The Record Newspaper 06 June 1945

Colossal Task Confronts U. N. R. R.A.

Noted Social Worker Describes Need

of Co-Ordinating World Economy

44 Countries & 80 0

/,, of People of the World Aim to Eliminate Want . . .

Superhuman Effort to Help Nations Help Themselves

By EILEEN DAVIDSON, M.A., DipEd.

Following the announcementof the appointment of Miss Eileen Davidson,M.A., Dip.Ed., toan important assignment in Germany,under the U.N.R,R.A., the following article from her pen will be of interest to our readers. It describestheenormous problems facing the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and the means employed to overcome them :—

Asocial worker has the taskof help• ingpeopleoutoftrouble. Iwould be averybravesocialworker—andavery unwise one—to stand up and pretend Iknew the solution, or even the best methods,ofdealing with thenumerous problems of Europe to-day. Never• theless, there are certain casework practiceswhich have been evolved. If th peoples of devastated countries are to behelpedadequately,efficiently and at all speed, these practices must be adhered to.

Ispeak from the social worker's pointofview. By this,Idonotmean charity. You can walk down the street and put ashilling in a blind man's hat; that is just helping the blind man—you relieve your pressure of feeling, and he gets ashilling. But ifit were your duty in life toaid that ' manandhelphim employhistimeprofitably instead of sitting on a street corner, you have done avery bad piece of social work. You would not he helping him. A social worker must have aconstructiveview,

in mind all the time. She is required to help peopleoutof trouble, not in their trouble, r\second point—asocialworkermust • l',• aware of the communitysresources o; help. io trying to overcome the problems of devastated areas and t• find their logical solution, she must naturally make herself familiar with the machinery being organised at this time by the hest brains of the world. Social workers must know how to get the right thing from the right agency at the right moment.

Let us have alook at some of the thingsbeingdone, the organisation being set up. There has been acon. siderable amount of effort putinto the

setting up of community resources, andnecessarilyso. Thelate President Roosevelt said it was hard for us to grasp the magnitudeof the needs of the peoples of Europe. However, we must try and,face them, and knowing what theyare, tryandcopewiththem. GovernorLehman. Director of United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, said:"If we havelearned anything from the decadesjust behind us it is this: we cannot even if we would, make ourselves secure in a worldinwhich millionsof men,women and children are dying of want or epi• demic. Let its frankly recognise that freedom from want iS abasiccomponent of any enduring peace, and that if the United Nations are to have any hope of lasting peace and a stable world economy they must help to see to it that the liberated peoples of the world are restorer( as rapidly as possiblue to aself-sti ,

taining hnsis. That is merely enlightener) self-interest,"

So ive have the problem—to restore Europe to aself-sustaining hacis. Public utilities,essential services, world trade will havetobe restored—agigantir t:t k.. It has taken aworld upheaval to upset this—it will take the coirhined resource: of the whole wide iv,,rld to restore them. Transport, supplies, and services will have to he restored on acolossal scale to bring hack orderfrom chaos. But what of the human element? it,hasbeen estimated that 1A0.0M.000 Europeans have brcnaffectedone w•avoranother,some in it major capacity, everyone in some way. 20 to 30000,000 refugees, who reoice in the name of"Displaced Persons" in our official documents, are a problemin themselves. Someof these peoplehavefledfrom one disaster into another, only to have to turn and flee

from that.. Terrfied, hopeless, lost, bewildered people!

In Prance to-day,asin Belgium after the'lastwar,theagonycolumns—ifyou know what they are—of the newspapers are full of all kinds of notices, such as this:"Iwould welcomenewsof so-and-so, last seen at such-and-such a place—signed 'Despairing Mother.'"

Test think of the broken homes and broken hearts! All these people have to be helped. And the first thing is thev have tobe fed. Is there enough food in the world to feed them? Experts say Yes, with perhaps the exception of proteins. There are—hips (still being used for war aims at the moment). There is untold goodwill. These, however, are not enough. There mustbeorganisation and planning. So. cial workers in order to help people, want to know what lies ahead, for they mmt plan ahead.. And for this, organisation is necessary, One of the lessonsofthe lastwaristhatveryfact. Theremust be some meansofco-ordinating the various agencies which want to take part in the relief work.

In regard to food, as far back as Nor, 1913, the representatives of the United Nations met at Hot Springs, Virginia, U.S.A., at the invitation of the United States Government, to discuss the problem of world feeding. Here is their declaration at the conclusion of the copference:

"This Conference has considered the world problems of food and agriculture, and declares its belief that the goaloffreedom fromwantoffood,suitable and adequate for the health and strengthof all peoplescanbeachieved.

"The first task is to complete the ,

winning of the war and todelivermil-

liunsof people from tyranny and from hunger. During the period of critical shortage in the aftermath of war. freedom fromhunger canbeachievedonly byurgent andconcertedefforts toeconomise consumption,to increase supplies and distribute them to the best advantage. Thereafterwemustequally concertoureffprtsto win andmain. tain freedom from fear anti freedom from want. The one cannot be achieved without the other.

"There has never been enough food for the health of allpeople. This is justified neither by ignorance nor by the harshness of nature. Production of food mustbe greatlyexpanded; we now have knowledge of the means by which this can be done,, It requires imagination and firm will'on the part of each Government and people to makeuseofthatknowledge. Thefirst ause of hunger and malnutrition is poverty. It is useless to produce more food unlessmen and nationsprovide the markets to absorbit. There must be an expansion of the. whole world economytoprovide the purchasingpowersufficienttomaintain anadequatediet forall.... The primaryresponsibility lies with each nation for seeing that its own people have the food needed for life and health; steps to this end are for national determination. 'But each nation can fully achieve its goal only if all work together."

They made certain recommendations:

"That the Governments and authorities here represented recognise and embody in aformal declaration or agreement the obligation to their respective peoples and to one another, herceeforth to collaborate in raising levels ofnutritionand standardsofliving of their peoples, and to report to one another on the progress achieved.

"That the governments and authorities here represented establish apermanentorganisationin thefieldoffood and r.griculture."

In 191,:"cse recommendations were mule, and Ithink we can take it that when the Military control releases its hold and other agencies are able to move in and take over, there will be sufficient food, The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration has undertaken to provide 2,000 calories aday. It takes 4,000 day to keep aman going who is doing hard nvnrk: 3,0V0 for aman moderately employed; 2,000 for an active woman. UNRRA is aiming at 2,600 a claya stepintherightdirection,butnotoverabundant. Something more will have to be done when the people settle down to the more stable period after the emergency period has been passed,

(Continued on Page 17.)

The Catholic Answer

Pope Favours Democracy As Government of Post-War World.

Envisages Anglo-American Type as Against "Swindle"

Forms

"A Postulate of Nature Imposed by Reason Itself"

Untouchable Dictatorship .a Thing of the

"Student," Maylands:

Q.: Has the Roman Catholic Church any official attitude towards theidea of Democracy as against Fascism, and, if so, Iwould be interested to hear just what it is? Ihope you will not find this question outside the scope of your session,but when all is said and done, the Vatican claims tobeaSovereignState in the political sense,and Ipresume,therefore,that such questions as the one Ihaveaskedmoat havesome official place in theChurch'saffairs.

A.: The Vatican not only claims to be, but is internationally recognised as aSovereign State in the society of na• lions. Ambassadors are accredited to the Vatican from some fortyodddifferent States, including England and America, Moreover, as you suggest, the hutch is very much interested in the question of Democracy as aform of government, and it was only afew months ago that the present Holy Father, Pius.III., in amost important broadcast clarified for Catholics and non-Catholics alike the attitude of the Holy See towards the idea of Democracy.

Asamatteroffact, the radio address to which 1refer, and which was delivered by the Pope last Christmas Eve, was oneof themoststrikingdocuments that has ever come from the Vatican. 1t was the first time that the issue of

Past

Democracy has been faced soexplicitly by the Holy See sinceLeoXIII,'sfamous Encyclical on ChristianDemocracy. In the past, the Popes have contented themselves with deliveringtotheworld homilieson the generalprinciples which should animate the governments of nations.

\\'hat Pius XII. did was very differentfrom this. Fully aware of all possibilities of misunderstanding, the Pope placed the issue squarely andin an unusuallight.•He came outflatlyfor Democracy as the kind of government v,

hich should preside at the remaking of Europe and the world. He was careful to pointout,of course, that Democracy can exist either under amonarchy or arepublic, as in Britain or the United States, and so for him democracy, besides being aform of government, is also aphilosophy, aspirit, andamethod.

But in order to understand the way in which the Pope understands Democrar}•, it will be necessaryto recall the situation which faced him in Europe outside of Germany, when he delivered hisaddress five months ago, forit was, ofcourse,largelyofEuropethathe was speaking.

There were, broadly,fourgreat forces operating in Europe as the war approached its climax:

(1) There were the old, and, in some cases completely discredited governments, living in exile;

121 there were the temporary controls of the liberating and conquering armies of the United Nations;

f3f there were the Forces of liberation, composed of those men and women who had not fled from the Nazis: and

141 there was, cutting across the last two, the revolutionary activity of the Communists.

Now, the remarkable fact about all fourofthese forcesis thateachofthem announces Democracy as its aim. Each ofthemclaims tobe the personification of the democratic ideal. And Ithink Pius %II. made it very plain that, amongtheseconflictingclaims,hechose thatoftheWestern part of the second group—namely,that of Great Britain and theUnitedStates,

Actually, there are to-day at odds with each other really three separate concepts of Democracy which it is important to distinguish. There is, first of all, the old European idea of Democracy stemming from the French Revolution. It is an ideal of pure 7., ditirh,alism, and it usually leads to anarchy when it does not lead to tyranny.' 1t is based on•the supremacy of the individual in the masses.

Then there is the "swindle democracy" as theBritisharecallingit, and that is Communistic dictatorship masquerading as Democracy,as in the LublinCommitteeinPoland,theforces of Marshal Tito,or the Partisans in Greece. This swindle democracy is making strong claims in France, Belgium and Italy, though it has not triumphed there.

Finally, there is the Democracy represented by Britain and the United Elates,andwhich b}•-gassed the French Resolution, coming to America from the Middle Ages by way of England.It is far removed from either the old de• mocracy which misruled continental Europe and Latin America for so long, or the new and counterfeit brand now proposed by Russia. Reading the Pope's address in the light of this anahsis. one has no difficulty in seeing that it is the Anglo-American idea of democracy which he has in mind, and which he recommends to a war-torn and distracted Europe,

meat appear to many as apostulate of nature imposed byreason treat."

The Popedoesnotsaythat heagrees with

"themany"whoholdthis; neither doeshe condemn them. It isatypical iorm of Papal moderation, often used in the Encyclicals, by which the Pon• tiff allows the probability of acurrent • opinion.

But it is interesting to note how the Pope was led into such astartling departure as this defence of Democracy. It was irresponsible governments that brought about this war, and, said the Pope, "in the blazing heat of the furnace that imprisons them, the peoples have, as it were, awakened from, a long torpor. They have assumed, in' relation to the State and those who govern anew attitude—one that questions, criticises, distrusts." And so he findsthat "thesemultitudes, uneasy, stirred by the war to their innermost depths, are today firmly convinced that had there been the possibility of censuring and correcting the actions of public authority, the world would not have been dragged into the vortex of adisastrous war:" And it is at this point that he concludes that the peoples are also convinced—and he is undoubtedly convinced himself—"that to avoid the repetition ofsuch acatastrophe, we must vest efficient guarantees in the people itself."

No wonder he allows us to hold that Democracy is"apostulate of nature imposed by reason itself ;

" For it is. clear to him, as itis tous, that the democracies, allowedtogrow unhampered byaggressornations,areunwarlike and will settle their differences by peacetuI means. Heobviously looks on Democracy as thehope oftheworld.

For thebenefitofItalyandGermany, the Pope notes that the dictatorships are and must be, athing of the past, [le finds that the peoples,"taught by bitter experience, are now moreaggressive in opposing the concentration of dictatorial power than cannot be censured or touched, andcall for asystem of government more in keeping with the dignity and liberty of the citizens."

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in his development of this idea, the Pope approached it from two points of view: fll from within the nations, ineachofwhichhe hopes to seeatrue democracy prevail; and f21 from the worldasawhole, comprisingall thenations, where he strongly upheld the idea of atare world organisation of sovereign States. This second, of course, naturally flows from the first.

The Hob Father laid it down that freedom of opinion, freedom of expression, andfreedom of theballot,are fundamental rights of the citizens in a democracy. Ile envisages afirm of government in which the people make their own decisions, choose their own representatives,and, in orderly fashion, conduct their own affairs, \\'ith these thoughts in mind, he went on tomake this remarkable statement: "If we consider," he said,"the extent and nature of the sacrifices demanded of all the citizens,especiallyin ourday,whenthe activity ofthe State is so vast and decisive, the democratic form ofgovem•

Itrust that these few brie[ comments this evening on the most recent pronouncementof the Holy See on the subject of Democracy asaform ofgovernment, will sufficiently answer your query as to the official attitude of the Church towards theidea of Democracy, As Ihave already said, the Holy Father not onlyspeaks ofit as a "postulate of nature imposed by reason it-' self," but looks upon true Democracy as the hope of thepostwarworld, and expressed the wish that it might prevail as the FORM of government in every nation.

"Simplicity," Bayswater;

Q.: Why do Catholics have so many silly and meaningless ceremonies? Was not the early worship of the Christians simple,in utter contrast to the ceremonial of the Roman Church today? Cannot Christians `

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Ceremony is Natural & Necessaryto Man ... Christ Liberally,Employed. ,

—Can Holy Communion Benefit OthersBesidestheCommunicant?

Drink PledgeDoes NotBind Under Serious Sin

worship God without so much ceremony?

A.: If our ceremonies appear silly and meaningless to you, it is because you do not understand their beautiful symbolism,orbecauseyouareignorant oftheirorigin. Notawordissaid,not agesturemade,noranactionperformedinaCatholicchurch,butisintended to raisethe soultoGod, and tofoster and increase our love for Him,

We could indeed worship God without ceremony, if we were wrecked on adesertisland,farfrom the haunts of civilised men. And to take another example. Catholicswerecompelledto dispense with ceremony during the penal days, when Mass was said in a barn or amountain cave, despite the law of the land. That is why ritual was mostsimpleinApostolic days, for Mass

was said in privatehouses, orin the Catacombs, with the constant threatof deathbefore the eyes of the faithful. The absence of ceremonial wasduetonecessity,andnottochoice.

Ceremony is naturaltoman. We are not disembodied spirits, but creatures composedofbodyandsoul. The soul is always under the influence of the senses, whichare apt to drawit away from thinking of the things of God. DoesitnotseemnaturalthataChurch thatappealstothewholeman,asGod's Church alone does, should make the sensesaidintheawakeningofspiritual ideas, and the driving away of worldly distractions?

The average manexpressesoutwardly whathefeelsinteriorly. His handshake expressesfriendship, hiskiss expresses love, his blow evidences his anger. Should we notthen give outward expression to our friendship and loveofGod,andourhatredofallthings opposed to Him?

Thelightsonouraltars recallChrist the"LightoftheWorld;"andourfaith in Him; the burning incense reminds us of prayer; the washing of the feet onHolyThursdaypreachestousales. son of humility,and the ashes blessed on Ash Wednesday remind us of the hourofourdeath.

Weshowourloveforourfriendsand relatives by giving them presents on their birthdays, or at Christmastime; wehonouravictoriousarmyorabrave man flyingunderdangerousconditions, by processions, and the giving of medals; wesendflowerstoourmothers orourfriendstoprovetheyarenotfor. goten; we remember our patriots by erecting statues tothem in the public squares and parks. Why should God be excepted in our public homage of love and reverence? Christ is really present upon every Catholic altar in the world. That is why Catholics build costly churches to do Him honour, and then pay Him thehomage of adorationineverypossibleway,byenriching them with the gifts Ile Himself has given us—gold, silver, flowers. and the best fruits of man's genius in music, paintingand sculpture.

Ceremonies are to be found in the Gospels.as well as in the Old Law wherein they were prescribed to the minutest detail. Christ knelt in prayer(Luke XXII., 41); He fell flat ml the ground (Mark XIV., 35); He raised His eyes to heaven in giving thanks (Mark VI., 41); He cured the deaf and dumb man by "putting His Again Pro-War Quality Roof Paint, 38/• gal. Copper Grates, 4/. Haw sdl% 889 WellingtonStreet.

finger into his ears, and spitting Ile touched his tongue" (Mark VII.,, 3334); Ilecuredthe blind man,"spitting on the ground, and making aclay of thespittle"(JohnIX.,6); Ilebreathed upontheApostles(John XX.,22); He blessedthediscipleswhenHeascended irito heaven (Luke XXIV. 50). We find the Apostles anointing the sick withoil(MarkVI„ 13),baptisingwith water(Acts II.,41),imposinghandsin Ordination(I. Tim., IV., 14), using relicstoworkmiracles(ActsXIX.,11).

Ireadily grant that some Catholics maygothrough all the outwardforms of religion while they areinastateof sin, and that others may make the signoftheCross orgenuflectinchurch before the Blessed Sacrament without realisingwhatthey are doing,butitis surely unjust toaccuseallCatholics of externalism and Phariseism- Many an honest non-Catholic has testifiedto the devotion of the Catholicpeople at MassandinthepresenceoftheBlessed Sacrament.

"Interested," MidlandJunction:

Q.: Whatis the,meaning of theword ",Amen,"which is saidatthe end of prayers,andcanyoutellmewhythe Churchretainsthe(creekexpressions, Kyrie eleison andChristieleison in theMass?

A.:"Amen"is aHebrewwordwhich the Church has incorporated into her Liturgy. It is used at the conclu• sion of prayers, of blessings,ofcreeds, andhymns,inorder toexpressconsent to the sentiments embodied in the prayers. It means "beitso"or"itis so." St. Jerome in his Commentary ontheepistletotheGalatianssaidthat, in the Roman Basilicas,"Amen" re. sounded like the rumble of heavenly thunder.

With regard toyoursecondquestion, there is no intrinsic or necessary reasoh for the Church's retaining in the Liturgy of the Mass thetwoGreek ex. pressions"Kyrie eleison" and "Christi eleison;" whichmean in English: Lord, have mercyon us; Christ havemercy on.us. You must remember that the ceremonies and prayers used in the Mass arethe result of alonghistorical development. It wasnotuntilthebe. ginning of the third century that the Roman Mass took on aform verylike to the Massused to-dayin theRoman Rite. Anduntil the fourthcentury the Liturgical language, or the language used in theChristian Church at Rome, was Greek. Therefore, the retention of these two Greek expressions show theantiquity of their usageinthe Liturgy, and,nodoubt,apracticalreason fortheir survival is the factthat they were so well adapted because of their brevity and terseness to be used as a cryofpetitionbythepriestandpeople together during Mass,

D. F.,ShentonPark:

Q.: Can aperson, by attending Mass and receiving Holy Communion, offering both for some other person who has drifted away from the Church, really benefit him? Or do thesethingsbenefitonlytheonewho ispresent atMassandreceives Holy Communion?

A.: In roplying to the question, we must first distinguish between the ef-

Sacramental Forms

feat of'receiving the Sacrament of the Eucharist considered in itself or insomuch as it affects the recipient, and the effect that one's receiving Communion may have on some other per. son. To beginµ•ith, the reception of HolyCommunion directly,andastheo-' logians say, ex opere operato, benefits only the recipient, not only because the effect of the Sacrament is proper only to the one who receives it worthily, but also because the Eucharist, beingaspiritualfond,cannourishonly theonewhopartakesofit. However, considered as aspiritual orsupernatural good work of the Communicant, Holy Communion can indirectly benefit others both living and dead, and forthesereasons: thereceptionofCommunion isin itselfanactverypleasing, to God, and, as such, it has what is known as asatisfactory value remitting temporal'punishment due to sin; also, it entitles one to special favours fromGod. Thesefruits,oreffects,may be ceded to others. Holy Communion moreover, inspires one to make more intense acts of divine love and other virtues such as humility, by means of which the Communicant's prayers for others have more than ordinary efficacy with God.. Lastly, there are indulgences which may be gained on the occasion of Holy Communion, which the Church allows the living to apply to the souls in Purgatory.

sideredin thesameclassastheformes, thatis,bindingundervenialsinbyreasonofthe virtue of fidelity.Ofcourse, it canbe made graver by taking an oath—calling upon God to witness ;

to thetruthofone'swordsandintentions —but this is exceptional. The intervention of apriest and the expression of one's intention before him to abstain from intoxicants usually serve sufficientlytobolsterthewilltopersevere.

