The Record Newspaper 02 May 1945

WhenAnglican OrdersWere Declared Invalid

High churchmen iried to Prove the Church of England Catholic

Forgetting the Awkward Episode of the Reformation Majorityof ProtestantClergy Content to be Unsacerdotal

By ROMANUS.

In theordinarygray therecentdeath of Dr. Temple, the Archbishop of Canterbury, would beamatterof nogreat interest to Catholics. Judging by the tributes which were paid to him by prominent Catholics he was on the best of terms with the Catholics of England, and his name was certainly never associated with anything antiCatholic.

Yet it is certain that at one period o[ his life hLI must have heard much discussionabout the Church and Court of Rome. That was in IS96, when Pope Leo XIII. issued his Bull"Apostolicae Curae" declaring the invalidity of Anglican Orders, and in 1897, when the two Protestant Archbishops, Tem ple and Maclagan, replied to the Pope.

This Dr. Temple w•as the father of the Archbishop who died recently. He became Archbishop of Canterbury at the end of 1596 and it is safe to say thatat thattime no other subjectwas more discussed at Lambeth Palace than the Letter ofLeo XIII • Unexpected Tragedy.

Unhappily for the elder Dr. Temple, the whole tenor of whose life convin• ces one that he would have been very glad to steer dear of the whole ques. tion, acompletely unexpected tragedy made him Archbishop of Canterbury just on the morrow of the Papal pronouncement. For thirteen years be. fore the Encyclical Letter on Anglican Orders the See of Canterbury had been ruled wisely and'str(Ingly by Dr Benson, the father of the famous convert, Afsgr. Robert Hugh Benson, and noonethoughtforamomentthat tinyone else would be called on to express official Anglican opinion on the Pope's letter.

The circumstances which led up to the discussion of Anglican Orders at Rome is forgotten history now. Ever since the start of the Oxford Movement in 1833 the high Church party had been striving to get some kind of - recognition from Rome. Catholics were never very sympathetic to them, for they felt that it would be mistaken kindness to raise hopes which must inevitably be disappointed. Even Ca-

tholics who made no pretensions to theological knowledge knew,

that for three centuries the Anglican Church had consistently ranged itself in opposition to several fundamental Catholic doctrines: that it was as Pro. testantas theLutheran Church inGermany or the Calvinist body in Geneva.

They therefore remained quite cold when they witnessed the efforts of a group of young men to prove that'he Anglican Church was always really Ca lholic: that she alwa)sprivately believed what she always publicly denied; that the Reformation was a trifling little affair which meant nothing and should be forgotten; that men who denied, ridiculed and blas-phemed the Mass were in reality Ca tholic priests and were actually-

saying Hass; that the 39 Articles were, if anthing, more Catholic than the Decrees of the Councilof Trent, and that the Penal Laws Here enacted, and were heartily endorsed by generation's of Anglican prelates, for the express purpose of making the adherents of the Pope more Catholic in their doctrines.

As for Catholic theologians, their teaching was unanimous on the question of Anglican Orders. To them the Churchof England was just one of the products of the Reformation. Con• sequently when an Anglican clergyman became aCatholic he was receiv ed just as alayman, baptised conditionally, confirmed and. if he studied for the priesthood ordained without the slightest notice being taken of the fact that he had previously been in Anglican Orders.

False Hopes.

But High Churchmen based their hopes on the fact that Rome had never declared their Orders invalid in any official document. She had, it is true, acted on the supposition that they were, but she had never declar• ed them so by formal.decree. And they considered that if their history were thoroughly investigated it would be found that they had retained the essential form in the conferring of OrderIs, and that they were real Catho. lic priests. Many sincere Catholic friends advised them to let well alone

awl to abstain from iurcing Runic to '

I" ddc,uutU decision on the point. rur all Catholics had the

feei'itgt:It n such decision would be umavour• .,we to Anglican claims. But nothing could daunt the deter• nunation of the High Churchmen. They could get no Buglish bishop or thcoiogian to e)nipathise with what ail Catholics knew to be

a forlorn hpe, but they managed to get one French Sulpician, Fr, Portal, to declare in their favour and to move for asympathetic consideration of thou ase at Runic. As far as considering cae went, they met with great 'kindness everywhere on the Continent,and -

the greatest kindness of aL from Pope Leo SIIL

Practice of Centwies Confirmed, The amazing blindness of the High Churchmen led them to believe that they had everything to gain by sur an investigation.'they thought very foulishly thatif the investigation proved favourable to their claims it would be published to the world, but that if it proved unfavourable Rome would remain silent from motives of prudence. They never seemed to realise that, once the investigation was held, it

decision. whether favourable or un• favourable, would have to be given publicly. No decision would have meant almost as great atriumph for the Anglicans as afavourable decision.

As all Catholics anticipated, the Investigation entirely confirmed the practice of centuries, and in September, 1896,Pope Leo kM,in the Bull "Apostolicae curae"declared Anglican Ordersto be nullandvoidin theeyes of the Catholic Church.

The furore which followed the Papal pronouncement can hardly be realised to-day. High Churchmen were indignant at the rejection of their claims. But large bodies of Low Churchmen passed ironical votes of thanks to the Pope for assuring them that they were not "Massing priests"—which, indeed , was the last thing in the world they

as to be.

Still. Anglican feeling was sufficiently strong to demand that the Church leaders should make some replytothe Pope,andeveryone feltthat this duty devolved on,the two Arcb. bishops, Benson and Afaclagan. \1r. Gladstone had taken agreat interest in the discussion, and in the proceed. ings of the investigators t

and we may feel sure that it was it,

connection with it that Dr. Benson went to visit him at Hawarden inOctober, 1S9ti. By no means advanced in years—he was then,sixty-seven—Dr. Benson was in his normal good health at the time of his visit to Mr.Gladstone• and no one thought thathisend wasso near. But on Sunday, October 13, he o

collapsed suddenly and died in afeav minutes.

Three HardE'aws.

11'ithin;tfew short months, the High Churchmen received three hard News. The first was the Papal Encyclical; the second was the tragic death of Dr. Benson. But probably' the one they felt most of all was the nomination by the Crown of Dr.Temple to succeed Dr. Benson, Dr. Ten ple had never been persona grata with the High Church party.

Their hostility to him dated back to the time when being then headmaster of Rugby College. he had been one of the contributors to the very unorthodux volume entitled"Essays and Reviews," which waspublished in 1860. Consequently they raisedafuriousoutcry when Mr.Gladstoneappointed him Bishop of Exeter in 1869. their protest did not prevent his appointment to Exeter in 1869 nor his being promoted to London in 1885 and to Canterbury in 1896. In addition to his Broad Church views and his complete indifference to the sacerdotal claims of the High Church party, the new Archbishop was rather advanced in years, being seventy-five years old when he was. called upon to take a leading part in an acute religious controversy. Probably in his heart he wished that the whole matter could be quietly dropped. HighChurchmen of theperiod could be excused for anticipating that any reply he would make would be very half-hearted.

And so theevent proved. On February 26, 1897, the two Anglican Archbishops issued their reply to the Pope. It was extremely long, extending to nearly three times the length of the Bull to which itwasareply. As one would expect, its tone 'was above reproach, and they refer to Pope Leo as "our mom venerable brother." But from the High Church point of view its contents were very' disappointing. It was adecidedly Low Church docurrent.

Disappointing Reply.

However, the reply took the only form of defence possible to the heirs of the Reformation, viz., that Anglican Orders did not comply with the requirements of the Roman rite as it exists to-day, but that they went back to aprimitive simplicity from which Rome had deviated. Thiscontention is in entire conformity with the whole spirit of the Reformation. But, alas, while it of Course justifies the Church of England and the other heira of the Reformation it strikes a deadly blow at Christianity. For if theChurch of Rome,whichforathou. sand years was the only body claiming to teach Christianity to all Europe, if that Church fell into innumerable errors and heresies, what becomes

(Continued on Back Cover.)

