins and you will receive forgiveness; come, if you are weak and undernourished, and Ishall give you the Bread of Life, Christ's own Body and Blood; call me when you are sick and nigh to death and Ican do for you what St, ,Tames the Apostle did at the Lord's command, Ishall anoint you with oil andlay hands upon you that youmay receive refreshment, grace and even bodily recovery.

Oh yes, those who rejecteven one of the seven Sacraments, whether it be treir own fault or not, are therebv depriving themselves in their weakness of help which Christknewthey needed and forwhich Ile madeprovision.

The Catholic Church believes and teaches,as she hasalwaystaught, that there are seven Sacraments—Baptism, Confirmation, Holy Communion, Sacramental Confession, the Last Anoint. ing, Holy Orders, and Marriage. The Christian people of England had the benefit of these seven for athousand years, now they and theirdescendants all over the world are deprived of at least five of them. Listen to the twenty-fifth of the thirty-nine articles of religion of the Anglican Church: "There are two Sacraments ordained of Christ Our Lord in the Gospel, that is to say, Baptism and the Supper of the Lord. Those five commonly calledSacraments,thatis tosay,Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony and Extrme Unction, are nottobecounted for Sacraments of the Gospel, being such as have grown partly of the corcupt following of the Apostles, partly are states oflife in the Scriptures: but vet have notlike natureofSacraments with Baptism and the Lord's Supper." Some there are, Ibelieve, who would like to forget this article and renew their attachment to all seven Sacraments,but Tunderstandthat ministers at their ordination are required to swear to their belief in these articles, or at least, they used to.

Thefirst Sacrament isBaptism, which is rejected only by the most "progressive" of reactio6ary Christians. In. deed those who no longer hold the necessity of Baptism have no right to the name of Christians atall. Aperson is not aChristian until he has been baptised. He cannot even have

faith in Christ unless he at least de-. sires to be baptised. This is crystal clear from the Gospels. Speaking of the duties of the Apostles and their successors, Christ says(Matt, 28, 19): "Goingtherefore,teachallnations,baptising them in the nameof the Father andoftheSonandoftheHolyGhost"; and speaking of the ordinary believer Ile says(Marc, 16, 16):"He who be, lieves and is baptised shall besaved." How then can aperson profess to be , lieve the teachingofOurLord and yet rejectthenecessityof Baptism?

Howisapersonbaptised? Baptism is given by fulfilling to the letter the command of Christ, namely, by washing the person with water and by saying at the same time,"Ibaptise you in the name of the Father and of the Sonandofthe HolvGhost." Ofcourse, the person who is baptising must have the intention of conferring the ChristianSacrament; doingitforfun,naturally,wouldmakeitquite invalid. Also the person to be baptised, if hehasattainedthe age of reason, mustwish to receive the Sacrament because graces canbeforcedupon noone. Thisdoes not apply to infants, Who obviously have no objections and who are in a position to receive the grace of Christianity in asimilar way as that in which they receive other advantages fromGod through theirparents.

Anyone can baptise who knows how to do it, and has the right intention. Christ left this power so wide because . Baptism isabsolutely essentialbefore a person can receive any other Sacrament or participate in any other way in thefruitsofOurLord's Redemption. It follows that everyone should make himself familiar with the manner of baptising, especially those who might more frequently be in a position of needing to know, such as doctors and nurses. Only apriest, however, can confer solemn Baptism, which, apart from the actof pouringthe water, contains many otherbeautiful ceremonies, such as the plaoing of alittle'salt on the tongue of the person to be baptised, signifying that the doctrine of Christ, which he is embracing, is the salt of the earth; later after Baptism the newly baptised holdsalightedcandle, to represent the other half of Our Lord's saying that he is also the Light of the 1\'orld. The head of the child is then anointed with oil. This no longer has very great significance, but in origin it was probably the Sacrament of Cofirmation, which used to be conferred immediately after baptism. The Greeks still maintain this custom of confirming the infant immedately after baptism. Even in the- Latin Church, when abishop receives an individual into the Church with full solemnity, he still confirms the convert after he has been baptised and has received Holy Communion,

"Too Young toKnow," Canning

Bridge:

Q.: Are Catholics to believe in Adam and Eve and all the business about woman being made out of one of man's ribs, etc., or can one believe that somewhere through the evolution of the world, God breathed into

AreCatholics Bound totaketheBible Literally?

—Complete Freedom to Accept Evolutionis aLimited Sense

Inherent Absurdities of Materialistic -

Theory

NosuchthingastheProtestantChurch

the creatures evolvedasoulandreason? Please answer this,as it is veryimportant.

A.: Yes, most certainly we will answer your letter.. We answerall com

munications which come to us an which contain a question. A few which consist of mere abuse are

left to theoblivion from

whichtheyshould neverhaveemerged,

andevenmanyof themarenoticedmore,sometimes,than perhaps they really deserve.

Christ Provided aSpecial Sacrament for the$ick and Dying How the Last-Anointing is Iinportant Effects of Extreme Unction

Folly of Deferring its Reception

There are few things about life on earth whichayoung personcould foretell with certainty. Not how long it will last; nor where it will be lived; not among what associates; nor whether itwillbe crowned with joy or sorrow; norwhichhopeswillbefulfilled and which,will not, But there is one thing which could be foretold with absolute certainty about the lives of all of us, and that is, that they will come toanend,andweshalldie.Yet,though it is certain, many people never give the factanyconsideration. Death,for them, is an inconvenient and depressing thought, and therefore one to be avoided,

TheCatholic View of Death.

Such is notthe attitude oftheCatholic Church towards death. She puts it frequentlybefore the mindsofherchildren, that when it comes it may not find them unprepared. We pray, many times aday, to the Mother of God for her intercession at the hour of death— .Pray for us sinners now and at the hour ofourdeath." Deathisahelpful thought,forit reminds us that we cannot.-keep for long any of those things to whichthehumanheartis soinclined to clingin thisworld, andthatourpermanent home is not here, but that we are pilgrimspassingthrough this world on our way to an eternal home.

Though death, with the fear and suffering and the sorrows of parting which itmay bring, is part of the punishment of original sin, still, for those who have faith and trust in God, and aretryingtodoHiswill,itis notasubject merely of gloom and sadness, but can be looked forward to with hope and even with joy. "For Your faithful ones 0Lord," we read in the Missal,"life is only changed, not taken away: and when the house we here inhabit has fallen into decay, adwelling-place ismade ready for usthat will last for ever."(Preface of the Mass for the Dead.) Death is not, indeed, a passage from light to darkness, but

fromdimtwilightto perfectday.Death is an end, but also abeginning. Our time of testing is ended,-but through thegateofdeathweenterintothatreal life for which God has created us, whereatlast weshallknow whattruth, beauty, goodness, and happiness really are, and all the cravings of our hearts will be satisfied for ever. The true Catholic spirit is exemplified in the words of St. Francis of Assisi, "Welcome, Sister Death," ACatholic Death-Bed.

A Catholic death-bed is abeautiful thing. There hoveraboutit such sup. ernatural faith, peace, confidence, hope, and resignation to God's will as frequently cause astonishment even in those to whom these things are familiar. The truth of the Catholic faith receives few more striking confirmations than the results it produces at the time of death, results whichare far beyondany merelyhuman explanation. Theseresults aredue notmerely to the daily remembrance of death which every Catholic makes in prayer, nor to the graces won through the faithful practice of religion throughout life,but to the special helps which the Catholic Church offers when t5e end of life drawsnear.

A Special Sacrament For Those DangerouslyIll.

We have already seen how God has provided forour variousspiritual needs by theSacraments. Through Baptism we enter upon anew life, in virtue of which we, poor creatures of earth, actually share in the divine life and become co-heirs with Christ to an eternal inheritance. By Confirmation we are strengthened for the struggle which faces us in trying to live in amanner worthy of the dignity conferred on us by Baptism. Throughthe Blessed Eucharist thedivine lifewithinus is nourished by atrue Bread of Heaven, I human nature fails and supernatura life is lost through sin, another sacrament, the Sacrament of Penance, ha

been given us for our restoration to grace and life. And when bodily infirmity gives warning that the end of lifeis approaching there is stillanother sacrament whichGod inHismercy has provided to help the soul in the final stages of its earthly coarse,

The Last Sacraments.

WhenCatholics are dangerously ill, they receive what are known as the Last Sacraments. The Last Sacraments comprise Confession, Holy Communion (in thiscasecalledViaticum,or Food for the journey), and Last Anointing. It iswith theLastAnointthat1ve are now concerned. Thissacrament is more commonly known by its Latin name, Extreme Unction, which is not so intelligible as the Englishform,whichwewillusehere.

The sacrament of Last Anointing is socalled to distinguish it from other anointings which are given when Baptism,Confirmationand HolyOrders are administered. Thisanointingis usually the last to be given; though, of course, asick person who has received this sacrament may recover and later receive another sacrament which includes anointing. Last Anointing is a means of grace instituted by Jesus Christ forthe spiritual and bodily help of those who are in danger of death through illness, accident, feebleness, or old age.

How Last AnointingisConferred.

Like every sacrament it has an outward part, the visible sign of the invisible effects which, throughGod's power and ordinance, it produces. This outward sign is the anointing of the sick person by apriest with oil specially blessed by aBishop for this purpose, together with aform of words which indicates the purposeof this rite. Six parts of the body are anointed—the eyes,the ears, the nose, the mouth, the hands, and the feet.(For good reason, the anointing of the feet may be omitted,) The body of theChristian, with all itsfaculties, isaholy thing,because it isthe temple ofGod. Butour bodilysensesmay, inthecourseoflife,lead itsto forget otadignity, and preferthe good things and satisfactions of this world to the holy will of God.' The anointing now given is akind of reconsecrationof allthebodilysensesand faculties to God in preparation for our appearance before Him for judgment. The priest says, while anointing the eyes,"Through thisholy anointing and His most tender -

mercy may God forgive you whatever wrong you have done through sight. Amen." In the other five anointings the last words of the form are changed according to the sense which is being anointed— "through hearing," "smell,""taste and speech; "touch," "walking." In case of urgency one anointing is sufficient ;

, generally given on the forehead.

The EffectsofThisSacrament.

What are the effects produced by this sacrament?

First, like every sacrament, it confers sanctifying grace, making the soul holier and dearer to God, and giving it aright to greater happiness throughouteternity.

Secondly ,it remits sin—venial sin, and even mortal sin in certain cases— always supposing that there has been at least imperfect contrition for these sins,forno sinisforgiven inthis world, even through the reception of sacraments,withoutachangeofhearton the part of the sinner. This sacrament is oneof those which areknown as sacraments of the living; which means that aperson should be in astate of grace before receiving them. Consequently, one who is in mortal sin must ordinarily go to confession.(Theoretically, an act ofperfect contrition would be sufficient. Confession is of obligation before Viaticum, forone whois in mortal sin, and also when thedanger of death is very probable.) But if aperson is incapableofgoingtoconfessionoreven ofgivingasign of repentance—being,

Conferred

perhaps, quite unconscious—then the sacrament of Last Anointing brings forgivenessevenofmortalsin,provided that the person had made some act of imperfect contrition between the time of the commission of the sin and the reception of the sacrament, This is one of the reasons which makes this sacrament such aprecious gift ofGod. Though aCatholic priestwill give conditonalabsolution tooneof thefaithful who is unconscious,it is not certain this will be efficacious in removing sin. In other words, it is not certain that the sacrament ofpenance canbe valid. ly administered without some sign of repentance given by the recipient, But Last Anointing will certainly be the meansof removingmortal sin fromthe soulofan unconscious person, ,

with the condition already mentioned.

PreparationforDeathandJudgment.

Thirdly, this sacrament is meant to prepare the soul for death and judgment by doing away with the consefuencesof sin. These consequencesare of two kinds: (1) Sin leaves aweaknessinthe willandatendencytowards further sin; it darkens the mind and weakens faith; it damps charity and increases love of earthly things.•(2) Sinmayalsoleavebehindit,aswe saw in the last talk, adebt of temporal

(Continued on Page 17.)

THE CATHOLICANSWER

(Continued from Page 3.)

tainly helptolightenup the session,so thanks for yours. Anyhow, can't Dr. Sullivan come in on this, too? Why restrict itall to me and—er—"Father" Lalor?

Our object in this session is to ex. plain teaching and to answer all sorts of questions regarding the Catholic Church. Ifthatis whatyou mean by teaching religious hatred it would op* pear that you think that the less there isknown abouttheCatholicChurchthe less likely is she to be hated. We havethe opposite opinion; please allow us to retain it. We hold that -

the more thoroughly the Church is known, the more willshe be appreciated. We believeveryfirmly that the Church has nothing to fear from the widest publicityandeverything to gain; thatie why we are continuing tobroadcast thisses• sion, Doyou remember the sayingof Christ,that Hecame nottobringpeace but the sword—He came to separate father frgm son and daughter from mother. Could you accuse Him of havingas Hismain object the teaching of religious hatred?

By the way, what is this"Spirit of Brotherhood" which you refer in in inverted commas? Is it some new sect or organisation? Ifit is Ishould like to hearmore aboutit.

Aletter from Hopeful and Trusting, of Victoria Park: Icanmerelyacknowledge. She encloses two newspaper cuttings, one of last July, about Arch. bishop Mannix; another of last March, about Archbishop Griffin, of Westminster. Our correspondent does not seem to like what they say about variousmatters. Ido like what theysay and heartilyagree with them, butwhat else can Idot

NextSunday Ihope togive asession onChurch Music,aboutwhich we have received several letters. There will be also afew records to demonstrate the varioustypesofmusicapprovedby the Church. If you are not interested, -don't tune in next Sunday; if you are, perhaps you will let others who may beinterestedknow too.

If we abstract from the reflection that Churchill the statesman has, for the moment, become Churchill thepolitician fighting an election on party lines, we may hail his broadcast onSocialism as an utterance as honest as it is vigorous. He really touched the nerve centre of that matter, which is the contention, not that Socialism will not work, but that it can only work as asystemof tyranny. For theelection of any government advocating afullblown, genuine Socialism signifies not merely achange of political policyand method such aswe have known in the past, but the installation of anew regime.

Socialism could never be instituted under asystem of party politics, for the essence of its success is continuity in the tenure of office. It could not

by FRANCIS G ILBERT

risk afree election where asucceeding governmentmight repeal the legislation of its predecessor. In any case no nation could tolerate astate of affairs where successive governments were occupied exclusively in cancelling out previouslegislation,for this would lead to anarchy. Such aposition has not arisen before because political opposition has been largely sham opposition.

Whatever their professed ideologies may have been, the various parties have none ofthem attempted previous-

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NextMetro Theatre (upstairs), rWUJJAM STREET. B6to&

Ministers talking seriously of bringing socialisation to realisation.

So, as Ihave said, Socialism would in effect mean the endofthe system of party politics, and we shouldhave :ctn thelast of afreeelectoralsystem. This would spell the loss of political freedom as we have known it for the politicians, would no longer be responsible to the people. Nor could opposition of other sorts towards the regime be tolerated. Freedom r; expressi -

j+i by medium of the press, the radio, and even private conversation would con. stitute aperpetual menace to the new order of things, themoreon account of the suppression of political liberty Such astate of affairs would, as Mr. Churchill claimed, postulate the creation of asecret police force. In any case the enormous increase of civil servants necessary to mainttat aSocialist order would ensure apreponderating majority favourable to the government because dependant on it for their livelihood •

hence elections would be superfluous. I

On theeconomicsidle,Socialism quite openly admits that it-would deprive the individual of all liberty. Because it arose in aperiod of concentration of w• ,

•alth and horrible abuse in the use of property, it would deo. ,

;bsolutaly the right to property It is, however, strange that nn political group has seized upon the middle way. The Toriesstill clingtothecapitalist notion of the few havingeverything, while the (Drees of the Left aim at nobody hay ing anything. in the name of com• coon sense, why doesn't somebody ad. vocate that everybody should have a little productive property?

Mr. Atlee's reply to Mr. Churchill seas not very convincing, in that he displayed an extraordinary ignorance of"Colonial affairs" Ileattempted to refute Mr. Churchill's predictions of how Socialism would develop by pointing to Australia and New Zealand, "which have had Socialist governments for years:" In his reference to'Aus.

tralia, Mr. Atlee apparently had the Labour Partv in mind,tut he does not eecm to ach•ert to the facts that the Labour Administration now in office is thefirst ofitskind formanyyears, that it came to its task in the war years, and its repressive activity under the National Security Regulations did not exceed that of Britain or the other Dominions, and that Labour is not dedicated to Socialism but tosocialisation.

This last point is crucial. And it mustbe bornein mind that Labourhas never officially defined how far socialisation is to go nor precisely what is to be trod rstood by the term. If it means State ownership or control of those means of production distribution and exchange which frompast experience are known to be dangerous in the handsofindividuals orprivate corporations and which are vital to the national life, no Catholic would raise objection- For such aconception of the social use of wealth has been clearly taughtby the Church herself. In any case the best measure of what is in. tended is what has been done during these years of crisis. Truly there has been atendency towards centralisation of such instruments r.s banking, airways and to some extent coal mines; but these may easily be_ embraced withintheprinciple ofSubsidiaryFunction. And to balance this there has been anotable acknowledgment of decentralisation. This has been evident in munition annexes and the clothing factories.

The strict internal control exercised by the Government during the war period, if it can be hailed as Socialism, cannot be considered as acceptable to the Australian people, These "controls" were instituted as war measures and with the explicit understanding thattheywere temporary and tobe removed as soon as hostilities ceased. Even now the Federal Cabinet is conFidering their relaxation. To pretend that this regimentation and restriction has been welcomed and that its extension would please the people in peace time is absurd. Indeed, if this be the purpose ofSocialism,and if anyone hopes to impose it in Australia he has arude awakening in store for him.

Idon't know whether the Communist cant about "democracy" deceives many; although, if it doesn't it's a puzzle why they persevere with it, unless they believe that perseveration like truth is great and must prevail, But the test of their sincerity in such amatter would be their championship of anything which tended to lend it a

notable measure of support. In this connection Ihave in mind the Pope's Christmas broadcastlast year, Thisis one of the most remarkable documents that has evercome from the HolySee; and considering that Rome largely informs the opinionsof 3:10,000,000of the world's population, one would have thought that aPapal statement which came out flatly for democracy as the kind of government which should preside at the re-making of Europe and the world, would have been of at least passing interest to the Red Fraternity.

The fact is, ofcourse, that they have as much interestin democracy as they have in truth, which is'nil. Further• more, the Papal statement was far too discerning for the gang which has consistently branded everything non-Communist as"Fascist." It amazes me that "Pravda" and "Izvesta' have let the Pope get away with it; especially those portions of his address in which he marks off the "masses" from the "people"—aclear reference to Russia and to*

others. Mr. Churchill made a similar distinction, but less clearly, when he referred to "swindle democracy," Examples of this kind are readily to hand in the Lublin Committee of Poland, the forces of Tito, the "partisans" in Greece, France, Belgium, Italyandtheprovisional governmentof Austria. Between this form of "democracy" andthe idealnotion of Rousseau and the French Revolutionists (which has neverexisted anywhere), is the imperfect concrete thing we know in America, Britain, and some of the Dominions. It is undoubtedly this latter to which the Pope was referring.

The Pope'sbroadcast should interest the Communists for two teagons. First. Iv, bemuse it makes nonsense of their claims that the Vaticaa is "Fascist and secondly because it disqualifies their own conceptions as"democratic" His postulates, that people in ademocracy must have aright to express their views and they must net be required to obev withnit being heard, must be very discouraging to Communists who thrive on repression and blind obedience.