A. 3., East Fremantle: Q.:IknowoftwoCatholicswhowere marriedbyapriest. Theman had left the Church several years before themarriage butwenttoConfession. andCommunionbeforethemarriage. Afterthismarriagethemanleft the Church again,divorced his wife and entered into acivil marriage with anothergirl. Later hedivorcedthe second woman and married athird, withwhomheisnowliving. Itthis manmadeabadConfessionandwas notinthestateofgrace atthe time ofhisfirstmarriage,wasthereareal marriageto theCatholicgirl?

Reformer,ShentonPark:

Q.: Kindly explain the manner in whichapledgetoabstainfromdrink is taken, the reason for taking one, inwhatwayitisbeneficial,ifitisan oath, or amore promisethatis not binding,andthe degreeofguiltcommittedif the pledgeisbroken,

A.: In many places boys and girls on theirConfirmationdayareaskedto promise to abstain from all intoxicating liquors until they are twenty-one years ofage. This promise_is recommended in order to train them from their early years in habits of temperance and to offset thebadexampleof manyoftheirelders. Suchapledgeis regarded as binding under penalty of venial sin by reason of the virtue of fidelity to one's word. It is not an oath or avow, which are graver than apledge.

There are other occasions of pledgetaking against intoxicants.]lien who have beenover-indulgenttothemselves in this.matter, and who realise that they need extra helpin order to ovet come their weakness, oftentimes ask :t priest to administer"the pledge" to them. Usuallythelatter istobecon-

A.: The validity of amarriage does not depend on the parties contracting the marriage being in the state of grace. The Sacramentof Matrimony, being aSacrament of the living, requiresthatonebeinthestateofgrace inordertoreceiveitworthily,and,consequently, anyone who receives the Sacrament in the state of mortal sin, sins gravely and does not receive the sacramental graces proper to matrimony. Nevertheless, the marriage is atrueandvalidoneinspiteofitsunworthyreceptiononthepartofoneor bothcontractingparties.

An observation or twoon this queslion might not be out oforder.. The factsas stated may lead ustobelieve that the man was not in good faith whenhe went to Confesison and Communion before his marriage, but we cannotbecertainofthis. Again,from apractical pointof view, one might wonderif the girl in the case married the manwith the hope of reforming him. Shemusthaveknownofhisreligious indifference and, no doubt, it was herpersuasion thatgothim togo to Confession and Communion at all. If this be true, then the unfortunate womanisanotherexampleofthosewho failed to heed the warning of the Church and of common sense concern. ing the futility ofmarrying.aman to reformhim. And,ofcourse,the same thing holds for aman marrying a womanwith the same expectation.

Following the,MassFromtheOffertory-tothe End'

WhytheSilenceoftheSolemn'PartisBroken7Times

Beautiful Symbolism of Every Word and Gesture.

Wine andWater.

If you are watching the Altar, you willnotice that after the priest hasoffered up thehost, hetakesthechalice inhishandsandgoesto thesideofthe Altar, where theserveriswaiting.Taking thelittle cruetcontainingwine, he pours some of it into the chalice. (Later, it will become OurLord's Pre. cious Blood.) And then the priest takes the other little cruet, and there isonlywaterinthat,buthepourssome of it into the chalice, too. Do you twonder why the priest mixes water withthewine?

We are told why in the prayer that hesayswhileheisdoingit. Thereare two reasons and you must try to understand them,

1."The mystical union of this water andwine" teaches us something about OurDivine Lord Himself. You know that He was Man and God; that Ile had two natures, the human and the Divine, so closely joined into one that nothing coulddivide them. Well, the wine so closely mixed with the water is meant to show Our Lord's Divine Nature joinedwith His human nature. There were some heretics who didn't believeOurLord hadtwo natures,and toshowthistheyusedtouseonlywine intheirMass.

2. Another thing we learn is about ourselves. The beautiful, rich-colour ed wine stands for Our Divine Lord. The pale,tasteless waterstandsfor us. Whenthewaterismixedwiththewine it shows how we must be made one with Christ. They are so closelymingled that no one could possibly separate them. And this mingling means thatyoucan'tsee the wateranymore.

That ishow wemustbe joined with Christ. We can only be saved that way. Ifwe loveHimvery much and try to be like Him; and, above all, if we receive Him in Holy Communion, He will holdus so close in His Heart that whenGodthe Fatherlooks at us, He won'tsee poor,sinfulusany more, but only His adorable Son. That is whatiscalled(intheprayerthepriest says) becoming "companions of the Godhead of Our Lord Jesus Christ."

So now, wheneveryou see the priest pouring waterand wine into the challice, think how closely you are jn m Our Lord and how pleasing makes you to God, His Father and yours. Andletthethoughtmakeyou fear to be separated from Christ by sinmorethan you would fear tosuffer death, TheLavabo.

After the priest has offered up the chalice in the same.way as he did the host, he goes again to the side of the Altar, where the server holds alittle basin and towel, and he washes his hands. What does that mean? Well, of course, hewasheshishandsto show how pure and clean we ought to be when we come to receive the Blessed Sacrament. And there's something else it reminds us of, too.

Ifyoulookatthe firstStationofthe Cross, you will see Pilate washing his hands. Ilehad just condemned Jesus tobecrucified,andhewasheshishands saving:'?am innocent oftheblood of this just man." We know that Pilate could not have put Jesus to death; that itwas-OurLordHimselfwho "laid clown His Life," as asacrifice, and according to His Father's will; that is

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what Pilate's washing of his hand+ means to us.

ThePreface.

Ifyouarelisteningcarefullyyouwill notice that afew moments after the priest has washed his hands, he says some short sentences, answered each time bythe server, and then, with his hands stretched out, he begins along prayer, called the Preface.

Iwant you to think carefully about those short sentences, because they mean somethingspecial, and arespecially meant for you who are hearing Mass. In English they are thus:—

V, The Lord be withyou. R. And with thy spirit.

V.Liftupyourhearts. R.Wehave lifted them upunto theLord.

V.Letus givethanksunto theLord OurGod. R. Itismeetandjust.

Thelong prayer the priest now says isjustalong"thank you"; andittells aboutthedifferentthings wemustspecially thank God for at the different seasons of the Church.

The Sanctus.

At theend of the long prayercalled the Preface,come the words,"Sanctus. Sanctus, sanctus," and the bell rings three times, and you kneel down in worship. Whatdothese wordsmean?

They mean "Holy, holy, holy," and that portion of'the prayer is taken fromthebookof the prophetIsaias, in which he describes the seraphim, crying,'Holy, holy, holy;' in Heaven.

Whilst you are bowing your head in worship,the priestisfinishingthisglad cry of praise,"Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Sabbaoth. Heaven and earth are fullofThy glory."

Notice the word, "Sabbaoth"—it is another word in Hebrew. It means "army," forJesusChrist istheChiefof the Heavenly HostsandoftheChurch Militant—or Church fighting, here on earth.

Thenthepriestgoeson:"Hosannain thehighest. Blessed is Hethat cometh in thenameof the Lord: Hosanna in the highest!"

Those words were first said by the childrenofJerusalem,asOurLordrode in on an ass, and peoplestrewed palm branches in the way. The ConsecrationandElevationof the Host.

When the bell has rung three times, and you have kneltdownatthe Sanctus, you know that before long will come the most solemn moment of be Jlass. But so as to remind you to have your whole mind and attentnori fixed on the altar and the wonderful thing that is happening there,presently the bell is rung again, just once,.

Now the priest is lending over the Altar,and it is time for you to bow yourheadsin reverence. Hehas taken the host in his hands, as OurLord took the bread in His hob- hands at the Last Supper; and nowhesays the very same words Our Lord said that night, and he says them speaking for OurLord:"ThisisMyBody.."

At that moment Our Lord Himself comes on the Altar, by changing the bread into Himself, and the priest bendshisknees at once toadore Him.

As he holds up the white Host high foryouto see, itisthe BodyofChrist he holds up. You should look at it with great love and wonder, and say "\IvLordandmy God,"andthenbow your head again in worship.

TheConsecration of theChalice.

Whenthe priest consecrated the sacredBostand held itupforyoutosee, thebellrangthreetimes. Now,heuncovers the Chalice, and holds it in his hands.

Thebellrings again three times, and asyoureverentlyraiseyoureyestothe Altar,you will see the Chalice held up high, and you will know that in it is the very Blood that Our Lordshed to winpardon for us.

Genuflections.

AftertheConsecrationandElevation oftheHost andChaliceyou remainon

your knees because people always remainkneelingwhenthe Blessed SacramentisontheAltarortheTabernacle dooropen.

The priestisnow saying manyprayers,onlysosoftlythatyoucannothear. If you keep your eyes on the Altar, however,you will notice something, Everynow and then he genuflects— bows his knee. Ile did not do that in the first part of the Mass, and he does not do it in tliii, later part, after Comunion. Do you know why he does it?

ItistohonourOurLord, whoispresent ontheAltar. Atdifferentplaces in theMassthepriesthas totouchthe Sacred Host, and each time before he touchesIthebendshisknee,andagain after he has touched It.

TheSilenceandSevenWords, You will notice that after theOffertory, and all through the more solemn partoftheMassthatfollows,thepriest says mostoftheprayersso softly that youcannothearhim Infact,thereis alongsilence just as Holymass is the same sacrifice asCalvary,thissilence isthesame silence that reigned while Our Lord hung upon the Cross. That silence was broken seven times by the Seven Words of Christ. And this silence at Mass isbroken seven times, too.

The firsttimeitis only twowords— orate(rates: Pray,brethren. Thesecond time by the Preface. The third comes soon after me Consecration. Only.the first few words ofthe prayer aresaidaloud—thepriestfinishesitsilently, and unless you listen carefully you willnothearthem. InLatinthey are"nobis quoque peccatoribus," and theymean "Toussinners also." They are thebeginningofabeautifulprayer thatasksthatwe may havesomepart and fellowship with the Holy Apostles andotherSaintsofGod,andattheend it asks that we may be allowed into theircompany ,not because wedeserve it, but throughGod's"freepardon." The Pater Noster.

While the Body and Blood of Our Lord are still on the Altar, the priest says aloud the"Our Father.;' You remember the"Our Father" is the prayer Our Lord Himself taught the Apostles to use. While the priest says it in Latin, you should say it quietlytoyourselvesin English.Sayit in unionwiththeChurch. Whatdoes thatmean? Well, itmeans sayit together with all Catholics, because you are aCatholic, and amember of Our Lord'sChurch.

Breaking of the Host, Aminuteortwoafter thepriest has said the Pater Noster you will notice that he genuflects, which means he is going to take the Sacred Host in his hands. What is he going to do with It?

If you watch carefully you will see that hebreaks It in half, and laysone halfdownonthepaten. Ifyoulisten, you can sometimes hear the sound of the breaking.

Why doeshe do that?

BecauseOurLorddid it. Intheaccount of the Last Supper it says ITe took bread and blessed and broke it, giving it to His disciples and saying, "Take and eat ye all of this, for this is My Body." Again, the time He gave Communion to the two disciples after His Resurrection, He was known tothem "inthebreakingofthebread." Then, holding one half in his hand, hebreaksoffalittlebitofIt,andafter layingdown the bigger part, he makes the Signof theCross three times over (Continuedon BackCover.)

his qrace attends annual Conperence oP C-'W-is

Advocates League Interest in Native Creditable Record of Patriotic .and Charitable Work—

eel FatherBaugh for his work as Spiritual Director,andthe membersof the Executive, who were so enthusiastic and who were doing everything possible to promote theinterests of the League. He wished them every success in the coming year, and in the years that lie ahead.

Welcome to Senator Tangney

TheseventhannualConferenceofthe Catholic Women'sLeague was heldon Thursday, May 24, at the League Rooms, Nestle House. There was a largeattendance,elevenbranchesbeing present, including delegates from Northam. Themorningsessionwasopen. edbythePresident,Mrs.Maxwell,and an address was givenby the Spiritual Director,V.Rev.Father Haugh, O.M.I. Paperswerereadandkeenly discussed on "Domestic Science in Catholic Schools," read by Mrs. Keenan; "The Need of Good Libraries," by Mrs, Child, M.A., and"The Native Problem anditsRelationtotheCatholicLaity," by, Mrs. C. Smith.

Amostinterestingaddresswasgiven by Mrs. O'Sullivan on Catholic Women's Organisations in the Eastern States.

The afternoon session was attended by His Grace Archbishop Prendiville, SenatorTangney,andhermother,Mrs. Tangney.

HisGrace addressed the meeting, and afterthereadingof the annualreport, financial statement, and report on patriotic work, congratulated the Leagueontheirgoodworkfortheyear.

A speech by Senator Tangney on present day conditions in Australia, andmanyfactswhichhave tobefaced byourCatholicwomenwasgreatlyapprociated. Wehopetohearheragain on similar topics.

Afternoon tea was served and many pleasant friendships renewed.

Father Haugh, Chaplain to the Lea. gue, said they were assembled at that annualconferenceforavery important object, to realise the needs for which the C.W.L. was founded. Unfortunately during the last couple of years

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their activities had been curtailed in many ways. He asked them to plan for the future, and to tackle the difficult schemes they were to discuss ina harmonious spirit.

4

ARCHBISHOP'SADDRESS,

The Archbishop expressed his gratitudetoSenatorTangneyforhonouring them with her presence. IIe congratulated her on the fine work she was doing in the interests of the Commonwealth, and extended to her good ,

wishes forthe continuedsuccessofher work. He congratulated the Catholic Women's League on the success of the year's activities as outlined in the report read by the Secretary. From a charitable,social,andpatrioticpointof view they had every reason to feel gratified. They did not seek much publicity, so little indeed, thatwere it not for the annual report their activities would not be sufficiently known and appreciated. Their membership was notaslarge ashewould likeitto be, but the members they had were very enthusiastic, andit was betterto have asmall number of members who wereenthusiastic, than tohavealarge membership where the individual enthusiasm was lacking. He expressed thewish thatabranch would be form• ed in all the larger parishes of the Archdiocese. He was pleased that amongst the papersread wasonedealing with the native question, and he hoped that the reading of that paper would stimulate interest amongst the membersoftheLeagueinnativework. St.FrancisXavier'sNativeMissionwas being established because they realised the necessity of helping the native. In the establishment of the Mission, the Government was very helpful, the Department of Native Affairs was very helpful, and the Propagation of the Faith washelpingtoagreatextentfinancially. ThebuildingsontheMission were being constructed at the present time, and in due time an opportunity would be given to the public to visit the Mission and see what was being clone, Theree was an obligation on all to clo eve

rything possible to help the native. For too long the native had been aneglected, helpless outcast in the community. The Church was do• ing her duty towards the native. and would continue to do everything possible to ameliorate the lot of the native. li e

knew that the Catholic Women's League would do everything possible to helpon this splendid work.

1'ronl apatriotic point of view, IIis Grace contimied, the League had done very creditable work during the year.

Ile hoped that by the time the next annualreportwasread.thePaeificWar would be ended satisfactorily. There would thenbeanewrolefor themein• bersoftheLeaguetofulfil; arole that would unfold itself as time went on. li e

felt confident that the League would rise to theoccasion, and thatin any problems that would have to be solved, as far as the Women's Organi• cations were called upon to play a part, the Catholic Women's League would be second to none among Women's Organisations in their enthusiasm and efficiency.

HethankedtheLeagueforthesplen• did work they were doing in connec• tion with the Seminary, and he was pleased tobeabletotellthemthatthe sanguine hopes that were entertained regarding the Seminary were being more than amplyfulfilled. He thank.

Rev, FatherHaughsaidhewishedto pass avoteof thanks toHisGracefor coming there that afternoon and addressingtheminsuchaninspiringway. Ileknew thattheywereveryproudto see HisGracecoming and takingsuch adeep interest in their activities. His Grace always enquired about the League. Hewasalwaysinterestedintheir work, and he (Father Haugh) was pleased to be able to tell His Grace thatthespiritoftheLeaguewasfound very satisfactory indeed. He hoped that they would take heed of His Grace's words about the'Wandering Mission, andtheinterestalreadyaroused wouldensurethatthe C.W.L,would be behind the work. He welcomed SenatorTangney,whom they had.asa memberintheSenate. Itwasgoodto know thatSenator Tangneyspoke not only as aLabourwoman butasaCatholicwomenatalltimes. Intheyears tocome therewas alot of worktobe done. They were the people who knowtherealChristianteachinginthe reconstruction, of the place after the war, ForHisGrace'skindnessincoming tovisitthem,FatherHaugh asked them to carry that vote in the usual manner.

ANNuA,LREPORT,

The annualGeneralCommunionwas heldin allparishesonthefirstSunday in May. There are at present over400 finan. cialmembersinthe 11blanchesofthe League.

It has been abusy year.for all the branches, as, in addition to our own special parish work and assistance to charities, weare still called ontohelp with patriotic enterprises. An averageofonedayperweekisgiven toassistingat the Phyllis DeanCanteenor Barrack-street Buffet, one day per weekat Dunleavy Iiostel, superintendedby-Mrs.Goody,andpracticallyevery week members assist with the usual street collections.. Alargeamountof knitting has also been done and camp comforts provided. A special effort for

the PD.W. Fund is beingconducted. AllbrancheshelpeachweekatPerth Public Hospital, andWooroloo isvisited. AttheCastledareFieldDaymembers took charge of the tea stall and raised an amount of£43 for the or. phans. Alexandra Home is assisted, and atpresentmembersarerenovating discarded military clothing from the \ative \hssioll atWandering. Afete was held at the rooms in December, which helped to augment the funds.

The branches have helped considerably with their parish activities, and assisted with the League's St. Charles' Seminary Bursary Fund (f(10), as well as holdingbridge partiesandotherentertainments.

Cathedral Parish: The specialwork of, this branch is assisting the Red Cross, Hospital and Welfare Work.

Cottesloe: Thisenergetic branch assiststhePrailleSociety,andraisedf100 for the Presentation Convent. They also assist at the Fremantle Canteen.

Fremantle: The members have done wonderfulwork at theirNavyCanteen all the year, as well as the Welfare Work.

Highgate:This branchhas a very good membership and helps the Alexandra Home, as well as doing agreat deal of parishwork.

Kalgoorlie is doing excellent work andraisedaspecial160Bursaryforthe St-Charles' Seminary.

Nedlaads; Chiefcharge is St. Vin-

Shenton Park: Members visit the Home of Peace regularly, as well as Perth Hospital, andraised alargesum forparishfunds.

SubiacohelpstheLeagueof Catholic Youth and theHome of Peace.

Victoria Park regularly visits the Home fortheAgedBlind andthe sick peopleoftheparish.

Bridge parties have been held in turn bytheLeagueinthevariousparishes for'the benefit of the Convents, as well as fortheCitizens' Reception Committee, The Executive and general meetings have been fairly well attended, and keen interest taken in thesubjectsdiscussed and plans for work arranged.

TheLeagueisrepresentedonthefollowing`committees, meetings of which havebeenregularlyattended: National Council of Women, Children's Evacua. tion Committee, Citizens' Reception Committee and Population and Migration Committee, Religious literature has been sentto country children at the request of Father Haugh; and alarge quantity ofbooksandpapers to out-of-themay Army camps,

WehavekeptintouchwiththeEastern States Catholic Women's Association,andhavesentinourviewsonsocial questionswhenrequestedtodoso.

Itisgoodnewstohearthatourlate Secretary,Mrs.Pownall,whohadtoresign owing to ill-health, is much better,andwemaylookforwardtoseeing herbackwithussoon.

MadameChow,adistinguishedvisitor fromChina,gaveusan interesting address last year.

We regret to announce the death of Mrs. O'Dea, a vice-president of the League,andofMrs.Ross, of Victoria Park. Both will be greatly missed. \faytheyrestinpeace.