The Catholic Answer

Witnesses oJ Resurrection Were Incredulous ... Did Not Expect it and Had No Hope

AretheBestLivingPeopleThose Who DoNotGo toChurch?

WhatDividesOrthodoxyfromCatholicism

InproofoftheResurrectionofChrist from the dead, we have the testimony ofeye-witnesses,asnarratedintheGospels. This evidence is clear and definitein itself. But what ofthe credi. bility of the witnesses? Astudy of their. mentality shows that they were not victims of illusion, that they were not describing their own imaginings, visions born of their own desires and hopes.

1. The disciples after Christ's death 'were frightened, dispirited), disorganised; they had lost their'Master and Leader.

St.John tells us thatlateonthefirst dayoftheweekafterChrist'sdeath,be. fore Ile appeared to them, the disciples were gathered together"for fear of the Jews."(John XX„ 19.)

St. Luke, after describing the scene of Christ's Crucifixion and Death adds:"And all His acquaintances and the women that had followed Him from Galilee stood afar off, beholding these things."(Luke XXIiI.,49.)

2. The disciples did not expect the Resurrection.

(i) After the Burial of Christ.

"And the women that were come with Him from Galilee, following,after, saw the sepulchre and how His body was laid.

And returning, they prepared spices and ointments: and on the Sabbath day they rested, according to the Comtnandment.

"And on the first day of the week, they came to the Sepulchre, bringing the spices which they had prepared." (Luke XXIH., 55 to XXIV., 1.) They

went tothetombexpectingto findthe dead bodyofChrist.

(ii.) After the first news of the Resurrection.

There is the story of the two di" ciples on the road to Emmaus. Christ appeared, going with them, but they did not know Him.

"And He said to them: What are these discourses that you hold one with another and are sad?"' (Luke XXIV., 17.)

They told Him about Jesus of Nazareth,"aprophet mighty in work and word before God and all the people;" about Hisdeath,and their dead hopes. "But we hoped that it was He that should have redeemed Israel;"(V21) aboutthe rumoursofHis Resurrection which didnotreassure them. "Yeaand certain womenalsoof our company affrighted us who, before it was light, were at the sepulchre."(V22.) Clear. ly they were still sad and dispirited.

3. The disciples didnot believe that Christ wasrisen.

They dirt not believe the story told by Mary Magdalen.

"She went and told them that had been with Him, who were mourning and weeping.

"And theyhearing that Ile wasalive and had been men by her, did not believe"(Mark XVL. 10.11.)

Theydid notbelieve the testimonyof the two disciples who claimed to have seen Him on the road to Emmaus.

"And they going told it to the rest: neither did they believe them." (Mark XVI., 13.)

They did notbelievewhen Christ ap• geared in their midst.

"But they being troubled and fright. ened, supposed that they saw aspirit." (Luke XXIV., 37.)

4. Christ Himself found it necessary to confirm their faith, even to rebuke them.

"And Ilesaid to-them: Why areyou troubled, and whydothoughts arisein your hearts?

"See My hands and feet, that it is I 11yself. Handle and see: for aspirit hath not flesh and bones, as you see Me to have.

"And when He had said this, He showed them His hands and feet." (Luke XXIV.,38-40.)

Ile saidaboutthesame thingaweek later to the doubting Thomas, who would not taketheword of the others.

"Then He said to Thomas: Put in thy finger hither and see My hands. And bring hither thy hand and put it into My side.-And be not faithless but believing."(John XX. 27.)

Thus in the Gospel evidence about the Resurrection the Apostles and dis. ciples are depicted as being overwhelmedwithsorrowbyChrist'sdeath fearful of the future, withouthope in a Resurrection and unwilling to believe that it had taken place.

How, then, could the apparitions of Christ be theproductoftheir imagination, projected by their own desires and hopes?

The onlyalternativeisthatthestory of the Resurrection is afabrication, a very clever piece of trickery. Of which in next Sunday's session.

Mrs. Miller, Victoria Park:

Q.: If marriages are made in Heaven, what aboutthesewartime-marriages?

A.: Who .aid marriages are made in Heaven? Perhaps somebody said that marriage is aDivine institution. And what wartime marriagesdo you mean? Is there aspecial marriage contract for wartime?

Q.: One wouldthinktohearyouboast about your Church that-God had a special place for Catholics.

A.: IIeaven.is the place of eternal happiness for all the faithful, God's Kingdom. Wehold that the Catholic Church is God's Kingdom on earth. Cnfortunately, all Christians no longer belong to it. That is not to say that theycannotgettoHeaven, if they live faiddullyaccording totheirbeliefs.

Q.: It doesn't matter what religion we are as long as we live the Christian way.

Cod; that nuns should not enter convents, and — strangely — that priests In long clothing and witk theirlong prayers are"aanareunto the world." He then finshes with thisquestion: Is thereanytruthabout the accusation concerning blaria Monk---can youproveotherwise?

A.: Maria Monk belonged to apast generation. Perhaps alot of people in those days believed her lurid account of convent life. If there are any people who believe such things nowadaysand perhaps there are— theyare tobepitied. But Icertainly cannot take time off to disprove such antiquatedanddiscreditablepiffle,

Q.:Isitnottruethatanunwhotakes all oaths and veilsmust get permdrtsion from the High Priests whether she can leave the Convent or not?

A.: Anun is dispensed if necessary from her religious vows by competent ecclesiastical authority,

Alf Burton,Cottesloe:

Q.: Would you condescend to reply to the following question: What constitution did theCatholic Churchwork onbefore theadventofConstantine?

A.: Inyourinsulting letter youstate that this Session replies to but does not answer questions, that the replies ramble around the point and are as clearas mud.

Well, when you have got the mud out ofyour ears after hearing this answerto the question you condescend to asl.despite our limitations—perhaps you willalsocondescend to say clearly what your question really means.

Before the advent of Constantine the Catholic Church was what it is still, i.e., the congregation of all the pastors and faithful tinder one Visible )lead, representing Christ.

S. Grant, Palmyra:

Q,: Is it asin to smoke before going to Holy Communion?

A.: Iwould be very much disturbed tolearn thatit is ever asin to smoke. What you mean, of course, is would it beasin to receive Holv Communion aftersmoking,as it wouldbe ifthe Eu. charistic fast,were broken by smoking. Actually, tokmoke does not break the fast; although perhaps not to smoke would he toshowgreater reverence towards the P,les_sedSacrament.

F_

TELEPHONE: B3511.

A.: We hold thatit was Christ's will that all should belong to His Church; and that His Church is the Catholic Church; that therefore it does matter what religion Ave belong to.

Q.: Ihavefoundthebestlivingpeople are mostly those that never go to Church. Weknowit YOUR Church isrightbythewayyourpeoplelive— that is enoughtogoby. AndIam afraid it is anything but the Christian way.

A.: Thank you, firs. Miller, for telling us so clearly all that you know.

APommy:

Q.: The writer of this long, rambling letter quotes from various parts of the Bible to show that the building of churches is wrong in the eyes of

Q.: Why do the Christian Brothers wear different collars from the Ro. manCatholic parsons?

A.: Because their Rule of Life prescribes it. Iunderstand that their type of collar is intended to be adistinguishing mark.

Q.: How many languages does the HeadParsonofthe RomanCatholics speak?

A.: Ipresume you mean the Pope. His Holiness the Pope is an accom. plished linguist; Ido not know how many languages he speaks, Q.:Whatis thedifference between the Roman Catholic and the (creek Orthodox Church?

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Is Religion Merely .

An Accident of Birth?

Can the Millions of the Pagan World Save Their Souls?

Existence of Purgatory is Partly Proved From Scripture

Main Difference Between Purgatory and Hell

A.: Withinthescopeof this answerI cannot attempt to give you either the history of the Greek Orthodox Church oradetailedaccount of the differences between that Church and the Catholic Church. Ithink it will beasufficient answer to your question to name the principal differences.