This latter point is more obvious in the present diplomatic picture. No one from the highest general or diplomat of Russia may express aview or formulate adecision without direct reference to Moscow. This lick-spittle attitude maysuit Russians,butin Australia,anyhow, the people have arooted objection to anyone making an ape ofthem.

Flue Pipe for Stoves Bath , Beaten Stocks of Paints,Varnish,Calcomine. Hassell'sStores,Perth,.. B6=.

Relax

Living With the Church

June 17—Fourth Sunday after Pente. cost (Green): Mass proper. 2nd, prayer "Acunc. tis." 3rd, prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Trinity. I

June iti--St. Ephrem,Confessor and Doctor (White):

Mass "In medio," 1st. prayerof the Proper. 2nd. prayer of SS. Mar

k an

d Marce

llianus. 3rd. prayer for peace, Creed.

June 1"t. Julian F81COnfert, Virgin (White) :

Mass "Dilexisti.' 1st. prayer of the Proper, 2nd. prayer of SS. Gervase and Protase. 3rd,prayerfor peace.

June 20-6t,Silverius,Pope and Martyr(Red):

Mass "Statuit.• 2nd. prayer "Acunc. tis" 3rd. prayer for peace. Common Preface.

June 21--St. Aloysius Gonaags, Con. lessor(White):

Mass proper, 2nd. prayer f..• peace. June22—Bt.Paulinus,BishopandDoctor (White): Mass proper, 2nd. prayer for peace.

June 2S—Vigil ofSt. John the Baptist (Violet):

Mass proper. No Gloria, 2nd. prayer "Concede nos." 3rd -

prayer for the Church or Pope. 4th, prayer for peace. No Creed. Common Preface,

75,000 THOUGEM.

Every time. aCharities Consultation is drawn there are75,000marblesin the barrel, and each marble represents somebody's wish fdr £2,000. Tickets are now on sale for the No. 261b Consultation, First prize is£2,000,

35,000 Airman Dedicated to Our Lady

More than 35,000 airmen have become members of the Society of Our Lady's Knights of the Air during the past two and ahalf years.

This wasdisclosed by U.S. Army Air Force Chaplain, Rev. Father John Muldoon, who, with Rev. Father W. J. Clasby, started the movement in the United States,

"Our Ladv's Knights of the Air," he told a"Catholic Weekly" reporter,"are men of the Army Air Force, who have placed themselves under Our Lady's special protection.

"They promise when they hecnme members to say onedecade of the Ros• ary every day of their lives, to go to Holy Communion once aweek, when they are able, and before they take off oat every mission to say aspecial prayer, known as the Flight Prayer, which includes an Act of Perfect Contrition."

Father Muldoon told of an airman in England who was one of Our Lady's Knights of the Air.

"Everyone has heard of the famous Plying Fortresses, which went to England from America in the early part ofthe waragainst Germany," hesaid. I

"In one of these planes the pilot was the only Catholic in acrew of ten. All the others were Protestants,

"The pilot of this Flying Fortress, instead of having a'pin-up girl' on the frontoftheplane,hadapicture of Our Blessed Lady. IIe named the plane Our Lady's Knights of the Air.'

"Before each bombing misiion, he knelt in the bomb-bay of his ship, and prayers to OurLady forprotection.

"That plane is still in the air, and not once has it been hit,

Now there is not only one Catholicin the crew, but ten Catholics.

"That man by his example and his love for his Blessed Mother, was able to convert all his crew, so that they too, are OurLady's Knights of theAir.

"The picture he puts on the front of his plane wasthat of an airman, kneeling it OurLadv's feet, and she making him nknight by placing asword on his shoulder.

"The picture is now the symbol of the society and appears on all mem. bership cards.

"The Society has been established in New Guinea for six months, and al. readv there nre 3,000 members, which include about30 Australian airmen."

Soviet'sBreach of Honour

Betrayal of Polish Underground

London, \lay 7, 1945—P.A.T.). The Polish Telegraph Agency has been authorised by the Polish Government to publish the following informationconcerning the arrestof the Polish Democratic leaders:

(1) These Polish leaders—including Polish Vice-Premier and Delegate of the Polish Government in Poland,?an Jankowski; three members of the Pol. ish Shadow Cabinet in Poland proper,

, chairman of the Council of National Unity, Kazimierz Puzak; leaders of the four main Polish Democratic Par. ties and the last commander of thedisbanded Polish Home Army, General Leopold Oktdicki--nvere told by the Soviet Colonel, Pimenow, when invited by him for talks with the Soviet Colonel ,

General, Ivanow that he guaranteed their personal safety under hisSoviet officer's word of honour. Inaddition, after consulting his superiors, Pimenow, at the request of Vice-Premier Jankowski, gave asolemn pledge to these Polish leaders that aplane would be put at their disposal and would take them to London for consultation with the Polish Governmentand the Polish political circles.

(2) During the German occupation these Polish leaders led the Polish Underground Movement and were responsible for the whole Underground Administration and armed struggle waged by the Polish people against the Germans. They enjoyed full confidence ofthe whole Polish people, who strictly followed their instructions issued in closest consultation with the Polish Government in London. It wasunder their leadership that the Polish nation hasborneitsheavy ordeal and suffered very heavv losses. The rising of Warsaw was the heaviest of blows suffered by the Polish resistance movement.

(3) The charge against these Polish leaders that thev carried out clandestine sabotage activities directly against the Soviet armed forces is acomplete fabrication. Polish Home Army does no longer exist. On January 19, 191.3, it wasdisbandedby the Polish Govern. ment in London on amotion of General Okulicki himself and of members of the Polish Cabinet residing in Po-

land. This dissolution was immediately made public. It should be recalled that already(luring the Warsaw rising Soviet authorities raised many charges againstthe Polish Home Army and threatened General Bor, then commanderof the Polish Home Army, and leaders of the Warsaw rising with a court martial,

t4) Those missing lepilers were arrested on \larch 27 and 28, 1945, In spiteof theanxiety heldby theworld's public opinion with regard to the fate of these "missing" Polish leaders, in spite of numerous articles published in the pressof the freeworld,ofquestions raised in the House of Commons and repeated inquiries made by the British and American Governments, it was only on May 5that the Soviet Govern. ment revealed thatthese menhadbeen arrester. Until then the Soviet Government had persistently concealed, and even denied, this fact.

(:5) Notwithstanding Soviet denials Polish political and social leaders continue to be arrested and, even onoccasions, shot. One of the latest arrests is that of Wladyslaw Kiernik, who was for many years one of the leaders of the Peasant Party, held Cabinet office in several Polish Administrations and was imprisoned in 1930 in the prison campof BrzescLitewski.

Domestic Problems Solved:By imedcanBlueFlameStoves,At W.A.Stove Co., Wellington-street,Perth.

Scene at the ceremonyof the Crowningof Our Lady at West Perth. (Letterpress Page 20.)

Golden Jubilee Celebrations at Glendalough

Inspiring Devotion of Little Sisters to the Aged Poor

On Wednesday, May 30, the Com• according to our degree of brotherly munity of the Little Sisters of the Poor, Glendalough, celebrated the .Golden Jubilee of Religious Profession of one of its members, Sister Mary Julienne of the Sacred Heart. Sister Mary Julienne, who has been amember of the Glendalough Community for twenty-one years;was professed at La Tour, France, in 1895.

The jubilee celebrations, which were honoured by thepresence of HisGrace the Archbishop, opened with the Community Mass, celebrated by the Rev. Father F. Ryan, at which there was aGeneral Communion of the Sisters and the old people at the Home,

At 10 o'clock, Solemn High Mass was celebrated in the presence of His Grace the Archbishop. The celebrant of the Mass was the Rev. Dr.Sullivan, with the Rev. Father Ryan and the Rev. Father M. Delahunty as deacon and sub-deacon. The deacons at the Throne were the Rev. Fathers F. O'Connor and J. Brennan.

The occasional sermon was preached by the Very Rev. Father Haugh, O.M.I., and the Rev. Father Rafferty was master of ceremonies. The music of the Mass was rendered by the Sisters' Choir.

Among other priests present, or `who sent good wishes to the Jubilarian, were: The Rt, Rev. Monsignor Fagan, V.G.; the Rt. Rev, Monsognor Moloney; the V. Revs, Father Reidy, Father Duffy, C.SS.R., J. Wallace, Adm.: the Rev. Fathers E. Collins, Conway, O.M.I., De Piazzi, Kearin, Keogh (Ballarat), R. Kelly, -Langmead, Kearnan, O'Callaghan, V. O'Sullivan, Prendiville, Valentine, and Woods.

Afterthe'Mass,atan assemblyofthe visiting clergy, the Community and the old people of the Home Mr. W. Hill read an address of welcome to the archbishop and clergy, and ofcongratulations to the Jubilarian. Speeches in reply were made by the Right Rev, MonsignorMoloney theVery Rev. Father Reidy, and the Very Rev. Father Baugh. O.M.I.

The visiting priests were entertained at luncheon by the Little Sisters, and the Jubilee celebrations were concluded, in the early afternoon, with Solemn Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, during which aTe Dcum of thanksgiving was chanted by the Sisters' Choir. The celebrant at Benediction was the Rev. Father II. Kearin; the ministers, the Rev. Fathers A. Langmead and T. Prendiville.

Father Haugh'sSermon, "By this shall all men know you are My disciples if you have love one for another."

We have assembled this morning to offer our congratulations to Sister Mary Julienne, on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee, During this Solemn Iligh Mass we smite with the Jubilarian, in offering heartfelt gratitude to -

the Almighty, for the countless graces Ile has lavished upon her over the wide expanse of 50 golden years of religious life as aLittle Sister of the Poor.

In order that we may better realise the significance of this function, let its consider forafew moments theend for which this Religious Congregation was founded.

It has been wisely said that Charity is the secret of the Gospel—the summary of the Commandments—of the teaching of Our Blessed Saviour and His Apostles.

Our Divine Lord began and' ended His public life with words concerning fraternal charity, and Ile laid it down as the test of true discipleship. The inspired Apostle did not hesitate to assert that of all virtues charity is the _,greatest. When the day of reckoning comes for all of us, the Eternal Judge tells us that Ile will reward or punish

love—according to ourmeasure ofhelp and sympathy with His "least brethren"—IIis poor, suffering and needy followers. Our Holy Mother the Church, on whose shoulders the mantle of the Redeemer has fallen, never ceased throughout all ages and climes to exercise diversified works of charity. She established institutions for the orphan, the poor and the unfortunate. On the summits of snow-capped mountains and in the and deserts, these schools, monasteries and homes, like plants from Heaven, hive given generoussheltertothe needyandborne abundant fruit. In all ages the Church has found heroic sons and daughters to devotetheirlives and fortunes to the service of the poor. Amongst these, none has written a brighter chapter than the Little Sis• ters.

Founded alittle over acentury ago, to care for the aged of both sexes, this Congregation now has "Homes"all over the earth. To their"Homes" are brought aged men and women who have borne the burden of theday and the heats, and have reached the evening of life, poor, lonely and abandoned. \Zany of these in their younger days enjoyed a measure of this world's goods; others have tasted to the full the joys of life, only later to be disillusioned. Many have had homes and families and social standing. But with the advancing years, with the failure of physical strengthand loss ofwealth, their former friends have dropped them. And what is more regrettable still in this ungrateful world, they have been often abandoned and disowned by their own children. Consequently these poor people are left in their declining years to face ableak and uncertain future.

The State, of course, conscious of such cases, tries to provide for them by means of pensions and institutions. But to gain advantage of these provisions there is an abundance of redtape and officialdom—and there is sadly lacking that loving care and devotion which the human heart, old as well as young, craves for. Above all, there is missing in the State institution the spiritual consolation which our holy Faith alone can provide.

Here, then, are the peculiar objects of charity and careof the Little Sisters of the Poor. They take these abandoned people into their Homes, without distinction of creed or race or tongue, lavish upon -

them devoted attention and care, nurse, clothe and feed them, not for ayear or two, but until the end of their lives,

The Little Sisters accept no Government assistance, no fixed endowment whatsoever. They live from day to clay with their large body of inmates, on the voluntary offerings of friends and well-wishers.

Such is the modern miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes. Here is boundless Faith, absolute trust in Divine Providence, and aCharity as sublime as ever evoked human admiration. Small wonder that the heroic work of the Little Sisters of the Poor is blessed by heaven. And to-day there are over 300 of their "Homes," staffed by over 5,000 Sisters, housing i0SM old people all over the earth, from China to Peru, and from the green shores of Erin to the mountains of New Zealand.

The secret of this success can easily be traced to supernatural causes. The Little Sisters"live by Faith." From the early dawn of morning to the close of day, they are in touch with the supernatural, combining active and contemplative life in spiritual harmonv. The life of the Little Sisters. whether caring for the aged in all stages of debility, or in the markets and stores, begging for the next day's

Congress Finds Catholics Have Clearest Peace 1deas

Catholics are more united than are Protestants in planning for the mobilisation of Christian influence to help bringaboutlasting world peace. This conclusion was derived by Representative Louis Ludlow of Indiana from many letters by leading Churchmen of all denominations whom he had asked for opinions on organising the forcesof Christianity as a1C`ading factor in buildingabetter world.

In aspeech delivered in the House of Representatives, Ludlow, anon-Catholic, referredto the Statementon International Order issued by the Bishops of the United States last November as adocument "which may beconstrued as representing Catholic thought," but, he continued, "among Protestant groups there appears to be no interdenominational agreement or understanding" (says an NCWC Wire).

SubmitsTwo Questions.

Ludlow incorporated in his speech manyletters frommembers of theAmprovisions, is one that demands heroic virtue.

And so theGiver of all good giftsis not outdone in generosity. He blesses the Homes of the Little Sisters, because of the prayers and tears andvirtues of the noble band of Religious whose charity' is unfeigned, and through whose efforts half amillion in. mates havebeenled to ahappydeath.

In the light of these facts, we offer to•dav_ our most heartfelt congratulations to the venerable jubilarian, who has just completed 50 years of devotion to duty as aLittle Sister of the Poor.

Sister,Mary Julienne of the Sacred Heart was born at Wallon, Victoria, in 1871. She entered the Novitiate of the Orderin 1891, and was professed at the Mother House, La Tour, France,in 189:1. She spent 29 years of her religious life caring for the dusky Asiatics in Colombo. The remaining 21 years she has been here in Glendalough, Western Australia, where she has seen the original building taken over from the Oblate Fathers grow to such imposingdimensions.

Sister Julienne has, during her long religious life, proved herself atrue disciple of the holy Foundress, Sister Mary of the Cross. What aharvest she must have reaped for the eternal granaries during these 50 golden years in the service of the aged poor—her lifelong profession.

We offer you our hearty congratulations, Sister, and pray that you may still be spared for many years to edify your Community, and help as far as circumstances will permit, in the inspiring crusade for the Poor of Christ.

erican Hierarchy and other Church leaders, who gave views on the following two questions submitted to them:

First: What plan would you suggest to mobilise the mighty power and strength of Christian influence to assist in bringing about lasting world peace?

Second Would you consider it advisable for leaders of all religious denominations to ask for a conference with Secretary of State Stettinius 2n order to bringaboutabettercoordination and implementation of the forces that desire permanent world peace, based onjustice?

"Since America has voluntarily as. sumed aleadngpartinthiswartosave and perpetuate humanitarian ideals," Ludlow wrote to the Church leaders, "the Christians of America could not, if they would, escape their responsibility of leadership in this dark and fateful hour. We either go forward toward the goal of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man or we sink into the world's darkest night of paganism."

The answers received caused Ludlow to change his mind on the advisability of ameeting of religious leaders with Secretary Stettinius at this time. "Instead,I accept as awise suggestion the advice of Archbishop J. Curley, Archbishop of Baltimore and Washington) who said in aletter to me dated Jan, 2:'If the leadersof religious denomina• tions are going to ask for ameeting with Secretary Stettinius they should first get together among themselves and planastatementtobemade tothe Secretary of State'."

Deplores Lack of Co-Ordination.

The replies to his letter"reveal keen alertness toChristian duty and responsibility in the world's supreme crisis," Ludlow told the House, "but they display an utter lack of co-ordination that must be overcome before Christianity as awhole can bring the full play of its saving grace to the amelioration oftheexistingdeplorable condi. tion of mankind."

He citedthe PatternforPeace issued simultaneously by Catholic, Protestant andJewishleaders,on Oct.7, 1943, and suggestedaconference of religiousleaders of America "to reach certain bases of common agreement and to prepare definite recommendations on which all denominations can stand."

'Archbishop Curley, as well as the Most Rev. Samuel A. Stritch, ArchbishopofChicago,and the Most Rev, Jos• eph F. Rummel, Archbishop of New Orleans, referred to the statement of the American Hierarchy as aclear ex• pression of American Catholic opinion on the peace issue.

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BEACONSFIELD

May devotions were terminated .by crowning Our Blessed Lady Queen of 'the May at abeautiful ceremony on the last Sunday of the month. The Children of Mary attended and the sincerity and trust with which the crowning was carried' out left little doubt asto the faith those young children have in their Heavenly Mother.

Wlplgip1111IIIIIIII

CENTRALCATHOLIC LIBRARY-

t

1t is important that children should feel afellowship with the Saints, but it is difficult when you are six oreight or ten or twelve to feel a fellowship with even the most attractive Saints if you only see them doing grown-up things. You may feel them admirable but scarcelycompanionable. Joan Windham has avoided this difficulty. In her charming stories she writes either ofwhat the saintsdidwl.enthey really were children, or ofsuch actions of their adult years as the child can really enter into—things it would love to do itself.

The following of her books are now onsale at the Library:—

Six o)Clock Saints (7/6), "More Saints for SixO'Ciock (7/6), Saints by Request (8/-), Saints Who Spoke English(8/-).

"Gay Legends of the Saints," by Frances Margaret Fox (9/9),isanother excellent gift book for Catholic children. The author, whose writing is invariably simple, unaffected and lighthearted, never deceives, but presents her stories as legends, and the word legendmeans "worth reading."

INTHE LIBRARY.

This Way Southward. By A. F. Tsebiffely.

Anewbookbytheheroofthe classic ride on horse-back of over 10,000 miles fromBuenos Aires to Washington. It tells in an easy andinterestingmanner the story of his adventurous journey (mainly

by motor car) through Patagonia andterradelFuego.

A Roof Over Your Head. By Bill Naughton, Anew writer, Irish peasantby birth, Lancashire working class by upbringing. This is his firstbook,but he has

Catholic

I••%►•►•I••••••II►•• Girls' c.c.M. MOVEMENT

36PIER STREET,PERTH

been writing and getting ready to writeforalongtime,going tobedafter his clay's work—first as a coal-man, later alorry driver—waking at midnight and writing until dawn. He writes now with deceptively easy eloquence, like aman who has exercised "the muscles of his mind."

Ile tells vividly of lads working in a mill, of his marriage and struggle to keep aroof over the head ofhisyoung wife and children. Ile weaves his characters and incidents skilfully into the pattern of his own development, and his book is stamped all through with his strong personality.

FaceValue, ByJ. M.Walsh.

An exciting adventure story of the war in the Pacific. Into the island and town of Rido, fleeing before the relentless onslaught of the Japs, passed anever-ending stream of refugees—a seething mixture of all -

races and colours. Toadd tothe confusion, oil has recently been discovered in the island, thus vastly increasing its importance. Opportunities for spying and sabotage were plentiful, and it was Oliver Keene's mission as aBritish agent to sort out the reliable from the untrustworthy and throw aspanner into the worksof anyespionage attempt,

CHILDREN'SSECTION.