We desire to thank our SpiritualDirector, FatherHaugh, forhis unfailing kindness, and the parish priests for theirhelp,"TheRecord"newspaperfor publishingourreports; Station6PMfor announcements; and all our kind friends and benefactors. In conclusion, Your Grace, we hope that with the end of the tearinsight we willbe abletogivemoretimetoourownwork and problems. The members of the League have worked in unison and harmony under the direction of their very energetic and capable President, Mrs. Maxwell, durng the year from \lay, 1911, to Mav, 1915.

CLAIRE SMITH, General Secretary.

:\t the morning session Mrs. O'SullivanspokeontheCatholicWomen'sAssociations in the Eastern States, from whereshehaslatelyreturned.

Paperswerereadon:

"Catholie Libraries,"' by Mrs. Child, M.A.

"Domestic Science in Catholic Schools," by "Ex-Teacher" (read by Mrs. Keenan). "The \ativc problem and theCatho. lic Laity," by C. Smith.

CANTEENDATES,

Barrack Street Buffet: Saturday, June 2: Wednesday,June22.

Phyllis Dean Canteen: Monday, June 11: Friday, July 6.

Dunleavy Hostel: Friday, June 1: Saturday,June9.

The C.W.L. Bridge for the Citizens' Reception Committee will be held on Wednesday,June6,at2pm.,atPhyllis DeanCanteenHall.

Sewing for the Native Mission at Wandering on Wednesday,May 30, at 10.15a.m.

Political Preservation Depends on Regional Diversity

War Resurrects National Feeling All Over Europe...

FollyofAttemptingtoUprootPopulations

PopePiusXII,recentlyspokesternly against"the idolatry of absolute nationalism. It is very certain that nothinghasbroughtmoreevil or more misery to the modern world, and the general recognition and condemnation of it affords the best foundation for anygeneralplanofinternationalorder.

Butit is also true thatwhat is per se evilistheidolatry andtheabsolutism, notthe nationalism. justas'theremedyofferedfor theexcessiveconcentration of private ownership is to withdraw ownership even from the few, when the logical solution would be to condemn not the prinriple but those whodenyit toothers,andtoadvocate the redistribution of property instead of its abolition, so the remedy offered for excessive and monstrous nationalism is to weaken as many nations as possible. But in fact,"the idolatry of absolute nationalism" is not really nationalism at all, but amegalomania, andasmuch the enemyoftruenationalism as the chain stores are the enemyofprivateownership. Thereasonable wav to answer excessive nationalism wouldbetosupportsmallnations, rather than to deprive them of all their rights and freedoms.

Aproportion of the pleas on behalf of"the small nations"(but not the French pleas) have the accent on the word"small" andaremerelysentimentalist. There are those who find it more attractive to defend-"the underdog" than to apply cold tests of justice,and feel thesameemotionaleagernesstochampionsmallnationsbecause they are small, without bothering to ask whether they arealso right. But thereasmuch more solid reasons than these for supporting the claims of the numerous small nations against being wholly subordinated to the few Great Powers at the San Francisco Confer-

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ence and in the permanent organisa• tion there to be set up. In the first place,amultiplicityofcentresofgenuinely independent legislative and executive authority offers the world the bestbreakwateragainstthetotalitarian tide,thebestmeansofescapefromthe tyranny of the efficiency nexus. The whole of life is not in freedom from want,and thereismuch thatcan only be preserved through the principle of regional diversity, of which the small nationsarethebestguarantee."Cursed be he that removeth his neighbour's landmark." But the removers of landmarksmay be halted byasecond con• sideration:-nationalist feeling is extremely strong in Europe, and adisastrous dichotomy will be introduced if the future is planned on the opposite assumption.

The Sicilian separists are much more representative of the popular political current than the people who have so littleideaofwhatnationalandregional andlocalloyaltiesmaymeanthatthey think an enduring peace can rest on mass up-rootings and transportations. They are also much more valuable to Europe,because,evenwherethe immediate impulse is political or economic, they are ultimately defending the con• dition of cultural wealth, as Mr. Eliot remarks in"Horizon," where he draws the attention of Professor Carr to the view that the organisation of peace is not the exclusive concern of the apostlesofefficiency, andpresents the case for the political preservation of diversity. Within ourowncountry wecan see the considerable growth, during the years of war, of the Welsh and Scottish nationalists, and indeed of other regionalists, if in literature more than in the lessrewardingfield ofpolities- It is much more than a mere curiosity: it is the way the main current is flowing, as men seek refuge in regionalism from the encroachments everywhere ofcentralised power. The users of glib phrases like "industrial transference" and "the mobility of labour"are sowingthe seedsof troubleas surely as were industrial oppressors of adifferent kind ahundred years ago: and the arguments against uprooting

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sectionsof the population at home are the same as those against uprooting larger sections on the continent. Sir William Beveridge,who made hisPlan depend upon acceptance of the principle of the mobilityof labour,by the same token endorsed the population transfers in his otherwise liberal judg• ment on the Polish settlement. But amongthestrongestargumentsagainst him is the simple pragmatic argument that uprootings of this kind will not be tolerated indefinitely: not consciously because itisthe way to cultural sterility, perhaps, but because the desire;for local roots is adeep and enduringdesire; and theexpression of it isinnationalism.

Thewaytomanyconfusionsandfallacies is tobelievethatanationalistis aman who wants above all apowerful State. AState and anation are not the same thing, and one is often sacrificed to the other. The people who -

yesterdaybuiltuppowerful States are now the protagonists of the succeeding multi-national "Grossraum"; and they are, historically, not nationalistsatall, but,onwhateverscale,imperialists. Their pedigree is in men like Peter the Great, not in men like Kossuth; vet for better or worse the spiritof1848isverymuch in theairof Europe. Despite theCommunist Manifesto,1848waspre-eminentlyatimenot of ideology but of simple nationalism. The Fourth Republic in France is beginning in much the same way as the Second, with theSocialists conspicuous butthereal strengthcomingfromanay tionalist impluse—then the Napoleonic legend, after an interval in which the glory was rememberedandthedisaster forgotten: now the legend of the "mar)uis" and the underground struggle. As ahundred years ago those whooverrated the importanceof Fourier and Proudhon were surprised when the Second Republic turned into the Second Empire, so to-daythoseare deceived who think the future lies with the neo-Marxist intellectuals. Louis Blancin 1848evenwanted to establish in Paris a"Ministry of Progress," and Ministries in the same "genre" are projected to-dav, In Poland andthe HabsburgEmpire 1848 was likewise the time not of ideology but of nationalism, and it is the some to-day. The whole effect of underground resistance to the Germans has been to strengthen local bonds, as feuds gave way to acommon cause and the nature of the struggle kept it in small local units. The idea of dispensing with frontiers altogether is associated with Hitler: it was he who tried, in 1940-41, to eliminate national Governmentsand tonbliterate national sentiment. it is not just achance thatthe believersin"Grossraum" have tohorrow theirterm from the German gen-politicians from whom Hitler also learned. The mood of Europe is that expresser)by\i.Bierlotwhenhereported on ihs stewardship to the Belgian Parliament last autumn:—

"Our nation has become conscious of itself. Never before in the long history of our people has there been amore intense feeling of patriotism. Never beforehave we been so aware of the great reality of our native country. A new bond of brotherhood and unity has been forged. More thaneverdowerealise what a beautiful country is ours. We also appreciate our free institutions at theirtrue value. Onceagainweare free.

The war ha: everywhere regenerated patriotic nationalism. That is notto say that it is necessarily or of its nature good: but it is this which has saved France from thegreatupheavals which were widely expected to follow the liberation, so that the men who would have been leaders of the Commune in 1871 have instead had to parade in very different colours. It is clearly aprincipalforcein Europe,and the wav to disaster is to work on the asumption that it no longer exists. Whether it is liked as disliked it has

tobeaccepted. Thegreatmistake of theGermans was that they refused to accept it, talking instead about the Herrenvolk, until they saw their mistake, began to talk rather differently, andmadethemostofthwartednationalisminplaceslikeCroatia. Thegreat wisdom of the Russians, on the other hand, is that they accept it and plan their ideological machinery accordingly. That has been the great internal strength of the Soviet Union in the test of war; and Marshal Tito, whose politics are derived from the Soviet Union, far from attempting to weld Yugoslavia into one, is breaking it up into six instead of three federated units, even if in each the power is strictly monopolised, as in Russia, by thesame Party.

Some, observing the success of the Rusians, argue that, while the future must lie with the idea of the"Grossraum;" with the centralised political authority extending over awide and multi-national area, local cultures and traditions can be effectively preserved within that framework, and national sentiment reconciled wth its denial in politics by strict canalisation in nonpolitical channels. But that is only possible in the intermediate stage of industrialisation in which the Soviet Unionhashithertobeen. Inthemore intensively industrialised West it is proportionately less possible; and a point is reached, particularly with the high development of communications, at which it is possible no longer. The more enduring explanation of the new nationalism, and, which is the same thing carried adegree further, of regianalism is that it expresses aconviction that no such reconciliation is likely.

The larger the political units with centralised government, the greater all the time, as communications develop, isthepressureinfavourofastandardisation which is intellectual aswell as physical. In the United States the pressure is growing fast with the in. creasing power of the federal Government, sothatCatholicsandotherswho do not welcome centralised uniformity in such matters aseducation and public health administration are havingto fight adefensive and probably an ultimately losing battle against the proponents of federal bureaucracv. Hence in the United States it is left to Catholicsand thosewhoshare theCatholic belief in the principle of subsidiary function to defend those State rights which were until so recentl-- the care ofeveryDemocrat.

In Europe the problem is basically the same. Even across the national boundariesofthepre-warcontinent the technicians,remorseless in thecause of efficiency, were characteristicof thetotalitarian countries; makingcities look the sameeverywhere; makingmennot onlydressinthesamewaybutthinkin the same way, which was the way of cosmopolitan secularism; and eliminating variety in every department of life. A great tide nourished in the industialcitiescrepteverywhere,andif therehasbeenanationalistreaction,it has been in favour of breakwaters against that tide, rather than of frontiers in the formal sense. The great majority of those who, articulately or not, value their patrimony, and those whobelieve insubsidiary function,will still prefer the smaller political unit after the first post-Hitler flush of patriotic fervour has died down: and it will be acalamity if inespacable prescriptionsaremadeatSanFranciscoby statesmen who have achieved agree• ment only byseeing the affairs of the world exclusively in economic terms. Since noonesupposesthatthepurpose of the San Francisco Conference isthe prevention of further wars, it is only too easy to imagine that its purpose may be the imposition on victors no less than on the defeated ofpreserbed conditions of peace, mappingout the roads, wide and efficient and barren, alongwhichallthepeoplesoftheworld willbeobligedtotravel—"TheTablet"

I

Holy See Plans Extensive Relief Work

Caring for Material and Spiritual Needs of Clergy, Youth and Workers

(By NC.W.C. News Service.)

TheHolySee,whichhasalready accomplished vast and important warreliefworkin thefaceof almost insuperable difficulties, is looking forward to bringing even more extensive assistancetosufferinghumanity, and has planned this work as far inadvance as circumstances permit. This is revealed in acommunication which His Excellency, the

Most Rev.IAmleto GiovanniCicognani, ApostolicDelegate to the United States, has received from the offteeof thePapalSecretaryofState.The communication charges the Apostolic Delegate to convey to the Aherb can Hierarchy and people the paternal gratitude of His Holiness, Pope 11 PiusRM., fortheir assistancein upholdinghis hands in charity, Spiritsnal C;MlaterW, Sanitary Aid.

Outlining' t

the needs whichare most urgent and which the Holy See is anxious to meet," the communication informs Archbishop Cicognani that the Vatican contemplates relief in three departments: Spiritual, Material, which has reference to institutions already existingandto enterprisestobe inaugurated,and Sanitary,whichdeals with the lack of medical supplies and with social problems created by the warand themilitaryoccupation.

Beneficiariesofthereliefofthe Holy

See plans include churches and sacred edifices damaged in the war, members of the clergy, religious communities, prisoners of war, youth organisations, working men, and those harmed by war.

The meansof reliefcontemplated include the distribution of funds, the distribution of food, including meals prepared in food kitchens established by the Holv Father; the distribution of clothing, and the'distribution of medical supplies.

Plans also look to the distribution of printed matter, including the diffusion of democratic principles, conformahly to the directive of His Holi. ness, and literature against vice and evilliving.

CitingItaly asanexample,"asbeing the country which offers the best field for observation due to the possibility of direct contact," the communication adds that similar needs and problems will be

met in many other places.

HealthConditions in Italy.

Warning that, because of the conditions of the Italian statistical offices, • "it is possible to offer only some few ;ndications." the letter points out that as early as 1912 the infant death rate in the firstyearoflifeinItalywas103 per thousand; there were more than 90.000 documented cases of malaria; deathsdue to tuberculosis had increased from 35,000 in 1936 to 460110(succeeding years saw amarked decrease in these figures), and there were numerous cases of smallpox and eruptive tvphus in southern Italy.

In addition, 216 churches had been destroved and 1,775 damaged. These figures covered only 34 of Italy's 100 provinces.

The clergy, including seminarians, lack sacred vestments and personal elothinn, including footwear, and some religiouscommunities are unabletonccept any more novices because they are unable to clothe them.

Citing, too. theneedsofrefugees and nternecs, the message said the need for work in the field of youth assistance—involving aid, education and instruction—"becomes particularly urgent" in view of the moral and material misery to which the war has given rise. "In this work of assistance and civilian re-education;" it is added,"particular attention would be paid to increasing the far-sighted congregations which are especially flourishing in Italy and by the reorganised Catholic Boy Scouts."

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"There is need." it is emphasised, "for encouraging rapid increase in the new Christian Association of Italian Workingmen (A.C.L.I.), and of SUP porting the National Organisation for Religious and Moral Assistance to Workingmen (O.N.A.RM.O.").

The communication says the outline of fields needing assistance canbe applied substantially"to every othernation which has been tried directly by the war, with whatever modifications to be suggested by particular conditions or background" It states that France, Belgium and Holland "will, like the rest of Italy, feel the consequencesofgreatlack of transportation facilities such as are needed for the transfer of refugees and the providing of food supplies," and that"particular attention will have to be given to those localities that have been directly devastated by the passage of the war, such as Normandy, Lorraine, Alsace, Luxembourg, and Flanders" , Aidfor'Poland Baltic States.

"Polandand the Baltic States would offer avast field of assistance if we consider the sad conditions to which unharmed civilian populations were subjected by the fierce prosecution of the war," it is added. "Although it does not presently%appear in what practical and effective manner these needs can be met, still it seems not only opportune but even necessary to set aside funds for this purpose, and to make planswhich will make itpossible to send relief as soon as circumstances permit"

TITO'SCAMPAIGNAGAINST THECHURCH

Europe is Threatened By Confusion and Chaos

Pope's Warning Unheeded

(Almost in the twinkling of an eye, the chaos referred toless than ayear -ago by iMr. Churchill and Mr. Roose. volt as apossible aftermath of victory, has broken out in unmistakable fashion, writes the diplomatic correspondent of the London "Olatholio Times."

High German officers taken prisoner in Southern France have been found totally ignorant of what had taken place in the north of France. Isolated German units in Central France have fought on in ignorance of the fact that they were isolated. The GermanCommand in Pariscapitulated to the French Forces of the Interior and could not control the further outbreak of scattered German resistance in the capital. German snipers and pockets of Nazi suicide squads are spread over acountryside long abandoned bytheGermanArmy, Roumania and Hungary.

Roumania decides suddenly to change over from one belligerent side in the war to the other, following the example already given by Italy; and fighting promptly breaks out between Germans and Roumanians. Bulgaria tries to suggest the basis oGan armistice with the United Nations in the peculiar circumstances where she has been at war with only two of those nations, and not with the third. A similar muddle is foreshadowed when Japan, at warwith the United States and Britain, but not with Russia, decides in her turn to capitulate.

Riots are reported from Hungarian garrisons within Hungary, but Hungary's desire to make terms with the Allies is complicated by the fact that Roumania,whogotinfirst, has advertised her intention of recapturing the Transylvanian teritory handed over by Hitler to Hungary.

Polandand Finland.

The Polish patriots fighting in Warsaw had to he supplied with arms by British and American planes, which had tofly more than 1,700miles,when the Rusians,fightingat thevery gates ofWarsaw, denied suchsuppliestothe Poles.

Finland, though formonths past she has longed toquitthe war, has delayed thehourof herowndeliverancebecause she was more afraid of"peace" Arecent visitor to Yugoslavia has told the"Catholic Herald" that Tito's menarecarryingoutthedeliberatepolicy of murdering priests in Croatia in the course of their work of installing theCommunistsysteminthecountry.

Ile mentioned several districts in which anumber of priests have been }nittodeathonthegroundsof"chance remarks that can be construed as unfavourabletothepresentregime."Commisars, organised on the Soviet model, act as spies in the furtherance of this campaign and it is on their reports that the priests are arrested and sentenced. In this way Tito hopes to facilitate his plan to communise the Catholic Croats. Ile is proceeding cautiously with the persecution so as to prevent organised counter-action, and it isonly for this reason that the Bishops and laity generally havebeen :axedfromopenoppression.

Tito has gathered to hisbannerbig numbersofyoung people.

"Separatedbyfive yearsofwarfrom normal living," says the "Visitor," "they are unschooled, ignorant, intolerant and confidently defiant of all restraint. Theyareofficeredbymiddleaged men who have been in every revolution from Bela Kuhn totheSpanishCivilWar."

Tito's political aims are now being effected quickly and efficiently. The schools are being brought under-the Communist system of control and the whole country organised on the Soviet model. Propaganda is being assidiouslyspreadamongyouthonlinesthat compare with the system so success. fully employed by the Nazis with the Ilitleryouth.

with Russia than ofdefeat at the side ofGermany.

Yet the foundations from one end of Europe to the otherarevisiblyand quickly crumbling, so Finlandand the BalticStates and'thewholeoftheBalkans may at any moment find themselvesplunged into'thevortexofwhat ostensibly is an Allied victory, but what in the hideous reality may recall those prophetic warnings uttered onthesame day,November9,1943,by Mr. Churchill and Mr. Roosevelt.

"Supreme Irony."

Mr. Churchill said:"In time of war wemustmakesurethat confusion and chaosdonotfollowthevictoriesof'the armies or stultify the surrender unexpectedly early by the enemy." Mr, Roosevelt said: It would be supreme irony for us to win the warand then to inherit world chaos simply because we were unprepared tomeet what we knowwe shallhavetomeet"

Whatthe Popeattheverybeginning of the war (August 24, 1939) warned the whole world—namely, against"the unloosing of the terrible whirlwind of war"—has indeed run its course, and thedevastationisnowdisplayedbefore oureyes. Hitler, whowasmad,virtually decreed the destruction of the wholeGermanracebyhisfanatical orders that every German everywhere, man, woman or child, must fight to the last gasp; and the overwhelming Allied air forces are ranged round the German borders to unleash the processthereof.

IAPlea Unheeded.

Itisaprospectthatmakestheheart stand still, the mind to reel. At our anguished leisure we may recall the Holy Father's unheeded plea, referred to above, when he declared:"We ask all men to turn theireyes to Heaven andtoaskOurLordwithferventprayers that His grace maydescendabundantly on this tortured earth, that anger being removed, souls may achievereconciliationso thatthere may come thedawn ofamorepeacefulfuture." It is never too late to pray; and prayeris the only instrumentleft to us toescape the utter disaster now threatened.

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CENTRALCATHOLIC LIBRARY

By "LAURI"

The following Sheed and Ward publications arrived recently and are now on sale:—

Psychology of Character. By Rudolf Allers(5/9).

The Judgement of the Nations." By Christopher Dawson (14/-).

This War is the Passion. By Caryll Houselander (9/9).

The Reed ofGod. By Caryll Houselander (9/9), NowISee. ByArnoldLunn (8/-).

The Secret of the Cure d'Ars. By Henri Gheon (8/-).

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iCatholicism,ProtestantismandCapitall ism. By Amintore Fanfani. Poety and Life. Anew anthology of English Catholic Poetry, compiled by F. J. Sheed (12/6).

TheyArePeople, By Sister Mariela Gable,O.S:B. (17/6).

Action This Day. By Archbishop Spellman (17/6).

QueenofSevenSwordk. Afew copies onlyofthesepoemsof OurBlessed Lady, by G. K. Chesterton, which are not included in his collected poems,are available at4/-acopy.