In the first place, the Greek Ortho(lox Church is not in communion with Rome; it doe's not recognise the supremacy of the Pope as Head of auniversal Church. Technically speaking the Greek Orthodox Church is—and has been forcenturies—in schism from the Church of Rome. But since the time of the schism—the eleventh century—certaindivergencesofbeliefhave crept in. These are the main ones: For one thing the Greek Orthodox Church holds that the Church has no headon earth under Christ, andrecognises the authority of only the first seven General Councils; the Bishop of Rome is not an infallible teacher and hasaPrimacy of Honour only, not of jurisdiction; he is first among equals. Then, although the Greek Orthodox Church has agreat veneration for the Blessed Virgin Mary, its spokesmen generally, nowadays repudiate the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, although some hold that the Blessed Virgin was freed from original sin at theAnnunciation.

Greek Orthodox churchmen held that the Western Church had CorruptedtheFaithbyaddingtheword "Filioque" to the Creed, and thus affirming that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father and the Son. This word came to represent the differences between the two Churches and was the subject of protracted controversy. Actually it has been shown that the theological differences on this point can be reconciled.

H. Reeley,MiddleSwan:

Q.: Ilisten with interest to your session,butthereisonethingyouhave not touched on yet, and that is the Roman Catholic teaching as regards other religions.

A.: This seemssomewhatobscure. It -

'seems from thecontext of your letter your problem apparently could be put as follows: If the Catholic Church is theone TrueChurch, how is it thatso many millions of people throughout the world are outside of it, as far as one can judge, through no fault of their own.

Q.: As aboy Ithought only in terms of Christianity, and now for me everything is based on what Christ would do.

A.: The Catholic Church thinks of the whole world in terms of Christianity initsfull and truesense, and bases its work in the world on the charter given itbyChrist.

Q,: But one cannot beblindto people ofotherracesandreligions,andIcan nowseethatitwasonlybyaccident of birth that it was ordained that I should be born in aChristian country. Also if a man is born in SouthernIrelandhewillnaturallybe aRoman Catholic, if in Scotland a Presbyterian, and so on.

A.: Your statement, while not uni. versally applicable, is true enough in agenera] way. Call it if you will an accident of birth. Rather let us say that in the case of the various ChrisAian denominations,wecaneasily trace historical reasons. In the Catholic view these denomination,

,by severing themselves from the ancient Faith, or

because they have grown up outside it, cannot claim to belong to the True Church, although they profess faith in Christ. It is true that the individual, naturally, most often professes the religionofhis family.

Q.: But what about the Japs and Chinese and millions of the people of India, etc.?

A.: Now you are speaking of the pagan world, about people,who in the mainhavenothadtheGospelofChrist preached to them. They belong, not to Christian denominations, other than the Catholic Church, but to pagan religions. There'again you saythatftfs by accident of birth that they are pagans and not Christians; and that you yourself in other circumstances mighthave been ofthem. There again you can see an historical reason. In thedevelopment of theChurch andthe Catholic Apostolate, the tidings of the Faith have not yet reached them.

Q.: Howdotheyfitinwiththe state.

Iment about Death and Purgatory andHelland Heaven? Howdoall the millions get in who are not Roman Catholics?

A.: In other words if, as we claim, the CatholicChurch is the true wayto salvation how can these people save their souis?

The CatholicChurch has acommand from Christ to preach the Gospel to every creature and to baptise those whoreceiveit,inthe nameoftheHoly Trinity. "He that believeth and is baptised, shall be saved: but he that believeth not shall be condemned."

(Mark XVI., 16.1 But many outside the Catholic Church believe in Christ and lead good lives. Are they tobe condemned? The Catholic answer to that isthat if aman serves Godfaithfully, in good faith, according to his lights, he shall be saved. Evenif he hasnotreceivedthe SacramentofBap. tism,,he has at least implicitly the desire of Baptism—Baptism of Desire. But avhat of the pagan who knows nothing about Christ and Christian teaching, let alone about the True Church? The problem here is more difficult. Yet, remember, many must have been saved before Christ; the merits and grace of Christ were applied tomenofgoodwill inanticipation of His Death on the Cross. Jews of goodwill were saved by believing in a future Redeemer and -

by keeping the CommandmentsofGod. Those others who (lidnotknow ofafuture Redeemer were saved if they kept the moral law according to the dictates of their conscience and repented of their sins against the moral law. Apagan who, through no fault of his own, does not know of Christ the Redeemer of the the world, can be saved in much the sameway. IfhekeepsthelawofGod written in his heart and is sorry for his sins, he has at least some sort of faith in aDivine Being and can save his soul. It can be argued that if he knew the truth and were convinced of it'he would embrace it. Whatever abouttheopinions putforwardbytheologians to explain how such apagan could have "Baptism of Desire," it is certain thatnomanwillbecondemned to hell except through hisawn fault.

H. W.Cobcroft,EastPerth:

Q,:Wouldyouanswermethefollowing questions? Iam anxious to bear your reply. Iam very interested.

A.: Agracious opening. But there is apostscript: Do not side-step these questions, please. Now Mr. Cobcroft

is anew listener, so that wecould not expect newquestions; butevidently he thinks that these are questions that may be we have dodged previously. Actually they are questions about a subject that hastakenupalotoftimb in this Session: the subject of Purgat. ory.

Also, Mr.Coberoft'squestions areincluded inaclippingfromanewspaper; theyarein theformofa'smallexaminationpaper—aquiz column—onlythat. from my point of view, they are back to front; Ishouldhave togiveanswers contradictory to those obviously expectedby the quiz-master. However, with apologies to those listeners, who havehearditallmorethanoncebefore, Ishall answer the questions briefly, (If, Mr. Cobcroft, you would like a copy of aprevious and fuller answer to questions about Purgatory, you can getitbywritingtotheSession.)

Q.: What is Purgatory?

A.: Purgatory is astate of punishment after death, where the souls of those, who die in astate of grace, but with some venial sin or some debt of temporal punishment due to sin still unpaid,willbedetaineduntiltheyshall have fully satisfied God's justice.

Q,: Where is Purgatory shown in the Bible?

A.: Theword Purgatory is not to be found inthe Bible,noranyexplicitreference to such aplace.

Atonement for sin after death and the efficacy ofprayer for the dead are taughtin2MachabeesXII., 43.46.This bookisnotcontainedintheProtestant Canon of theScriptures.

The Catholicdoctrine in reference to Purgatory is derived in part from the teachingoftheScripturesregardingthe remission of temporal punishment due to sin(e.g„NumbersXX. 12); regard. ing anythingdefiled entering Heaven (Wisdom VII., 25); regarding forgive nessof sinsin theworld to come (e.g., Matt. XII.,32).

The other source of the doctrine—

where the teaching is explicit—pis the other organ of Divine Revelation, i.e., Catholic Tradition.

Q.: What is supposed to be the main difference between Hell andPurgatory?

A,: The main difference is that Hell is aplace of eternal punishment for mortal sin, unrepented of and unforgiven; Purgatory is aplace oftemporary punishment for venial sin and in satisfaction for the debt of temporal punishment due to forgiven mortal sins.

Q.: Howdo Roman CathOlies believe souls can be released from Purgatory?

A.: First of all by their own suffer• ing, as is clear from what has been said already. Then they are"helped by the suffrages of the faithful, but principally by the acceptable Sacrifice oftheAltar."(CouncilofTrent.)

Q.: Quote some Scripture passages which show that there is(sic) only two places for the souls afterdeath, andwhichshowthatthe soulsofbe. lievers go straight to Heaven.

A.: In these two cases the answeris upto you.

Q.: Showthat this doctrineofPurgatorymakeslight ofChrist's greatsaorifice.

A.: Here again the answer is really upto you. ThedoctrineofPurgatory wouldmakelight ofChrist's great sacrifice if it implied that His Sacrifice was not sufficient to secure salvation. It does not do so. Assuredly every soul thatissavedissaved throughthe meritsofChrist. ThesoulsinPurgatory are sure of salvation, through Christ's great Sacrifice; but they have tobecleadsed from every stainofsin; theyhave to pay thedebtoftemporal punishmentdueto theirsins.