Stories from George Eliot, selected by Amy Cruse,

Stories from Pendennis, selected by Amy Cruse.

TheBookofRustem, retoldbyE.M. Wilmot-Buxton.

LECTURE.

Lectures in the Library are to rerecommence towards the end of this month. The date of the opening lecture will be advertised in this column next week,

Another occasion upon which Heaven must have smiled approval, was the wedding, celebrated with Nuptial Mass, of BettyGuilfoyle and Leo Murray earlier in the month. The last couple of years have produced some lovely weddings in our awn church of Christ the King," and this was no exception. We wish you both every happines sand tonsofgoodluckforthe future.

Colin Arberthnott, after having spent about four years overseas, arrived home on leave in time to assist at the wedding, and with brother Frank did agood ob—probably helped the latter to discover the amazing solution of why the flowers in the bridesmaids' bouquets are wired on!

Frank Sander is home from England, and despite the fact that he struck the coldest winter they've had in agood many years, suffered no illeffects and is looking very fit.

Terry Mahony came home from a forward area for aspot of leave, but became alittle too enthusiastic about agame offootball—literally threw himself into the game—and ended up in hospital receiving attention to his knee. Bad show, Tery! Hope to see you Al again soon.

Unfortunately, no further news has been received of Jack Mahony (R.AA,F.), who has been missing for some weeks now. The hopes and prayers of the parish are with his -

mother and family that good news may come through very soon.

Despite wind and rain, the :Monday eeening euebres are holding their own, but there is plenty of room for improvement, so anyone interested will be received with open arms. Many thanks to Mrs. Thompson for her generous and constant weekly donation; it is most acceptable.

Leagueof Catholic Youth,Subiaco

Football—Senior Grade.

Again we were notequal to the task. This time we went under to Western Districts, and the score board gave the marginasfourgoals.

The match was played at Henderson Park tinder ideal weather conditions for football, and no excuses for ourdefeat can be made in thisdirection. Incidentally, the L.C.Y. fielded probably their best side for the season and on paper looked avery formidable combination. However, after play had been in progress for awhile, they belied this belief, Neverthelesss, Ifeel confident that better will be seen from them in matches to come, providing theystick together and develop alittle understanding and team work.

Despite what has been said about Saturday's game, the L.C.Y. boys did at times show how they can play, but, unfortunately, they could not sustain it, with the result that their opponents took full advantage of theselapses and gained valuable points.

Amongthe Players.

For consistency and solid ruck Play, Tname Joe Kirby as one of the best players, Ray ,

Green again strovehard itiadefence line that was hadly disorganised. Phil Foster was probably the most effective player and considerably strengthened the forward lines. Phil was playing his first game, as was Doug. Nelson, Others , under notice were Bill Hodge. Keith Moxharn, Ron Jeffreys and Bill Cochrane, Junior Grade.

Playing at Wellington Square again. st Midland Junction, the L.C.Y. had a good win. The final scores were 15,10 to 2.1.

John Davidsonwas nominatedasthe best player afield. Others to shine were Brian Tobin, John Kerrigan, Pat Hickey, Brian Anthony, and B. Howard, (Continued on Page 15.)

CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY:

Shorthand: 5,15 p.m..

TUESDAY:

Physical Culture: 6.45 p.m:-7.45 pm.

Dressmaking: 5,30 p.m.

Orchestra: 8p.m.

WEDNESDAY:

Shorthand: 5,15 p.m.

Arts and Crafts: 8p.m.

THURSDAY: MASS: 8a.m.

EXPOSITION all day.

BENEDICTION: 5.15pm.

Choir: 8p.m.

SATURDAY: Kalamunda Busy Bee:1.15bus.

Tennis at Robertson Park: 2p.m.

Basketball.

SUNDAY: Tenis at Robertson Park:2p.m..

• CANTEEN SERVICE.

Phyllis Dean Hostel: C:G.M, Group: Sunday, June 23; Wednesday, July 18, L,B,A.:Group: Monday, July2; Friday, July27.

Girls are reminded that it is necessary to attend Canteen from 7 p.m. week days and 2pm. Sundays.

DRESSMAKING,

The present course is well on its way, and all membersdesiringto enrol inthis activity must contact the office and have their names placed on the waiting list.

CHOIR. _

After ashort break from the concert season, rehearsals will recommence onThursday,June28, at8p.m.

ORCHESTRA.

Members of the Orchestra, please note that practice will be commencing on Tuesday, June26. Wehave alotof work ahead of us, and would like all members to attend regularly.

CATHOLICTEACHERS'GUILD

The next evening meeting of the Guild will be heldof Monday, June 25, at 8p.m„at Bacton House. A junior branch of the Teachers' Guild hasbeen formed. Theinaugural meeting of this branch took place oft June 5. They will hold fortnightly meetings at St, Therese's School, Tyrell-street, Nedlands. Their next meeting is June 19, at 8I.m. All monitors, Training College students. and junior teachers are invited to join. The fol, lowing arc the office-bearersforthejunior branch: President, John Chouncey; secretary, John Pasco; treasurer, Les Broderick,

Big Groups in Eastern Rites Move Towards Church

Christians Defended Jews Against Savagery

Obstacles

to Re-Union

Enormous successes and equally tragic failures in attempts to reconcile millions of members of Eastern Rites to the Holy See were mentioned by Father William de Fries S.J., in the third of his special Lenten addresses from Vatican Radio.

Father de Fries is necessarily referring often in these talks to the great Orthodox Church in Russia, which before 1918countedsome100,000,000members.

With the exception of atiny minor. ity, alltheBishopsand priestsofwhom he speaks, though they are not incommunion with Rome, trulycelebrate the \lass and administer the sacraments.

Having stated that the Catholic members of Eastern Rites nownumber about8,5(10,000,FatherdeFriesrecalled "conference in the 16th,century which resulted in the reconciliation of the Ruthenians, otherwise known as Ukrainians.

This brought some 12,000,000 people into the Catholic Church,including most of theirBishops and priests. The conference was held in Brest-Litovsk, where the Germans and Rusbaus signedtheirPeaceTreaty-of1917.

"In the Near East, in Africa and Asia, the work of reunion in the 16th. century led to the regaining of some 28 per cent. of the Christians for reunion," said Father de Fries

"This relatively large success was due to the self-denying work of Latin missionaries,particularly Capuchins, Carmelites and Jesuits.

"After the arrival of the Portuguese in India in the 16th. century, the Nes. torian Malabar Church wasreunited.

"In-Ethiopia acommunity of Catholics of Ethiopion Rite was formed, thanks to the Capuchins' missionary work at the endof the 19th. century.

"One may speak to-day of areunion movement which in agreat many regions is leading considerable groups of EasternChristians torards theCatholic Church.

"Very promising,for instance, was the reunion activity which began in Eastern Poland in1923.It was direct. ed at apopulation which had already beenUniate (Catholic)inthepast, and whichwas broughtbacktoSchismonly under pressure of the Czarist Govern , ment.

"Successful work was done here by Capuchins, Redemptorists and Jesuits. The total number of Poles gained for Catholic Unity reached 40,000.

"Unhappily, the war has once again rendered all this problematical.

"In Svri.t good work is being done bythe Patilists,...Withinafew years they have alrcadv won several thouands u-tt of the 30,000dissidents there.

"A genuine reunion .

movement exists also in Tran ,

jorrlan.

"In 1-e ltthe number of Catholic Copt. has nearly doubled in the past 20 vearS

"in Indin two Monophysitic bishops joined the Catholic Church in 1930 Ncarly rAWO T-astern Christians in India have returned to Catholic Unity in the last fete vears.

"Despite these successes, however, the Eastern Churches separated from Rome still form agigantic bloc offerinf! the most violent resistance to any reunirn work. In large areas, as in Russia, Bulgaria and Greece, reunion has so far scored only very minor successes.

"Despite all individual returns, it has so far proved impossible to create an atmosphere favourable toreunion in wider circles of the schismntics. The creation of Uniate groups and the conversion of individuals has tended in most cases to intensify the opposition.

Difficulties in Way of Re-Union.

"What is this apparently insuperable difficulty to reunion?

"First andforemost,1tmaybe traced back to the Eastern principle of the state Church.

"TheChurch'"not infrequent dependenev on anon-Catholic, sometimes a non-Christian or even an atheist, Gov. ernment is the great obstacle to reunion.

"The Eastern Church communities, constituting as many nations, have for many centuries been leading an existence oftheirown. Itis extremely difficult for them to accept the idea of subordinating themselvesto ahead not belonging to their own nation. The conception of the Church Universal under asingle head is somethingquite alien to them... .

"They are also apprehensive oflosing their individuality should they suberdinate themselves to Rome. If we wish tobe honest;we must admit that the work of reunion has in manycases fostered these fears of the Eastern Christians.

"A strong element of Westernisation has gradually found its way into the Uniate Churches, partly caused by the lack of understanding on the part of some missionaries, and partly tooby a certain feeling of inferiority among the Eastern Catholics, who thought of themselves as not the equal of their stronger Latin sister Church and tried therefore in many matters to imitate the Nest, This Latinising tendency is not limited to the superficialaspects of ritual and customs, but also takes the form of an assimilation of mental attitude to theWesternprototype... .

"BuriedTreastres of EasternSpirituality."

"In most cases our Western kind of piety was imposed on the Uniates as theonlyrightone,withoutcaringmuch about Eastern asceticism and mysticism. In many cases people failed to make any effort to unearth the buried treasures of Eastern spirituality:"

"Modern reunion work pursues other methods. Many Western religious orders have members of the Oriental Rites. They want not only toappear Eastern but as far as possible to becomeEastern in their soulsand hearts, so as to be able to work efficiently for reunion.

"Zealous efforts are being made in various quarters to grasp the spiritual treasures of the Eastern Churches and to make them known in wider circles. Irefer to the Assumptionists, to the Oriental Benedictines and to the Pontifical Institute for Oriental Studies in Rome.

"Particularly in Germany, respectfor andunderstandingoftheChristianEast is very much alive, as anumber of modern valuable publications prove.

"The attitude of West towards East is beginning to undergo achange... . We are entitled to express our hope that in that new atmosphere the deeprooted Eastern suspicion of everything Latin will gradually decrease."

Will you pleaselist the various Rites recognised in the Church?

The chief divisions of the Oriental Rites are as follows: Alexandrian, including the Copts and the Ethiopians; the Antioclrene, includingsome Syrians, the Maronites, and the Malankarese; the Armenian, confined to the Armen. ian nation and emigrants: the Byzantine, including the Bulgars, the Greeks, the Hungarians. the Italo-Greek-Albaninns, some Jugoslays, the Syro-Melkites, the Romanians, the Russians; the Chaldean, including the Chaldeans (descendantsofconverted Nestorians),and the Malabarese of India. There are more than 5,000.000 of these people altogether, The United States has 700,000 to S00,000 of them some of whom attend services not in their own churches but in Latin churches.

The largest Rite in the Church is the Latin. It is called the Roman Rite,because the language and ceremoniesused in itare those ofthe Dioceseof Rome. Some minordiversions from it are permitted for historic rea-

Popes & Prelates Resist Anti-Semitism

When Nasi savagerywas turned'against the Jews, aAd Christians of every country anddenominationralliedto their aid, foremostamongthe champions of liberty and decency were the PrincesoftheChurch, Dr. Nathaniel Micklem, D.D. principal of the Congregational Ministerial Training College, Oxford, recently gave abroadcast in which he detailed the evidence of the way in which "Christians have often acted, and not infrequently suffered, in defence of the Jews."

It was not,he maintained,a4uestion of religious persecution."There is

hourshewasappointedtoapostinthe Vatican.

I

"Similarly, the present Pope found a place in the Vatican for Dr,Giorgio del Vecchio,dean ofthe facultyoflaw in Rome and,Igather,for others too. AFrench agency declares that no less than 26,000 Jews were smuggled into Italy from Germany by the Roman Catholic Church before Mussolini took upwiththeanti-Semiticlaws. Onthe daythatRomewasliberated,the seals were taken off the two main synagogues in the city.

Given Sanctuary in theVatican,

"I have told you before about the way in which Protestants and Roman Catholict together fought the anti-Jewish laws in Holland, and protested as best theycould, but letmeremind you again that the StudentChristian Movement in Holland dissolved itself rather than submit to an order that those of Jewish descent must be'excluded from its membership.

religious persecution under the Nazis

.butinthis case thepersecutionhas been racial,.,. Atleast twomillions of them have been robbed, insulted, beaten, tortured and butchered. They have beendriventotheslaughter-house like cattle, except that it is not usual to torture cattle first.... And what have the Christians done about this appallinghorror?"

Dr. Micklem then gave acarefullydocumented answer.

Even in Germany itself, he said, there have been many outspoken protests. "During the days' when Germany was officially mourning for Stalingrad, the heroic Bishop Von Galen, of Munster, declared that the defeat of Stalingrad was apunishment sent by Godon the German people fortheir persecution of the oppressed and, in particular, the Jews.

Priests Killed for Befriending Jews.

"You may have heard that the late Pope, Pius XI., took occasion to say that all Christiansrightly give the title of Patriarch to Abraham, and that as Christians'spiritually we areSemites'— that was in the days of Mussolini's power, just before the passing of the first racial lards, When Prof. Roberto Amalgia, amost famous map-maker, was dismissed from his chair in Rome as being of Jewish descent, within 24 sons, such as the Ambrosian Rite in Milan; the Bayeux and Lyons Rites in these French dioceses; the Mozarabic Rite, better called the Toledo or the Visigothic Rite, reserved now in chapelsof theCathedrals ofToledoand Salamanca, Spain; the Braganza Rite, in Braga, Portugal; the Carthusian Rite, the Diminican Rite, and the Carmelite Rite, used by these orders: and so on. There wasafamilyofGallican liturgies that arose among the Gauls and lasted until the eighth century. The Mozarabic and Celtic Rites were allied to this family. There is not a greatdeal of diversionin these various branches of the Latin Rite, The most curious of all divisions of the Latin Rite is in Dalmatia, where the Catholics (not alarge group)follow the Latin ritual and form of the Mass but use the Old Slavonic language, such as is-

used in amajor section of the Byzantine Rite.

"In Yugo-Slavia the so-called Nuremberg laws were actually withdrawn in Croatia as a result of Church protests. In Poland at least four Roman Catholic priests were killed for befriending the Jews, and two priests, one an oldman of over 70,voluntarily remained in ghastly ghetto in Warsaw rather than abandon the miserable victims of insane cruelty there, In Hungary, where more than iri most countries,there really is a'Jewish problem.' the persecution oftheJews was relatively light until the Germans took control,and then with the approvalof the Cardinal, aHoly Cross Association wasformedwithintheChurchfortheir protection.,.."

in Denmark,said Dr.Micklem, both the SingandM. KaiMunk,aminister, threatened to wear the yellow star of DavidiftheJewswereobliged towear thisasabadgeofinfamy. InFrance, Mgr. Chaptat,the auxiliary bishop of Parts, did actually wear it as amark ofsympathywith theJewsandanum her of priests and others followed bb example.

Of the resistance to-the anti-Semitic laws of the Germans in France, Dr, Micklem said: "Nowhere was this resistancemoreconspicuous,... Cardinal Gerlier for the Roman Catholics, and Dr. Marc Boegner, president of the Federation of French Protestant Churche•, forthe Protestants, joined in protests to Vichy when Jews or those of Jewish descent were carried off toGermany or interned, the Christians in many cases, including the clergy, took Tewish orphaned children into their homes.

When the Government demanded that these children be surrendered, Cardinal Gerlier told his people to refuse. Other Bishops wrote pastoral letters on the subject. Laval ordered that any priests who read these pastorals in church should be arrested. A hundred priests were arrested for this offence, Cardinal'sThrgat of Excommuideation.

"These Jens, you will understand, who were carted off in cattle trucks to Germany or put in concentration camps, had all their goods and possessions confiscated, Cardinal Gerlier threatened to excommunicate any person who bought property unjustly seized from Jewish families...:'

Natural human kindness alone, Dr. Micklem concluded, did notlead Chris. tians to behave in this way, but the Divinelaw,and itisthissamequestion of fundamental justice which will have to come into play after the warin this countryif theproblemofgrowing antiSemitism is to be successfully tackled here. The solution of this world-problem of minorities will require,isthis country,he contends,not only good statesmanship, but all the resources of Christianity also.

CARDINAL GERLIER, protected Jewish children.

Clash Predicted Between Soviets& Democracies

The next chapter in the history of civilisation will record"arace for cultural justification, for economic leadership and spiritual power' between Soviet Russia and "the awakened, chastened Democracy of the Atlantic World." This view was expresed by Rev, Dr. Edanmd A. Walsh, S,J., Woo-President oftheGeorgetownUniversity, U.S.A., in an address on "The rutureof Europe in the Light of the YaltaConference,"beforethe Catholic Women'sLeaguein Boston,(N.C.W,C., March 11.)

"Protected byaPan-Slavicconfederation on her western frontier and a friendly, or possibly affiliated, chain of Soviet Republics in Asia," Father Walsh said,"the CommunistState will be in astrategically impregnable posi. tion, ready for whatever move is next deemed opportune in the evolution of Sovietgeo-politics."

By 1970, Father Walsh said, Soviet Russiawill have apopulation ofabout 270,000,000."It is difficult to believe thatthisvibrantmassofhumanitywill remain internationally static," he added. "The leaders of the Communist State are predisposed by the logic of their position and by their traditional revolutionary psychology to specific forms of social economic and political activity,exactly thesameasAmericans are predisposed infavourofdemocracy and Mohammedans toward the Koran, "MessianicConvictions."

"The conquests achieved by the Soviet State which make her the strongest land power in the old world will be stale, bat and unprofitable unless utilised in accordance with the philosophic monism and messianic convictions which lie at the core of their political systems,

"To neglect that permanent factor of vitality and concentrate on the incidentals and the machinery of their foreignpolicyistomiss—andmissdan. gerously—the mostdynamicelementin Communism," FatherWalshwarned.

Russia's political successes at Yalta where Mr. Churchill and Air. Roosevelt"were forced to a compromise which must weigh heavily on the con. science of both," are contributing, Father Walsh believes,"to create a tense atmosphere of uncertainty and confusion" as the United Nations prepare to draft afinal programme of international security at theforthcoming United Nations Conference at San Francisco.

Betting on WinningHorse.

If any smaller nations still hesitate between life and right orientation in their future relationships with contending principles, Russia's political victories"may easily impress them with the wisdomofattaching their future tothe Communist chariot." Father Walsh asserted. "We cannotblame smaller nations if they put their bets on awinning horse," he added,

Soviet Russia's role in the present and in the future cannot be properly understood unless it is remembered that"the Russian revolution is still in progressasadynamic force and determinantofSovietpolicy,"FatherWalsh pointed out, and "the violent transformation through which all humanity is now passing is far greater than the spectacular but localised phase which

hadbeendevelopinginthelandsofthe Sovietsevenpriorto1917:"

The Yalta decisionsregarding Poland, taken without the knowledge of the constitutional government of Poland, create in the opinion of Father Walsh, ahighly dangerous precedent and a disheartening prelude to consumma. tion of the high ideals of collective security proposed at Dumbarton Oaks,"

"Following the first injury committed against theAtlantic Charterinthe house of its friends," Father Walsh added, "asecond blow has now been dealt to international decency. Although Poland was the first nation to resist the Nazi invader,although she has waged warheroicallyin defenceof England, although herpeoplehave suffered fivedreadful years ofmartyrdom without producingasingleQuisling,no invitation has been extended to the Polish Government to participate in the forthcoming San Francisco Conference,becauseherpresencewouldoffend the delicate sensibilitiesof Mr. Stalin."