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-36PIERtSTREET,PERTH IN THE LIBRARY.

Whom Nobody Owns. By Andrew Spiller.

A thriller with an extremely clever plot handled in a masterly manner. The mysterysurrounding thedeathsof Annie Parsons and Gregory Thorn is not solved,more or less off-hand, by some highly-gifted,fortunately available amateur,butby realdetectivesby cold and calculating logic. A really ingenious detective story.

TwoForests. By PaulTabori,

This is the story of Gabriel Gordon, son of aScottish father and aHungarian mother,who rose tobecome one of the world'sgreatviolinists,butlostthe two women he loved because he would not be content with music and love alone. Great men of two worlds— music and politics—appear in this book:Kossuth and Offenbach, Garibaldi and Johan Strauss the younger, the EmpressElizabeth andGreig. It is filled with music and the storm of revolt. The scenemoves from Transyl• vania to Buda,from Vienna to Paris, from Italy to London and America.

LECTURES,

Lectures in the Library are to recommence towards the end of this month. The date of the opening lecture will be advertised in this column next week.

Pope Warns Against Self-seeking in Peace Settlement

Stern Condemnation of War Profiteers

A warning to those who will shape the peace not to turn the presentsituation to their own advantage against the dictates of justice,was given by HisHoliness PopePiusXII..inastriking address delivered recently to the peopleof Rome.

If anyone attempted to do so, he said, he would be judged by history among the deceiverswhohad betrayed the expectationsof peoples on whom indescribable suffering had conferred a new title to respect for theirinviolable rights.

Addressing himself to those "who have allowed themselves to be seduced by the advocates -

of violence,and are now awakening in consternation to see where theirdocility hasled them," the Holy Father gave this advice:

"There remains no other way to salvation than of repudiating definitely the idolatry of absolute nationalism, the pride of raceandblood,thedesire for hegemony in the possession of worldly goods and to turn resolutely towards)thatspiritofsincerefraternity whichis foundedontheworshipofthe DivineFatherof allmen."

The reconciliation of peoples, the Holy Fatherwenton,willonlybe able to guarantee stability if it is carried out faithfully and with large-mindedness.

"Let us not forget," he said, "that Godholds in His hands and can move at will the spirit of men who believe they have in theirs the destiniesof the world.

"He cancausethebirthandtheblossoming of thoughts and sentiments that will inspire apeace corresponding to His designs.and the hopes of men of goodwill.

"But He awaits our co-operation and desires that we stipplicate and pray to Him.

"And that is the reason why the whole of Christianity with acontrite and humble heart in repentance and expiation in prayer and penance raises eyesand hands to Him Who alonecan cause the serenity and pacification of all peoples to follow from the horrors ofdiscord and hatred,the innumerable anxieties of peoples,especially in those countries that are still fields of battle.

"And that is why, also mindful that the Lord and Father 'manifests His omnipotence above all in mercy and forgiveness,' We beg Him to put an end to so mighty ascourge, to bring about the great and much-desired regeneration of deeply-wounded humanity, and to hasten the comingofatrue and lasting peace."

Scores War Profiteers.

Pleading for arestorationofuprightness of moral conduct,the Pope condemned those who "in the midst of the terrible calamity in which the human family finds itself at present seek to enrich themselves by dishonest means, bt- taking advantage of the suffering nncl need of their neighbour,and raising prices without limit to procure profits that are scandalous,"

"Lockattheirhands,"criedtheHoly Father;"they are besmirched with bloodofwidowsandorphans;theblood of children and youths,whose physical development Is impeded or retarded by malnutrition and hunger; the blood of thousands and thousands of unfortunates'of all classes whom they have sacrificed at the altar of their despicable trade.

"This blood,like that of Abel, cries to heaven against the newCains. And on their hands the smirch remains indelible, just as down deepin their conscience their crime must remain unforgivable until they shall have recognised it, and through tears and expiation made amends to the extent to which reparation of so great acrime is possible.

"For the love ofChrist,join together in the spirit of brotherhood. Lend a helping band to one another,you who

enjoy still,or,who have recently acquired,ameasure of theworld's goods, andyouwhohave tragicallylosteverything,in order that through mutual support you may overcome the economic crisis into which the country has fallen and which would be ever so greatly relieved were all men united by truly human solidarity and by a real divineChristian charity.

I.

"Listen today,then. to the voice of God, and do not harden your hearts. That voice counsels: "Let the wicked forsakehiswayandtheunjustmanhis thoughts, and let him return to the Lord."(Isaias, 55; 7.)

RULESFORCO-OPERATING WITHNON-CATHOLICS ISSUEDINU.S.

Among the rule for co-operation be- r tween Catholics and nonCatholics issued by the Chancellor of the Cincinnati Archdiocese,Mgr. John Mussio, is onewhichstates:

"Catholics should not participate in conferences norin any public presenta. tions with those of other faiths under the auspices of religion. Debates and conferences,'especially ofapubliccharacter,withthosewho are notmembers of the Catholic Faith are forbidden by Pontifical law. They should not be heldwithoutthepermissionoftheholy See. Only incaseofurgencymaythe Bishopofadiocese act."

Mgr. Mussiocontinues:

"Catholics will gladly meet with citizensofallfaithsin ourcommunity under

theauspices of civilauthority. We, as abody of Catholics,wish to make contactswithallourfellow-citizens.We are anxious to promote goodwill; we wholeheartedly condemn bigotry in every form,as well as every evidence of hostility shown•to individuals or groupsbecauseof race,orcolour,orreligion. In aword,we stand for the dignity of every human person which bears the impress ofGod,its Creator.

Joint Conferences.

"Catholicsasindividualswhoarewell informed in their faith are free to be members of ajoint conference,provid• ed there is no official recognition given to this conference by other faiths.

Whenactionistakenasaresultofsuch conference it must be an independent action on the part ofCatholics.

"Social and civic organisations which wish to promote the acceptance of a perosnal OmnipotentGod and thesupremacy of the moral law in civic and social life count on the co-operation of our Catholic people in ajointaction," Mgr. Mussio points out that the Catholic Church "cannot give the impression that one religion is as good as another or that she must strive with those of other faiths for acommon de. nominatorin religion."

it..w

•s

We have previously drawn attention to the effus'ons in the Saturday editions of"The Daily News" entitled "The Padre Speaks." I,for one,have too great arespect for the clergy of ourseparated brethren, to believethat one of them could give off such an effluvium ofhalf-baked facts and rank hypocrisy. Ihave not the slightest doubt that this paltry buffoonery is theworkofapermanent staffmember with agoodhealthy"Red" bias. Last weekthis genius wasted aprecioussix inches of space with his views on Spain. Icould imaginethe mostjuvenile member of aselect Academy for Young Communists in Moscow being severely caned for asimilar clumsy muddle of propaganda.

"The Padre" had the effrontery to refertotherantingsofGeneral Franco and his blasphemous misuse of Chris. tian forms of expression. Catholics have atleast the generosity to believe that Communists believe in Commun.

4 FRANCIS GILBERT

ism and not merely in what "perks' maybeavailable ifand when theyare little Commisars. But "The Padre," with that characteristic charity of the Christian, cannot even credit Franco with sincerity.

Ithink it would have been better had "The Padre" omitted referencesto Christian forms of expression. He so seldom employs them himself, and when hedoes it is not infrequently to do violence to Scriptural contexts or to reduce Christianity to an imbecile humanitarianism.

TheoldstuffaboutGermansandIta• lians is trotted out with a careful glossover Russia'smajor participation and the ghastly record of the Interna. tional Brigade. "The Padre" bleeds over the people of Spain who, unhappily, are quite content with being res. cued from aworse terrorism than the Nazis. The malcontents are all outSpainoringaol insideit. Asfor the Spanish exiles, they would easily qualify as war criminals of the most sadisttictype,andisfornon-Spaniards like"The Padre" theywouldheaswell advised tomind their own business.

Now that hostilities have ceased in Europe, it behoves Australians to observe closely what is happening in the Pacific zone. And while what is of most immediate interest isthe Austra. lian advance fromTarakan,theAnted. can activity on Okinawa and the di. rect lmmbing assaults on the Japanese mainland, the ultimately importantpartofthedrama,loth asregards military operations and the post-war balance of power, will centre round China.

At the risk of appearing pessimistic, imust say,

that the San -

Francisco Conference seems io me to have turned out adamp sc+uib. The amazing thing is the lack of public indignation at the obvious window-dressing being carried on at the Golden Gate. Unhappilythebulkofthe peopleseem to thinkthatnow theGermansideofthe war ii over. God's in His heaven and all's right with the world. But the peace is very far indeed from being won.

what happens if they do. The San Francisco Conference, despite Dr. Evans braveshowing, will makesure that the smalland 'middle "stations do not misbehave. But the cause of world wars is never initiated by these Powers, butby the greatand wealthy ones. And thesevery nations are to have the right to stop proceedings againstthemselves. Russiaisevenreportedto wantavetoondiscussionof international disputes! Surely it doesn't need aConference of world Powers togetexactly nowhere.

ties in Chinaoranyhowtoutterlycon. fuse

the average reader of newspapers.

In that country has been written one of the most disgraceful pages in the history of Communism—ahistory which fairly reeks of turpitude. I[ anyone remains who does not believe that Comunism knows no loyalty, no patriotism, no love of the poor, no regard for truth, let himstudy thestory of China's crucifixion these ten years and more.

Whatever is said in the article to which Ihave referred is abundantly illustrated by press reports even slur.

The crux of the whole post-war organisation hinges on the question of thevetorightsof thebigPowers. Just when it seemed that something concrete might be evolved, Russia has thrownaspannerinto theworks(This is arecognised Communist technique), TheSoviet,we are told,isemphasising that the permanent members of the Security Council would not abuse the vetopower. Whilethisisverysoothing and flattering to members of the Council, who do not at the moment contemplate aggression, it doesn't solve the most pertinent riddle of

It is obvious, of course, to the Catholic that what is lacking is spirit. Not one utterance at theGoldenGate has conveyed the impression that the delegates there assembled are seeking thecommongood. Itispainfullyevident that everyone, andespeciallythe Big Powers,ismanoeuvringforaposition from which they may wield the maximumauthority.

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1slsewhtre in this issue is an important article on the condition of China—which goes far to explain why the"China incident" was never satisfactorily concluded, and why the resistance to theJapanese in thiswar has been largely ineffective There hasbeen so much to think about in these war years that it is not surprising that the Communists have been able to divert attention almost completely from their sabotaging activi-

ingthe lastweek. Onthe3rd,inst.,a cable from Chungking reported the execution of four leaders of the ChineseCommunistguerillaforces,including General Chang Yen, on charges of re. bellion. Adocument found by the Central Government forces allegedly outlined plans for enlarging the Communist guerillas' area of operations and urged propaganda to shake the people's confidence in the militaryand administrative leaders.

This was followed the very next day by an attack on the Chinese Army from mt "Izvestia" correspondent, It was aprize example of the"usual ar. ticle," following the Partv "line" in an almost miraculous manner as regards repetition. The Government Armv had ahandonccl favourable positions to the enemy without abattle.

(The Communist bandits have been doing this consistently for years.l Their troops had been used to block• ade the Communist armies which had led the struggle against the Japanese, (An unconscionable lie.) Some Chin. ese leaders were more concerned with liquidation of the partisan movement than with combatting Japan, (It would be hard to choose the deadlier enemy of China.) All this is old stuff and,

lying propaganda, which is easily swallowed by copy-hungry corrr<nondents. One wonders when the Alliesaregoingtogive effectiveaid to China toenable her to destroy theex. ternal enemv and the traitor in her midst supported by Moscow,

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CHIANG KAI SHEK, who resolutely resists the "democratisation" ofChina by Communist bandits.

Chinese Communists Comprise aRebel Army —How They Have Hindered'China's War Effort

Failure to Rob the Peasants ofTheir Land...

Whispering CampaignAgainst ChiangKaiShek

RICHARD WILLIER, in"America,"

ANaval officerwhohasjustreturned from the fighting front in the Southwest Pacific asked me, "What are we going todowithChina?""Fromtherecent trend in newspaper propaganda;' Ireplied,"itlooksasifwehaddecided to discredit General Chiang gradually, pave the way tobreakup the Chinese government, and toleave it weak and disunited." "Ifwedoleaveherweak," theofficercontinued,"Godhelpusand the world, too, for Russia will take over China which, added to her own country and whatshe will take in Europe, will make her irresistible." CommunistTerritoryandRecruitment.

From my own eight years of recent experience in China and from firsthand reportsthatIhavehad,Iwasof the same opinion as this young naval officer. Where China was weak and disunited,thereCommunismenteredin andtook overbyforce; where China was strong and the Chinese govern• meat had control, there Communism couldnotevengainafoothold. Inthe early 1030's when the Chinese governmentbegantocleanupthe bandits of Central China, the last group to hold out were the"HungTu-fei,"asthepeoplecalled them,whowerebanditspure andsimple,butwithafewleaderswho had had sometraining in communistic principles. Ratherthansubmittothe rule of the rightful government, they fled to the North-west where the Government'spowerstillrestedratherlightlyontheshouldersofthepeople.There the Red bandits could avoid ashowdown battle. And there, aswas their custom, they imposed themselves on the people andlivedoffthepeople.

When war started with Japan, they madeapretenceoffightingtheenemy; but in reality they saved their troops and retreated to positions here the terrain and the povero ,

)f..aural re. sourees•ru furt}er ao,

dnces of the t,

pnnece t

-. -ostty and unpro. fitable, 14.,

rr, the area that had beenoverrun 1. ;

theJapanesewas now in astate of complete disorganisation; and so Russianorganiserswith trained Chinese assistants were sentinto these districts to make them communistic. The Chinese governmentno longerhad anypowerintheseareas; the Japanese were unable to control anvthing but their lines of communication; and hence the people were at the mercy of any organised group, r:o matter how small.

Thave first-hand description of the methodsused bythose organisersfrom afriend of minewho wasliving in the area in question.. Promising young men wereapproachedbytheorganisers and asket: if they wntld like to improve themselves by some special schooling. if the person approached realised that theschoolwas communisticandrefused,hewasthreatenedwith awhispering campaign that he was pro-Japanese. This threat brought west of the young men to terms because, whether it were true or not, people would suspect them and friends and business alike would leave them. Ifthisthreatfailed,anarmedgroupdescendedon thehomeoftherecalcitrant andproceededtoturn the place intoa shambles. This was the work of the famous8th,RouteArmy. Ontheplea that they were fighting the Japanese, theyconfiscatedpropertyandwhatever else their claimedwould help their patrioticefforts. WhenevertheJapanese forces approached, they retreated with scarcely thelossof aman

By this time the central part of (hina bidfallen tothe Japanese forces

and the Communistsstarted to organise the 4th. Route Army. Here their organisationwaslessefficient,buttheir numbers were sufficient to make the people groan under their exactions. Meanwhile the truops of the Chinese governmenthadsiftedthroughtheJapanese-held positions and soon found themselvesinthesameareaasthe4th. Route Army. TheGeneralissimonow had first-hand information on the activitiesofthe4th. RouteArmy andon, theirlackofactivityagainsttheJapanese. Ile sentword to them thatthey should either join with the regular troopsof the Chinese government and atack the Japanese or disband. But the 4th, Route Army was interested only in its own preservation and growth and not in the aims'of the Chinese government, andrefused. The Generalissimonowissuedanultimatum to the rebels that they should attack the Japanese,orhis own troops would attack and disband them. Again they refused to obey. The Chinese Army attacked anddefeated theminathreeday battle. Ireceived this information from remnants of the 4th. Route ArmywhichwereadmittedtoaJapanest-held city on the Yangtze River, surrendered to the Japanese and told ustheirstory. InthatareaChinawas weak, but not quite weakenough for thesuccessoftheCommunists.

Anti-ChiangPropaganda.

Wherever the Chinese government was strong and the people were under its protection, there Communism was unsuccessful and hadto try othermet. hods. In China the people love their land; or, better, the farmer owns and loves his farm. Since China is at least eighty per cent, agricultural, eightyperrentofthepeoplelove their means of production, for the farm is their means of production. For this reason, communism of ownership does not appeal to them. Among the lettersofthe Communist Party in Shanghai which were seized by the police, I read one in which this very difficulty wasproposed totheheadofficeinMoscow. Theanswercontainedinanother letter advised the Communist worker in China to discard propaganda about communism of ownership and to concentrate on stirring up trouble wherever there was dissatisfaction. Although China's government in Chungkinghad weatheredsevenyearsofwar rather well, still there was some dissatisfaction and the Communists acted upon the advice of Moscow—"where thereisdissatisfactionstiruptrouble."

The rumours started. "ChiangKaiAekisadictator. ChiangisaFascist. Chinaisnot ademocracy.Theofficials dine on sharks' fins and the people starve on millet'(personally, Ishould ratherhavemilletanyday,butthat is beside the point). "Officials in the Chiang regime are corrupt. Theyare not friendly to the democratic Communists" (an armed rebellion against the legitimate government). These statements hurledoften enough, and sold to gullible American newspaper men anxious to write a sensational strrybeforeleavingChina,wouldbring misunderstandinganddissatisfactionto bothChinaandherAllies. Next,this strong Chinese government would be relegated todisfavour. Underaweak government, or with achange of government,wouldcomedisunionandcon. fusion thatboth Russia and the Communists know would be not just "DDiv"forthembut"V-Day."

Russia sees this clearly and is working constantly and resolutely to bring this about. if the Generalissimo and hispartyarediscreditedandhavetore-

sign, then China will break upintothe many varied parts which under the leadership ofGeneralChiang had been welded into asurprising unity. Upon that breakup there will be an open field for communistic organisers and theycanbringthe unwilling"toheel" bythreatsandforce. Then,too,there will be no strong China at the peace table to make embarrassing demands for Chinese territory that Russia al. ready has in her possession or has in mindtotakeover. Mostimportantof all, aweak China will soon fall completelyintothehandsoftheorganisers andthenRussiamaytakeoverthetedrific manpowerthat Japan had hoped to use to win world empire. Russia, however, realised that China and the Chinese would not listen to her in. sinuationsandaccusationsand certain. Ivwouldnotbemovedbyanypressure that she herself could bring on her. China had withstood that in the early daysof her struggle withJapan. Rus. sia had sent much-needed planes and pilotstoChina,butinreturnaskedcer. tain concessions for the Chinese CommunistArmy, WhenChinarefusedto fulfil allofRussia's demands, thedour. faced Russian pilots stood sullenly by and saw the attacking Japanese destroy Rusisan planes as they stood on the idle air-field.

RussianandBritishDangers.

Russia now turned to England and the United States in an attempt to alienate both countries from China. While England isscarcely afriend of China who could ask as afriend, yet she couldbeinterested inawhispering campaign to cause us to leave China weak, for then there would be no embarrassingquestionsabout Hongkong, SingaporeandtradeintheOrient. And so after Madame Chiang's triumphal visit totheUnitedStates,therumours startedthatshewasonbadtermswith her brother, that the Soong family wanted theBurmaRoadopen inorder to ship in their own goods on which theycould profiteer—and likereports.

Russia, whom Germany had beaten back toMoscow, Russia who was saved at the expense of American arms and supplies thatChinapleadedfor in vain, the same Russia, now thatsheis saved from the invader, says selfrighteously"the reason that China is failingbeforethe Japaneseattacksisto be found in the internal corruption of theregimewhichisopposingthe'demo. eratic'partofthepeople."

However, neither England nor Rus. sia could bring real pressure to bear on China. America, on the other hand, who has been loaning China money,givingsomesupplieswithapro. mise of more, and making more promises,Americaistheonetobringpressure to hear in China to discredit and relievetheonlymanwhohaskeptand cankeepChinaunitedandstrong.How great that pressure has been has only recently come to light in the incident which led to the recall ofGeneralStilwell, But there was still too much sympathy in the United States to wardsChina to suit the interested par ties.