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Education for Rural Living'.: .

Place of the Area School in' Regionalism

SomeCriticismof MereConcentration on Technical Subjects...

What Denmark Has to Teach About Adult Education

An essential function of the regional administration is the development of educational facilities especially adapted to rural life. It is here that the regional authority can exercise amost salutary influence.

No survey of the reforms which are needed to ensure the stability of rural. life would possibly be complete without asurvey of the questionofeducation for rural living. Even among those who devote their attention to the question of educationof the farmersofthe future, only toooften iseducation conceived in its narrow mean. ing in training in certain technical farming subjects. Actually, asystem of rural education which will fulfil the needs of the new agriculture goes far beyond the mere mechanics of the farming profession and deals with every aspect of the life of the farmer. It will give him from earliest youth an unconscious philosophy towards the land,-

notamere idolatory of the soil which can too easily develop, but arational reverence for that which gives security to himself, stability to his damily, and livelihood to his race. A real education will teach him properly to use the aids which money and finance can afford but never to make moneyand the accumulation ofmoney the main end of his life as afarmer. Unless atrue education can spread this mentality, legislation in the end will fail to restrain the speculator and the "land-shark:" It will teach him to co-operate, first ofall in equal partnership with his family, and then in

common service with his neighbours in his own community. It will teach him toprefer freedom to slavery, and at the sametime it will instilintohim that sense of moral responsibility which will be the guarantee that he will use his freedom well and in the interests of hiscommunity. Unless a true education can instil that sense, programmes of regionalism and of rural self-government will collapse before the onslaughts of centralisation and bureaucrdcy.

Itis profoundly true that not oneof the material reforms with which this statement has concerned itself can permanently succeed unless the farmers themselves can become intellectu• ally convinced of their necessity, can develop mental honesty to use them for theirtruesocialends,and notmere• ly for personal advantage. Freedom cannot be imposed, it must he desired and deserved.

The ends are common to most men of goodwill. It remains only to develop atechnique which swill secure thoseends,andwin thefreeacceptance of the conw

In the primary andthe post-primary stages of education the best availahle method to-day, for the circumstances of this Conticent with its immense spaces and its scattered people, seems to be the area school. The area school has anumber of incidental disad. vantages, though the all-over case for it is very strong. Before the general acceptance of the principle is possihle. however, the disadvantages associated

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with excessive travelling for small children must be eliminated. In the sphere of secondary education, the basic ideas have already been expressed in"Pattern for Peace." Here it was suggested that acountry lad or alad keen on country life, after leaving secondary school at the age of fifteen or sixteen, should work for two years with good practical farmers. If his record were satisfactory he should be admitted,without charge for atwo. year course in an Agricultural College. After that another two years employment on an adequate wage with competent farms should permit him to save enough capital to establish himself on his own account.

Once he had proved himself on this strenuous course he would be entitled to assistance from the State to establish himself asafarmer, totake awife and become asound member of society. Such asystem would do much to re-establish rural life in Australia. Adult education is all important to successful rural living. It is impos. sible to ignore the fact that wherever rural life is both firmly established and progressive, it rests upon afirm foundation of adult education. Denmark is the outstanding example. In Denmark's case ttwo things were noted. The first is that the Folk High Schools which have performed such an immense service to the Dan. ish farm life, deal scarcely at all with technical agricultural subjectls. The Lutheran Bishop Grundtvig who deserves to rank as the founder of this system, believed that the mechanics of farming could best be acquired by practical work on aprogressive farm. The Folk High Schools therefore concern therselves rather with the building up of ageneral intellectual and cultural background which is of as much value to the farmer as knowledge of method, in that it provides him with the opportunity of acquiring atrained mind which will assess technical evidence before coming to a decision. Subjects like language and composition, history(Danish and general), farm accountancy, geography, naturalscience, literature, draaving and surveying, constitutional law and juris• prudence, agricultural economics are included in the curriculum.. It is not by accident that the Danish farmer is the hest in the world.

Thesecond notable fact is that these schools are for adults, the minimum age of enrolment being IS years. The Danes have proved that if the right approach is made to the fanners, they are willing to continue their education beyond their childhood and adolescent years.

To apply these principles to Austra• lian rural life will take more than one or two years. It will be the work of generations. The lVst results can come immediately if the Government concerned place the administration of education on the shoulders of the regional authorities who are the best judges of the requirements of their region. These should throw their weight behind all voluntary associations—church, local, regional and others of that kind—kcoiking in the field of adult education. Providing they satisfy the authorities concerned as to the effectivenessof their work in this sphere, financial assistance can en. able them to do ajob which governments themselves cannot do.

To sum up the matter of education it is the writer's conviction that at no stage will education for rural livingbe found adequate if it is not impregnat. ed with religion. Professor Wadham's statement has alreadv been quoted: "To sum it all up. Iam an intenke admirer of co-operation. I believe that in it there is the possibility of a seed from which anew world might he horn. but it implies aspiritual process just asmuch as amaterial one" Religion alone can supply the spiritual motive for co-operation in living within the rural community. To ignore this is to ignore the basic real. ity of rural life.

The NA,R:M, contends that modera education is aweighty contributing factorto theflight from the land, and it does not hesitate to describe oar present system of education as a menace to the life on the land." It seams clear that our country schools arehelping tohastenthe death of the country and that there is urgent need for the introduction of asystem of true rural education.

In recent years in some States as attempt has been made to prepare country. children for their future life in the country by the establishment of what are generally known as Area Schools. The programme followed is an Area School is designed to suit the needs of the district in which the school is situated and to fit the children for the kind of life they willlive when they leave school. The school course includes both academic and practical work. Girls receive practical training in home management, cooking, sewing, laundry, horticulture, poultry raising, etc.; boys do agriculture, carpentry, concreting, etc.

Originally, it was intended to spend about half the school time on these practical projects, but this intention has had tobegreatlymodified andthe time spent away from traditional school work has been curtailed.

But besides this utilitarian training future farmerssurely need ahigh standard of cultural education.

The main defects of Area Schools seems to be an excessive amount of narrow specialisation..Instead of suppressing the vocational element in ruraleducation as.is generallydone at present, they have gone to the opposite extreme and have exaggerated it.

Therefore. Ibelieve that while Area Schools may be successful.in certain suitable districts where their syllabus canbe adaptedtomeet alllocalneeds, and while they have certainly focussed public attention on the urgent need for true rural education, they do not provide ageneral system of rural education which is acceptable everywhere.

Hoping to-meet the problem the meeting of Diocesan Education authorities held recently in Sydney decreed that:

1. Teachers in all schools should continually impress upon their pupils the dignity oflife upon the land and itsimportance and value both to the Church and the nation,

P. Apart from this fundamental readjustment of outlook, the rural elementary or primary school will follow much the same programme of studies as at present.

When the pupil comes to the Secondary Clakses, specialised education in the widest form, not narrow, technical and exclusive should be given to him.

3. Aprominent feature in the life of every school should be the Y.C,S., the Catholic Action movement for school boys and girls. The leaders of the Y.C.S, should set up Rural Groups, Hobby Groups, Young Farmers' Club's, etc. Through these activities, boys and girls will be trained in the right attitude to the land, and also they will acquire much knowledge and skill that will be of considerable value to them in their life on the land.

This plan therefore provides for the application of three simple practical principles to our present education system. These three important prin. ciplesare:—First, the inculcationin all pupils ofrespect and love fortheland. Second, broad specialised training in rural and domestic subjects. Third, Rural Groups to foster interest in the land, and its problems; and asystematic programme of hobbies, arts and crafts that will be of great interest to boys and girls during their school life and will be of much value to them in the future,

Domestic Problems Solved: By Omen- • canBlue !lameStaves, AtW./t,Stove Co.,Wellington-street,Perth. 1101M.

r

Our Splendid Dead Remembered in Mass on Anzac Day

GratitudetoGodforInspiringLeader &PowerfulAlly

God'sLawtheCornerstone ofReconstruction

SecurityofAustraliaDependson RaisingIdealofFamilyLife

Solemn Requiem Mass was offered in St. Mary'sCathedral on Anzac Day, with Rev. Father McGillicuddy as celebrant,Rev. Father Rafferty as deacon,and Rev.Father Donnelly as sub-deacon. Rev. J.O'Farrell carriedout the duties of master of ceremonies.