"If Mr. Stalin issocorrect about the company hekeeps," Father Walshask. ed,"what has he to say respecting the continued preeence of aJapanese ambassador in Moscow,who from hisdiplomatic position is enabled to trans. mit much valuable information to Tokyo?"

CATHOLIC FAITH IN THE HOLY EUCHARIST

Pittsburgh papers(U.S.A.) recently carriedthe story that the Rev. Stanley Idzik,pastoroftheChurchofOurLady of Perpetual Help in that city, risked his life to rescue the Blessed Sacrament from his burning church. Forced backthreetimesbytheflames,hefinally fought his way through the smoke and scorching heat to the Tabernacle. Such actionF which are recorded from time to time in the newspapers, must make non-Catholics rub their eyes with wonder. Actually they are astriking manifestation of the depth and reality' of Catholic faith in the Real Presence. According to that faith, the living per. sonality ofJesus Christ, God and man, is present beneath the sacramental veils. Ile ispresent not merely inthe "dynamic" sense of Calvin, nor in the "symbolic" sense oflwingli, nor is lie present in the Sacrament merely when it is"used." Contrary to these doctrines, Catholic Faith teaches that the whole Christ—Body and Blood, Soul and Divinity—becomes present at the moment of Consecration and remains present as longas the outwardappearances ofbreadandwineremain. Itis this faith which explains Catholic devotiontotheBlessedSacrament.

Kingsley Watson - Photographer

Has reopened his Studio, on being discharged from the R.A.A.F., at 66 ST. GEORGE'S TERRACE, PERTH.

CHILD STUDIES -PORTRAITURES -WEDDINGS Ring B8841 for Appointments.

.PEERLESS BREAD MANUFACTURERS

145

FRANK

HighAmerican Decoration for Perth Man Captain McLeod Receives Legion of Merit

Word has recently been received in Perth of the award of the Legion of Merit(degree of Legionnaire) to six Australians, one of whom, is Captain JohnS.McLeod,oftheAustralianNew Guinea Administrative Unit. The citation reads a'sfollows:

CaptainJohn S. McLeod„AustralianNew Guinea Administrative Unit. For exceptionally meritorious conduct in theperformanceofoutstandingservices in New Britain from 15th. December. 1943, to 19th. February, 1944. Captain McLeod was charged with organising and supervising native labour and nativeguides. Hefurnished personnel to guide American patrols in areas occupied by the enemy and on occasion personally conductedreconnaisance pa. trols which involved aconsidered de• gree of hazard. In one instance, his small amphibious force of soldiers and natives was intercepted near Cape Peiho by an enemy force superior in numberandfirepower. Althoughfive :Americansandonenativewereinjured. he guided the patrol through virgin jungle and swamp land to their base, losingonly onemember,who was later rescued, under his direction. Captain McLeods services were of great value in the Arawe operations in which.he furnished intelligence reports of enemy strength anddispositions.

Approved.

(Sgd.) Franklin D. Roos;yelt.

Captain t

McLeod, who is the son of Mrs. McLeod and the late Mr. James McLeod, waseducated at the Christian Brothers' College, Perth. He is wellknown in local sporting circles, having played"A" Grade football and cricket for Subiaco, and being outstanding in running and rowing.

He spent ayear as aschool teacher, and then went to New Guinea as a

cadet in the Administrative Staff. In . 1941 he ,

joined the first Commandos to be organisedinAustralia, and was two years with this Company. After action in New Guinea he was promoted lieutenant, and later transferred to A.N.G.A,U. with the rank of captain. At the request of two American Generals, Captain McLeod was attachedto the U.S. Army.

The Legion of Merit is adecoration awardedtoservicemenorcivilianswho particularly helped the prosecution of the war, and is the equivalent of the D.S.O.

Allies Back Wrong Horse in

Tito Chetniks Are Real Patriots

itwasonlynatural thatTitoandthe Yugoslavian partisans would over. reach themselves in the long run and incur the condemnation of the peaceloving world. Their occupation of part of Austria and their possessive grab of Trieste and other parts of Istria haveserved atlonglast toawaken the indifferent or unbelieving to the grave menace that the Communistpar• tisans constitute. Catholic observers have, of course, for years been trying toconvince the world of this fact but they found it very difficult to obtain tolerant listeners. Now the truth of the Catholic view has been brought home by an over-audacious step on the partofTito himself. Veyfew today, apart from the Communist die. hards, are not convinced that the policy of the partisans is completely out of harmony with the United Nations approach to world problems, and that they have placed themselves in the position where military action against them by the Allied forces is by no means remote, as Field-Marshal Alex. ander has clearly indicated by his thorough and uncompromising hand• lingofthesituation that wasprovoked by Tito

It isdifficult to avoid the view that the British andAmericanGovernments are, themselves, partly responsible for what hashappened. Itwasgrosscapitulation to Soviet Russia that was responsible for the Partisans of Tito being givenprecedence over thepatrioticChetniksofGeneral\lihailovitch as the legitimate guerrilla force during the German occupation, for a provi. sional Government being formed on the basic of the Comunist group, and

for King Peter being compelled to stand down before the Communist revolutionaries. The present situation, therefore, is the reaping of the har. vest for which Allied policy has sown the seeds during the last few years.

The newspapers and cable services too, must accept their measure of responsibility. The "Free Yugoslav Radio," which until recently was in Russia and not in'Yugoslavia, and was maintained by the Soviet Government, was accepted unquestioningly as the only reliable source of information about Yugoslavian affairs. Its.systematic campaign of abuse against the Chetniks and the legitimate Governmentwas accepted and publicised, and its lying and exaggerated accounts of thenatureandexploitsofthePartisans made headlines across the world. In effect,theCommunist "partyLine"was accepted without serious question, and givenenormousassistance. The news. paper,whichadopted an objective attitude, was ararity.

In fact, themilitary achievements of the Partisans have been grossly exaggerated by Communist propaganda. They were not active in Serbia Western Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Dalmatia, where the Chetniksheld sway, but in Croatio, Slovenia. Slatonfaand Eastern Bosnia. Thedimensions and achievements of the Partisans were not nearly as significant as was generaliv believed, and successes earnedbytheChetnikswereveryoften claimed by or attributed to them. Many achievements attributed to Yugoslav "patriots," and performed by theChetniks, have beencredited to the Part-trans.

Pope Counsels Trade- Unions to Avoid Excessive Political Action

Workingmen Urgedto improve Family Life

inhis firstpublic speechafterafortnight's illness, the Holy Father, addressing some 4,600 Catholic workers attheVaticanrecently,urgedthetrade unions to avoid excessive political action, warned against Monopolies, and said it in some cases"socialisation of firms" seems to be required for the commongood,itmustbeaccompanied byjustandfaircompensation

Calling attention to "the terrible havoc that war has wrought on the people's social morality," His Holiness underlined the need for honesty, loyalty andmutual confidence, and said that without these,Christian virtues, "the working classes would become theirownwors

Above all, the Holy Father coun. Belled, aCatholic workers' association "must help the Christian family to bring up its children even better than thoseofotherfamilies,"

His Holiness'said:

Bring, through your associations, the principlesofthe FaithandafirmChristian structure into the religious and moral life of the worker and his family. Make your associations into centres of spiritual life so that the beneficialfruits ofcharity areshowninthe words and in the deeds of their members. Once firmly established on these secure foundations, theChristian workerwillalsobehelpedtoextendhis knowledge and his influence in other fields of private and publiclife.

But above all, such an association musthelptheChristianfamilytobring up itschildren even better than those ofotherfamiliesandmakeitshomelife intoaspiritualandmaterialadvantage toitsmembers.

It the association fulfils this mission it will produce true apostles, workers whowill become apostles among their comrades andanimate andimpregnate with the Christian spirit all that surroundstheworker—hiswork,hishome, evenhisleisure.

But here we touch on another question which we have particularly at heart: what do the associations of Christianworkersrepresenttotheother associations of workers?

We do not refer only to organisa. tionsfor mutual assistance,suchascooperatives,butalso to publicinsurance institutions which require co-operation fromthe workers.

You all know that the success of similar organisations depends on the honesty, the loyalty and the mutual confideqppc6oftheirmembers. Through your otvn bitter experience you also know the terrible havoc that war has wrought to the peoples' social morality, far greater even than the tremendous material destruction. Without those Christian virtues, the working classes world become their own worst enemy.

In the struggle against such adanger the Christian associations provide, nther worker organisations with valuable assistfee. In fact, if thev be. come centres of social virtues, of honestv..lovalty and conscientiousness, they t

^ill provide the otherassociations with their9xst members, their future leaders, the men and women who will be able to inspire thatsenseof responsibilityandsolidarity withoutwhichno organisation of mutual assistance. no insurance institute can flourish.

Political Danger to Trade Unions,

Let u

snow examine briefly the relationsof the Christian associations with the trade unions.

Asingletradeunionorganisationwas recentlyset up in Italy; wecannotbut expect and hope that the sacrifices made through their adherence toitby theCatholicworkerswillbringnoharm to theircause,but bearthefruithoped ror, to thebenefit of all workers.

This entails the fundamental prerequisite that the trade unions remain within the limits of theiressentialmission: that of representing the workers and defending their interests inlabour disputes. Incarryingoutthisactivity theunions naturally exercise acertain infiueneeonpoliticsandonpublicopinion, but they could not exceed these

tenem

y."

limits withou causing great injury to themselves.

Should thetradeunions, assuchand asaresultofpoliticalandeconomicde. velopments, take over theright tocontrol the workers entirely, as happens elsewhere, the very conception of the trade union—an association aiming at mutual assistance—would be altered anddestroyed.

You may have been told that the tradeunionandthe Christian Workers' Associations have acommon goal: to improve the workers' living conditions. The leaders of the new single union have recognised the high spiritual contributionoftheCatholicworkers to the workoftheConfederationandpaidtribute to Christian inspiration-in the spiritual activitywhich they spread within the Confederation to the good ofall.

Dlay these activities remain stable and successful, and may the spirit of the Gospel remain the true foundation of trade union activities; for what is in reality this spirit of the Gospel but afight that the principles of justice shall prevail, in accordance with the order established in the world by God, over the purely material force of the institutions, and love and charity overclass hatred?

Thus you understand what important duties of justice, action, vigilance, preparationandimprovementare those of the associationsofChristian workers in connection with the work of the trade unions, "Democratisation of Economy."

The fulfilment of this task leads us to examine afourth topic: what part willtheChristian Yorkers'Associations play in the bringing about of anew socialorder?

Let us here not consider the present abnormal state of affiairs in which it is only possibletodefine in accordance withjusticeand rightthe duties of the employersandthoseoftheworkersand apportion the burden arising from the high cost of living. Anyhow, even under normal conditions the Christian workers' associations know that there is no question of using as an unmovable principle of social order amere agreement or compromise between the two parties: employers and workers.

Evenifitweredrawnupinthe spirit of justice, such aprinciple would become vitiated the moment the agreementonwhichitisbasedbecameobso. lete and thus ceased being just or beeline an instrument of oppression and exploitation of the workers, or turned whatis to-davcalled"socialisation of £inns"or"democratisationofeconomy" into aweapon for the struggle against the private employer as such.

Socialisation and Compensation,

The Christian associations accept so. cialisationonlyincaseswhenitappears really requriedfor thecommon good— in other words, when it is the only means to remedy an injustice and to ensure theto-ordinateduseofthesame forcestothebnefitofthenation'seconomic life, so that the normal and peaceful development of the nation's economic life may open the gates to materialprosperityforallandthatthis prosperitymaybecomeahealthyfoundation for the developmentof cultural and religiouslife.

In any case, the associations recognise that socialisation carries with it theobligation of compensation such as

Declaration of Thirteen Central and Eastern

European Nations

London, May 4, 1945 (P.A.T).— Membersof thirteennations:Austrians, Czechs, Croats, Estonians, Hungarians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Ukrainians and White Russians, organised in the central European Federal Club in London sent the following solemn protest to Mr. Stettinius, chairman of the LnitedNationsConferenceinSan Francisco,

(1)"We solemnlyprotestagainstthe convoking Powers not having invited representatives of any central European nation, especially representative ofthelegalPolishGovernment."

(2)"Weprotestagainsttheparticipationat the conferenceofillegal governments—e.g.,Czechoslovak Government and theGovernment pretending to represent the South Slav nations,

in concrete circumstances is just and fairforallthose interested.

As for the democratisation of economy,itisequallyendangeredbyanon polies—that is, the economic tyranny of an anonymous conglomeration of private capital—andby theproponderant power of organised masses ready to use theirpower to thedetriment of justice andof the rights of others.

The time has come to repudiate empty phrases and to attempt to organiseon anew basisthe forces ofthe people:toraise themabove thedistinction between employers and would-be workers, to realise that higher unity which isabond betweenall those who co-operateforproduction,madeof their solidarity in their duty to work together for the common good and fill together the needs of the community.

Rf this solidarity is extended to all branches of production, if it becomes the foundation for abetter economic system, such autonomy will lead the workingclassestoobtainhonestlytheir share of responsibility in the management of the national economy.

Thus, thanks to such harmoniouscoordination and co-operation, to this closer unity of labour with the other

(3)"We protest against participation in settling of the fate of Europe by such non-European nations as Siberia and Abyssinia, especially while true European democracies like Switzerland and Sweden areexcluded,

(4)"We protest in the nameof humanity against creating fait accompli by setting up arbitrary frontiers bevween individual countriesby coercion, deportation and extermination ofleading strata of our nations, as well as againstthe setting upofillegalgovernmentsin our countriesin contradiction with theAtlanticCharter.

(5)"We protest against depriving smaller nationsof theirliberty and independence.

"If our nations shouldbe putatthe mercyofoneormoregreatPowersthis war waged in the name ofliberty for all nations wouldbe foughtinvain."

factorsofeconomiclife,theworkerwill receive, as aresult of his activity, a sVure remuneration, sufficientto meet his needs and those of his family, spiritual satisfaction andapowerful incentive towards self-improvement.

MaytheChristianAssociationsofItalian Workers, in these times ofmisery, promote unity and solidarity among men in economic life. Then this new spirit will enable labour to overcome difficulties due to restricted space and shortageofmeans.

St.Joseph,PatronofCatholicWorkers.

The best material for erecting this temple of solidarity, asure guarantee of socialjustice and peace, is provided bythespiritoftheGospel,whichflows towards you from the Heart of the Saviour of the World.

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PERTH,

WEDNESDAY,-JUNE 13, 1945.

Moral Touchstones of Europe

Spain has been called"the moral touchstone of Europe." The phrase has no meaning today except perhaps fur those disappointed, disgruntled, embittered people who can never forgive Franco and the Spanish nationalists for their triumph over the Red miscreants who sought to turn Spain into an outpost of the coutennplated Communist world empire. Spain, and in Spain the whole of Christian Europe, did go through atest some years ago. The period of trial commenced in

1931 when the agents and emissaries ofthe Moscow Comintern startedoperations in Spain, and it lasted all the time that they, using all the foul means that a hellish Machievelism could invent,notexcludingareignof terorisnn which would have put to shame the most depraved of savage tribes and roused the envy of the cruellest of them all, tried to destroy the national and Catholic soul of Spain. It reached acrisis in 1936 when Spain, driven todesperation, rose in arm., against tier wouldbe seducers and destroyers. And it endured what time Franco and his nationalist troops, supported only by some assistance— necessarily limited because of the anti-Spanish attitude of England and France—had to withstand the d-adly onslaughts of the combined forces of International Atheistic Communism.

It ended happily for Spain, but unhappily for the enemies of that country and its religion, in the triumph of right over might, of justice against injustice. It was indeed asevere ordeal which the Spanish people had to pass through. But they came out of it safely, successfully, with honour and distinction. Since then the internal affairs of the Spanish people have been, and must be left to be, their ovm concern. That is but the minimum that must be conceded to them after all the trial- and sufferings they have had to go through in their struggle for national independence. Any problems that Spain may have to-day within h-rhorders mustbe left to be dealt with by her own Government. It is not for foreign Governments to interfere. 'Mr. Churchill himself hadoccasion to point tinsout in oneofhisparliannentary addresses.

We are, however, thankiul for the phrase—"moral touchstone:' It saves us the trouble of coining an expression to describe Poland's place• in the present World War. Poland, as everyone knows, was the first country to resisi Nazi aggression.

Since that first(lay of September, 1939, when the Poles rallied round the national flag, to resist invasion, and defend their territory and their independence, they have been fighting and suffering, snfferiug and fighting* to this day. Poland's Sons have been engaged in battle against the Na..is and their allies(when they had allies) oil every front in the western world—in Africa, ill Italy, in France, in Nussia, as tell as in Poland itself where they have been fighting under the scvcrest handicap> both above ground and underground. Polish soldiers have been distinguishing; thenselves on land, Polish -nilors at sea,and Polish airmen in the. air. The United Nations leagued against Germany numbered between thirty and forty. Not rat(• of them has fought longer or nuar consistently or noire determinedly than the Polish nation. \ot one of them, having;regard to theirrespective populations and that of Poland, has lost so many lives, whether of combatant- or of civilians. And to-day, when Allied victory is achieve(!, when --

" plan-, are being drawn up for the re-ordering of anew and free and democratic Europe. how does Poland stand ,

what is her place in tile, scheme of things now being designer! at San Francisco?

In the ultimate resort, it would scent, the question resulvvs itself into this: is Poland being treated as afriend and ally or as an enemy belligerent? Mr. Churchill has told its that Britain does not "presume" to include in its"programme of world renovation" "forcible action" against any neutral government even if the internal form of that Government (toes not come up to British ideas. Is forcibleaction, then, to be taken against all allied country with which Britain has been fighting shoulder to shoulder for over half adecade? Poland's eastern frontier is of as great interest to Poland as her western, her northern or her southern frontiers. Would it be afriendh• or an inimical act to demarcate any of those frontiers without reference to Poland herself? The national character of the Polish Government in London has been amply proven by the manner in which the entire Polish people, both in occupie(1 Poland and outside, have rallied round it in its long struggle against the Nazi 'Oppressor. To illegitinnise that Government to-day. and to supplant it with another with which neither it nor the Polish nation has any affinity-

is that, we ask again, afriendly or ahostile act? The implementation of the Yalta decisions would, we feel, defeat one of the main purposesof the war. Poland's case will prove the supreme test of the, idenlo. of tltiq war,

ArchdioceseBereavedof EcclesiasticalStudent

TRAGIC DEATHIN N.S.W.

Among the victimsof the floods and gales in New South wales was Mr. Bruno Bana, atheological student for this Archdioceseat St. Patrick's College, Manly. News of the tragedy was received by His Grace the Archbishop from the President of St. Patrick's College, Very Rev, Dr. J. Madden. Itappearsthatapartyof seven studentshadgoneonTuesdayto Fairy Bower to watch the huge seas. A wave broke over the party and Bana was washed off the rocks and carried out to sea.

The late Mr. Bana,whose parentsreside at Nannup, received all his early education at State schools. He received religiousinstruction through the Bushies' Scheme, and while in attendance at Religious Holiday Schools at Kellerberrin in 1933 and 1934 was enabled to receivehisfirst Holy Communion and the Sacrament of Confirmation. Between 1936--40, he attended the Christian Brothers' College, Perth, and Aquinas College. Ile was pursuing his priestly studies in New South Wales at the timeof the tragedy, and would have been ordained in June, 1947, for this Archdiocese.