Hence damaging stories and sinister propaganda against the Chiang regime spawn apace:"There is arift in the Chiang family. Madame Chiang will remain in America.. . Defeat of the Chinese Armyin South China is tobe blamedonChiang'sofficers..,,The'de. feat is due toChiang'srefusal tocome to terms with the Chinese Commun. ists." An accord with the Communists is reached, and the very nextday vic. tory in South China isannounced and the British OWI credits it to"the ar. rival of Communist troops from the North-west." Deny or disprove the rumours: itdoesnogood,fortheharm hasalreadvbeendone. Pointoutthat the Red troops could not reach South China foramatterofweeksormonths after the accord was reached; it matter not,thecreditof victoryisalready inthepaperfortheCommunists.Then, after the American people have been

wellsoftenedupby this constantbom. bardment ofaccusations, England and Russia can put pressure on our Gov. ernment to demand the resignation of General Chiang,andChina willbe left weak and an open field for the Communistorganisers.'

WhathavetheChinese Communista done inChina? In September, 1937, they pledged theChinese Government that they would: (1) strive for the complete fulfilmentof Dr.Sun's Three Principles of the People,as they serve the needs of present-day China; (21 abandon all violent action and policy aimed at overthrowing the Kuomin. tang, propagation of Communism is China and the policy of violent confiscation of landowners' holdings; (3) abolishtheexistingChineseSovietgov. ernment in'the North-west and work toward a united democratic government forthewholepeople;(4) abolish the name andstatusofthe RedArmy and permit its incorporation into the national revolutionary armyunder the National Militaryofthe NationalGovernment.

In direct violation of these pledges, they now maintain their own Government, issue their own currency, refuse military obedience and actually take up arms against the Government troops, They put forth claims through writersfor the American public that they alone are fighting the Japanese;butfriendsofminewhohave visited the North-west andthe area in which the 8th, Route Army is operating laugh at such statements. Then we have the colossal inconsistency of Russia,the pot, callingChina, the kettle, black. When sheaskswhyChinadoes not fight the Japanese, China could well reply:"Speak for yourself, John" (or Joe, as the case may be). Russia says to China: "You are not democratic but have adictatorship of one party," and China replies:"What of your dictatorship ofone party, and where

is yourdemocracy?"

Policyof Treason.

Moreover,istheChineseGovernment intolerant and isthe Kuomintang selfish in its quarrel with the Communist government and army as our news. writers would have us believe? The answer should be quite clear. If the Republican Party in the UnitedStates shouldactas theCommunistsin China have done namely, muster its own army,issue itsowncurrencyopenlyre. fuse to fight the common enemy in time of war and attack the United StatesArmy,wewouldbesurethatthe question was no longer apolitical one but that the Republican Party was guilty of high treason. It is no long. er it question of political compromise;itisacrimeagainsttheonlylegitimate governmentandcallsforpunishment.

Our only hope forthe Far East and for the world of the future depends uponourimmediateaction tobuildup astrong China.IfChinaiskept strong politically—sothatshewillremain uni. fied, and at thesame timebe builtup industrially—thenweshallhaveasolid bulwarkagainstCommunismintheFar Fast; we shall have power capablle of exertingastableinfluence in that,area duringthe yearsof rehabilitation; and we shall have apowerful friend and ally in the Orient. If England falls into themistakeofmakingChinaweak, she may have her way about her formerpossessionsandher trade inthe Orient for afew years; but then a Russian-dominated China will take it all away from her. It would be far wiser to make China strong and as a friend arrange favourable trade treaties with her. If China is weak, she will not go communistic, but the organisers will take herover and soon dominate her. Japan, the Philippines and other countries in the Far East left weak by the war will fall before the same tactics. Then the manpower and resources at Russia's command will be staggering. Again, I ask: "Shall we be fooled into selling out ChinatoRussia?"

NinePointsofBeliefinthecatholicViewofPolitics

... Democracy is Not. Identical with Majority

Why the Pope*Distinguished Between the People and the Masses

No Absolute State Rights Over the Individual

By THOMAS F. WOODLOCK, in"Columbia."

The Catholic mind on the matter of ,"politics" (that is, civil government) may be summarised briefly about as follows:

1, Man's nature is suchthat he needs the help of his fellows in order to fulfil hisdestiny in histemporallife; itis, therefore, natural for him to live in society as amember of asocial group.

II. The function of the group is to provide the temporal conditions neces•sary to enable each of its members to deevlop himself as God intended he should in preparation for his eternal life. Thus society,:xists for the sake of the person—not flib person for the sake of society.

III. The end for which society exists ists is the common good. The common good requires an organisation of special means, and society is amoral 'organism in itself and not merely an aggregation of its members. As such it has is own functions and its own powers—and especially the powers of government.

IV. The function of civil government isprimarily to provide forthe safety of the community and to maintain order as ameans tojustice intherelations of the persons who constitute the comjnunity.

V. The authority by which the government may rightly demand from the persons for whose benefit it exists obedience to its just laws and rules is Divine in origin, being part of the Divine law establishing order in the universe,

VI. Governmental authority inheres in no one person. It rests with the group as awhole, by delegation from God, to determine who shall exercise governmental powers,

VII. As the purpose of civil society is to protect the person in the enjoyment of the rights which are inherent in him as aperson, the authority of civil government over the person is not absolute, but is limited by those personal rights. Governments which assume absolute powers usurp authority which is not rightly theirs, and are not entitled to demand obedience from the 'citizen.

Vfill. Forms of government can be and have been various, ranging from absolute monarchy to direct "democracy." The Catholic mind is not committer) to any one form. Its test of "good" and "bad" government is concerned with justice. A government is"good" Linder which justice in human relations generally rules: it is 4

'had" when tl,e contrary is the case.

IX. The Catholic mind recognises the full autonomy of the"State" in its ownfield,thefieldofthecommongood, but it demands that all its laws shall accord with the Natural Law of God and all its actions be in accord with Natural Justice. "Church" and "State" are hoth naturally "perfectsocieties" in this sense.

With these general principles in mind, let us look at the "political scene" as it presentsitself to-day in the world.

Everybody Talks About Democracy. One notable feature at once strikes the eye. The world for the first time in hstory is almost unanimously demanding Democracy in government. Everybody is talking about it, everyone professes belief in it as a sacred _Erinciple. The Atlantic Charter, by rmplication, so pr,claims it, and prat tically all plansfor world peace and reconstruction assume it. One of the

worst charges that aman can bring against another is that he is"undemocratic," the common synonym for which is"Fascist." Unfortunately the word itself is understood (where it is understood at all) in awidevariety of meanings. There are even those who insist that Soviet Russia's system of government is democraticI No doubt the great majority of people in America if asked what the word meant would answer with Lincoln's Gettysburgphrase, or somethinglikeit, as, e.g.,"government by the people."

Now it happens that last Christmas therecame from the Vatican aremarkable pronouncement on "Democracy" itself which is destined to take rank with the great utterances on "social questions" of Leo XIII. and his successors. It is, so far as Iam aware, the first time that the Holy See has especially treated the notion itself in itselementals,and in it Pope Pius XII has laid down in the plainest language what he himself calls the "norms" of a "true andhealthy democracy—one that answers the needs of the hour." It is vitallyimportant that Catholics should familiarise themselves with these norms. They may be summarised very briefly as follows:

1. Reminding Catholics that the Church neither disapprovesor approves any particular form of government as such, and taking note of the fact that the peoples of the world are demanding asystem of government more in keeping with the dignity and liberty of the citiens and are calling for "democracy" toput anend to theaggressive dictatorships, which they hold responsible for the horrors of this war, the Holy Father points out that "considering the extent and nature of the sacrifices demanded of all citizens, especially inour day. when the activity of the State is so vast and decisive, the democratic form ofgovernment appears to many a postulate of nature imposed by reason itself."(Emphasis supplied.)

2. A "true and healthy" democracy must recognise full freedom of the citizens"to set forth their own views of thedutiesand the sacrificesimposed onthem,andthat they willnotbecompeller) to obey without being heard" This, by implication, asserts "minority rights" against the majority.

3. Next comes amost important distinction and one most timely in its making:—it is that between ademocracy of the People and ademocracy of the Masses. "The State," says the holy Father, "is not adistinct entity which mechanically gathers together a shapeless mass of individuals and confines them within aspecified territory. It is and should be in practice the organicandorganisingunity ofarealpeople. The people and ashapeless multitude (or, as it is called, "the masses") are two distinct concepts. The people lives and moves by its own life energy: the masses are inert of themselves, and can only be moved from outside. The people lives by the fulness of life in the men thatcompose it, each ofwhom —in his proper place and in his own way—is aperson conscious of his own responsibility and of his own views. The masses, on the contrary, waiting for the impulse from outside, become an easy plaything in the hands ofanyone who seeks to exploit their instincts and impressions. They are ready to follow, in turn, today this flag, tomorrow another. From which the

Holy Father concludes that "the masses—as we have just defined them—are the capital enemy of true democracy andof itsidealofliberty andequality."

4. The democratic state, "whether monarchical or republican," must have "a real and effective authority." This authority comes from the Natural Law which makes every man an independ. ent personality "the source and end of his own life." It imposes on him imperative duties and bestows inviolable rights, and unites the person, the State and the Government so that "they stand or fall together." Thus the moral community derives a dignity from the dignity of the persons who constitute it and the political authority derives its dignity from its participation in the authority ofGod.

5. But State authority is not

absolute or totalitarian. State authority is expressed in positivelaw. On this Pope Pius points out that "Positive law can subsist only in so far asit respects the foundation on which human personality rests, as well as the State and the Government. This isthe fundamentdl criterion for determining the health of all forms of government—democracies included. It is the criterion by which themoral value ofevery particularlaw should be judged."

In short, all legitimate governmental authorityissubjecttotheNaturalLaw. All totalitarian governments, whatever their form (ademocratic government can be as totalitarian as an absolute monarchy), are illegitimate. And what applies in this respect to asingle state necessarily applies to an international organisationof states.

There is much more in his Christmas message thanIhavesummarisedinthe foregoing paragraphs,but the essentials are the important thing. Of these the all important point is that of totalitarianism. The supreme menace in the worldpoliticalorder to-day is that of totalitarian democracy, the absolute state in democratic form. Of all attacks upon human freedom this is the most insidiousand the most dangerous

Rule

and it is here that the Catholic mind must be more vigilant. Let us turn hacktoparagraph3of thesummaryof the Pope's message and examine the distinction between the "People" and the"masses,"fortherewe havethe nub of the matter.

The peoples of the world are moving toward the "mass-democracy" form of political society as aresult of the economic development which created and developed the "proletarian" class and generated the "class-war" The classwar isincompatible with ahealthy democracy, for it destroys the fundamental unityuponwhich such ademocracy must rest. A healthy democracy is. naturally pluralist both culturally and economically; it will be richly varied culturally, and it will be economically stratified with apretty wide difference in level between "tops" and "bottoms," but there will not be astate of belligerencebetweenbottomsand tops.The various cultural groups and economic classes will be respectful in ageneral way toward each other's fundamental rights and will generally acceptthe existence of variety and inequality in groups and classes. Now this was in fact possible in the modern world for only ashort time and under special conditions, owing to the almost simultaneous arrival of the "democratic" revolution and the industrial revolution and the consequentrise oftheproletarianclasstonumbersandpowers, MoralForceMust Restrain Majority. In acivil order which is democratic in form—that is. where representatives for the legislature and officials for the executive branch are chosen by adult suffrage under the principle of majority rule--the actual power of government is ultimately exercised by the numerical majority of the voters, as that maority is influenced by groups. Physically regarded this power is absolute. In other words, ademocratic majority, unless it is restrained by some moralforce,can be asdespoticin rule over the community ascanan ori-

(Continued on Page 15.)

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OfficialOrganof the Archdiocese of Perth.

Address all communications to the Editor, Box A35, G.P.O., Perth.

450 HAY STREET, PERTH.

Living With the Church

June 10—Third Sunday after Pentecost, within the Octave of the Sacred Heart (White):

Mass proper, 2nd. prayer of St. Margaret. 3rd. prayer of the Octave, 4th, prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Sacred Heart.

June 11—St. Barnabas, Apostle (Red):

Mass proper. 2nd, prayer of the Octave. 3rd. prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Apostles.

June12—St.Johnof St, Facundo, Confessor(White):

Mass "Os justi" 1st. prayer of the Proper. 2nd. prayer of the Octave. 3rd. prayer of SS. Basilides and Companions. 4th, prayer for peace, Creed. Preface of the Sacred Heart.

toe ArCoaiOC¢ge

News has been received in Perth of the sudden death of Rev. Thomas Browne, P.P., Ahaura, New Zealand, who worked for some years in this Archdiocese. R.I.P.

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PERTH, WEDNESDAY, JUNE 6, 1945.

.Superstition in Our Day

for the most part, already knew the answer, though they could not afford to admit it. One might say, in apun, that the most primitive men had known the answer "ab ovo." Unhappily for the higher critics it is now generally conceded by scholars that monotheism in all cases preceded polytheism, and that all forms of the latter were corntntionsoftheolderbelief. itisanatural sequence thatpersistent infringement upon the unity of the natural laws leads ultimately to the destruction of the beliefin the one Supreme awgicer. •

Many are found in our clay to contend that alarge section of the world is relapsing into aprimitive paganism. But by paganism they do not mean tint strong and splendid thing to which Plato, Aristotle and Socratesattained, but rather the hateful, etfentinate deheneration to which the wisdom of the Grecks•and the tililitary valour of the Romans were at last reduced. There are certainly signs of the times that the world, divorced from the fullness of the complete Christian revelation, is sinking down into the bleak night of this degenerate paganism. Of this, there is no more certain indication than the rise of innumerable hydra-headed superstitions which arc everywhere rife. The decay of true religion has. at all times, been surreeded h} these childish attempts to attach ntystical significance to numbers, star-gazinn, etc. Silly and fantastic forms of credulity heein to assume the proportions of areligion and are actual) hailed in some quarters as substituter fro religion.

June 1,8—St. Anthony of Padua, Confessor (White):

Mass proper. 2nd, prayer of the Octave. 3rd. prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Sacred Heart, June 14—,St, 83azi1,Bishop,Confessor, and Doctor (White) : Mass proper. 2nd. prayer of the Octave. 3rd. prayer forpeace. Creed. Preface of the Sacred Heart.

June 15—Octave of the Sacred Heart (White):

Mass of the Feast. 2nd. prayer of St Vitus and Companions. 3rd, prayer for peace. Creed. Preface of the Sacred Heart.

June 2"aturday Mass of Our Lady (White) : Mass "Salve." 2nd. prayer of the Holy Spirit. 3rd. prayer for the Church of Pope. 4th. prayer for peace. Preface of the B.V.M.

CatholicTeachers' Guild

The next Saturday morning meeting of the Guild takes place at Bacton House on June 9at 10.30a.m., and the next evening meeting is Monday, June 2,i •

at 8p.m.

Several new members have recentiv enrolled; amongst these are six junior teachers. It is hopedin thevery near future to formaseparateGuild forjunior teachers.

In spite of the inclemency of the weather and added transport difficulties, the holiday week afternoon tea was agreat success. The Guild was cery pleased to welcome so many goldfields and country members.

H.A.C.B.S.

Our Lady Help of Christians Branch, East Victoria Park.

Rev. Father Sexton,C.SS.R., is at present conducting a Retreat at the Cathedral for the members of the Sacred Heart Sodality. Retreatexercises are at 6a.m. and 7.30 p.m. The Retreat will close on Sunday evening next. During the closing ceremonies His Grace the Archbishop will consecrate new members of the Sodality.

TheForty Hours' Devotion wascon. ducted in the Cathedral on Friday. Saturday and Sunday last. There was aconstant stream of worshippers throughout the three days of Exposition. His Grace the Archbishop attended the closing ceremonies on Sun-,. day evening and gave Pontifical'bene. diction.

The annual Eucharistic Procession will be held at Sacred Heart Church, Highgate Hill, on Sunday next, 10th. inst., commencing at 3,30 pm. His Grace the Archbishop will carry the Monstrance.

ARCHBISHOP'SENGAGEMENTS.

June 10: 7.30 p.m.: Consecration of new memhers of the Cathedral Branch of the Sacred Heart Sodality.

10 a.m.: Administer the Sacrament of Confirmation at St, Anthony's, Wanneroo.

3.30 p.m.: Attend annual Procession of the Blessed Sacrament at High' gate Hill.

June29 (Feast ofSS.Peter and,

Paul): St, Charles' Seminary, Guildford7a.m.: Celebrate Mass. 9a.m.: Preside at Solemn HighMass.

July 8: Canonical Visitation and Confirma. tion at Sacred Heart Church, Highgate ]fill.

July 16: ' Carmelite Monastery, Nedlands: Attend celebration of the Feast of Our Ladv of Mt. Carmel.

July 22: Canonical Visitation and Confirma. tion at St. Joseph's Church, NOrSeman.

But thegravest superstition of our time, and one to which this city seems particularly prone, having anewspaper especially dedicated to its insidious propaganda, is spiritism. Adntitted►y it is, for the most part, confined to the minor buffooneries of flowermessages, table rapping, and planchette boards. Yet even these things cause true religion to be regarded suspiciously by the plain man, for lie, rightly, cannot conceive why those who have "gone over" should return to engage in all the frivolous and undignified tricks provided by the professional mediums. The spiritual sphere is made to appear au inconsequential and irresponsible household. Yet, abstracting from these palpable idiocies, there is certainly a percentage of spiritualistic phenomena which is real. But the spiritists do not seem very concerned over their origin. And that, forits, is the main point. It is one thingtoachieve "materialism," it is quite another to decideby whose power the thing is performed. If these manifestations be front God there, is no reason why they should not come through the divinely appointed channels. Since il,p, On

tint there is little doubt remaininnasto theirorigin.

:Although the weather -was bad, a good attendance of our members was present at our meeting on Tuesday, May 29. The election of officers took place, with the following result: President, Bro. F. Stockden; vice-president, Sr. K. Curtis; secretary, Bro. J. Egan; treasurer, Sr, E. McCarthy: warden, Sr. D. Battersby; guardian, Bro. Mt Hitchcock: assistant secretary, Sr. E. McCarthy. All expressed appreciation at beingelected. Aspecial appeal was made for all members to turn in their numbers at a complimentary social which wasbeing held on the nexteven. ing. All football enthusiasts were informed that amatch would take place at Wellington Square on Sunday, June 3, Luckvseatwaswonby Sr. K.Cur-, tis •

July 25: Receive debutantes at CatholicBall, Kalgoorlie.

July26: Administer the Sacrament of Con. firmation at St, Mary's Church, Kalgoorlie,

Catholic Broadcasts

St. Mary'sCathedral: Sunday evening, June 17, at 7.30:. Devotions sung by the pupils of the Convent of Mercy, Victoria Square. Thepreacherwill be the Very Rev. Dr. J. T. McMahon, -

The Catholic Answer: Every Sunday night at 9p.m., Sta. tions 6PR and 6TZ.

FREMANTLE TOWN HALL

Grand Musical Entertainment

By THE PUPILS OF CHRISTIAN BROTHERS' COLLEGE, FREMANTLE.

ASSISTED BY PIZONITNENT RADIO ARTISTS, UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF MR. WILL TALBOT. Monday,June 11, at 8p.m. TICKETS, 3s. and2s.

Reservations at Christian Brothers' College, Fremantle.

THE WEaTE CLIFFS OF DOVER.

Although this film has been based on Alice Doer Miller's famous poem, numerous interpolations and alterations,whileleavingthemainideamore orlessintact,cannotclaimtobeanimprovement upon the poet's conception. Nevertheless, regarded simply as a film, it is a fine production from M.G.M.'sEnglish studios.

The familiarstory tells of an American girl, Sue Dunn, who falls in love with an Englishman, Sir John Ashwood, onthelastdayofan holiday in England. After a brief marriage World War No, 1intervenes and Sir Johd is killed in action, Sue has a Roddy • son, and as he is played b

y McDowell, he is one of nature's little gentlemen, thank you. The years quickly pass, as they generally do in screen plays, andsoonSue's only child is off to World War No. 2Jthe war which wastoend the war that wasto end the war, if you get what Imean. He is badly injured during acommando raid on the French coast and is retlurned to ahospital, where his mother is apparently the Matron. The final scene closes with motherand son each expressing the opinion that the living can only repay the debt to the war (lead by building abetter world of the future. As most Hollywood script writers have either never heard of Christ or consider its slightly indecent to mention the reconstruction of afuture based on afoundation of His ideals, one was left wondering along what lines precisely the happy new world of"ue and her son would be built.The casting of the film is almost superb, and the film presents

aseries of thoroughly hu

man and appealing characters. There are some almost inspired touches of direction and some side-play on the national cha ra

c tics of America and England,done most with delicacy and good humour. A chess game between Sir C. Aubrey Smithasapepperyold English colonel, and Frank Morgan, as ahustling Am• erican newspaper editor, has to be seen to he appreciated.