:,t. Mary's Cathedral Choir,under the direction of Rtv,Father Lynch, rendered the music of theMass.

(Among those present were the Lord Mayor and Lady Mayoress.representatives of the Federal and State Governments,the Judiciary, the Services, the R.S.L., the Boy Scouts' Association andvarious auxiliary bodies.

The occasional sermon was preached by Chaplain A. T. Langmead, as follows

"Unless the Lordbuild thehouse, they labour in vain that build it."

There words, my dear brethren, are from the 126th. Psalm, the 1st, verse.

Ileartening events greet us as again wemeetin this beautiful Cathedralfor the commemoration of Anzac Day, to recall sorrowfully, but with intense pride, the memory of the lost sons of Australia, so many of whom lie buried in foreign lands. and to pray that Almighty God, in His great mercy, may receive them into His realm of eternal bliss.

But this is not altogether an occasion of sorrow: for the great wheel of time, that has revolved so slowly and relentlessly throughout the six years of war, has carried away thefears and anxieties that have marred other commemorations, and by the wonderfcl events of these days has abundantly justified our confidence that tha sufferings and sacrifices, so long and sb resolutely borne, would finally be changed into joy by the great victory that nowseemssoveryneartous.

We all rememberwell those dark far offdays,.when all hope seemed ground beneath the tracks of Germany's armoured might as it rumbled irresistibly over the fields of France, down even to the Channelports; we wellremember, too, those daps—glorious days though they be—when we stood alone to carry on what seemed to be —indeed what really was—an altogether unequal contest; and then, when African victories promised to rekindle within us the shouldering fires of hope, how with breath-taking suddenness the Japanese struck and swiftly reached almost to our own very shores. Those were indeed days of deep anxiety—black, very black, -.did the future seem for us. Yet, despite it all, neverfor one instant, was our resolve shaken. Fight we would, andwinwemust.

in the midst of these misfortunes that crowded so thickly upon us, Al. mighty God, in His infinite goodness, stretched forth His helping hand, vouchsafing to us two great blessings: aleader—one who knew not only how to attract to himself all the finer qualities in our race, but knew, too, how to inspire those qualities to new and greater heights of endurance, suffering, sacrifice and resolution, such as have rarely ever before been known; and anew and powerfully Ally. With them and under their guidance, we

have seen what looked like certain and overwhelming defeat being slowly turned into ultimate and decisive victory.

,However long and arduous the path to complete victory may yet be, how , ever much suffering and sacrifice the peoples of this vast Empire of ours may still be called upon to endure in their unshakeable resolve to resist not only German might but also Japanese aggressiveness let us never forget the big debt of gratitude we owe to Almighty God for these signal favours He has bestowed upon us. In our hourofdistresswe turnedto Him,and He has heard our cry. And when at length the days of peace do return to us, let us not fail to carry,with us a vivid remembrance of our debt, so that in all our efforts to bring about thatof which inthese dayswe hear so much—anew and a better world (something worthy of thesacrificesour men have made and arestill making), we shall always give to God and His holy law their due and proper place Indeed, if we are really genuine in our desire for this new and better world— • orshould Isayfora-better and ahappier Australia—then there can be no better foundation upon which to base our efforts. On any other foundation our efforts would only lead to disappointment; for"Unlessthe Lord build the house they labour in vain that build it"

Despite the sorrow we feel for the loss of so

many of Australia's brave sons it is always with pride that we recall the deeds they have done, and the work that is still being done by our splendid soldiers, sailors, airmen and women'sservices and we feel in. tense admiration for the very fine qualities of resourcefulness, adaptability, endurance and courage they have shown even in most difficult cir. cumstances—the which has enabled them to bring back to their native land so many proud and coveted distinctions.

May then these qualities.we admire so much inspire us to labour unceasingly to maintain the security and to ensure the betterment of this country of ours, Australia, for which our Soldiers have suffered and Sacrificed so much, and who therefore have the right to expect that we, too, shall spare no sacrifice to attain these ends.

And how may we attain theseends?

The answer, Ithink, is given in the Psalm from which Ihave taken my text: "Unless the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it." Forhavingpointedoutthat they labourin vain whobuild withoutGod, the Psalmist goes on to say:"Behold the inheritance of the Lord are children, the reward, the fruit of the womb," adding, and "blessed is the man that hath filled the desire with them; he shall not be confounded when he shall speak to his enemies in the gate."

In other words,thesecurity and bet* terment of this country of ours, Australia,can beat be

realised by raising to the highest standard our ideal of family life. Of course, this ideal. I

know,is not everywhere popular.Open your newspapers and you will see related there, as though it were some proud achievement, the high record established in Australia by divorce. Birth-control is still being blatantly advocated by shameless men and women,

notwithstandingthe factthat the leaders of our country—those charged with the responsibility of watching over her welfare—have repeatedly dectared that Australia cannot long remain free with 7,000000 people, ant: that we must populate or perish.

If we will allow our thoughts go back to those black days before the Japanese struck, when we sto"d against our enemies we will remember thatoften we heard thewords: Ifonly we bad more men. But then we had allowed ourselves to be deceived by the vapourings of puffed-up men, who would have its build without God or His law. Thus, when the Japanesa struck, we should have squandere3 and have flung asay the security and freedom of this land, for which so many of our men had died, had n.,!.

Almighty God vouchsafed to us the airs of so powerful an Ally as the United States. And, Ifea-, we may not yet ha%e learnt our lesson. How else can we c.:plain the presence in our midst ,f cnctmes worse than the Japanese hava been—men and women who are con stantly enticing thoughtless people loy richpromisesofeaseandcomfort from the pathofduty toselfishnessandself, indulgence that must finally lead to their own and to their country's ruin.

If,therefore, wewilljustify the pride we feel for the good qualities of our fighting men. if we will prove ourselves worthy of the sacrifices they have made, then let us make this 1945 commemoration of Anzac Day an effective one•by turning backtoGod and with harhble and contrite hearts thank Him forhavingledus so far along the road to victory,and promiset}at in all our effortsto build upafree, strong and happy Australia we shall seek no other foundation than the path of duty as set out for us by His how law,

INPAESARIO ALEXANDER LEUTTOFF ASSEMBLY HALL, THURS., 17th., SAT., 19th.

2

Conversion of,aRabbi The Rome Sensation

Afew weekts ago there appeared in thedaily press an announcementofthe conversion of the Chief Rabbi of Rome, Professor Israele Anton Zolli, to the Roman Catholic faith. Prof. Zolli, anoted scholar, is seventy-three years old and has known the Pope for many years, as he had worked with him on the Exegesis of the Old Testament in the Vatican Library. The story of the rise of anti-Semitism in Italy, the Nazi occupation, the intervention of the Papacy on behalf of the Jews, and the deliverance by the Allied Forces present the background to Prof. Zolli'srenunciation of Judaism.

After the Nazis infiltrated into Italian domestic politics,one of the -

many serious problems facing the head of a Jewish family in Rome was the safety of the women. The convents and monasteries were opened to these'i;omen and vounggirls,andinsome cases whole families were sheltered behind cloistered walls, An American army correspondent, Irwin Randolph, wrote: "The Pope is a figure who will go down in the history of the Roman Jews as their greatest friend when no other dared to be available."

In July, 1944.on the occasion of the liberation of Rome. Prof. Zolli conWANTED TO BUY' Stoves, Wood an;PlainandOldRootIron,Ooppers, Resters.Best Prices, RingEM.