To his bereaved parents-"The Record"extendsprofoundsympathy.May he rest in peace.

Sees Great Hopefor Russia

That Soviet Russia "shall one day, not becauseofanypresent humantendencies in that direction, but because of the Christ-likenessofits great souls, hidden from the eyeof man, come to thegloryoftheRisenChrist,"wasforecast in New Yorkby the Right Rev. Monsignor FultonJ. Sheen, of the Catholic UniversityofAmerica,in an address.

'In no other nation,"said Monsignor Slcen,"has there beensuch aconstant (lwotion amonghidden souls to the regenerative powersofhuman suffering,

'What other land in an equal numhcr of centurieshashad so many churcles dedicated to the Transfiguration ai(lits mystery of Risen Greatness?

"Other lands bave liked Christ the Teacher, others Christ the Captain, others Christ the Truth; but here is a land whose dedication is to Christ on the Cross; the emptied Christ, the humiliated Christ, the suffering Christ,

"Nowhere else do wefind such an intuition, in those who suffer, of the direct presence of Christ's Body still accessible to people. As one of their writers, Ilekrasou, expresses it:'There, are times, thereare ages when nothing is more desirable, nothing more beautiful than the crown of thorns'

"As the loveofGod made Him take on our human nature and the penalties whichsindeserved,even toapoint ofbeing'madesin,'sothe Russiansoul has traditionally believed that no one can save anotheroreven save himself, except by coming to Easter through the doorway of Calvary, bearing the burden of aCross"

Arcobiocese

AROSBy88OP IENKiA(iElSI{NTS.

June29(!beatof88.PeterandPUD: St, Charles' Seminary, Guildford7a.m.: Celebrate Mass.

9a.m.: PresideatSolemn High!loss.

July8:

Canonical Visitation and ConfirmationatSacred Heart Church, Highgate Hill.

July 16:

Carmelite Monastery, Nedlands: At. tendcelebration of the Feast of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel.

July 22:

Canonical Visitation and Confirma-

. tion at St. Joseph's Church, Norseman.

July 23:

Receive debutantes at Catholic Ball, Kalgoorlie.

July26:

Administer the Sacrament of Confirmation at St, Mary's Church, Kalgoorlie, -

Catholic Broadcasts

St. Mary's Cathedral:

Sunday, June

17, 7.30 p.m.: Sermon and Benediction. The preacher will betheRev,J.T.McMahon,MA.,Ph.D.

Thesinging will bebythepupilsofSt. Joseph's Convent School, Victoria Square. The hymns

will be fromthe New Westminster Hymnal, the Benediction music in Gregorian Chant, and athree-part motet,"Obone Jesus" by Palestrina. The organist will be Miss Frances Moran, Sunday, July 1: Missa Cantata at 11 a.m. The preacher will be the Very Rev. L. Goody, D.D. The Cathedral Choirwillsingthe"MissaQuartiToni," by Vittoria. The motet at the Offertory

will be "Exultati justi," by Viadana.

THIS YEAR'S PLAIN CHANT FESTIVAL.

Conference for Teachers,

This Sunday afternoon(June 17), a conference for the teacherswill be held upstairs at Nicholson's(Barrack St,), at3p.m, The recordingoflast,year's Children's Mass in the Cathedral will lie played over, with acommentary by Father Lynch. The Mass for this year iNo. 21 will be gone through, as well as the other material. The combined schools will sing Mass in the Cathedral and St. Patrick's Church, Fremantle,on August9and 10, respectively, at 10'a.m.

CALLING AllFITZGERALDS!

Descendants of apioneer Irish Catholic family in Australia named Fitzgerald may be the unknowing bene. ficiaries of an unclaimed deceased estate in America,-says the "Catholic Weekly," Sydney, The value of the estate is about 32,000 dollafs, and the nameof the deceased is John M. Nall, Possible Australian beneficiaries, it is believed would base their claim through their relation to aMiss Norah Wall Fitzgerald, aunt of the decedent. Thefollowingare the particularsofthe possible Australian kin: William Fitzgerald, son of Norah Wall Fitzgerald, may have died in Australia, survived byfour children, whose names and addresses are unknown, Margaret FitzgeraldD'Arcy,daughterofNorah Nall Fitzgerald, may havedied inAustralia, survivedby fourchildren,whosenames end addresses are unknown. Daniel Fitzgerald, son of Norah Wall Fitzgerald, may have died in Australia, survived by three children, whose ad. dresses are unknown. It has been pointed out that the possibility of an Australian resident producing the best claim to the estate is remote.

4

Stalin and Post-War Germany

What Does the"Free Germany" Movement Signify? ... "Heads IWin, Tails You Lose"

By KLAUS DOHRN.

Juy 13, 1943, will perhaps be considered one of the decisive dates of the Second World War. On thatday the "Free Germany National Committee" wassetupinMoscow. Littlewassaid at, that time about its meaning and composition; yetitcausedmuchalarm inboth belligerentcamps. Since then theCommitteehasbeenpresented asa great danger and as agreat hope; as something fullof lifeandassomething dead as alog.

The latter version was adopted by Ill. Cordell Hull, former U.S. Secretary of State, on his return from the MoscowConference. It seems thathe was quite wrong. Shortlyafterwards, the number of the Committee's daily radio broadcasts to Germany was increasedto six, andthenumber ofhighrankingGerman officersjoining it—or the German Officers' League associated with it—rose rapidly. Among them has been, since August 15. 1944. Field Marshal von Paulus, commander-in. Chief at Stalingrad. The colours of the Committee are neither red nor the republican black-red-gold, but those of the Hohenzollern Empire: black-whitered. TheCommitteehasitsownbuildingwith atheatre and assembly halls, itsownnewspapersand representatives in all the prisoner-of-war camps. It hasloudspeakersin thefrontline.More important than all, it has an army, formed by captives or deserters, commanded by Walther von Seydlitz, a German artillery general.

Information concerning the strength of thatarmy varies. Theright figure is probably somewhere between 200,000and500,000. General von Seydlitz runstwo training centres,oneinnorthern Russia, the other one in the Ukraine. His army is likely to be used asapolice force after theoccupationgather than as afighting force.

It is wrong to call the Committee a generals' committee. Its President is the l'ommunist writer Erich Weinert, andamongitsmembers therearemany Communist deputies of the formerGerman Parliament—for instance, Wilhelm Pieck, who, before Ilitler, was Secretary General of the German Communist i'arty.

Otdicers who had belonged to the Committee from its start joined the German Officers' League, founded on September 12, 1913, the board of which is apart of the Committee.

Foreign Branches.

The latter began soon to create a world-wide Free Germany Movement, whose branches aimed to be accepted abroad as something similar to the Free French or Free Austriah movements. The connection with the Moscow Committee was sometimes openly announced—as, for instance, in Paris, wherethe nameis"FreeGermanyCom• mittee West"—and more often disguised. I'he Paris_Zroup alone was able to get in touch with prisoners of war and to use French radio stations until recently.

The most active group in the Americas isthat in Mexico, withbranchesin most South-American capitals, In London many of the German exiles kept aloof, and many controversies en* sued, especiallv concerning the cession ofGerman territory to Poland. Even less recognisable is the connection of the New York group with the Moscow Committee. Calling itself"Councilfor aDemocratic Germany," it is headed by Dr, Paul Tillich, a Protestant clergyman. ,Along with Communists and fellow-travellers we meet there manypeoplewho,thoughstronglyanti-

Flue Pipes for Stoves,Bath Heaters, Rod Paving and Green House Paints. Hassell's,559 WellingtonStreet.

Wdtchfulattentionoughttobegiven to the Moscow-inspired reports according to which German refugees and prisoners of war have been performing heroic deeds in the ranks of Leftist resistance movements in France, Yugoslavia, NorthernItalyandGreece. Obviously this is meant to continue the tradition of the "International Bri. gade" of the SpanishCivil War.

Itisnotknownofwhatkindare the services rendered by those Getman generalsin MoscowtoRussia'swarfare.

It is, however, certain that the Committee is far from being finished, despite the fact that they have ceased broadcasting since the Yalta conference. And there is nodoubt that its existence, orthe mere possibilityofits continuance,getsonthenervesofRussia's allies. In these circumstances,it 4s surprising that the problem has neverbeen seriouslyanalysedinAmerican publications. Little shrieks of anxiety, like wishful thinking, are an inadequate substitute.

PolicyofConfusion.

Did Stalin use his bargatning power with the Fourth Reich as athreat to the Allies at Yalta?

Communist, do not realise, or do not want to realise the role their group may play in the plans of the Moscow centre. Theslogans of unityhave a magic attraction. The Mexico Head Office calls the New York group an affiliated organisation. Prisoners of war are not to be found in it because, as in England, the military authorities have vetoed attempts to approach them.

The UnitedStates immigration laws are an obstacle to Communist obtrusiveness, and democratic German groups are not entirely silenced. Besides, it is one of Russia's chief aims in America to create the impression that she stands for ahard peace and, at the same time, to let the Germans know that leniency and friendship can be found only in the East. To combine these two lines of propaganda is easy inMoscow,but wouldnotbeeasy abroad, Hence Russia has to use the New York group very cautiously. Its main taskis toprevent thesetting up of German groups free from Communist supervision. Therefore great efforts are being maintained to bring every party into the fold and to discredit every person not willing tojoin. In the final reckoning, whether aGerman politicianis"democratic" andnot "militarist" will•depend on his hay ing kept aloof from that"friendly" organisation. That ishowFieldMarshal con PaulusandSSgeneralsacquirethe label of democracy, whereas German Socialists or Catholic Democrats like Dr. Heinrich Bruning are transformed into Fascists.

The only real partners of the great bargain are Soviet Russia andtheGerman, or rather Prussian, GeneralStaff, Their co-operation is less new and less unusual than appears to most Americans, Everything else in the whole set-up is merely decorative—for instance. the Catholics in the New York Group. Catholics are on the Moscow Committee, too, even priests; and in the Fall of 1944 it issued a manifesto signed-by 25 Catholic and Protestant churchmen.The fact that theyare prisonersofwarmakestheiractionlessaccountable, but it should be asked, withoutdoubting anybody's motives, whether persons not enjoying complete freedom of action should really prejudice the decision of German Christiansinthemost importantquestionof the future, namely, on collaborating with totalitarian Communism after the destruction of totalitarian Nazism. They have no authorisation to do so, and are weakenedbyhaving todealas individuals with the most powerful organisation thereis.

to copy Stalin by accepting German exiles as their collaborators.

Butallthisisonlytooapttoobscure thesimplefactthatofallthealliesRussiaaloneknows whatsheintendstodo with Germany after Germany'sdefeat, The Committee was obviously unable to induce thesurrender of theGerman army so long as the latter was undefeated in the East. Nevertheless, Stalin has not dissolved it. Hisbargain withtheGermangeneralsisquite simple and realistic. He offers them achance to liquidate the war without making the army responsible for the collapse and without breaking upGermanunity. AnewlegendofAbe"stab in the army'sback,' this time committedbythe Nazi Party, saves thereputation of the Wehrmacht. Stalin's profit in the bargain consists in being able—but not obliged—to gain the Fourth Reich as anally. Perhaps his advantage will be great enough if he isabletousethisprospectasathreat toAmerica and England during the peace negotiations.

Anti-Communists seem• to find comfort in the thought that German Junkers and generals cannot really be Stalin'sinstrumentsinbolshevisingGermany. The enemies of Junkers and German militarism are cheered up by the presenceofGermanCommunistsin the Committee andby theexpectation thatStalinwillhavethedangisrousmen executed at theright moment. Others havediscoveredthatFieldMarshalvon Paulus and his friends have been converted todemocracy,justliketheRussian generals who serve Soviet democracy. The "hard peacers" think that touse PaulusandSeydlitzisbutapropaganda trick and that Russia's real plans are expressed by Ilya Ehrenberg. The"'soft peacers" think that Ilya Ehrenburg's articles are apropaganda trick, whereas Russia's real conception is that of theGermangenerals, and theyurgeWashingtonandLondon

It is very likely thathe hasalready done so at Yalta. .Avery clever device: iftheAnglo-Americans reject the Committee because of its being Communist. they offend the Russian ally; iftheyrejectitbecauseofitsbeingGerman nationalist, theyenhanceitsreputationinGermany: if they objectto it because it does not really represent German interests, they must compete with aGerman Field Marshal who, by collaboration with Communists, is madeademocrat. It is"head'sIwin, tails you lose."

But this is the logical outcome of a competition in which one side. Russia, knows what she wants and what to offer even to a thoroughly defeated enemy, while the other side—America and Britain—loses itself in fruitless vacillationbetweenthefollyofapeace ofvengeanceandthenaiveteofapeace of kid gloves. In his Christmas Message, the Holy Father has given them alead. Is it too late tofollow this?

Why the Opposition

to King Leopold?.

Baron•Moyersoen, Catholic leader in the Senate, interviewed the Socialist Premier,

\ r. Van Acker, and insisted thatthe Constitutionbe applied,under which the King, on his return to the country, would automatically assume his royal prerogatives,

The Opposition maintain that if the King resumes his royal functions he will be a "One-Party" man, but the Catholics reply that the Socialist motion demandingabdication impliesthat any party might in future dismiss a King who did not suit it.

The Left Wing demonstration against the return of King Leopold to Belgium was not unexpected by political observersin London. Evenbefore the liberation of Belgium news of aconspiracy against the King had reached London, but it was minimised by officials of the Government of that day. The trend to the Left in Belgian poli. tics, however, has made the opposition to the King formidable and latest reportssay thatthe controversybetween the Catholic M.P;s, on the one hand, and the Socialists, Communists and some Liberals, on the other, is waxing fiercer.

Last month, Count Henry Carton de Wiart, head of the Catholic Party in the Chamber of Representatives, and

Aprominent BelgianCatholicinLondontoldthe"CatholicHerald"thatthe present Belgian politicalline-upis"unreal and artificial," and that the King finds himself the victim of this unrepresentative position. Ile also contendedthatBelgiumwassufferingfrom having "old, and to some extent discredited" leaders, ann added that this applied particularly to the Catholic Party,which was steadily losing ground. He recalled that last October b1. Delfosse, Propaganda Minister in the London Government, and M. Gregoire, head of the Resistance Movement, had tried to form anew party under the name of Union Democratique Belge.

"This,"hesaid,"wouldhaveco-ordinated the democratic forces, especially those who had the confidence of the younger people, and though it would not have been aCatholic Party,- the hacking that' would have been given it by democratic Catholics would have made its influence felt. Thusthe King ` would have found supporters among themembersofthenewandvitalparty instead of having.been forced, as at present,to find them in aweakened section of the out-of-date party framework."

THE THEATRE

CLIPMGS BY "DE GUSTIBUS.'

Thefollowingsnippetsofinformation ,have all appeared at some time or other over the past twelve months in '"Time," the American weekly news magazine:

RECORDATTENDANCE.

A staggering clinical experiment, in which English Psychologist K. O, Newman acted as his own guinea pig, isrecordedin"Two HundredandFifty Times ISaw aPlay" (Pelagos Press, Oxford; 1dollar), Moreover, Newman saw the play—Terence Rattigan's "Flare Path"—at successive performances and from the same 'seat.

Newman's reason was "to find out things never noticed before"; his reaction,"truly incredible boredom." The most tryingperiod was "thelatter half of the first 25 performances. Then I gotmysecond wind." Newmanlearned to sleepopen-eyed, but theslightest deviation from the script would wake him up "with ajerk." Slight differences in intonation or timing came to be "minor events." When Newman occasionally slipped out for abreath of air,"the actors'kvho resented "my continuous presence most.,. objected to my temporary absence even more," Theacting, Newman found, was highly intermittent. He noted many missed cues and cases of "drying up," found that five times in six weeks one actor failed to show up on the stage on time.

Audiences were almost neveralertto such real crises,but on the other hand were upset by trifles; their most violent reaction (lasting an entire act) wastoanactor'sinadvertentlyaddressing acommissioned officer as anoncom. Audiences in general,Newman decided, havean "averagemental age" of between 16 and 17.

NewmansenthisbooktoGeorgeBernardShaw, gotback thiscomment: "It would havedriven me mad; and Iam not sure that the author came out of it without aslight derangement;'

(Note:"Flare Path," aplay dealing with theactivitiesof the FLAY.inthe recently concluded EuropeanWar, was produced by the Repertory Club in Perthjustoverayearago.Play,which had avery successful season,was directed by Mrs, R.Goyne Miller.)

i40 seriminations

NO JAPE,NO GERMANS.

Britain's Variety Artists' Federation recently voted that, for ten yearsafter the war, none of its members shall appear in any show on the British stage containing Germans, Japs or other former enemies, -Dissenters were few but fiery. They charged (1) "emotionalism," (2) fearof post-war competition'(many of the best jugglers and acrobatsareGerman,JapaneseandItalian.)

OLD VIC IN NEW QUARTERS.

In 1941 London's shabby, slumgirdled Old Vic,one of the great repertory theatresof the world, was blitzed to atoms. But London was nottobe robbedbyabombofatraditionitcherished, or of the classics it loved. Recently, in St. Martin's Lane, areborn Old Vicopenedin ablaze ofglory,and helped atheatreslump, broughton by the robombs,toturnbackinto aboom.

It was clearly the occasion,and not the play—Ibsen's "Peer Gynt"—that made tickets scarcer than hen's eggs and fetched everybody from Noel Coward in specs to G.I. William Sara yan, But Lady Colefax's typical suspiration,"If one's friends will put on "Peer Gynt," one must seeit," changed to enthusiasm as Ibsen's murky poetic drama, in afresh translation by Norman Ginsbury,took on pace and clarity, When Peer made love to fat, giggling Anitra.the audience whooped. When he was crowned Emperor in a madhouse, everybody got goose pimples. WithRalphRichardsonbrilliant as Peer and Dame Sybil Thorndike a tender, humorous Aase, the play swept on to a20-minute ovation.

"Peer Gynt'ssocial glitter was in sharpcontrasttotheaudiencestheOld Vic had beenused to—the long-haired, sandaled Bohemians, the cockneys, charwomen and ancients in Inverness capes who sat raptly on hard wooden benches and glared at anyone who even shuffled his feet. But in far-off clays theold theatre had known glitter too.

Called the Royal Coburg when it opened in 1818, the playhouse on the

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south side of the Thames wasrenamed the Royal Victoria when Victoria became heiresspresumptivetothe throne. Acentury ago it was ascene of splendour, with linkmen lighting theatregoers—including the young Victoria and her mother—across the undrained Lambeth marshes,wherefootpads lurked. There played thegreat Keanand the great Macready,while society folk goggled at the heavy curtain of looking glass that later had to be ripped out because its weight was pulling down the roof. 'Bits of the curtain served as dressingroommirrors till the blitz, .A generation later, the great Macready had given way to the cheapest melodrama,and the dukesin the audience to cutthroats. The theatre remained an eyesore until asocial reformer named Emma Cons (London's first woman County Councillor) nailed it as one of her jobs. She turned it into agenteel music hall.

Butitwas EmmaCons'musical,driving niece, Lilian Baylis,who brought the Old Vic back intothe limelight by putting genius ahead of gentility. She introduced the new "moving pictures," then opera and concerts, finally the repertory company that made the Old Vic aworld-wide synonym for Shakespeare.

HATE,

TOTHEE .. .