Irene Dunneisdefinitely one of IIoIlywood's most versatile actresses(who has forgotten her clever handling of such varied roles as in"Pack Street;" "Show Boat;""The Awful Truth," and "hove Affair"?), and she gives asvmpathetic performance in the leading role, The Australian born Alan Marshall handles the male lead with sincerity and aquiet charm. Dame \lam-

Whitty, last seen in Perth in "Lassie Come Ilome." is as competent as usual. The English stage actress, Gladys Cooper, is as dignified as ever, and as usual radiates all the warmth of an iceberg in July.

1lthough there are more sniffs than cliffs in"The White Cliffs of Dover;" it is well worth seeing.

—"GROUCIIO"

CYCLORAMA.

changed policy of the Perth Repertory Club. Instead of running plays in continuoussuccession,theClub now allows ashort spell between productions. This permits the stage committee todevotemoretime to the con• struction ofthe new set, and gives the oncoming cast achance to rehearse realistically as well as imaginatively.

A second innovation planned is the introduction of asort of play preview on the night previous to the opening night. A full-scale performance will be given to aselected audience, which will include representatives of the Press, Thismoveisobviously designed to act as acounterto the appalling* series of bad first nights, about which we have complained bitterly in the past. At first sight it seems scarcely fair treatment of acast to toss them to the Press before theyare actually calledonto appearinpublic, and itwould not be surprisingif there are some objections forthcoming on this score. Such objections would not be easy to dispose of,for itcould bequite reason• ably argued by members of the cast that their performances at this-preview are likely tosuffer because of the limited and exclusive nature of the audience. Everyonewill agree that it is far easier to play to afull house composed of all elements than to a hand-picked gathering of fifty or sixty people. But when one remembers how innocuous are the secular Press re

ferences to plays and players, how far removed from anything approaching informed criticism, then there really does not seem to be much point in raising objections which, although valid, are divorcedfrom reality. Itis asad state of affairs. There is much amateur talentconcentrated in the few dramatic societies that function in Perth, and it is acrying shame that the people who give their time and energy to the prosecution of an art which is truly popular in every sense of the word shouldbe deprived of the benefit that flows from genuine criticism, the hand-maiden of every art. There can he no doubt that artists hunger after criticism. The plaudits of an audience are one thing, and very acceptable; but the written praise of acritic whose judgment is respected is the thing that the artist really treasures, justas thecritic's censure, while it may hurt, is the real instrument that forces an artist to take stock of his position and reconsider his met. hods. .

The experiments at the Repertory

IT IS THE MASS THAT MATTERS

It is now nine months since this paper began its critical review s of stage and screen shows, in the hope of contributing something definite towards ageneral rebirth of worthwhile entertainment and cultural values. In the process of analysis it was often necessary to condemn bluntly prac• tices which were inimical to real progress, and it was inevitable that some people should be hurt by what could only appear to them as ahigh-handed attemptto interfere with thelibertyof the subject.

But truth will out, and honest prin• ciples have never lacked supporters. To-day, after months of persistent advocacy, we find that we have been joined in our fight for better standardsby many whose aspirationsare in accord with ours, and by some who can wield apowerful influence in the show business. INS an instance of progress we note with satisfaction the

:" he watched with interest. Anything aimed at improving the quality of loral dramatic presentations must command the wholehearted support of lovers of the theatre. it cannot be too often or too strongly said that quality is more important than quantity; and where the Repertory Club has erred in recent years is in sacrificing the former for the latter.

1. B, Priestley is coming in Perth— ngain. Last year the famous English playwright was represented in Perth by "Laburnum Grove;" apiece which did not impress greatly. Next week weare toseeaRepertoryClubproduction ofhislatest play,"They Came to aCity."

Followers of Repertory will note a similarity in conception between Priestley's vision of amodern Utopia and Barrie's dream in"Dear Brutus" ofhowpeoplewouldreactif theywere given asecond chance in life, an opportunity to start all over again. But the conclusions reached are fundamen• tally differe

nt. Whereas Priestley clings idealistically to the belief that human naturecanbechanged so asto eliminate greedand envy and hate from the world, Barrie keeps his feet on the ground and recognises the permanenceofevilinoneformoranother. Priestley says in effect that we can all live happily together if we all try, but Barrie says it's apity that the

Australian troops attend the HolySacrifice in aforward area in New Guinea. Among the troops is Pte. J.Rice,son of lr, andMrs. E. A. Rice,of Leederville. Readers mayrecognise other Perth boys in the picture.

wrong people seem to collect all the misfortune.

Apart altogether from the philosophy of"They Came to a City," it should be interesting to see how the Repertory Club can handle a play which will make unusual demands on all who are connected with its presentation.

Perth is lamentably short of places where drama may be staged under anything like optimum conditions. Thereisnogoodtheatreandthere are no good halls. So the proect under wayatCrawley toconstructasuitable stagein the open-airauditorium inthe University grounds is most commendable. Alive wirebehind this project is Associate Professor F. Alexander, Director of Adult Education.

Professor Alexander brings back to his civilian job the wealth of his ex-

perience as Deputy Assistant Director of Army Education, in which capacity -

he organised many musical and dramatic shows on alarge scale. His energetic support to the move for increased cultural facilities at the University of Western Australia is a happy auguryof success.

Rumour hath it?hat Mr. George Walton is to return to W.A. to produce another play for the Therry Society. This is good news. There is no dearth of dramatic talent among Catholics in Perth, but it is doubtful whetherall thetalentis enrolledunder the Therrybanner. A-seriousattempt should be made to collect and dihect Catholic dramatic talent so that the maximum amount of benefit may be derivedfromtheeffortsof peoplewho are united in adivided world.

—DE GUSTIBUS.

Secure Complete Output of Winter Weight

....Christianity.Broke it Down

Indirectly

Immediate Emancipationwould havemeantConfusionandRuin

WhatSt.PaultaughtintheMatter

Students of the history of primitive Christianity not infrequently commit the mistake to project modern conditionsandideasinto the past. Accord. ingly, in examining the attitude of the Church toward the institution of slavery, they expect to discover that the primitive Church vigorously attacked slavery, like another William Lloyd Garrison.

However, on scrutinising the source material on the question,namely the Letters of the New Testament and the writings of the Fathers of the Church, nothing is found to support those preconceived ideas. Naturally this lack of desired evidence proves sadly disappointing to those whose approach to the problem wasbased on false hopes.

In considering theinstitutionof slavery during the first centuries of Christianity we must properly take into account the time and place of the historic events related in the available sources. Statementsofancientwriters regarding brutalities committed by masters on slavesmust notbe generalised. Beforeallwemustkeepinmind that the victory attained by Augustus at thebattle ofActium,in theyear31 B.C., pacified the Roman Empire, and with the end of the wars the chief _source-

of supply for the slavemarkets (war-slaves)was cut off. This reductionofsupply reacted favourably upon the treatment of slaves, whose value wasreflected inincreased prices.

Wemayask,wasitpossibleforprimitive Christianity to place abolition of slavery upon its programme? Had the Christian religion been a social movement,intended to better the so-

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cial and economic conditions of mankind, as the exponents of a widely spread theory believe, it would have been its duty to abolish slavery. But if Christianity was inaugurated as a religious movement,it could continue quietly to preach its religious message andleave to the influence of these new ideas the task of abolishing the 1 ions and laws upon which the institution of ancient slavery rested, and to bring about, finally, the downfall of slavery assuch.

Theproblem of appraising slavery in primitive Christianity is, therefore, intimatelyboundupwith the solution of the question regarding the true nature of the Christian religion in primitive times.

Christianity could not adopt any other course but that of putting into practice its doctrines and ideas by living its precepts. Yet before those ideas had competely saturated society, therewastheduty toalleviatethecondition of slaves. And this task was accomplished in many ways by the primitive Church. It placed master and slave, mistress and servant, as equallyprivilegedchildrenofGod,upon afooting of equality unthinkable to pagans. It is evident that masters and mistresses,who had embraced the Christian religion, would change their attitude towards their slaves, when they found them asbelieversin Christ, attending the Christian services in the Catacombs and exchanging the kiss of peace with them. In the homes of such Christian masters and mistresses the relations between them and their slaves underwent a fundamental

change, though outwardly the legal relation ofmasterand slave continued to exist.

Moreover, primitive Christianity re. commended emancipation of slaves as agood and meritoriouswork. Yet we must not overlook the fact that the simple:settingfree ofslaves was no unmixed boon. The emancipation as such did not help the slave as long as he was not offered the means of making adecent livelihood as afreedman, When afreedman wasthrown uponhis own resources,he was in danger of joining the scum of the capital, evenif steered clear of the criminal's career. For this reason emancipation of slaves could only be recommended as ameritorious work, but not be enforced as a duty; ageneral commandment to set free all slaves would have brought about social confusion and economic ruin, Accordingly the work of mercy ofemancipationof slaves, whichgradually prepared the way to general abolition of slavery, is not properly valued by modern writers.

Primitive Christianity did not recognise aright of slaves to emancipation.

If slaves had been accorded the right to be set free, the Christian communities would have had to furnish the moneyfortheransomoftheslaveswho were received into their communion. To provide such ransom would have been utterly impossible. This explains the ever recurring admonitions early Christian writers addressedto the owners that they should treat their slaves humanly, andthe admonitiontoslaves, that theyfulfil the dutiesof theirstate and vocation,and not to demand their ransom from the congregations of the faithful. These admonitions were in fact re-statements of the principle laid downbySt.Paul (1Cor.7,v.20):"Let every man abide in thesamecalling in which he was called"

spoke Greek as their mother tongue andwho hadafinesenseforevaluating all shades ofGreek phraseology. as for instance St. John Chrysostom, had not the least doubt about the sense of St. Paul ascounsellingtheslaves t.)

remain slaves.

The medieval theologisna followed the Fathers,interpretingthe textofSt. Paul as acounsel to slaves to practise heroic virtue by continuing in the statein which theywereborn.

Adifferentinterpretationof this text wasadoptedby the Reformers: Luther, Calvin, Beza. Luther translated: "Walt thou called as bondsman, care not for it;but if thou canst be made . free, use it rather," This is the very opposite of the interpretation of the Fathers and the medievaltheologians. Erasmus adopted the interpretation of the Reformers and through him some Catholic interpreters have propagated this new explanation. However o!. ern Catholic commentators are

ron

ev&ting to the original interpretation. Yet theDouai versionand thelatestCatholic revision of the New Testament still clingto the newerinterpretation.

This new interpretation is indeed wrong and contradicts the teaching of St. Paul, that an exterior state of life is indifferent in relation to the Christian life. If St. Paul had wished to exhort the slaves to accept liberty, in caseitwereoffered,he wouldnothave . considered libertyas indifferentfor the Christian, and he could not have written in the next following text(ICor. 7, v. 22):"A bondman called in the Lord is the freeman of the Lord," and (I Cor,7, v. 4) that "every man

sh a

ll abidewithGod whereinhewascalled."

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IIIIIIIIIIIu111/IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIYIeIl1u1111111•

Nevertheless these•admonitions did not accomplish the entire task of pacifying society and its slaves. Theproblem to be solved was, to set slaves free spiritually, since the majority could not be set free bodily. Slaves, who wereobliged toremainin theirold condition and to carry the heavy burden of slavery without hope of being ransomed, found the most forceful elevation of their spirit and the most helpful assistance in the example of slaves who were offered the opportunity of emancipation and yet volunteeredtoremain in bondage. Surely,such examples must have proved consoling and encouraging to those slaves who were denied freedom and who perhaps bore their heavy lot filled with resentment.

Ledbysuchconsiderations,theApos. tle Paul attempts to unfurl the stan. dard of this ideal, namely the embrac. ing of the evangelic counsel to forego the opportunity togain freedom. The Apostle Paul pruposes this idea in the much discussed text ofIst.Corinthians, chapter 7, verses20 and21:"Letevery manabide in the same calling in which he uas called. Was thou called being as bondsman, care not for it, but use it rather."

Thereason whythe Reformersmisin. terpreted the text of the Apostle is plain. The Reformerswere not swayed by exegetical reason but by dog. matic considerations. The misinterpretationofthepassagebytheReform. ersistheresult oftheirrejectionof the doctrine of the evangelical counsels. Those who deny the ascetical value of good works,which underlies the teach• ing of the Apostle, must consistently find the exhortation incomprehensible, thataslaveshouldnotmakeuseofthe proffered opportunityofgaininghisliberty.

However, the so-called liberal Protestant theologians have reverted to the interpretation of the Fathers and the medieval theologians, whereas the orthodox Protestant theologians tenaciously retain the version of Luther and the older Reformers.

The correct interpretation of the passage of ICor. 7, v. 21, as it is demanded by the text and the context, Is astriking proof for the truth that the primitive Christian Religion was a religiousand not asocialmovement.St. Paul exhorts his Christian slaves to practiseheroic virtue bychoosingto remain rather in slavery than to gain freedom. He evidently expected that his call for the existence of heroism would be heeded and that thereby the violent urge in the heart of the slaves be suppressed by an ideal counter-influence.)

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The textis somewhat ambiguous and has resulted in two different interpretations. The difficulty lies in the phrase "use it rather," It may be made to refer to the freedom, respectively, to the possible mannerof regaining freedom, or, on the other hand, to permanence in the old stateof slavery. In thefirstsenseitistranslated: "\Fast thou called, beingabondsman,carenot forit; butifthoumayestbemade free use it rather." In the latter sense it is translated ". , . care not for it, use it rather,even if thou mayest be made free."

luunuuuulwwutulwuur

All theFathersoftheChurchhavein. terpreted the passage as acounsel, exhorting slaves to remain in their state of life in which they were born and lived at the time they were called to the Christian religion. The great Greek Fathers of the Church, who still

So potent was the influence of Christianity that slavery was gradually eliminated without such evil consequences as those the Emancipation of the Ncgro slaves in our country has produced. Origen indicates how their gradual liberation was brought about in the ancient world, "We reject no one."he exclaims, "noteven the coarse slave." "We teach the slaves,'he continues,"how they may attain the soul of free men and anoble mind." "We makethem better,"and,hemighthave added, as George Grupp remarks, "we console him" And history proves that Christian slaves strove earnestly and seriously to be worthyof the call they had received. More than one slave reached thevery heightsofChristian perfection by dying for the faith in spite of his master,—John M. Lenhardt, O.F.M. Cap„ in"Social Justice Review."

The Substance of Democracy

(Continued from Page 11.)

entaldespot,andequallyoppressivetoward the minority. The democratic formofgovernment, therefore, isofit. selfnoguaranteeofthefreedomofthe citizen.Onlywhenthecommunityasa wholeaccepts the principleofpersonal rightsinherentinthecitizen whichare inviolable by themajority does atrue and healthy democracy result. This will take the form of constitutional government in which abody of fundamental law is laid down by the communityasawholeandexpressedasthe organic law creating the political en• tity of the State, defining the powers ofgovernmentandthemanneroftheir distribution, and their limitatons.

With "constitutionaldemocracy" as it is exemplified in the American civil order,theCatholicmindisin complete agreement. Taking the preamble to the Declaration of Independence as it stands, almost every phrase in it can bematchedwith the Catholic teaching ontheprinciplesofgovernmentaslaid down by the great doctors of the Church, and notably by St. Thomas Aquinas.,Moreover, the Supreme Court oftheUnitedStateshastwicesaidthat while the Declaration of Independence ex isnotapartof theorganiclate of the nation—i.e., the federal Constitution— it is the"spirit and the thought" of which the Constitution is the "body and the letter," and that isit always safe to read the Constitution in the light of the Declaration.

It is true that"the people of the United States" ordained the federal Constitution, that theyprovidedin the ..Constitution the means and the met• hodsforitsamendment,thattheyhave amendeditfromtimetotime,andthat it is in their power, ifthey are so disposed to change it so as to substitute for our democratic order an absolute monarchyoranyotherformofgovernment that they please. Thus everything turns finally upon the "conscience" of the"people" themselves. Further, it is to he noted that the Ameri. can doctrine of the citizen's freedom restingonhis"unalienablerights' isdefinitelyareligousdoctrine,foritisonly because man isacreatureof God that he has these rights. As amatter of fact, it is impossibletofoundatheory of personal rights against the majority on apurely"naturalistic" basis. The bestproof of this is thatthe school of opinion in this country known as the + "Instrumentalist." of which the John Dewev Society is the chief exponent, formallydeniesthatthereareanysuch things as these"rights" of the "permi' against"society." According to this philosophy the only"right" that the citizen has is what "society," i.e., the"majority," chooses to grant him atagiventimeandplaceandmaycancel at its will.. 1t is logically driven tothisbecauseit deniesGod. Should the"conscience" of our American people ever come to accept this philosophy there would he nothing to prevent the repeal or abandonment in whole or in part of our Constitutions, federalandstate.

There is apparently no immediate danger of our people consciously ac• cepting any such philosophy as a whole. Forone thingit rests upon a collection of "scientific" ideas which, are manifestly outworn. But that portion of it which denies the Natural Law and personal "rights" has established itself firmly in many of our law schools and is ac• ceptedbyasubstantialportionofmembersof the liar in thiscountry. Ido not believe, for instance, that amajority of the membersof the National Lawyers' Guild believe in either this Law or these rights. They are thus, consciously or unconsciously, totalitarian to allintents and purposes and, as such, diametricallyopposedto the fundamental principles of our civil order. The support which was forthcoming eight year ,

agoforthenotoriouscourtpacking proposal is adecidedly ominoussymptom ofthis.

Moreover, the remainder of our peopledonotseem tohaverecognisedthe Flue Pipes forStoves,Bath Heaters, Rad Paving and Green House Paints. Hassell's,559WellingtonStreet.

fundamentalcleavage which this silos• lion exemplifies orits importance to the futureof our democracy. Coupled with the"mass democracy" movement abovereferredto,wehaveinthisCourttry.astheCatholicmindseesit,aSeri• ous disease in the body of our'democracy, ofwhich our"publicopinion"is so far almost altogether unconscious. ItishighlyimportantthatweCatholics should be thoroughly awake to itS progress. We, of all people in the community,are in apositiontodefend uponallgroundsthephilosophyofour civilstructure, for,asIhave said,itis wholly in accord with our own philosophy. Weshouldbethefirsttorecog• nice the symptomsof the disease that threatens it,andits sources, andwarn ourfellowsofitsprogress.

Todothiswedonothavetopreach Catholicdoctrinesassuchto them.All we have todois torecall to themthe doctrines of the Foundersof ourcoon• try as they themselves stated them, point out how the"freedom" that we all suppose that we cherish depends upon our faith in them and how and ,

where that faith is being attacked, or is atrophying. There is here agreat opportunityforourcollegesanduniversities to serve our country. We have so far neither fully recognised it nor grapsed it. OurownCatholic people are almost as much in need of education inthis respect as are our non-Catholic friends and there is no goodexcureforthatfact.

To roundup this part of my theme before proceeding to its concluding part, it can be summed up in afew words. The world is seeking freedom —fourfreedoms asitputsit, but freedom is notinfactadivisiblenotionas we conceive it. We are all seeking political freedom through democracy, Unfortunately, we have not thought ourproblemthroughtothebottom; we haveallowedourselvestobealmostobsessedbyformsto the neglect of substance. Thesubstanceof Democracy, onwhich the freedom that we seek ultimatelydepends,isexclusionof absolute power of the State over the person—that is, the absolute power of a remocratic"majority." Theonlylogi• •cal basis upon which this can be justified is recognition of:Han as amoral person and as such possessing rights againsthisfellowsandagainsttheState itself. The only logicalbasis forsuch recognition is recognition of man as a creatureofGodandoftheNaturalLaw ofC,orl laid down by Him for man's government and benefit—aLaw,moreover, within the reach of man's own natural reason. Only upon such a logicalbasiscanman'srighttofreedom under any form of government make sense. That is the"thread of Ariad• ne" tolead themanof to-day through the political labyrinth in which he is caught. It is in our hand and we should useit.