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ducted the service on the banks of the Tiber River, where more than 4,000 Jews were gathered. It was at this time that he was received in private audience by Pope Pius XII. Ile came to express the gratitude of Rome's Jews for the moral and material aid given by the Vatican during the occupation.

In Rome, there was arift between Prof. Zolli and certain of the lay leaders of the Jewish community. The Chief Rabbi dissented from the advice of Ugo Foa, President of the Rome Jewish Community Council, who advised the Jews to remain in their homes, assuring them the Nazis would not harm them. Prof, Zolli blamed Foa for the deportation of 40 per cent. of Rome Jewry-. He revealed to aU.S. Army officer how, from September 10 to 13 to went to the synagogue and preached every day to warn thecommunity what was going to happen. He advised them to scatter, hide, and close all businesses and told them thatall religious services were to be suspended. Ile further related that "what the Vatican had done Vill be indelibly and eternally engraved on our hearts. TheChurchwas superhuman, priests. and even high prelates, did things thatforever will be an honour to Catholicism."

The conversion of Rome's Chief Rabbi is, of course, asuccess for the Catholic Church.

The event is, however, of significance for another reason. One of the post-war problems Jewry may have to face is that of large-scale conversion of Jews to Christianity. The psychological effect of all that has happened in the past few years will cause asevere reaction among European Jewish survivors. Some will want to forget their Jewishness and become dissociated from everything concerned with Judaism. The conversion of aleader such as Prof. Israele Anton Zolli, from this point of view, may cause serious repercussions.

—A correspondent in the "Australian Jewish Herald." March. 16. 1945.

Archbishop's Challenging Comments

In one of the most challenging statements yet issued on fumtigration, and the place of the foreigner in Australian Hie, His Grace the(Archbishop James Brisbane,the Most Rev. Duhig,D.D„ declared:

"God send us 200,000 immigrants from somewhere,but not immigrants who will fill the ranks of job-hunters in the cities."

Calling attention to the thousands of foreigners, who have come into Australia during the war, not to set tie on the land, but to compete in the professions with doctgrs, dentists and others who are away at the war, His Grace pointed out that not asingle word of criticism had been levelled against them, while the vilest abuse had been poured out in Queensland on the industrious Italians.

Hundreds of these Italians, he said, had been interned, mostly to satisfy the prejudices of men who hated alike the Italian's religion and his nationality, and were jealous of his success.

"The ordinary citizens," said His Grace, "must be weary of reading reports of branches of the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Associations and other bodies who objected to foreigners, and particularly to Italians obtaining land in Queensland,and who complained that those foreigners have, in the past, deprived of their bread and birthright Australians of British •tuatll asugo -Jnd of 2ulllcm sJauSlaJoJ iaglo .ills

Jo 'aut,Q agi -

ustuia0 ag1 of 9wJEJ nagl lno Sulllas aiilgmasp pule ia,irloolaql to sialllas gsul Jo sluspuaosap agi puU of Alaurailxa our pained suq 1J„ smreg ln0 eu.Has 'molluJ Nu I .

( 1 '1105

utSnA— iolsai0

aql Io

spuuq agi LuoiJ auIEJ 11 su

lsnf paumUual

1t,g1purl amianpoid Jo same Jo suoi111Lu 041 Sulllai2aa 1nog11 ,

tt 1! g9noigl

palla.tuii. tanau a.teq Iput,

„'aat,i0 s1I1 P!t:s ,'aals aql Jo uazpp a3via.te Auu ss drIlam se—lsa.w pus Isiluao'glnos'gliou —pus;suaanC) -Aouy I1Iuig1 Imox„ 'luaisap

"These descendants are found today in the railway. the police force, and other arms of the Government service, and their children after them will still be working for others. Eng. lishmen, with regard to their own race, must have like regrets.

"Now, where has the German, the Dane and the Italian beaten us? It i•, Ibelieve, in their land hunger, their craving and love of the land.

"The first Great War scattered our voting men from the land, and many of them thereafter had no desire to return to it. Consequently, the parents sold out, and the buyer was generally a foreigner. Soldier Settlements.

"Soldier settlements were largely-

a failure, and the millions spent on them were as good as thrown into the sea A large percentage of the returned men had simply no taste for agricul• tore. They just marked time until the house was built, the fencing done and the Government allowance petered out then they went out themselves, disgruntled and disappointed, only to go'in seek ajob in the city.

"I am not teflerting on the returned soldiers, but on the folk- of giving them occupation nor which thew were not suited either by inclination or training.

"As to the sugar industry and the preponderance of Italians in the Forth, this has aroused considerable ill-feel!Ile

and jealousy.

"But we must remember that the Italian entered into the industry with abig handicap. He had neither friends nor capital. Ile worked first a' a cane-cutter. he and his mates noolPd their wales, saved every possible nennv and bought acane farm in sue ceca

;nn for each man in the nool.

"They built homes and raised families- and to-day many of them have sonsand daughtersat high schools and the university.

"I do not believe in Italians settling in groups or little colonies, and Ihave

told them so, because it is ahindrance to their becoming Australianised; but that has occurred only in the sugar and tobacco growing areas, and for the reasons Ihave already mentioned. The Italians certainly have been a wealth=producing factor for Queensland, as anyone familiar with the sugar industry must know.

'"The statement of aspeaker at arecent meeting that200,000 Italians were coming to Australia astonished me, as Ihad notseenitinthe daily press nor heard of it from any other source. It would be interesting to know where or with whom the rumour originated,

"All Ican sqy is: God send us 200,000 immigrants from somewhere, but not immigrants who will fill the ranks of job-hunters in the cities. We want men and women who will go on the land and relieve Australia of the stigma of being an empty continent, a-country which if we do not populate we have no

right to retain.

"I was pleased to see cabled from London to-day news of some ap preachment between the British and Australian Government regarding immigration, and Imay say that Ihave been interesting myself in aproposed :cheme to getout agood type of English boy and girl.

"But Ifeel, as do many other peo. ple, that the cannot depend entirely, nor even very partially, on Great Bri.tain to supply us with immigrants,

"We must, therefore, open our doors to immigrants from other countries; to what extent is for our Government to say. But Irepeat, we don't want job-chasing immigrant's. Tradesmen and mechanics will certainly be needed: but what we want, above all, is people to take up land settlement and develop our primary industries.

Countryside Depopulated.

"It is, Ithink, notable that objec. tors to Italian immigration say nothing of the thousands of other foreigners who have invaded Australia during the war to compete in business and the professions, to acquire big city properties a,nd make the housing question more acute. At the same time Italians were being interned by the hundreds.

"It is greatly to be regretted that while people are scrambling for livingr accommodation in the city, the countrvside is heing depopulated and 'chool's are being closed by the Department of Public Instruction,

"Let its, in heaven's name. put away sectional and sectarian bitterness and face this question of immigration and land settlement with open minds.

"I am prepared to meet an_v aceredited representative of the RS.S.A. and contribute whatever I can in money-

or counsel to forward any workable 'scheme that they may propose for the settlement of returned men.

"But Iwarn all concerned that as the land must necessarily be cultivated to support ourpopulation, and for export purposes, if our own peonle not prepared to do the cultivating, then it must he done by the foreigner or the nation will perish.

DNS

DistinguishedStudents attheUniversity

LeagueofCatholic Youth,Subiaco

ANNUAL CARD PARTY

Members are requested to pray for therepose of the soulsofthe following members, who have died during the past month:

F. Yench, junr.(P.O.W.),of East Fremantle Branch.

D.Gaynor: of East FremantleBranch.

J.C. Davern: Of Highgate Branch.

1, Coonan: iOf Leederville'Branch.

.M.Cosgrave: Of Osborne ParkBranch.

W. J. Foley: Of East Fremantle Branch.

M.Stack: Of St. Brigid's(WestPerth) Branch.