Withits1,467th,consecutiveperformance, Noel Coward's "Blithe Spirit" achieved the longest run of any straight play in London'shistory, It had to play through month's of robombing to overtake "Charley's Aunt," the titleholder for 50 years; itwill have to run more than another year and ahalf to catch "Chu-Chin-Chow;" London's (and the world's) longest-running musical2,238 performances, 191&21,

RUSSIA LIKES PLAYS TOO.

From Moscow, "Time" Correspondent John Hersey cabled this accountof the 1944 Soviet theatre:

One wonders in Moscow whether Broadway has afirm grip on its laurel wreath. New York's theatre still has, in my opinion, aslight edge on Moscow's—in scope, in splendour of production ,in entertainment value, perhaps even in acting and in art. But atits presentrate Moscow will soon be far ahead on all counts,...

The Government builds and repairs theatre buildings. Moscow's fantastic new Red Army Theatre, which is shapedlike thefive-pointedSovietStar, was built by the State to the tune of 9,090000dollars, Theproudesttwotheatres in Russia, Moscow's Bolshoiand Lenin. grad's Kirov, were slightly damaged in the war and the State took this excusetogive themsuchrenovation that, by comparison, New York's Metropolitan Opera House looks like an elderly duchess decked out in moth-eaten flannel underwear.

There are no theatres in Russia which, like Rroadw•ay's, show the same play night after night. They are all repertory theatres. They are organised, furthermore, asself-sufficient organisms. Each maintains its own stable of actors, its roster ofdirectors design. ers, costumers and musicians, its own traditions.

The greatest in tradition and still richest in performance is the famous Moscow Art Theatre. It thrives on the heritage of its founder and first director, Konstantin Sergeivitch Stanislayski. There are no extreme'experi. rrents in the Russian theatre now, as there were in the'20's, but the most carefully experimental is Mossoviet. The pet theory of its director, Yuri Zavadski, is that decor usually gets in the w•av ofactors' portrayal of what is inside the characters; his plays are characterised by uniform sets and only slight changesofproperties, Vakhtangov Theatre is atthe opposite pole; it stresses pageantry and theatricality. Finally, the Red Army Theatre has a broad base of popularity. This is, ac. cordingly, thelightest, gayestandnoisiest of Russian theatres.

For the most part the produce of these theatres is non-political, Their repertoires are extremelybroad. Probably nowhere in the world can you find such varied fare—on successive nights, Shakespeare, Sheridan, Chek hov, Goldoni, Ostrovski, Shaw,Moliere, Oscar Wilde,Gorki,Occasionally new shows about the "great patriotic war" are produced like LeonidLeonov's "Invasion," ahot and angry placard. But actors and directors take along view and do not feel that any new plays haveyetcomeoutofthewarwhichwill live as Russian drama.

It is afair question to ask why at thismoment -the Russian theatre is so retrospective—why new plays are being, produced this season on Ivan the Terribleand on AdmiralNakhimov oftheCrimean War; why somuchreverence is accorded to Chekhov, who perhaps foreshadowed the Revolution in his plays but certainly satirised revolutionaries. It has been fashionable in America to attribute this to an abatement of Russia'srevolutionary and communistic spirit, This . seems to me wrong. A better vuess is that this country, shaken within a few inches of its life bythis war, has, like any man when his mind has been terribly troubled ,turned to the past in search of wholeness and security.

Actors in Moscow probably work harder and more seriously than actors anywhere. And they work over the most minuscule details. An actor must think very hard about the temperature of the air through which the character is supposed to be moving at agivenmoment, about whatheatefor lunch, about the time of day and how tired the character would be by then,. aboutthesituation—whetherinadamp 19th:Century dining room or out in a mellow garden. One can say with absolute assurance that there will not be asingle empty seat in anyof the six top Moscow theatres at any performance this entire season. The hunger for good entertainment is very great. The audience is very well behaved. Curtains usuallygoupexactlyontime,andplaygoers not in their seats must wait for the first curtain before being let in. Intermissions are interminable, Iwas able to read the whole of each act of "The Cherry Orchard" in theintermission preceding the act.

When Soviet plays have gone on the roadforthe last three years they have gone straight to war. The Red Army Theatre, which is typical, has sent 18 "front brigades"to entertain troops. They play in trenches, in forest clearings, in sheds and blockhouses. There + have been many casualties:one whole brigade was cut off by the Germans while acting and never heard from again. One troupe worked for seven months without achange of clothes. One group was playing in asbedto65 Tommy gunners: in acorner was the commandpost,atwhichanofficergave telephone orders from time to time. At one point an actor broke off his lines and asked: "Do we disturb you?" The officer answered: "Not at all. Do wedisturb you?"

The nearness of victory brings with it awonderful sense of relief and excitement which you can feel in the theatres. Chekhov's line near theend of"The Three Sisiers,""To-morrow . ,. anew life will begin for us," brings tears to Russian eyes. That is their real hope now. And yet, this confidence is not unmixed with uneasiness, The Russian theatre knows it cannot detach itself from politicos in the largest sense of the word, The other day Leonid Leonov suddenly broke off a discussion of playwriting to 'saywith great emotion: "But if in the world of to-morrow athree-year-old girl may be shot, as Ihave seen one shot by our enemy, then Isay now that astronomical observatories are alie, medical laboratoriesarealie,railroadsarealie, -techniques are nlie, writing is a lie, and our Russian theatre is alie."

R

Annual £100 PJiZe Packet.

The annualappeal orSt. Mary'sImprovements Fund, L100 prize packet, was launched on Sunday last, and will run fortenweek—June 10-August 12. ^Phe weekly subscription is very modestat Is.perweek,and thereshouldbe no difficulty experienced by collectors in obtaining names for their cards.

Cards are obtainable from Mr. P. J. Russell, secretary; or at the church door after Mass on Sunday morning.

The prize packet has proved apopular attraction for some years now, and new collectors need feel no misgiving when approaching their friendsfor the weekly is., and points to remember are:

1. The first draw of pri2es will take place on July 29, when eight weekly prizeswillbedrawn for.

2.Anew subscriper may buv in at any time by paying full subscription due.

3, Prizes-4l will be drawn foreach week for ten weeks:£,60 for highest number of points in ten weeks' drawing; f20 for second highest, and £10 for lowest number of points.

4. Firstsubscription wasdue on Sun day, June 10, and the last on Sunday, :August 12.

5. Drawingofprizes will be prorata if the competition is under-subscribed.

Children's Ball,

The immensely successful Children's Ballhasbeen the talk of the town for thepastweek. Itwasknownthatthe ideawas apopular one, but theorgan• isers did not dream that such avast number of children could he so beau. tifullyprepared at suchshortnotice.

Space does not permit adescription of individual characters and costumes, but the great variety displayed in the —two grand marches covered every nationality, every popular and patriotic movement,everybeautyofnature,and hundreds of original and comical char• actors. Many of them alsu

oappeared most costly. Agood number also at. tended in plain dress and generously helped to swell the hods. The M.C. did agreat job in floor management under difficult circumstances.

Asit-down supper was provided for both children and adults, the committeeworkingovertimewith overfivesit• tings.

The Sisters and the members of the P. and F. Associatinn desire to express theirgratitude tothe ladieswhounder• tonk the ardunu= dirty of judging the prize winners(of whom there were aver30)• Also the M.C.andorchestra, and the general public for such great co-operation. Aword is also clue to 'the ladieswho gavetheir time training the kiddiesfor the grand marches,and la=tiv, the many kind donors towards the beautiful supper.

Catholic Women's League.

The monthly social away held on \fnndav evening in aid of Red Cross funds. 1

Boys' and Girls' Clubs.

There is asuggestion that the next "combiner( social(on June 17, after devot

ions

)will be altered to acommunity concert night, to which the par• ishionerswill allbe invited. This will be the Clubs' united effort for the Pope's Prisoner of War Fund, and deServe

spatronage.

Personal

Mr. Joe Monaghan is revisiting the Goldfields. Ilemet many old friends at St. W.R.AMary's, Y. Mary smith, of St, Patrick's, Havelock-street,parish,spentthe lastweekvisiting her brother, John,in I:algoorlie.

(Continued on Page 16.)

F. HUFNER

29MABELST.,NORTH PERTiI

TUNES

ANDORiAANS PIANOS

'Phone 135821.

CATHOLIC WOMEN'S LEAGUE

The Executive would like to see a largerattendanceofbranchmembersat the monthlymeetings,andall branhces are requested to send as many members as possible to these meetings.

Is. Kinance. aformer resident of Perth, now residentinSouthAustralia, and apioneer member of the League, isatpresentinPerthonaholiday,and was warmly welcomed by members at arecent meeting.

The usual monthly meeting of the Cathedral Branch, took place on Monday, June 11. Arrangements were madeforaBridge Party, to beheldon Thursday, June28, in Nestle House,

LAY, SUBIACO

(Continued from Page 8.)

Next Monday night, June 18, our boys have been invited down to Fremantle to participate in various sporting activities against the L.C,Y., Fremantle Branch. Agreatnightisasured to all who attend. Any member desiring to make the trip should be at Subiaco Station by 7.10 p.m. Monday night, SpecialAnnouncement.

Allmembersof theLeagueare asked to make aspecial effort to be present at the next meeting of the League, to be heldonMonday,June25,in St. Joseph's Hall, at 7.45 p.m. A series of indoor competitions, in darts, quoits, table tennis and bobs, will be commenced. Trophieswill beallocatedto the winners in each of these competitions. These trophies will be presented at the annual socialofthe League.

Football—SeniorGrade.

The match on Saturday against Northern Suburbs was playedinheavy rain, and-everybody got agood soaking, including the spectators. However, all went home happy. as the LP.Y. had agood win. The final scores were: L.C.Y., 9,19; Northern Suburbs, I.I. The boys handled the ball surprisingly well, and it looks as if we will behoping for more wet weather.

Among the Players.

Bill Ifodge was well suited by the conditions and was never beaten; he marked and kicked the ball as on a fine day. Ray Green did everything that was required of him as a back man, Ron Jeffreys gave the side a great advantage by completely taking chargeof thecentre play, Phil Benns weighed in with asolid game and it was apleasing feature to seen an improvement in his kicking. John Woulfe played well throughout, as did Bill Cochrane. Others to do quite well were Fred Clarke, Gerry McGrade, Frank Alderman, Keith Bloxham, and Ron Birch.

JuniorGrade,

In the junior grade the L.C.Y. defeated Central Districts by 12 points.

The final scores were: L.C.Y„ 5.11; Central Districts, 4.5.

This game was also played in the rain and during the first half our lads were completely at sea and defeat looked possible. However, after the long Spell,

thev played something like ateam and ran out comfortable winners, BrianTobinwasagain themosteffective player, and his kicking out from goal would have done justice in the senior grade, Victor Fitzgerald was also avery able player, as was John Kerrigan, Kevin Byrth, BrianAnthony, and Ray Jeffreys.

NOTICE.

Noted Stigmatist Safe=

Theresa Neumann, stigmatised peasant woman of Konnersreuth, Bavaria, is still alive and unharmed, according to reliable information obtained from Catholic sources in Cologne, says the N.C,W.C. News Service.

Little news has reached the outside worldforoverfiveyearsof the famous stigmatic who, according to accounts by hundreds of visitors, including Dr, Max Jordan'(author of this article) has borne for years many physical marks resembling those ofthe Saviour in His Passion. In November, 1939, when Dr. Jordan's account of a visit witr Teresa Neumann was released by N.O,W.C. News Service, she had been living for twelve years with the Most Blessed Sacrament as her only nourishment. Neither had she taken any liquidsince receiving thestigmataduringthe Lent'Sn season of 1926.Yet her strength and weight hadnot diminished.

Born in Konnersreuth, asmall vil. lage near the Czechoslovak border, on April 9, 1898, Theresa was the eldest of tenchildren. At the age of 20she injuredherspineand.becameblindand paralysed. In 1925 she regained her sightand attributed hercure totheintercession of the Little Flower. "Ever since she has had visions of the Saint threetimes ayear," Dr.Jordan reported in 1939,"the day of her Feast, the day of her Sanctification and the day ofher Beatification. Thelastofthese visions recorded occurred on October 3. 1939 when St. TheresaoftheInfant Jesustoldher:'Doyourdutyanddon't beconcernedwith whatmay happen',"

Each week, from Thursday midnight to the afternoon of Friday, she is said to have suffered an ecstatic agonyduring which drops of blood exuded throughtheporesof herskin."Though naturally she constantly endures physical suffering from the stigmata on her hands, fet, head, back and heart

region; Dr. Jordan reported in 1939, "(those on her hands this correspondent could clearly see in their squareshape form) Theresa Neumann looks quite haleandhearty and animately carries on conversations with her visitors."

The topicmost widelydiscussed during theyearsbefore thewarinconnec• tion with Theresa Neumann was her abstention from food and drink.After amedical examination to which she once submitted, suggestions had been made that such an examination should be repeated in order to convince even the most sceptics observers that no fraud was involved.

In 1936, the Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office in Rome formally ask• ed for such an examination andTher• esa Neumann willingly gave her writ• ten assent, though her father specified certain conditions which he deemed necessary if he was to approve of his ailing daughter's being taken out of the house.

No further steps had been taken up to 1939andnothinghasbecomeknown sincewhethersuch an examinationhas takenplace.

"Those who have met Theresa Neu. mann," Dr. Jordan wrote in 1939,"are unquestionably convinced of her, and also of her family's good faith and honesty, and have never had occasion to doubt the genuine character of the supernatural phenomena of which this simple peasan.woman hasbeenthe object."

PERTH FISHERIES

489 WELLINGTON ST., PERTH. FISH AND POULTRY SIIPPLIZD. Wholesale and Retail.

Phone: B5992. City Deliveries, Country Orders Catered For.

Our Catholic-Schools and Colleges

Loreto Convent "Osborne" — Claremont

BOARDINGAND•DAYCOLLEGS.

TheSchoolprovidesasoundeducation on modern lines in all branches of study. The pupils are prepared forallexaminations. TheSchoolis beautifully situated between Ocean and River, in extensive' grounds, with fine playing fields and private Swimming Pool in River. Telephone: F2135. Apply— MOTHER SUPERIOR.

SACRED HEART HIGH SCHOOL

HIGHGATE — PERTH.

Matter for Inclusion in parochial notes andreportsof Catholic organiseLions must be In handby each Thum day to ensure publication in the current issues of"The Record."

'Phone: B3810.

(CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS NOTRE DAME DES MISSIONS). BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS. PUPILS PREPARED ALL EXAMINATIONS. MONTESSORI SCHOOL FOR YOUNGCHILDREN. For Prospectus apply— REV. MOTHER PRIORESS.

ST. ILDEPHONSUS' COLLEGE

NEW NORCIA

CONDUCTED BY THE MARIST BROTHERS. Catholic boys recommended on the score of character by their Parish Priest, and ready to commence at least Sixth Standard or arrival, can be now enrolled for commencement in February, 1946. Application should be made at once. Acceptanceduring1945is nolonger possible. For Particulars Apply to—THE BROTHER DIRECTOR.

CHLISTIAN BROTHERS,MT. HENRY. ONE OF THE ASSOCIATED PUBLICSCHOOLS OF W.A.

AQUINAS COLLEGr

TELEPHONE: MII1N0. FOR BOARDER5 AND DAY STUDZNTS. BOYS ADMITTED FROM 7UPWARDS. Beautifully Situated, overlooking the river, near the new Canning Bndge. For Particulars apply to--tThe Principal, Aquinas College, CanningParade, Mt.Bevy

KALGOORLIE

(Continued from Page 15.)

personal.

Mrs, E.Heenan is at present in St. JohnofGod'sHospital recoveringfrom arecent attack of bronchitis, Another inmate of St.John's is Mi. Doug.Hughes, apopular member of the Boys'Club,judging by thenumber of hisvisitors.

Mrs.Moroney,of Boulder,wholeaves shortly to resideat theCoast, wastendered afarewell party by members of the College P. and F. Association recently. Mrs. Moroney has been asso. ciated with the College Associationfor many years,andwill be greatlymissed. Mrs. Teahan and Brother Carroll ravished herwellonbehalf of the members, and made the presentation on theirbe. half.

Aparty of the same nature washeld on Sunday afternoon, when Mrs. I. Leone was farewelled by the members of St. Mary's P. and F. Association. Mrs. Leone is also going to live in Perth in thenear future. She andher daughter, Roma,are leaving Kalgoorlie on Thursday.

The attention of all parishioners is drawn tothecommunityconcert, &ing held in St. Mary's Hall, on Sunday evening,June 17 afterdevotions. This is being organised by the combined clubs as theireffort to help the Catholic Ballalongfinancially.

The house party at the College last Thursday should prove afinancial success. An innovation was the Punch and Judy show, As usual all-the attractions were crowded. Boulder ladies bad aparticularly good stall.

T.A —

C.B.S. St,Mary's Branch, 2833.

Thehalf-yearlyelection, heldonMondaylast. resulted as follows: President, Bro. Shinnick; V.P„ Sr, B. Dolan; secretary, Sr. M. Stinson; treasurer, Bro, J. Johnston; warden, Bro, C. Clarke; guardian, Bro,

J. Walsh; auditors, Bros. P. Forkinand Preston;trustees, Bro. W.Henneker and Srs.Hill and McLernon; delegates to K.F.S,A„ Bros,

POLESSUFFERMOREFROM LUBLIN RULERS THAN FROM NAZIS

Charges that Poles are being treated worse under the Lublin Provisional Government than they were under the Germans were'made by "Osservatore Romano;" Vatican newspaper, on the basis of reports it said came "from various sources;" accordingto U.S. Religious NewsService (March 14).

Formermembersof the Polish under. ground are being arrested by the thousands, and there are at least five con. centration camps in Lublin-controlled territory. reserved for officers and men of the Polish Territorial Army, "Osservatore" said.

According to the Vatican organ, liberty of movementhasbeen severelyrestricted,even among Poles who were forcibly deported to Germany and are now seeking to return to'their homes. Land reforms are being applied "impetuously and chatoically," with arrests and deportations of thousands of landowners.

Rationcardsaregrantedonly toper. sons possessingworkcards, and thatis causing hardships to individuals whose underground activity prevented them from registering with German occupa. tion authorities,"Osservatore"' stated.

Meanwhile,following confiscation of all radios, the Lublin authorities are now seizing typewriters,aswellas telephones and motor vehicles,"Osservatore" charged. All printing establishments, even those which were used by the Polish underground, have been closed ,and their machinery confiscated, the paperadded.

Henneker and Shinnick; proxy, Bro. Mullins; delegate to B.W.F.S„ Bro, Mullins.

Complimentary speechesin honourof retiring and newly-returned officers were made by Bros. Hannan and Shinnick and Srs. Hill and Stinson, and the meeting ended in the traditional convivial manner.

WOOL

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16Year-Old Girl Martyr For Chastity

Pope Pius XII. promulgated three decrees of the Sacred Congregation of Riteson Palm Sunday, itis announced by "Osservatore Romano," The first confirmed the martyrdom of the Ven. erableMaria Goretti, virgin. The sea and proclaimed the heroic vritues of Venerable Peter Donders Dutch Re. demptorist priest, who died in 1887. The third proclaimed the heroic virtues of theVenerable Caterina Volpia elli, foundressof theInstituteof Handmaids of theSacred Heart,whodied in 1894.

The promulgationofthedecrees took place in the libraryofthe Holy Father inthe presence ofCardinal Salotti, prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, in addition to other officials of thecongregationandofthecauses.