PRAYEROFCARDINALNEWMAN, Dear Jesus, help me to spread Thy fragrance everywhere Igo; Flood my soul with Thy Spirit and Life; Pene• trate and possess my whole being so utterly that all mylife may onlybe a radianceofThine. Shinethroughme; andhesoinme,thateverysoul Icome in contact with may feel Thy presence in my soul. Let them look up and see no longer me, but only Jesus. SlavwithmeandthenIshallbeginto shineasThou shinest,sotoshineasto he alight to others. The light, 0 Jesus, will be all from Thee; none of itwillbemine. Itwill be Thou shin• ing on others through me. Let me thus praise Thee in the way which Thou dost love best by shining on thosearoundme. LetmepreachThee without preaching, not by words, but by my example. By the catching force, the sympathetic influence of what Ido, the evident fullness of the lovemyheartbearstoThee. Amen,

Sexual Promiscuity&itsTrainof Disease

Wassyphilis animportation to Europe fromAmericaorwasthe horrible disease knowntotheOldWorldbefore thegreatdiscovery? Oncetheepidemic oflugs,whichbrokeouttowardtheend ofthe fifteenthcenturyandlastedwell intothe sixteenth,hadbegun tosweep the continent, the opinion prevailed that the deadly gift had crossed the ocean with the Spaniards on their return voyage. It wasonly in the last century historiansofmedicineasserted the people of ancient times in Europe had knownthe malady. Thisopinion isnowgenerallyheld.

Assuming it to be correct, the question should be asked, why then did syphilis assume an epidemic form towardtheendoftheMiddleAges? Did not perhaps the breakdown of morals, which accompanied the Renaissance, promote its spreading through agreat part of Europe. wbile the medical scienceofthe timewasalmosthelplessin thefaceofthiscatastrophicepidemicof venereal disease?

What would conditions be to-day in ourcountryinthisregardifitwerenot for medical science The "Federal Council

Bulletin" recently informs its readers that government reports pro• videevidenceofalarmingdeterioration ofsexmoralsintheUnitedStates.The declarationisbasedon"thecarefulprogramme to reduce venereal disease among the armedforces,which hasrestilted in the acquiringof considerable information aboutciviliancommunities as well as the conduct of men in only form:' From the records this policy has yielded, itnowappears that, while during thefirstyearsof the warthere was adecline in-the incidence of venereal disease among the men in the armed forces,"recently the trend has changed and the percentage of infectionshasshownanincrease,dueappar• gully to increased promiscuity."

Arevealingstatementinitself; butit onlyindicatesthe truecondition ofaffairs, for the article we are quoting fromcontinues;

"Studiesofthesourcesof infection revealthat prostitutesarethesource of only eight per cent. ofthe infections,whereasanumberofyearsago the}• were thesourceofhalformore of the infections. "Pick-ups" and "friends" now account for most of the infections.

"'Brothels and taverns used to be high on.the list of places where infectionocurred. Nowthehotel,the automobile and—most alarming—the home are much higher on the scale of percentages. The facts indicate widespread promiscuity, giving sub• stantialconfirmationto'the general impression which any careful obser• ver draws from the press and the court records:'

These are no exaggerations. The warfound apeople whose moralstaminahadbeenweakenedbyanonslaught onpublicandprivate morals. TheNation was, in fact, exposed to asordid Renaissance,whichpreachedthelustof the flesh but lacked the aesthetic values ofthemovementresponsibleon the one hand for the corruptionoflife in the waning days of the Middle Ages, while it produced, on the other, anartwhichreared St.Peterin Rome.

As did the men of.that age, we too arenowexperiencingtheresults ofthe Emancipationof the Flesh, preached by the philosophers and vulgarisedby unscrupulous writers, artists, theatrical enterprises, film producers, composersoflustful music, publishers,and, last but not least, dress designers and manufacturers. All of them held and continue to hold Christian virtue in contempt. Now that morals have broken down,sinin all itsugly naked. Hess standsrevealed.

Our Catholic. Schools and Colleges

Loreto Covent "Csborne" — Claremont

BOARDINGAND DAYcol.Lsas.

TheSchoolprovidesasoundeducation on modern lines in all branches of study. The pupils are prepared forallexaminations. TheSchoolis beautifully situated between Ocean and River, in extensive grounds, with fine playing fields and private Swimming Poo] in River. Telephone:F2135. Apply— MOTHER SUPERIOR.

SACRED HEART HIGH SCHOOL

HIGHGATE — PERTH.

(CONDUCTED BY THE SISTERS NOTRE DAME DES MISSIONS(. BOARDING AND DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS.

PUPILS PREPARED ALL EXAMINATIONS, MONTESSORI SCHOOL FOR YOUNGCHILDREN.

For Prospectus apply— 'Phore: 83810. REV. MOTHER PRIORESS.

EST. ILDEPHONSUS' COLLEGE

NEW NORCIA

CONDUCTED BY THE MARIST BROTHERS.

Catholic boys recommended on themore of character by their Palish Priest,and ready to commence atleast Sixth Standard or arrival, can be now enrolled for commencementin February, 1416. Application should bemadeat once. Acceptanceduring1945isnolongerpossible. For Particulars Apply to—THE BROTHER DIRECTOR.

QHIiit{TL!•N BROTHERS,Dl?. HI{1fAY.

ONE OF THE ASSOCIATED PUBLICSCHOOLS OF W.A. AQUINAS COLLEGr

TSI.=PHOI(1L: ltU1g0. FOk BOARDRAi AND DAY STIIDSNSB, BOYS ADMITTED FROM 7UPWARDS.

— !he Principal,AquinasCollege,OanaingParade,Mt.Hoary d .Y.tte

tary,West Australian Chamber, 3t. George'sTerrace,Perth. Tel.: B780/.

Headquarters and Club Rooms:

Bank of N.S.W. Chambers, 65 St.

George's Terrace (near Sherwood Court), Rooms 7.10, First Floor. TELEPHONE: BUM.

CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY:

Shorthand:5.15 p.m.to 6.30 p.m.

Liturgy:8p.m.

TUESDAY:

Physical Culture: 7-8 p.m.

Orchestra: 8p.m.

WEDNESDAY:

Shorthand: 5.15 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.

Dressmaking: 7p.m.

Arts and Crafts: 8p.m. Red Cross, E.S.C.: 8p.m.

THURSDAY:

MASS: 8a.m.

EXPOSITION all day.

BENEDICTION: 5.15p.m., Choir: 8p.m.

RRIDAY : Softball pracise:5.15 p.m., on the Esplanade.

SATURDAY:

Kalamunda Busy Bee: 1.15bus. Tennis at Robertson Park: 2p.m.

SUNDAY: Tenis at RobertsonPark: 2p.m. •

CANTEEN.

Phyllis Dean Hostel: C,G.M., June 23; L.B.A., June 7.

DANCING CLASSES.

These classes are held at Highgate Parish Hall, in conjunction with the Y.C.W. (Boys' Movement), and all girls who desire to enrol for the next class are asked to hand their names in at the office,

BRAILLE SOCIALS.

Thesesocials are run by the C.G.M. once amonth at the Rechabite Hall, William-street, and any member who desires to give ahand in assisting to entertain the blind would be very welcome and all interested are asked to notify the office.

DRESSMAKING.

The present course is in full swing and all desiring to enrol in the next course, which starts in afew weeks time, are asked to put their names down on the wating list immediately.

CATHOLIC BALL—DEBUTANTES.

Members who are intending to make their debut at this year's Ball, on August 13, at the Embassy Cabaret, are asked to hand in the:r names without delay, as there areonly alimited number of partners left before the quota is filled,

CHOIR.

Rehearsals for this activity will be postponed for the best part of the month of June, to give the girls arest. Acircular willbe sent out to our members to advise them in plenty of time when the rehearsals recommence.

ORCiiESTRA REHEARSALS.

This activity will be continued as usual on Tuesday evcnings at SP.m. in Room 9at the Rooms.

BA"KET BALL.

Below is acopy of the fixtures for the next two Saturdays:

"A" Grade:

June 16: Leederville v, Maylands. at Subiaco, 2p.m. Pat lulcGrade.

IIighgate No. 1v. Highgate No. 2, at Subiaco, 3.30 p.m. R. Hartley, West Perth v. Mosmans,atIIighgate, 2p.m, J. Maher.

June 23: Leederville v. IIighgate No, 2 at IIighgate, 2p.m. Carmel Malone. Maylands v. Mosmans, at Highgate, 3.30 p.m. Peg O'Neill.

Highgate No. 1, bye, West Perth, bye.

"B" Grade:

June 16: Subiaco No. 1v. Fremantle No.2at Nedlands,2p.m, Jl. Connor. Subiaco No. 2v. Fremantle No, 1, at Nedlands, 3.30 p.m. M. Ifegney. Midland Junction v, Cathedral, at Highgate, 3,30 p.m. S. Fitzgerald.

(Continued footof next column.)

►j. IN MEMORIAM +

KIELY. Roger.—Accidentally killedi June 2, 1943.

Called from those who loved you, Plucked like aflower in bloom; So bright, so good, and happy, Yet called away so soon.

—Inserted by his loving mother, father, John (R.A.A.F,), and Colin. MOIR.—In affectionate -

remembrance of my loving sister, Annie, who departed this life on June 7, 1943.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on her soul.

—Inserted by her loving sister, Mar- • garet Sullivan, fond aunty of John, Con, Eileen, Teresa and Win, R.I.P. SMITH.—Insadand lovingmemoryof Ethel Mav, sister of Sid, aunt of Sid (R.A,A.F,), Mollie, Neil (missing R.A.A.F.), Eileen, Ronnie (W.AA.Fd. Gerald, Peter andClare

WANTED.

• Board and Lodging; private homeor convent; any suburb; dolight work in return. Apply C.V., thisoffice.

,HIGHGATE TENNIS CLUB,

On Friday night, June 15, the Highgate Tennis Club will hold another of their popular dances in the Parish Hall, Harold-street, Highgate, Music will besuppliedby theCrescendos,and there will be lucky spot dances, with "special"prizes. A cordial invitation is extended to all the young people in the various parishes to come along and enjoy themselves. The floor isin excellent condition,and asumptuous supper will be served. So, don't forget, make the Highgate Parish Hall your rendezvous on Friday, June 15.

VICTORIA SQUARE OLD GIRLS'

The Victoria Square Old Girls' Association's concert, on Friday,June 15, in theCollege Hall, promises to be the best so far.

Threeshort playsanda"PottedPantomine," as well as musical items, will be presented by V.S.C. Old Girls' Production of plays is in thehandsof Cecelia Reith and Marjorie Wyndham..

Some very entertaining itemsby the "Victory Entertainers'" Concert. Party, who will assist, include ballet numbers, steel guitars, humorous duologues, etc.

Remember thedate: Friday,June15.

LIVING IN HOPE.

It's better to live in hopes than to live without hopes. And it's nice to have hopes every week of winning 52,000. Buyaticket to-day in theNo, 260b Charities Consultation. First prize is£2,000.

June 23: Subiaco No. 1v. Fremantle No. 1, at Nedlands, 3.30 p.m. Pat Rule.

Fremantle No, 2v. Cathedral, at Nedlands, 2p.m. S. Fitzgerald.

Subiaco No. 2v. Fremantle No. 3, i at Subiaco, 2pm M. Hegney.

Midland. bye.

Now, then, girls, don't let your team down, but roll up to the matches, or if you can't possibly make it at least let your captain know in good time.

PHYSICAL CULTURE CLASSES.

These classes are held every Tuesday evening at the National Fitness Rooms, 130 Willien-stret, Perth, be- A token 6.45 and 7.45 p.m. Afeeof one shilling is charged for use of the rooms, showers, etc,

K,ALAMUNDA BUSY BEE.

The Saturday afternoon "Busy Bee" has been recommenced, and alist is up on the board in the rooms. Girls are asked to put their names against the Saturday afternoon they are free to go. The bus leaves at 130 from outside Government House Gardens, but members are asked to be at the bus stop at 1o'clock sharp to ensure aseat on the bus. The return ticket is 3/6.

Colossal Task Confronts U.N.R.R.A.

• (Continued from Front Cover.)

Food is to be acquired and transported to the various individuals who needit,inthesameway;othercommodities.

UNRRA has been formed asapart of the worldmachinery tocover these points Ihave mentioned. It repre. sents 44 countries and 80 per cent. of thepeopleofthe world. UNRRAsuperseded the Inter-Allied Committee on -Post War Requirements which had been workingsince 1941—theBattle of Britain was being waged, France had fallen in 1911: it was probably the blackest year of the whole period of the war for Great Britain,standing alone as she was. At this time, her greatleader, Mr.Churchill,hadenough audacity and optimism to be able to iletail somebody off to plan ahead for u

Europe's post-war requirements. I cannot think tlttt

UNIRFA, wn''thas grownoutofthat ba.;r,:cund, canfail. In fact, itdare ntla,l.

The preamble In UNRRA dcdorts that its signatories:ue determ:ned "that the population small re(rive aid and relief from their suffering, fend, clothing,

shelter, aid in prevention of pestilence and in recoveryof health of *the people, and that preparations and arrangements shall bemade forthe return of prisoners and exiles to their homes, and for assistance in the re. sumption of urgently needed agricultural and industrial production andin the restoration of essential services." justthat! Asuperhumantask realIv, calling for the best in organisation, the hest in service, andthe bestin in-

tellect in the world. Not, however, an impossible task. There have been samples of relief work going on for years in various countries...

Now, what is the place of the social worker in aproblem of such magnitude? Obviously, she must ally herself to the machinery that is already beingprepared. Atasksovastandso world-embracing does not lend itself to pi e

cemeal solution. The whole of theworkofUNRRAisapieceofsocial serviceonacolossal scale. Itisgratifyingtonote thatatleasttwoeminent men have stressed this plank in the platform of modern social work—distressed nationsmustbehelped to help themselves., Governor Lehman says: "We must see to it that relief flows smoothly and swiftly into measures to remove the need of relief, and that re. habilitationmeasuresareso devised as toenablethesufferingnationstobegin theirown reconstructionattheearliest possible moment. Ourobjective is to help people to help themselves, and thereby to help ourselves by making possible aworld in whichthe fourfreedomscanhaveachanceofrealisation."

And Dr.TingfuTsiang, thatbrilliant leader ofthe ChineseUNRRA Council, and Chairman of the recent Lapstone Conference, said: "The fundamental ideabehind UNRRA was to help people requiring assistance to help themselves."

We social workers are very pleased when we see such men actually using our terminology.

Asecond point of interest to social workersisthe importance forhandling people intherightwayfromthebeginning. Dependingon that will arise a people self-respecting, self-supporting strong, as against apeople pauperised, ahelpless recipient of food and clothing, the effects of which will take generations to eradicate. You all know of somebody, thisone or thatone, who never seemed to be able to make the effort to help himself, neverable to get ahead. We do not want the people of Europe drained of all initiative; we want to safeguard their initiative, that divine spark which once it goes out seems so hard to relight. Every effort should be made to utiliseexisting social agencies. Local committees should he set up as soon as possible, so that they

may become partners in the distribution of relief and not mere recipients.

The military have the control of this atthe present timein these first stages, butthe Military, inexperienced in social work, are not able to cope with the women's and children's services, and should welcome the voluntary workers to help them.

Then we have the problem of the' Displaced Persons. Everyone wants to get to his home. As far as Ican work out from my reading, it is to be afunction of the Military to give them their taxi-ride home. The essence of an orderly movement is that certain people stand still,and this can only be achieved with some system about it. After the last war, relief workers were horrified to

find-that refugees with greathardshiptothemselveshadstruggled great distances to their home towns, only to find their homes destroyed. They were laterfoundliving incavesinthehillsides,andmanyperished through starvation and cold. It should be faced this time that this homing instinct is avery strong one, and that an effort should be made to get people home as quickly as possible, even if it means keeping them in transit campswhen once they arrive. Those with homes to go to will be registered, those who have to stand still will have to be organised. Dr. Russell has some. thing to say about this:

"Refugees are not helplesssheep: it is agreat mistake to enforce discipline without revealing plans. Refugees will co-operate if asked—many are women actuated byinstinct to protectthe family and not amenable to discipline. Administrators must gain their confidence.

Thev shouldbreak the camp into units, each with elected representatives on a governing Committee working under the Administration, and should use loud speakers to explain plans, give information, call up labour, prevent rumours, The French camps of from 60.000 to 120,000 Spaniards were quite unworkable: there was no organisation, and in consequence apathy,diseaseand revolt. Camps should not have more than 5.000 occupants, and should be divided into self-governing sections of 1,000 each, administered by an elected committee of ten, one toevery hundred refugees, to deal with the internal problems of the camp. Each unit should have an elected representative on the central administrative committee, When the preliminary organisation, the registration of the refugees and the utilisation of the available labour are completed, women and children's ser vices, schools and workshops should he set up, and an information bureau opened."

The necessity within the camps for setting up recreational camps for children is very well illustrated from this e::ptr':ence of a social worker of the last war:

"At first the children were adisor derly rabble, doing nothing, wanting to du nothing, pale and anaemic, shivering as the north wind blew. And refusing to play as soon as their very transitoryinterestwaned; whostoodor crouched in groups around the trees, obeying lifelessly the hoarse irritated voice of the overworked supervisor i:ut, thanks to the good air, food and care, and partly by means of "woodcraft chivalry"—aform of scouting—a very different tempersoon grewup,and the children happy, well and orderly, were found to have plenty of initiat""'

it is generally thought that the most urgent of the emergency problems will be eased after the first harvest. By that time the strain on the relief measures will cease, and the second phase begin, that of Reconstruction. The government will have been encouraged by grants, loans, personal service, agricultural supplies, machinery of UNRRA, to get their industries going

so that every man capable of employment will be found remunerative work.

UNRRA expects this will last about two years. When once the countries have settled down to amore or less stable existence there will still be the problem of the refugee proper to cope with. The machineryforthishas long been in existence at Evion, France, but has been inactive to the present ,

time.

All these are tremendous problems, and are not to be solved without drive acid resolution on the part of those assisting. There is an organisation in UNRRA which is the United Nations' answer to the challenge of devastated areas. It mast be made to succeed by.

the whole-hearted support of all 44 nations.

Now Iam afraid that this is avery rushed picture of atremendous problem. However,whatIaminterested inistointroducetoyou theidea that it IS possible to cope with this pro-

blem if we have enough determination andstrengthofwill.

Inanyplansovastashastobe conceivedtocopewiththis,thereisbound to be delay and criticism, but do not think that the plan is foredoomed to failure. Now we have the organisation going. We have men of goodwill who are intent on seeing the schemework. Australians are playing their part, as signatories to the Food Conference,and UNRRA.

We have astake in the peace that must come. Ithinkthat thispresent war is something to do with the depressionthroughwhich wepassed.The peoples of the world were desperate and ready to turn to anyone who would raise abanner and give hope.

GovernorLehmansaid:"Itisgiven to us, twice within the span of a lifetime,to attempt to devise apeace in which ALLmen can live in freedom fromfearandwant. We failed last time—we dare not fail again."

PAINTING FOR PERROTT --PERROTTFORPAINTING.

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Hotel and Accommodation Guide

COUNTRY.

DUKE OF YORKHOTEL, NARROGIN. Reconditioned and Refurnished. New Lounge,Dining Rooms, and Commercial Rooms. ARTHUR BOYLAN, Proprietor. (Late George Hotel, Perth).

GOLDFIELDS.

RodBeaton's HANNAN'S HOTEL, HANNAN STREET, KALGOORLIE.

STAR & GARTER HOTEL, Car. HANNAN & NETHER• COTT STS., KALGOORLIE. BERTSTARR .... Proprietor.

'Phone 19......... Box 124. AUSTRALIA HOTEL, KALGOORLIE,

.

C.T.A. and R.A.C. HOUSE. One Minute from St.Mary's Church.

Hot and Cold Water in Hotel Bathrooms.

RefrigerationThroWhout Only Lock-Up Garages to the CentreofTown. M.J.DILLON,licensee.

FREEMASONS HOTEL, TOODYAY.•

Excellent Cuisine. Amatice Refrigerator Installed Old andNew Friends are CordiallyWelcomed. MRS. E. WING, Proprietress.