F. J. Critch: O( East Fremantle Branch.

May their souls rest in peace.

in connection with the May Processionin honour ofOurLady,tobe held this Sunday, May 6, at St. Columba's Church, South Perth, it is desired that the Holy Name Society take aprom in. ent part. South Perth branch invite all branches to send astrong representation of their members tomarch with South Perth members, behind their banner. Every member intending to be prekent should be at St. Columba's Church not later than2.45 p.m., asthe ceremony will commence punctually at 3p.m. Branch officers and spiritualdirectorsare requestedtodoeverything`possible to secure agood representation of Holy Name members.

Sunday, May 13, is this month's Holy Name Sunday, except in the case's of those few branches who are compelled by unavoidable circumstancestoobserve someSunday other than thesecondSunday of themonth. All members are reminded of their obligation to attend Holy Name %lass, receive lloly Communion, and be pre• sent at the evening meeting of their branch.

News of the continued expansion of ourSociety in the ArchdioceseofPerth continues to arrive. The latest and most welcome news in this connection is the formation of anew branch at Norseman. May Godgrant themsuccess in their establishment, and may Ile bless them with continued expansion in their numbers and quality of member=-hip,

National he

adquarters have advised us that photos. of members who have 1,cen killed in action, or who have died o: wounds received in action, will be published free of all charge in the i,oly Name monthly,itis desired that branches in this Diocesan Union avail themselves of this generous offer. Branch secretariesare requested to obtain, and send to the General Secretlay, Mr. k;ntest J. Farmer, such photos, as they can obtain with infor. ma

ti o

n covering the members' full names, addresses, units in which they served, and, if possible, information concerning the theatreof war in which they met their deaths,

It is now possible to obtain junior executive and junior prefect badges. The junior executive badges will be black and white, junior prefects red and blue, junior membersall gilt as at present. The design will be the same as the present gift badges, thus distingushing them from senior badges.

Great success has attended junior ' membership in those branches whose numbers of juniors are such as to enable them to have tneir own prefects. and their own executive council, preferably under the supervision of asen. ior. The boys arethereby encouraged to take agreater interest in the Society and obtain atraining in the duties of officers and prefects, thus making them of great value to the senior branch when promoted to seniority.

Bran

ch spiritual directors will be given further information by the General Secretary if desired.

All correspondence on Holv 'Name So

ciety matters should' addressed to the General Secretary, Mr. Ernest 1. Farmer, 45 Leonard-street. Victoria Park.

FAREWELL TO APRIL.

AMay Day gift to,you might be 12.0(10. Try vourluckin the No.2a5b Charities Consultation. There are S61 prizes, including afirst prize of £2000.

Our usual weekly meeting was held onMonday,April30. About30members were present. As always, things went with asM1ving and agood time was had by all.

Oneofthe features of thenight's entertainment was adebate on "I's Science Beneficial to Mankind"? The speakers were'Messrs. Sweeney, O'Connor, Hesford and Harris. The decision went to the negative side, consisting of Messrs. Hesford and Harris. These debates are rapidly becoming apopular feature'of our Monday night meetings.

Sport.

Last Sunday night the L.C.Y. basket-ball team played ascratch match against the Subiaco Police Boys. Considering the-short time the L.C.Y. team has been in existence, they put up aremarkably good performance.

The annual Card Party for the Carmelite Sisters, which washeldon April 12, at theCollege,VictoriaSquare,was quite as successful as previous parties. The Lady Mayoress,who was among the players, presented the prizes to the following winners: Mesdames Davies and Kinsella; Miss Hardy, and Messrs. Foley and Hamilton, for bridge; and Miss Comerford and Mrs. Branch, for rummy.

The raffle was,won by ticket No. P430,. Miss E. McInnes, Smyt: e_road, Nedlands.

Aberdeen-streets, West Perth, on Tues. day and Thursday afternoons, from 5 pm. onwards.

JOHN NEVILLE SUTHERLAND, obtained aUniversity Scholarship in Pure Science.

Basket-ball practice isheld on every second Thursday night as from May 10. We want a good, enthusiastic team to be in Al condition by June, as the competition start in the second week of that month. So come along topractice,.youbasketballenthusiasts, and there's no reason why the L.C.Y. shouldn't be among the leaders in this sport as it is in the other interclub activities,

Football.

Ascratch match was played last Saturday against Western Districts, whenthe opportunitywastakento try outthe possible and probables for this year's L.C.Y. team. Several players revealed encouraging form; yet again quite anumber indicated that they were short of arunandcoulddo with some solid training.

All boys anxious to represent the L.C.Y. should attend trainingat Hamilton Square, corner Sutherland and

The seasonopens officially on Saturday, May 12. This year, in addition to the first eighteen, we have nominated an under 16 team, and there are still vacancies in both sides. So come alongtotraining. Ifunabletoattend training, communicatewith the Secretary, L.C.Y. II:Q„ Subiaco, or ring B3247 (Mr. Ryan).

Table tennis is still well to the fore in the Monday night club activities, and if practice makes perfect, Messrs. Moxham and Nelligan are well on the way to professional status.

We are still asking for books for newly-formed L.C.Y. Library. We want to have 1,000 books by the time the winter starts. It sounds alot, but if everyone in the parish gave at least one book the lit ery irnild b filled without effort,

Important Notice.

Owing to the fact that next Monday is apublic holiday, there will be no L.C.Y. meeting. Meeting as usual'on the following Monday.

Old clothes needed by the Society ofSt.Vincent dePaul for distribution to the poor. Parcels may be left at"The Record" Office, 460Hay-street,Perth.

Our Catholic Schools and Colleges

Loreto Convent "Osborne" — Claremont BOARDING AND DAYCOLLEGE.

RONALD ANTHONY PHILLIPS

was also placed within the Commonwealth Quota, for students taking the Engineering Degree, Both students passed with distinction in the Leaving Certificate at St. Marvrs

sChristian Brothers College, Leederville, in November, 1944.

ANTI- GOD DRIVE OPENS IN LUBLIN

The Lublin Committee have aroused the anger of the Polish population by the anti-religion: propaganda which it either directs or permits.

This has heen revealed in Paris by three French prisoners of war who, having escaped, spent nearly two months in Lublin territory.

Thev declared that they were brci;c present at godless films.-On both occasions the audience left the hall in anger as soon as they perceived the tendency of the films.

The soldiers described the conditions prevailing in the area under the "authority" of the Lublin Committee as ones of"extreme chaos; with the entire population—workmen, artisans, and the remnants of the intelligentsia --mistrusting the Committee.

They said that the lands distributed among the peasants under the new agricultural reform decree are often left fallow by their new owners. who do not believe that they were given to them legally and in perpetuity and therefore do not want toput any work into them. The Committee, added the soldiers, is looked upon by the people as atemporary creation with. out afuture, and they said that they did nct meet with asingle sincere adherentofit.

TheSchoolprovidesasoundeducation on modem lines in all branches of study. The pupils are prepared forallexaminations. TheSchool is beautifully titcated between Ocean and River, in extensive grounds, with fine playing fields and private Swimming Pool in River. Telephone: F2135. Apply— MOTHER SUPERIOR.

SACRED HEART HIGH SCHOOL

HIGHGATE — PERTH.

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ST. ILDEPHONSUS' COLLEGE

NEW NORCIA

CONDUCTED BY THE MARIST BROTHERS. Oatbolle boys recommended an thescars of character by their Parish Priest, and ready to commence atleast Sixth Standard

or writes can be now enrolled for eoomnensOuaut in February, 1916. Applloa0011 should bemade atonce. Acceptanceduring1945 is nolonger possible. For Particulars Apply to—THE BROTHER DIRECTOR.

OHC.1nTIAN BROTHERS,xT. HENRY.

ONE OF THE ASSOCIATED PUBLICSCHOOLS OF W.A.

AQUINAS COLLEGE

TELEPHONE: NU1690. rok BOARDERS AND DAY STUDENTS. BOYS ADMITTED FROM 7UPWARDS.

Beautifully Situated, overlooking the river, near the new Canning Bridge. For Particulars apply to— The Principal, Aquinas 00090, CanningParade,MLHetary

H.A.C.B.S.,

St. Anthony'sBranch,Midland Junc_ eon.