The decree about Maria Goretti confirming hermartyrdom, isdeeply interesting because she was stabbed to death while defending her chastity against an attacker. She was only 16 yearsold. Her death occurredin 1936 atAnzio, Italy. The termmartyrdom is defined as the voluntary endurance of death for the Catholic faith, or for any article thereof, orfor the preservation of some Christian virtue, or for some other act of virtue relating to God. To be amartyr one must actuallybeput todeathordie asadirect result of one'ssufferings(Attwater Catholic Dictionary).

The title Venerable,'now applicable to the three candidates named above, indicates that a candidate's heroic virtue of martyrdom has been proved and asolemn decree to that effect has been signed by the Pope. This step does not authorise public veneration. The title of Blessed is given at the beatification, when inquiry has proved the sanctity of adeceased person and permission is accorded for his or her public veneration, although this is usuallylimitedtoacountry,diocese,or religious order, and without special permission the display of his or her imagesin churches or the use of aspecial Office or Mass is not permitted. Beatification usually, but not always, leads to canonisation,when, after a further rigorous examination following beatification and the proving of new miracles (not necessarily required in cases of martyrdom), the candidate is declared to have been heroically virtuous and his or her name is formally inscribed by the Pope in thelistof the saints. CanonisationisanactofPapal infallibility, for itimpliesthat thesaint must receive public veneration in the universal Church.

Reich Loses Generation of Clergy

Germany has completely lost agen• eration of new Catholic priests through the Nazi Government's conscription of students, the closing of seminaries and other war measures, reports the "Neue Zuercher Nachrichten," Swiss newspaper.

One of the Church's gravest postwarproblems there will be the making good of this shortage. At least 97 per cent, of all seminary students are serving with the Forces. Hundreds have died on the battlefield or have been captured. Seminaries have been closed by the government, but even lecture halls at theological faculties that are still open are completely empty. At Munich University the theological faculty was shut by Cardinal Faulhaber because lecturers were Nazis. Similar banshave been imposed at Freising and Eichstaedt.

The seriousness of the problem is strikingly revealed by the fact that up to 1933.-the year Hitler seized power, ordination Masses in the Munich and Freising Archdiocese averaged 150 a year. In 1913 there were five; in 1944 three.

WANTED To BUY: Stoves, Wood Gas:PlainandOldRootIron,Copper. Seaters. Best Prices. RingB6107.

DEATHS

KANE—In memory of Michael Kane, who died on May 29, 1945, esteemed Jriend of Mrs. McLoughlin and A.}andW Maher.

Sweet Heart of Jesus, have matey on him.

LANNIGAN.—OnApril 13, 1945, our darling little Margaret,infantdaugbter of Mr, and Mrs.R. J. Lannigan, of South View,NewNorcia,and loving sister of yoseph, Bobbie and Marie; aged 5years, Our beautiful angel in Heaven so bright. Howwemissyou,Margie..

►Ii IN MEMORIAM ►I+

GARVEY,—In loving memory of my dearfather,whodeparted thislifeon June 17, 1926; also my dear uncle, Patrick Garvey, who died June 12, 1933.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on their souls, and let Thy perpetual li,ht shine upon them.

—Inserted by his daughter, Annie AIACKIN:Of your charity, pray for the repose of the soul of Christopher, who departed this life June 16, 1943, Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercyonhissoul.

NAUGHTON.—Of your charity, pray for the repise of the soul of Patrick, who passed away June 18, 1941.

Eternal rest grantunto him,0 Lord. SHERIDAN.-40f your charity, pray forthe soulofStephenSheridan,who died onJune 11, 1942, loved husband of Margaret, and father of Eva Sullivan.

WANTED,

Housemaid-Waitress (over45),Apply HotelAustralia,Murray-street, Perth.

ENGAGEMENTS.

The engagement is announced of Monnie, second daughter of Mrs, M. Kinshelaand the lateArthurKinshela, ofPerth,toLeo Charles, second son of the late Mr, and Mrs. C.

J. Moran, of West Perth,

The engagement is announced of Shirley Theresa, daughter of Mr. and Mrs, A. Schwarz, of North Perth, to William Bernard,son of Mr.and Mrs. W.Gibson,of Perth,

-How to Listento aSermon

4

Six points on how to listen to asermon are printed in the "Western Catholic," of Canada:

1. Listen tothesermonwith asincere desire to profit by it.

2. Do not listen in amere spirit of curiosity, Fixyourminds,notonlan••uage, pronunciation or presentation but on the substance ofwhat issaid.

3. Realise that sermons are not for the saying of new and extraordinary things but to bring to mind common and ordinary things.

4. Everything that issaid in the sermon should be received by every listener as particularly addressed to himself.

o.

All should understand and take it for granted that when an evil is mentioned in the discourse it is not implied that the evil is already present in the parish.

6. Understand that the word of God is the food and sustenance of the soul. Strive always togathersomethingfrom thesermonstokeepandpreserveinthe heart.

KNOW YOUR FAITH SERIES

(Continued fromPage4,) punishment,which must be met either -in this life or in the next. All these consequences of sin can be removed through Last Anonting,so that the soul not merely its sins forgiven, but theevilresults ofsincorrected,mayappearwith confidence before the faceof God,

Fourthly, Last Anointing brings strengthand courage to thesoul. Bodilyweaknessandsufferingtendtomake difficulties for the spirit. It may become harder to pray, and harder to ,maintain patience and confidence in God. The devil may seize the opportunity formaking assaultsandexciting fears. The atmosphere of peace and holiness that ordinarily surround the Catholic death-bed is the immediate effectof thesacrament of LastAnoint. ing.

Restoration of Health.

Fifthly, and last, there is anothereffect of the sacrament which must not •bepassed over. Ithasaspecialpower of restoring bodily health, if God sees well to grant it. This is asecondary effect of the sacrament, and is subordinateto thespiritualeffects,whichare theordinaryends of asacrament. This restoration ofhealth (theoccurrenceof whichcannot fail tobestrikinglymanifestto those whohavesufficientexperi-enceoftheadministrationofthissacra• ment) is not miraculous, but depends partly, no doubt, on the strength and courage communicated to the soul,and alsoontheincreasedefficacywhiclyGod can give to the various natural agencies which are working for the recovery of the sick person. Even when complete restoration to health is not granted, apartial recovery often takes -place, enabling the person to make a betterpreparation fordeath. Forthis reason it is important that the sacrament should be administered in good time.

Sometimes even good Catholics are at fault here. They are reluctant to have the Last Anointing administered becausethey think thatitwill frighten the patient. This attitude, which is foolish, uncharitable, and un-Christan, 'should receive no tolerance for the following reasons:

DoNotPutOff,

First of all, this sacrament is asac• rament of the sick, and not precisely a sacrament of the dying. It may be vadidly and lawfully administered wheneverthereisdangerofdeath,even though it may be much moreprobable that the sick person willrecover. The •true Catholic spirit is,"How soon may Ilawfully receive theSacrament?" not, "How long can Isafely put it off?" Aincetheopportunitiesofreceiving this sacrament will ordinarily be rare, we should be eager to receive it when we lawfullycan. thatis, when thereisdan• gerous illness or infirmity. The sacrament is for the spiritual strength and comfort of those who are dangerously ill. Consequently. they should be given the opportunity of gaining the graceswhich they need,assoon as possible.

If the sacrament is to produce the effect which it frequently doesproduce, animprovement of bodilyhealth, obvi• ously it is better that the administrationofthe sacrament shouldtake place at anearly stage oftheillness, and not heleft offtill only amiracle couldsave the sick person.

The amountof grace which aperson will receive from this sacrament dependson theperson'sdisposition. The sacrament should, therefore, be administered, when possible, while the sick person has strength to devote to the work of preparation and is able to receive the sacramentwith attention and devotion.

Ontheotherhand,thereshouldbeno hesitation in sending for the priest to administer this sacrament even though itisfeared thathewillbe toolate, Life may really remainafter all signsof life have disappeared, as is made clear by the resuscitation of manywhohad apparentlydiedofdrowning. Aslongas thereis any hope that thesoul has not left the body apriest will administer the sacrament conditionally, and if

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dfe is really there it will produce its effects. We have saidnothing so far about theinstitution'of thissacrament. How do we know that there issuch asacrament,and that is produces the results alreadymentioned? Asin thecaseof other doctrines and other sacraments, the main and sufficient reason is the teaching of Christ's Church, The sacrament of Last Anointing is, perhaps, the sacrament of which the existence and power would be most R

difficult to establish beyond doubt or cavil from the testimony of Scripture and tradition alone.

Last Anointing in theNewTestament. Thissacramentissuggestedbyapassage inSt. Mark's Gospel: "Goingforth they preachedthatmenshoulddo penance; and they cast out many devils and anointed with oil many that were sick, and healed them" (vi., 13.) The actual institution of the sacrament is nowhere reported in the Gospels; but St. James, in his letter to the Jewish Christians,inthelatterpartoftheNew Testament,gives instructionsabout its use. "If anyone is sick among you," hewrites,"let themsend forthepriests of the Church, and letthem pray over him,anointinghimwithoilinthename of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will raise him up, and should he be in sins they will be forgiven him" (v., 14-15,)

Weneednot stoptodiscussthispassage indetail,or meetallthedifficulties •w•hich might be raised regarding it. Our faith does not rest on our private interpretation of texts of Scripture. We regard both the Old and the New Testament as the word of God. But Jesus Christ did not leave as the ultimate authority abook, but ateaching Church. It was theChurch which gave us the Bible; and she must give us its interpretation. Where the authoritywhichChristestablished isaccepted, peace and security in matters of belief reign; where that authority is not acknowledged, thereis nothingbut instability and confusion.

The Sacraments in EnglandLong Ago. There are not many references to Last Anointing among the writings of the early Fathers. This is not very remarkable, because thesacrament was not one that was administered regularly,like someother sacraments,butwas restricted tothosewho were dangerously ill, and it was not, from the nature of the case, apublic ceremony. Even to-day Isuppose it is the sacrament which is least often spoken about and least often comes under the notice of Catholics. To show, however, for the sake of English-speaking people, what was the belief of the early English Church about this and some other sacraments we have been considering, it may be worth quoting two paragraphs from the "Sacerdotal Law" of Egbert Archbishop of York, more than 1,204 years ago:

"Let all priests impose on all who confess their sins to them afitting penance, and let them mercifully grant to all sick, before they depart from life, viaticum and the communion of the body ofChrist,

"According to the laws laid down by theholy Fathers,ifanyone issick let him be chrefully anointed by the priests with consecrated oil, along with prayer."

ASacrament tobe Prised.

Thesacrament ofLastAnointing isa wonderful proof of Christ's mercy and of His careforus. It is His chosen way of completing His work of sanctification in our souls, and applying to us at the end ofourlives, with particular generosity, the merits of His redemption. Through it we are enabled tomakeagoodendtoour timeof probation, obtain forgiveness of those sins which may still remain on our souls, and cancel those penaltieswhich maystillbe dueforoursins. Thatwe mayprizeitasitdeservesweoughtfrequently to call it to mind and try to realise the very special benefits which it confers upon us. And when we receive other sacraments during life we should try by our earnestness aj

nd fervour to make ourselves worthy to receive our Last Sacraments when the time comes• and through the special benefitsconferredbytheprecioussacrament of Last Anointing, be enabled to pass without delay" from this place of exile to our heavenly home.

Poland'sEasternFrontier

(Continued from Front Cover.)

the Austrian rule. Russian inhabitants in Lwowin 1939 numbered only 500. of apopulation of 312,200.

The great masses of inhabitants of both cities belong to the western Catholic Church. In Lwow there was a sizeable community of Ukrainians and White Ruthenians (35,100), who as far back as 1598 became reconciled with Rome. (Not all accepted the union at once, but on the eve of the partitionsmost of them,as far as they still remained with the boundaries of the Polish commonwealth, were Uniats Those who after the partition came under Rusian rule were later forced to return to the Greek Orthodox Church, so that only the Ukrainians of Austrian Galicia remained Catholics of the Oriental rite, which, together with the language of the large masses of the population,strengthened the national consciousness of the Ukrainians.

Wilno and Lwow are bulwarks of a Polish-Ruthenian civilisation thit has given agreat deal to Europe and will give much more if adverse influences from external sources do not interfere with their development.

Vital Provinces to Poland.

For centuries has implanted aChristian and western civilisation- in her easternprovinces, andtheflowerofPolish chivalry perished there in defence ofwestern ideals. The universities of Wilno and Lwow and the Krzemiemec lycee were fortresses of Polish and also of western European culture. The pos-

session ofthoseeastern provincesis absolutely vital to Poland, whereas to Russia, with her enormous area, popu• lation, and material resources,they are of no importance whatever except to absorb and enslave unwilling people into her way of life.

Of couse,to our"realists," historical, cultural, and moral arguments , upon which the Polish side of the Polish-Soviet dispute chiefly reposes, meanvery little. For them the sword is mightier than the pen. Stalin has•made knownhisdemandsandisabletoback them with force. That settles everything.

But what about these questions?

Did Poland decide to fight Germany because of the latter's claims for a "revision"of her western frontier only to accept the Russian claims for half of her territory in the east? Did Poland oppose Nazism merely to accept another form of totalitarianism? Did she challenge the racial myth of PanGermanism and the German pretensions to leadership on the European continent, merelyto be mergedin Pan. Slavism under Russian leadership? Is Poland to serve as adoor-mat for another war? '

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Newly Furnished Throughout. ALL WELCOME.

J. G. MULCAHY, Proprietor.

Tel.: MU149.

Hotel and Accommodation Guide

On the Road

t0

City Beach.

Wembley Hotel

'Phone: B3418. .

First Class Accommodation.

M. CRANLEF, Proprietor. COUNTRY.

DUKE OF YORK HOTEL, NARROGIN.

Reconditioned and Retttrnished, New Lounge,Dining Rooms, and Commercial Rooms.

ARTHUR BOYLAN, Proprietor. (Late George Hotel, Perth), GOLDFIELDS.

Rod Beacon's HANNAN'S HOTEL, FiANNAN STREET, KALGOORLIE.

STAR & GARTER HOTEL, Cnr. HANN.iN & NETHER• COTT STS., KALGOORLIE. BERTSTARR .... Proprietor.

`Phone 13... .. .... Bo: ]Z4. AUSTRALIA HOTEL, Y 1

OOORLIE.

••

GT.A. and R.A.C. HOUSE. One Minute from St.Mary's Church.

Hot and Cold Water in Hotel Bathrpoma.

Refrigeration Throughout. Only Lock-Up Garages fn the Centre of Town. • M. J. DILLON, licensee.

FREEMASONS HOTEL, TOODYAY.Excellent Oufaine. Amatice Refrigerator Installed. Old and New Friends are Cordially Welcomed. MRS. E. WING, Proprietress.

STAN. O'BP.IEN, COURT HOTEL PERTH. 'Phone: 84261.

HOTEL BEACONSFIELD, FREMANTLE, Overlooking the Ocean. SuperiorAccommodatloi. Moderate Charges.

Ia. BYANE (Late of Grand and Shamrock Hotels, Boulder).

VICTORIA HOTEL, HAYSTREET, SUBIACO. Renovated Throtsghotr/. Essence of OomforR W. F. AATDI, Proprietor. (Lateof BalmoralHotel;Vic. Park)

KEOUGH'Sfor CATERING Any Number,Place,or Thate. .ThreeReception Rooms for Hire. On Hire: Crockery, Cutlery and Glassware, etc. Phone: D9451.

GLAD SEOIIOH.

NEWCASTLE ST., PERTH.

Make

reasonable prices. You will find these materials delightfully easy to make upand the results will thrill you.

Feltisanotherexcitingmedium that offers unlimited scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy's HomecraftSection in many lovely colours. Here is agrand opportunity for you to save money by making your own Christmas gifts this year.

•Smilea

"Can Iborrow your pen?"

"Certainly old man."

Have you asheet of paper?"

"Help yourself;"

"Goingpast the post officewhenyou go out?"

"I can do."

"Will you wait till Ifinish this letter?"

Idon't mind."

"Happen to have any envelopes knockingaround?"

"Plenty there."

"Got astamp?"

Yes,"

"By the way, what is yourgirl's address?"

"And what," asked the cannibal chief in his kindest tones,"was your business before you were ,

captured by my men?"

"I was anewspaper man," answered the captive.

"An editor?"

"Only asub-editor."

"Cheer up, young man, promotion awaits you. After supper you shall be editor-in-chief:"

"Going-overseas, chum?,"

"Yep, mate."

"Where are you going?"

"I'm not sure whether the sergeant said it was toGibraltaron the Jupiter or to Jupiter on the Gibraltar."

"Me father and aman namedDooley have been fighting for twenty years, but now they have stopped."

"Why? Did they bury the hatchet?"

"No; they buried Dooley."

There had been aseries of"talks" at the village institute on keeping fit. At the end of the talks the chairmansaid, "Ourspeaker is anexampleofwhathe preaches: he's -

three score and ten and he could tire out many a man far younger than himself."

"Andhecertainly'did,"came aweary voice from the gallery. * • • •

Same had been carpenter at aprovincial theatre for about half a century, and the proprietors thought it was time he retired onapension. But Sam chose to consider himself insulted by the well-meant offer,

"I wouldnit 'ave took the jobatall," he grumbled "if I 'adn't thought it was goin' to be permanen'tl"

Prospective Employer: "Have you testimonials?"

Applicant: "Yes, hereisthelast:'Mr. Smith worked aweek for us and that satisfied us.'"

*

* * *

Cohen was attending the funeral of amillionaire, and during theceremony he wept as though his heart would break.

"What are you weeping for, Abie?" asked afriend, "He wasn'tarelative of yours!"

"No, that's just vy I'm weeping," sobbed Abie, with afresh outburst.

Pat had bought himself anew suit, and the old one was madeinto ascarecrow.

Returning home late the same night, he fancied he saw astranger in his garden. Creeping quietly up behind the figure, he dealt it a tremendous how with hisshillaTagh.

Then he realised his silly mistake. RunniV into the house; he seized his wifebythearm.

"Arrah, Bridgett" he cried ingreat concern. "It's anarrow escape Oi've had. If Oi'd worn that suit another two days, shure it's adead man that would be spakin' to ye this minute."

Ilehadtakenapostalcourseinchemis<ry, and having asore throat decided to ucre himself. With pride he handed the chemist his first attempt at a prescription.

The chemist read ittwicedoubtfully.

"Well' he said at last,"is it avery bigdog?"

A,distinguished university,

-professor deliveredan address on natural'science before agroup of business men.

Al theconclusionamanufacturertook issuewithhim. "Naturalscienceis of. no benefit to me," he insisted.

"What is your business?" inquired the professor.

"I manufacture suspenders," was the + reply.

Andwhere would yourbusinessbe," the professor countered "if the law of gravity were suspended?"

"Mummy, acar has just goneby—as big as ahouse."

"Jackie, how many hundredsofthousands of times have Itold you not to exaggerate?" `

An Admiral was examining naval cadets for promotion.

"Tellme," heaskedoneofthe young hopefuls,"what must an officer be before he can have afuneral with full naval honours?"

"Dead," came the promptreply.

Two Diggerson leave in London sprawled in Hyde Park talking about whattheywouldlike when thewarwas over

"I'Zliketohaveanicepubinanoutof-the-way spot," said No. 1.

"You wouldn't get any customers," repliied No.2,

"Who the devil wants customers; roared No. 1,

Neighbour: "How is that incubator doing that you bought?"