STAN. O'BRIEN, COURT HOTEL PERTH.

'Phone: B4261.

HOTEL BEACONSFIELD, FRZbfANTLE. ` Overlooking the Ocean. SuperiorAccommodation Moderate Charges. 7d, BYRNE (Late of Grand and Shamrock Hotels, Boulder).

VICTORIA HOTEL, HAYSTREET, SUBIACO. Renovated Throughout. Essenceof Comfort. W. F. ARTIS, Proprietor. (Lateof BalmoralHotel,Vic.Park) r

KEOUGH'S for CATERING

AnyNumber,Place,or Time.

ThreeReceptionRoomsforHire. On Hire: Crockery,Cutlery and Glassware,etc. 'Phone: B9454. GLAD KEOUGH. NEWCASTLE ST., PERTH.

You will find these materials delightfully easy to snake up and the results will thrill you.

Felt is another exciting medium that offers unlimited scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy's Homecraft Section in many lovely colours. Here is agrand opportunity for you to save money by making your own Christmas gifts this year.

Diner: "Whathave you?"

Waiter: "Oh, we've everythingl"

Diner: "All right. I'll have abit of everything."

Waiter (shouting to kitchen); "One stew1"

They had aslight difference of opinion, and he acknowledged his error quite generously by saying: "You are rightand Iamwrong,asyou generally are, Good-bye, dear," and hurried off to catch his train,

"So nice of him,to put it like that!" she said to herself.

And then—well, then she began to think aboutit.

Flossie: "You seem to be knitting away like mad, darling."

Gertie: "Yes, I'm in ahurry to get this jumper finished before the wool runs out!"

# # # #

Sniff had long outstayed his welcome.

"Tell me." said Jones, at last,"how longwas thatfishyou caughttheother day?"

"Oh,"replied Sniff, holding hishands wide apart,"solong."

"So long," returned

Jones, givinghim his hat,"if you really must be going."

Avery mean firm had the following printed on its salary receipt forms: "Yoursalaryis yourownpersonalbusiness and should not be disclosed to anyone."

Oneemployee,in signing thereceipt added:"Iwon'tmentionittoanybody. I'm just as ashamed of it as you are."

# # #

Old Gent.: "Isee you have lost an arm."

Ex-soldier(fed-up):"Why, bless my soul, so Ihavel"

"Polishedwoman, Mrs. Sinnick, don't you think?"

"Very. Everything she says castsa, reflection on someone," *

Theywere atthepictures. Duringan intense love scene she nudgedher hus. band and said, "Why do you never make love tome like that?"

"Listen," he replied,"do you know how much they have to pay that fellow for doing it?"

* # #

The class was having anature lesson, and the teacher had just drawn apicture of adeer on the blackboard.

":Vow, Tommy Brown," she said, "what animal is that?"

Tommy hung his head and gazed intently at the floor.

"Come, Tommy, surely you know what that is! Why, what does your mother call your father when he brings his wages home?"

"Aw,"said Tommy derisively,"that's not adrunken old pig." *

Aman, anxious to book seats for a certain play, rang up anumber.

"Can 1get abox for two to-night?" he asked.

"We don't have boxes for two," answered the voice at the other end.

"Isn't that the theatre?"

"No, this is the undertaker's:"

"Daddy;" said little Johnny, looking up from his took, "what are diplomatic relations?"

"My boy." said his father, sadly, "there aren't any," #

"What Iadmire her for most is her exquisite taste in perfumery."

"I see,you let yourself be led by the nose."

Mrs. Buggins: "How long has your husband been working at the brewery, Mrs. Huggins?"

Mrs. Huggins: "He'll have been there five months to-morrow."

Mrs. Buggins: "And how doeshelike his job?"

Mrs. Huggins: "Very well, Ithink, Ile's notbeen able to tell me yet:'

a

A Yank and an Aussie were having an argumentaboutspeed.

"Why--back in the States;" said the Yank, "we have trains roaring(through tunnels at100milesan hour."

"That's nothing," said'.the ,Aussie, "we have steamrollers going up Pittstreet at 220milesan hour,"

"Sounds mighty dangerous to me," answered the Yank. "What about the pedestrians? Isuppose there'd be alot of accidents."

"Oh, no,"saidthe Aussie. "There's always amanwalking in front waving ared flag."

Major: "Ihaven't seen my wife for two years, and I'm not moaning."

Private: "Iknow, sir. I've seen herl"

Mrs. Black: "Professor, you must share my joy. Yesterday Ibecame a grandmother."

Professor (absent-minded): "Myhear• tiest congratulations,and on your feet again to-day? What a marvellous constitution."

*

* *

The master of the house rang.the bell and told the maid that he was seriously annoyedwith her.

"Why onearthdid youtellyourmis• tresswhattimeIcamehomelastnight, when Iparticularly,told you to keep quiet about it?"

"But Ididn't tell her, sir," was the reply, "The mistress asked me what time you came in, and Itold her that Iwastoo busygetting thebreakfast to notice."

Sportsman: "I'msureIhitthatbird. Did you see the feathers fly?"

Keeper:"Yes, sir; and they're flying yet. ,, ♦ ♦ * *

Phrenologist:"From these bumps I can see that you are of aquarrelsome disposition,"

Client: "What? Me quarrelsome? Say that again,you big stiff, and I'll knock you down."

*

* *

Mr. and Mrs. Woggins had just returned to their apartments after afew hoursonthesands.

"Did you see that ventriloquist on the beach?" asked another boarder.

"Do youmean the fellow sittingon a ladder?" asked Mrs. Woggins.

"Yes," rejoined the other, "Well Ididn't think much of him," said Mr's. Woggins, taking off her hat, "but the boy sitting on his knee was awfully cleverl"

* * #

Temperance Worker: "When temptation comes to you, don't you think of your wife at home?"

Jovial Merry Maker: "Yes, but at such times I'm absolutely without fear."

Bacon: "That lawyer you recommended is not aman of his word."

l:glx.rt:"Why not?"

Bacon: "Why,hetoldmeIcouldtalk freely to him, and just look at this bill he's sent me this morning," * a *

Goldberg was strolling down the street whenhe noticed whathe thought was the familiar figure of a friend. Quickening his steps, he came up to the man and slapped him heartily on the back.

To his amazement and confusion he then saw that he had greeted an utter stranger.

"Oh. Ibeg your pardon;" he said, apologetically. "Ithought you were an old friend ofmine, Levy by name."

The stranger recovered his wind and replied with considerable heat: "And supposingIwere Levy,do you have to hit me so hard?"

"What do you care," retorted Goldberg, "how hard Ihit Levy?"

Prison Doctor (absent-mindedly, to convict) : "Andwhatever you do,don't attempt to go out in this bad weather."'

Dear Cornerites,—'I hope that the mailbagkeepsasswollenasithasbeen lately. ThepooroldLemonadeBottle nearly strained its incredulity carrying the letters up the stairs. Ev;ntho Wet Blanket has brightened up alot, though she says we're not in the race toget 1250 thisyear. Butwe'llshow •the miserable old thing that itcau be done, won't we?

Iwant particularly to thank the children of the Sacred Heart Convent forthe.wonderfulbudgetoflettersthey havewrittenin, togetherwithapileof completed prick cards. The good Sisters, too, are included in our sincere "Thankyou." Thesechildrencome to the Bushies' aid every year as regular asclockwork,and itsnicetosee their interest in the less fortunate children of the Bush. Ihaven't yet finished answering all their letters, but those that haven't appeared as yet should turn up next week.

Just areminder, Cornerites, that we have commenced the month of the Sacred Heart,and ifyouhave not already started on some small devotion, w dosonow. Lovetoyouallfrom AUNTBESSY.

St, Joseph's College, Fremantle.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I amreturning a prickcard whichTtookfrom Margaret Sander, for you sent her two instead of one. We are practisingforour annual school sports, which are being held on Saturday, May 26. We had thecrowningofOur LadylastSunday, and everything was very beautiful. Well, Aunt Bessy, Ihad better say good-bye now. Lots of love to you and the Bushies.—Your loving niece, MARGARET FAHEY.

DearMargaret,—Itwassillyofmeto have sent Margaret Sander two cards, and it was very good of you to have taken the extra one. Thanks alot for returning the other one. Ihope all at St.Joseph'sareingoodtrim for the sports and that afew records will bebroken. Isn'ttheCrowningof Our Ladyabeautifulceremony? Lovefrom AUNTBESSY.

k ► i New Norcia.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I hope you and the Bushies are well. No doubt you s must have thought I had forgotten you asit issolongsince Ihave written. Wehavehadabouttwoinchesof rain and the green grass is growing. Pleasefindenclosed2/6postalnoteand stamps. Iwill close now. Wishing theBushieseverysuccess.—Your niece, 13ERNADETTE THOMPSON.

Dear Bernadette,—It was nice to hear from you again. Many thanks foryour donation. We did not think you had forgotten us, as all our New Norcia Conierites are very loyal. I am very pleased therainreachedyour districtandthat thefeed iscomingon well. Don'tforgettopray forusduring the month of the Sacred Heart. AUNT BESSY, a s * *

Dear Aunt Bessy,—The enclosed is adonation for the Bushies, in thanksgiving for favours received. Please pray for my special intentions. Best wishesandkindestregards.—Yourssincerely, H. E. W.

Dear 11. E. W„—Thanks is a poor enough old word at any timefor generous assistance, butwhen itcomesas regularly as yours it's like saying nothing at all. So let the Bushies' prayers supply for my stammering. We shall all pray for your special intentions. Thanksagainforyourkind• Ivhelp. AUNT BESSY.

LemonadeBottle

ACKNOWLEDGED WITH THANKS. £ s. d.

Grateful.. 100

Margaret Fahey .. .. .. • • 2 6

Patricia Dooley .... 2 6

Perth.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Enclosed please find£t, in thanksgiving for favour received.

GRATEFUL.

DearGrateful,—Youcanrestassured you will never be forgotten by the Bushies.as you never forget them. I think there are few things so pleasant toseeasgratitude. We are allready enough,like the ninelepers, toreceive any favours, but few of us come back to-give thanks like the Samaritan. Thank•youandGodblessyou.

AUNT1BESSY.

Bassendean.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am returning prick card and money. Will you pleasesend me an orange prick card? Iam sick in bed. Iwas sick when the Inspectorcame, soImissedhim.I haveaflowergarden,with16plantsof nine kinds. My garden is around a red gum tree. Ihope you and the Bushies are keepingwell.—Yourloving niece, PATRICIADOOLEY.

Dear Patricia,—Thank you so much forreturning the prick card. Iwill be pleased'to send you another, I'llbet your garden will be apicture in the Spring. Weren't you lucky to miss the Inspector! Iam sorry to hear you are sick. The Bushies will be prayingforyourspeedyrecovery.Your gardensoundsveryinteresting.Cheerio, and'keepup the good work, Love. AUNT BESSY.

"Brockmeyer," Namban.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—How are you and the Bushies getting on? Ihave not written toyouforalongtime.I'm sendingback my,prick card and some stamps. Will you please send me anotherone? Mycousin,AnneButler, of Palmyra, was going to come up for the Mav holidays, but she developed themumps. Ihope shecan come up in August. Ihave it new sister, but not ababy one. My brother, Roy, marriedan Englishgirl,whosename is Rhoda Kendrick. They were married at Northwich, in Cheshire. We went to Mass this morning, and inside the church was cold. ASister of St. Joseph's Convent. Fremantle, celebrated hergolden jubileeon April 17. Sheis Dad'ssister. Anumberoffriendsand relations gathered at the Convent on theSunday andspentapleasant after. nnnn nn thelawn. We are allfeeling very happy to know that the war in Europe in over. We pray that the war in the Pacific will soon end, too. :1 lot of sheep and lambs are dying l,ecause there has not been any rain for along time and no green feed for them. It does not looks as if useare •-;_ to¢et anvmushronmsthis year. Which do you like best, Aunt Besse, thebis,

onesorthe buttons? Wewill have to work very hard to reach the qunta this year. Did you say it was Q50? As it is hedtime, Imustclose now. withlotsoflove.—Yourloving niece, BERYLFiT7.GF,RALD.

Dear Beryl,—Tthought you must have forgotten us, as we have not heard from you for so long. Thank you forthe card, and we willbepleased to forward on to you another one. Iamsorrytohearyourcousinhadthe mu

NN SacredHeartHighSchool,Iighgate.

Daar Aunt Bessy,—Iwasvery pleased to fill in the prick card. Lillian andIweresharingone. Weare both boarders at the Convent. We are having aconcert. Alittle girl and I are acting as Switzerlands. Iam in third standard. We have sports every Friday, and Iam in Paul's, which I hope wins. In school Ilike spelling anddrawing best,andnature study, I am going to learn music soon. I must close now. With lots of love toyouand theBushies. From CATHY SINGLETON.

Dear Cathy,—Iam ilad to be able to welcome yet another niece to the Corner. You made agrand job of the card between you, The Bushies are very grateful to you. Ihope the concert is agreatsuccess,which Iam sure it will be. Do you think you will win? Youhave goodopposition, and will have totryvery hard. Write againsoon. Lovefrom AUNT ,

BESSY.

SacredHeartHighSchool,Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I hope you and the Bushiesarewell,asIam. Ifilled uptheBushies'card,andsoIamwriting you alittle letter. We are going tomyaunty'sforaweek, and mybrother is going, too. We have rideson uncle's motor bike to the corner, then we have to walk home. Good-bye, clearAuntBessy.—Yourwould-beniece, PAT THOMSON.

Dear Pa)t,—Yet another new niecel The Corner is growingbigger and biggereach week andthisisjusthowwe wantittobe. Thosemotorbikerides must be thrilling, Pat. Ilike them, too,butIthinkIwouldbetootiredto walk back from the corner. Does your brother have rides, tool Write againsoonandthankyouforyourwelcomepennies. Lotsoflove.

AUNT BESSY.

SacredHeartHighSchool,Highgate.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I wasverypleased to fill in your little card for the Bushies with my pennies. We are going to have our May holidays soon, and alittle friend and Iare going to Mandurah foraweek. Ihavealittle brother; his name is Noel, and he is fouryearsold. Wehavesportsevery Friday and Iam in Xavier's, and we all hope what Xavier will win on the real sports day in October. Well, I must saygood-byenow. With allmy love to you and the Bushies.—Your loving niece,

MAVIS GRAY,

Dear Mavis,—Ianswered your little friend'sletterlastweek, Mavis. Iam sure you will love your stay at Mandurah, but aweek soon passes when you are having lotsoffun,doesn't it? Keep upthe sports,dear, andyouwill have agoodchanceinOctober. Goodbye for now. Many thanks forfilling in the card. Love from

AUNTBESSY.

Beryl Fitzgerald........ 2 6 Berna

dette Thomson .. .. .. 9

6

mps. Iknow they can he very Painful at times. Iknow, because I hadthemwhenIwasyoung. Itmust belovelytohaveanauntyanun,cele• brating her golden jubilee. I am afraidIamriotquitesofortunate. It isvery cold down here. Ieven have to wear my bed socks now, and we havehadplentyofrain thelastcouple of days. Isuppose you will be looking forward to seeing that.new sister ofyours. Rhodaisreallyanicename. Ithink Ilike the buttons best, Beryl. Yes, that's right,£250, and 1sincerely hopetofulfilthatpromise totheBushies' Scheme, Good-bye, Beryl. Lots of love from AUNT BESSY.

KNOWYOUR FAITH.SERIES

(ContinuedfromPage4,)

the Chalice with the little bit, saying "The peace of the Lordbe alwayswith you," and drops It into the Chalice. These words are the fifth time the silenceis broken.

Why does the priestdrop alittle bit ofthe Host intotheChalice containing the Precious Blood?

Because OurLord did.

And ifyou rememberhowitwas Our Lord broke alittle piece of bread and dipped it in the Chalice it will make you feel rather sad. For that bit He gave to Judas Iscariot, and it says, "When Judas had received the morsel he wentout tobetrayJesus."

So when you hear the Host being broken,remember Judas, and ask Our Lord to keep you from ever being a traitor; and ask that your kiss (Holy Communion)maybealways thekissof peace and neverthe traitor's kiss.

Agnus Doi.

The sixth time the priest breaks the silence it is tosay,"Lambof God, who takettawaythesinsoftheworld, have mercy on us," and he repeats it three times.

Do you know who it was said that first? It wasSt.John theBaptist, as he saw Our Lord walk past,one day, onthebanksoftheJordan. He pointedHimout tothosewhostood by.and said, "Behold the Lamb of God; behold Him who taketh away the sins of the world,"

In the Mass—the sacrifice of,the CatholicChurch—OurLord is offered like apure lamb,innocent and holy, And He takes all our sins on Himself and bears them away out of God's sight. Think of this when youhear the priest say, "Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi, miserere nobis."

The Priest'sCommunion.

— When the priest says,"Domine, non sumd ignus;, sobreaki.ugthesilencefor the seventh time, and the bell rings three times, the people get up and begingoinguptotheAltarrails.

So, while thepriest receives the Frost and the Chalice (just after the bell is rung), remain on yourknees,andthink what asolemn moment it is—the end of the great sacrifice; the wonderful moment when God is joined to His Church, and makesisholy by His Own Holiness.

People'sCommunion.

As you kneel at the Altar rails the server says the Confiteor for you, and you, in the secret of your hearts, tell Domestic Problems Solved:By iLmertcan BlueFlameStoves,AtW.A.Stove Co., Wellington-street,Perth. B6307.

James

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Our Lord,again,howsorry youare for your sins, and ask Our Lady and the Saints to help you make agood Communion.

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Then the priest takes up one of the. Hostsand holdsIt high, saying: "Ecce Aguas Def"—"Behold the Lamb of God." That reminds you again of the Sacrifice, and that you are now going to be joined to the Sacrificed Lamb, and become partof Him, and soavictim, too; and you know that all your sufferings and sorrows will be part of Christ's sufferings, if you bear them bravely for Him, and by His strength.

Then the priest goes on: "Domine nonsumdignus"—"Lord,Iamnotworthy that Thou should enter under-my roof; say but the.word and my soul shall be healed," and you strike your breast each time the priest repeats the words, and you feelwithall yourheart how unworthy you are, and how,

wonderful it is that Our Lord can love you enough to want to come to you.

TheBodyof Our Lord.

And so, at last, the wonderful moment comes when the priest stands in front of you, and holdsuptheBody of Our Lord. Listen to the words he says—for he says them separately to each one of you. and not, now, to all the people in general: "May the Body of Our LordJesus Christkeep thysoul until life everlasting.. Amen;"

Receive Him, then, with great love andgratitude,andgoveryquietlyback to yourplacewith eyesdown andfolded hands. Never mind, now, about prayer books and prayers you have learnt. Surely you have enough to say to this best of Friends. Now is your chance to ask for things, and to get comfort and sympathy in all your little worries and sorrows. But, above all, don't forget to thank Him for having come, and for not minding your house being so unworthy.

The Blessing.

After you have received Holy Communion, and the priest has said afew prayers, he kisses the altar. stretches out, lifts up and join his hands, and then, bowing his head, he says:

"I\lay God Almighty bless you, and turning round, he blesses the people, by making abig Sign of theCrossover them, saying, "Father, Sort and Holy Ghost."

The priest is giving you the Church's blessing, so you should kneel down to receive it(if you are not already on yourknees), and as he makes the Sign of the Cross, you should cross yourself, in that wayeach takingtheblessing to yourselves.

The Last Gospel, \Chenyou stand up fortheLast Gos• pel.%-on make again the three little Sign. of the Cross on your forehead, lips and breast. You remember what they mean—aprayer that the Word of God may beinyourmind,on yourlips, and in your heart. And you stand so as to show honour to theGospel The priest isreading thefirstChapter of St. John's Gospel, and it tells how Our Lord, who had always been, from the beginning the Son of God, wasborn on earth, the Son of Mary,Our Blessed Lady; how Ile came unto His Ow•n— Ilis"chosen people"—and His Own received Him not: but howto those that did receive Him Ile gave power to become the sons of God—as each of you becameatyourbaptism. Sowhile the priest reads the last Gospel you should be thinking specially of Our Lord. And when the priest genuflects,you also shouldbend your kneeforthat iswhen he comes to the words: "And the Word" (that is, Our Lord) "was made flesh, and dwelt among us."