Mrs, Nem-wed:"Isuppose it's all right, but I'm alittle worried aboutit. It hasn't laid asingle egg yet"

"And then he's so romantic. Every time hespeaks hesays'Faire lady.'"

"There's nothing romantic about that. He'satram conductor." — s s •

An agitated motorist stopped an approaching constable in the mainstreet. "I say,officerl" he said,excitedly,"my car's just been stolen from here."

"illy word, sir, that's fortunate for youl"thepoliceman replied, stolidly, "D'youknow, Iwas just goingto,take your name for parking on the wrong side ofthe roadl" •

Themanagerofavarietytheatrewas testing the abilities of candidates for stage honours one day last week. To one would-be comedian he said:

"Your songswon't do for me.Ican't allow anyprofanity in my theatre."

"But Idon't use profanity," was the reply.

"No,"said the manager, "but the audience would."

• * * s

Aunt Agatha dropped in for achat. "Oh. Aunty, how ugly you arel" said her littleniece.

"But, Eva," cried her mother, horrified."Ilow can you saysuchathing?"

"I justsaid it as ajoke, Mammal"

"It would have been amuch better joke if you had said,'Oh, Aunty, how pretty you are,'" chided her mother.

Itwasaftertheexamination,and the lecturer was waxing sarcastic over the results.

"Will those who know absolutely nothing whatsoever of thls subject kindly stand?" he inquired.

After aslight pause aback-bencher rose to his feet.

"So," sairl the lecturer, grimly,"you Know nothing, eh?"

"Perhaps not quite as bad as that. sir,'-said the truthful one,"but Ihated tosee youstandingthere alone."

"I say, old fellow, Ican see double" "So can I."

"I say, that makes four ofus—let us haveahandatwhistl" s s s s

Dora: "My hair needs cutting badly, doesn't it?"

Nora: "Oh, Idont think so, dearie -

, it's cut thatwaj now..,

1

Dear Cornerites,—Among other things June is the month when business men make areview of this year's trading, take stock, etc. Now for us who are engaged inGod's business of keeping alight the faith of country children it might also be agood idea to

look backand see how the Heaven,,Jy Ledger squares. After all, we should at the very least be as diligent and hard-working aboutGod'saffairsas we are about our own personal business.

Let us, then, make an honest examination of conscience. Perhaps these suggestions may help:

1. have Idone anything at all for the Bushies' Scheme daring the past twelve months—by prayer or pennies?

2. If not, why not?

3. Could Ihave done more without agreat deal of trouble?

4, Have Iprayed for the Scheme as wellascollectedmoney?

5. Whatone resolution will I make and keep about the Bushies' for the next twelve months?

Iam sure if you all take this little examination to heart, we will have the --£230 Objectivewithoutany worry.

AUNT BESSY,

249 Railwav Parade, W. Leederville. DearAunt Bessy,—I am atlastwriting to you again. Please find enclosed postal note to the value of 5s. Could you please send me another prick card? Iam in the Infants at school now,and Iam learning to read -andwrite. Ihad abirthdaypartyon Saturday last, My little sister, Margaret's birthdav is on the Pith., and Marls on the 15th. Well, Ihad bet. ter close now.—Your loving niece, LORRAINE FLANAGAN.

Dear Lorraine,—It was a pleasant surprisetohearfromyousosoonagain, and thank you for your help to the Bushies. The Lemonade Bottle made „60 good gulps of your dollar. He's a regularglutton these days. Hownice for the three of you all to have your birthdays in the same month and to celebrate on the same day. I hope you do well at school and succeed in filling up theprick card Ihave sent. Love. AUNT DESSY.

t # * #

97 Campbell-street, Kalgoorlie.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is the first time Ihave w•ritien to you,but Iread your letters in"The Record," Iam seven and ahalf, and I go to St. Michael'sSchoolin Kalgoorlie. At present Iam at Mt. Lawlev staying with grandma and grandpa on holidays. Please,Aunt Bessy,wouldyou sendme aprickcard? Love from MAUREEN GRANT.

DearMaureen.—First letters are real1v treasures, and Iwas delighted to •have anew niece. You have started well in wanting aprick card to help the Bushies. Ihope you manage to fillitup,andIamsuremyothernieces at St. Michael's will help you. I'm sire you had anice holiday in Perth and that you will do well at school. Love from AUNT BESSY. * # #

• Box 56, Merredin, Dear Aunt Bessy,—Plgase send two more prick cards, one for Patricia and one for myself. Thanking you.—Yours truly, `ROSEMARY FOWLER, Dear Rosemary,—I think Patricia and}'ourself must be the two hardest working nieces we have in the Corner. The cards -

have been sent along with mybestwishes. Icoulddowithafew hundred children who would work as hard asyou do for the Bushies. God bless you! And by the way, where did you get the nice stamp for your name, and didyou do the typing yourself? AUNT P,ESSY.

Lemonade Bottle

ACKNOWLEDGED

WITH THANKS.

d.

Parishioner of Queen's Park .. 10 0

S.

E.F., Victoria 10 0

Lorraine Flanagan 50

St,Joseph'sCollege,Fremantle, DearAunt Bessy,—Wehadour sports last Saturday, and we thought it was going to rain, but we prayed for the rain to keep offanditdid,although it was very dull. On Monday morning Sister askedus to write apoem called "Sports Day," and Iam sending you my small effort. Ihope you will like it. Please send aprick card, too.— Your loving niece, JUDITH ALDRIDGE.

SportsDay.

One Saturday in sunny Bray, St, Joseph's held their School Sports Day.

We ran andskipped, andjumped with glee, And wonderedwhothe winner'd be.

The teams were Gold, Blue,Green and Red.

"Now, do yourbest,"our captainsaid; "Not everyone canwin, you know, But run as fastas youcan go."

The relay wasathrilling race, We found it hard to keep apace; The book race was exciting, too, Who wouldwin:Green, Red,orBlue?

We had someraceswith aball, Lees by our captain, strong and tall. With cheery smiles and nimble feet, We tried our best to win our heat.

NowSportsare over for ayear, And wegave Redamighty cheer. Then homewewenttoteaandbed, And wished that our team had been Red.

—Judith Aldridge(ten years).

Dear Judith,—Your letter was twice welcome because of the lovely little poem you sent with it. I'm so glad youhadsuchagooddayforthe Sports and enjoyed yourselves. I suppose you were abit disappointed that Red won,butIcanseeyouareagoodloser, and that's important. The prick card has gone forward and Ihope you fill it,

AUNT BESSY.

Victoria.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Please find enclosed 10s. for the Bushies, in honour ofthe Sacred Heartand Our Lady, for favours received. Wishing your Scheme every success,—Yours sincerely, E. F.

Dear E. F„—You don't give me much of aclue to your identity, but it's certainly encouraging to receive support.

for the Bushies from Victoria. Iam indeed glad that you have had vour intentions granted, and if the Bushies' prayers avail you will receive many more rich blessings. Many thanks for your generous help and good wishes.

Dear Aunt Bess -

AUNT BESSY.

y,—Please find enclosed IN., in honour of Our Lady, St; Joseph and the Sacred Heart. From a PARISHIONEROFQUEEN'S PARK

Dear Parishioner of Queen's Park,— Again and yet again! You make me quiteashamedbecauseevery time your donationarrivesIfeelyou take adeeper interest in the Bushies and their work than Ido myself. But never a line do you write. Really, that is too modest; how about sending the Bushies amessage next time? Many, many thanks indeed,

AUNTBESSY.

t t # t

Sacred heart High School, Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is the first letter Ihave written to you. Iam six years old. Iam sending you my prick card back for the P,ushies. We have alot of little boys and girls to play with at Echool, so we have good fun. We are closing for our holidays next week. Good-bye, Aunt Bessy. Withlotsof love toyou and the Bushies. From GERARD HODGKINSON,

Dear Gerard,—Ihave hundreds of nieces in the Corner and they are all very nice, But Ihave asoft spot

for the boys, and therefore Iwas very pleased to receive your letter, and I welcomeyouasanewnephew. Fancy having filled up acardalready. Thank you verymuch. I'msure you have a fine time at school with somany little boysandgirls to play with.Lovefrom AUNTBESSY.

SacredHeart HighSchool,Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I ani six years old. At home Ihave alittle brother and alittle sister. Good-bye, Aunt ;Bessy. With lots of love to you and the little Bushies, From JOAN PRINDIVILLE.

DearJoan,—Iwasthrilled to receive your letter. What lovely paper you havetowriteon, andwhatanice crest your school has. Iam sure thelittle children in the bush will be pleased to know that the city children think of them such alot. Don'tforget to tell yourlittle brotherandsisterabout the Bushies when they are older. Love from AUNT BESSY.

Sacred Heart High School, Highgate.

DearAunt Bessy,—I amfive years old. At home Ihave alittle brother and sister. Good-bye,AuntBessy, and love to you and the Bushies. From LORNA McKENNA.

Dear Lorna,—You write alovely letter and must be one of my youngest nieces. You are alucky girl to be

goingtosuchaniceschool. Isuppose your little brother and sister will be going there soon. Ihope they, too, will be interested in the Bushieswhen they are alittle older, The Bushier andmyselfsendyouall ourbestlove.

AUNT BESSY.

Sacred Heart High School, Highgate. Dear Aunt Bessy,—I hope you and all the Bushiesare well. Ihave filled inmy prickcard. Iam in Xavier House. Iam going forGrade VI. in music. Iam goinghomeformyholidays. We gotsomeextra daysonaccountoftheendof thewarandAscensionThursday, We had Massathalfpast-nine today. Well, dear Aunt Bessy, Iwill say good-bye. Lots of love to you and the Bushies. From your loving niece, LYNNETTE JACKSON.

Dear Lynnette,—I'm alittle late replying to your letter, but you children sent me such'a lot that I'monlyjust getting my breath back. Thank you forfillingup acard; it wasagoodeffort. Youarelucky tohavesuchlong holidays and to be learning music. I hope you and all in Xavier House do well. Love,

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CrowningoftheQueenofMay

CELEBRATIONS AT ST. BRIGIO'S, WEST PERTH

Crowning Day, May 27th„ was at. tended with the usual pomp and seremony, for which St, Brigid's, West Perth, has deservedly become noted.

Up to the present year, weatherconditions have been ideal for the celebrationof May Day, but this year, for the first time, heavy banks of cloud obscured thebrightnessof the heavens, and in the late afternoon steady rain presaged awet evening, which forecastproved correct. Yet, despite the inclemency of the elements, the crowded congregation showed'only aslight diminution in comparison with previous years.

At quite an early hour, the best positions in the spacious church were ocupied by those anxious to miss nothing that eye or ear or heart can delight in on such agrand occasion.

TheSanctuary decorations were highly artistic and becoming. Our Lady's statue was literally embowered in roses, which were arranged in masses of separate colours—red, gold and pink. The difficulty of procuring blooms and the exorbitant price demanded by horticulturalists in no wise affected the prolific supply of floral tributes,donated to her whom we fondly style "Mystical Rose."

The frocking of queen and attendants was rich and rare;parents gave lavishly of their best, and one could almost believe that rationing limitations had forthe noi.ce been set aside.,

Rev. Father W. Fergusson, C,SSR., preached the occasional sermon. His words rang oftclear, with persuasive utterance to akeenly interested congregation.

W}yall this elaborate decoration?

Why this rich effulgence of flooding light? asked the priest, and in answer to hisownquestions,he replied:"Honourtowhom honour is due."Towhom do we owe more honour, after God , than to His Blessed Mother, for has she not said in her magnificat: "He that is mighty hath done great things to me ... and behold from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed." hail full of grace, the Lord is with thee"; hence the reasonwhyweshould be assembled round Mary's image to continue and perpetuate the "Ave gratia plena" spoken by the AngelGa1•riel on the first Annunciation Day. The preacher urged his hearers to adopt the attitude of children towards their heavenly Mother; to make her a Nother in need: she would not fail them nor leave them till life's journey finished; they were safe in the realms of bliss, God's children for all eternity,

Immediately after the conclusion of the sermon, the regal procession, announced by heralds with lighted candies, entered the church, making an imposing pictureas itmoved with slow andstatelymeasureto takeupits position prior to the opening of the night's celebration.

The queen regent was Edmee Horrigan, seven-year-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frank Horrigan, of 137 Charles-street, West Perth, and grand-child of Mrs. P. J. Horrigan, of Leake-street.

The young queen was beautifully arrayed in white silk, with extensive satin train inlaid with French openwork and costlyveil magnificently bordered with silk lace—acharming picture of childish loveliness and innocence. She performed her privileged role with becoming dignity and composure, and the actual crowning of Our Lady's statue was accomplished with suchdevotionandreverenceas to call forth the deepest feelings of emotion from the onlookers,whichinmany instances found silent utterance in tears.

Her first maids-in-waiting,two tiny tots of four years, acquitted themselves of their assigned task with an exactness almost incredible for such juvenile participants. The two favoured little ones were Dian McPhee, daughter of Mr. and Mrs, A. J. McPhee, of FloreatPark,and IreneGoerke,daughter of Mr. and Airs. P. Goerke, of North Perth. The heralds of the Coronation and leadersof the complete entourage were Peter and Gavan Birmingham, sons of Mr. andMrs. F. Birmingham, of West Perth. To these young leaders and to the cross-bearer, MasterJohn Baldwin, was dueingreat measure the perfect carrying out of the night's functions.

SolemnBenediction wasgiven atthe close of the devotions, Rev, M. Reidy was assisted by Rev. Fathers Fergusson and Scully. The singing of the hymns was beautifully rendered by the Children of Mary, and such rendition was due in large measure to the careful and skilful accompaniment of Miss T. O'Connor, the organist.

Thelast hymn, whichisever ancient and always new, "IIail Queen of Heaven," was sting by choir and congregation as the queen and suite passed down the nave and out from the church, leaving behind fond and deepset memories of May Day, 1945.

Vaticanand Labour

Two American labour leaders, back from an investigation of Italian union affairs,aremakingnosecretoftheiradmiration for the holy Father. During their stay in Rome, Luigi Antonini, of the AFL, and George L'aldanzi, of the CIO, were able to study the activities of Pius_\II. atfirsthand. Mey found out what the Communists are anxious to suppress and whit the press has inadequately reported—that all during the Nazi occupation the Papacy provided shelter and assistance to all who needed it regardlessofrace orcreed. A personal interview with the IIoly father increased the respect of these labour leaders. "It was agreat act of humanity." Mr.i3aldanzi said hetold the Holy Father, referring to the Vatican's charity,"which American workers profoundly appreciate. They also express the same thankfulness for the social teachings of the Pope. the aims of which coincide perfectlywith the intentions and aimsoftheAmerican peo. ple," This tribute from the democratic American trade-union movement comes at apropitious time. It high. lights the calumnious nature of the campaign which Moscow is currently waging against the Vatican; as is shownby othereventsaswell.

Crowningof theQueenofMay

CELEBRATIONSAT ST.BRIGIO'S, WESTPERTH

Crowning Day, May 27th„ was attended with the usual pomp and ceremony, for which St, Brigid's, West Perth, has deservedly become noted.

Up to the present year, weather conditions have been ideal for the cele. bration of May Day, but this year, for the first time, heavy banks of cloud obscured the brightnessof the heavens, and in the late afternoon steady rain presaged awet evening, which forecast proved correct. Yet despite the inclemency of the elements, the crowded congregation showed only aslight diminution in comparison with previous years.

At quite an early hour, the best positions in the spacious church were ocupied by those anxious to miss nothing that eye or ear or heart can delight in on such agrand occasion,

The Sanctuary decorations were highly artistic and becoming. Our Lady's statue was literally embowered in roses, which were arranged in masses of separate colours—red, gold and pink. The difficulty of procuring blooms and the exorbitant price demanded by horticulturalists in no wise affected the prolific supply of floral tributes, donated to her whom we fondly style"Mystical Rose."

The frocking of queen and attendants was rich and rare; parents gave lavishly of their best, and one could almost believe that rationing limitations had for the not.ce been set aside.

Rev. Father W. Fergusson, C,SS.R., preached the occasional sermon. His words rang ot,t clear, with persuasive utterance to akeenly interested con. gregation.

Why all this elaborate decoration?

Why this rich effulgence of flooding light? asked the priest, and in answer to his own questions, he replied:"Honourto whom honour is due." To whom do we owe more honour, after God , than to His Blessed Mother, for has she not said in her magnificat: "He that is mighty bath done great things to me .. , and behold from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed." Ilail full of grace, the Lord is with thee"; hence the reasonwhy we should be assembled round Mary's image to continue and perpetuate the "Ave gratin plena" spoken by the Angel Ga. licl on the first Annunciation Day. The preacher urged his hearers to arlopt the attitude of children towards their heavenly Mother; to make her a Mother in need: she would not fail them nor leave them till life's journey frni•hcrl; they were safe in the realms of bass, God's children for all eternity.

Immedintely after the conclusion of the sermon, the regal proccs<ion, anti unccd by heralds with lighted canrllel,-uttered the church, making an imposing picturem it moved with slow and stalely mealtire to takeup itsposit9nn priorto the opening of the night's ,ckhration,

M1159 Telephones— 1,1460

The queen regent was Edmee IIorrigan, seven-year-old daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Frank IIorrigan, of 137 Charles-street. West Perth, and grand-child of Mrs. 1'. J. Iforrigan, of Leake-street.

The young queen was beautifully arrayed in white silk, with extensive satin train inlaid with French open;cork and costly veil magnificently bordered with silk lace—acharming picture of childish loveliness and innocence. She performed her privileged role with becoming dignity and composure, and the actual crowning of Our Lady's statue was accomplished with such devotionand reverence as to call forth the deepest feelings of emotionfrom the onlookers,which inmany instances found silent utterance in tears.

Her first maids-in-waiting, two tiny tots of four years, acquitted themselves of their assigned task with an exactness almost incredible for such juvenile participants. The two favoured little ones were Dian McPhee, daughter of Mr. and Mrs, A. J. McPhee, of Floreat Park, and IreneGoerke, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. P. Goerke, of North Perth. The heralds of the Coronation and leadersof the complete entourage were Peter and Gavan Birmingham, sons of Mr. and Mrs. F. Birmingham, of West Perth. To these young leaders and to the cross-bearer, MasterJohn Baldwin, was due in great measure the perfect carrying out of the night's functions.

Solemn Benediction µ•as given at the close of the devotions. Rev, M. Reidy was assisted by Rev. Fathers Fergusson and Scully. The singing of the hymns was beautifully rendered by the Children of Mary, and such rendition was due in large measure to the careful and skilful accompaniment of Miss T. O'Connor, the organist.

Thelast hynm, which is ever ancient and always new, "Ilail Queen of Heaven," was sung by choir and congregation as the queen and suite passed dov:n the nave and out from the church, leaving hehic.d fond and deepset memories of May Day, 1915.

Vatican and Labour

Goldfields Section YOUCAN DOALLYOUR SHOPPINGAT i

the GOLDFIELDS' LEADING EMPORIUM always get OF SERVICE MAKE— W. Glasson YOUR TAILOR KALG00RLIE RUSSELL f

lers. "It was agreat act of humanity.•" Mr. 1,aldanzi said he told the holy rather. referring to the Vatic:ut's charity, "which American workers profoundly appreciate. They also express the same thankfulness for the social teachings of the Pope, the aims of which coincide perfectlywith the intentions and aimsoftheAmerican people," This tribute from the democratic American trade-union movement comes at apropitious time. It highlights the calumnious nature of the campaign which Moscow is currently waging against the Vatican; as is shown by other eventsaswell. where you THE BEST

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