At the meeting held on April 25, which was very well attended, acordial welcome was given to our new curate.

The branch is preparing for the presentation ofaplay. Socialgameswill commence on our next meeting night, of which members are very enthusiastic,and competition promises to be keen. ,•i FOR

489

Catholic dll•'•%!•►!!IIIIII►il Girls' c.G.nl. MOVEMENT

CATHOLIC WOMEN'S ,

LEAIGUZ.

The annual GeneralCommunion day of the Catholic Womenls League is next Sunday, May 6. All members areasked toattendintheirown parish. Canteen Dates.

Tuesday, May 8: Barrack St. Buffet.

Thursday, May 17.,

Phyllis Dean Hostel.

Tuesday, May 8, and Wednesday, May 16: Dunleavy House.

The bridge party, organised by Mrs. Goody, in aid of the Burse given by the League every year to St. Charles' Seminary, will be held in the League Rooms on Thursdayevening, May 10.

The executive meeting will be held on Wednesday, May 9; general meeting, May 14.

Highgate Hill-Branch.

The annual meeting will take place at the Parish Hall on Thursday, May 10, 1945, at 3p.m. As the election of office-bearers for the coming year will take place, agood attendance is requested. Final arrangements for the bridge party will also be made.

J.NEILSON, Optician

S. DANNELL, F.S.M.C.(London), W.A.O.A.

OPTOMETRIST, Tel,: B2014. 16 PLAZA ARCADE, PERTH.

BRYANT & WATERS, 80to90STIRLINGST., PERTH. WOOD 6t COALMERCHANTS.

Orders Promptly Attended To. 'Phone:B8988.

S. BEECROFT — Butcher

181 Rokeby Road,Subiaco.

Only Prime Fresh Killed Meat Sold. 'Phone W1373.

BUNBURY.

LAND and ESTATE AO=NT, G. H. TEEDE.

'Phone 81 .. Private 987 SMITH'S BUILDINGS, WELLINGTONBT., BUNBURY.

Businesses,Farms,No-see.Land

For Sala

PATRONISE OUR ADVERTISERS.

ALBANY, H. C.

Pri

orFuneralDirector

ALBANY (Eatabllehed 1921), Private Mortuary.MotorVehicles, ChargesModerate. 'Phone 215. Albany, Mt.Barker,Denmarkand Districts.

KALGOORLIE.

J. W. SHEEHAN, PRIME BELF BUTCHER.

HANNAN ST., KALGOORLIE. MARITANA STREET. Tel.438.............Tel.438

ALEX RODOREDA

Turf Commission Agent 802 HAY STREET. AGENT FOR W.A. CHARITIES. Ring B5841 and B5236.

Catholic Funerals

Perth Funeral Directors Ltd.

Headquarters and Club Rooms: Bank of N.S.W. Chambers, 65 St. George's Terrace (near Sherwood Court), Rooms 7.10, First Floor. TELEPHONE.,B4836.

• CALENDAR OF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY:

Shorthand: 5.15 p.m. to 6.30 p.m.

Liturgy:8p.m.

-TUESDAY:

Physical Culture: 7-8 p.m.

Orchestra: 8p.m.

WEDNESDAY:

Shorthand: 5.15 pm. to 6.30 p.m.

Dressmaking: 7p.m.

Arts and Crafts: 8p.m.

Red Cross, E.S.C.: 8p.m.

THURSDAY: MASS: 8a.m.

EXPOSITION all day.

BENEDICTION: 5.15p.m.

Choir: 8p.m.

RRIDAY: 'Softball precise: 5.15 p.m., on the Esplanade.

SATURDAY:

Kalamunda Busy Bee: 1.15bus.

Tennis at Robertson Park: 2p.m.

SUNDAY:

Tenisat Robertson Park: 2p.m.

• E.&C. GROUP.

Our next meeting will be on May 9, when, as you know, we are commencing arefresher course in Home Nursing. It is intended to have amonthly lecture and devote the alternate meeting to practice. You must all feel the need ofthis, nowweare doing hospital work again, so do come along on the 9th.

On May20, Red Cross Sunday, all members of the Company are requested to attend 11 o'clock Mass at St. Mary's Cathedral. A's this isthe only Sunday especially set aside for prayer for Red Cross activities, it is hoped everygirl will make aspecial effort to be present and also contact Catholic girls from other Companies. If able to attend, kindly ring Joan Courtland, M1691, ext. 245, before Monday, May is.

CANTEENSERVICE.

We are still in need of girls to hostess at Canteen. Take anote of the undermentioned dates, andcome along and do your bit by entertaining the boys.

Phyllis Dean Hostel—

C.G.M, Group- Friday, May 4.

L.B.A. Group: Sunday, May 13.

C:G.M. Group: Tuesday, May 29. DANCE.

As we are not able to procure Cathedral Hall for some weeks, our fortnightly dances have been -postponed until May 31, Now, don't forget to keep this date free, tell your friends .mdmakeitareal"gettogether"evening. Remember, the more you bring, the more the fun.

DANCINGCLASSES..

These classes for the Y.C.W, and C.G.M. will take place in the Highgate Parish Hall, Harold-street commencing on Thursday, May 10, at 8 p.m., and from then onfortnightly, al• ternating with our dances in Cathedral Ilall, Beforeany boy or girl canbe admittedtothehall,he orshe mustproduce amembership card signed by an officer of their Movement. These card's are personal and not transferable, and we advise card holders to acquaint themselves thoroughly with the rules printed thereon.

Fremantle Branch

RoomZ4, andT,ImperialChambers, 46 MARKET ST., FREMANTLE. Telephone L1968. •

CALZ14DIAR OF ACTIVITIES.

MONDAY: 8-9.30 p.m.: Homecrafts. Z30p.m:9,30p.m.: Dressmaking. (Continued foot of next column.)

CATHOLIC TENNIS ASSOCIATION

On Sunday,,April22, theAssociation commenced aseries of competition matches in "A'and "B"Grades. From theresultsreceived itisquiteapparent that the members have entered into thespiritofthe competitionright from the beginning. Particular enthusiasm is being displayed by junior members, some of whom are just getting the

ir first introduction into competitive tennis.

"A" (Grade.

The followingare theresults:

St. Joachim's (2) defeated St. Joachim's (1), 11 sets 93 games to 7sets 80games.

St. Columba defeated (Highgate 9 sets 83 games,to 8sets 82 games.

'IB" Grade.

St.ColumbadefeatedSt.Kevin's(3), l8sets 108games to0sets 10games.

St. Joachim's defeated St. Mary's (2), 15 sets 103 games to 3 sets 44 games.

St. Anthony's (2). defeated St. Kevin's(2), 14sets97 games to 4sets 57 games.

St. Mary's (1) defeated St. Kevin's 11), 12 sets 93 games to 6. sets 78 games.

St. Anthony's (1) defeated Highgate, 10 sets84games to 8sets73 games.

The fixtures for the next round, on Sunday, May 13, are asfollows:

"A" Grade.

K. v. C., at K,; H. vJ2, at H; JI, hye.

"B" Grade.

Al v. 111. At A.; A2 v.C., at C.; Al2 v. H., atAl.; Kl v.J„atJ.

The following match will be played on Saturday, May 12, or as arranged bythe Club: K2 v. K3,atK.

Matches to commence sharp at 1.30 P.m.

In case of wet weather members to ring W1399 after 10.30 a.m., to ascertainif play ison.

Fixture cards will be available shortly.

TUESDAY.

7--8 p.m.: Chou.

WEDNESDAY: 5.30--7 p.m.: Softball. 8-10.30 p.m.: Canteen-Social.

THURSDAY: 7.30-9p.m.: Cooking. 8-9p.m.: Dramatics.

SATURDAY: 2.30--5 p.m.: Softball.

LUNCB6CLUB.

The roomsare open from 12--2 every day for the benefit of all girls who, work in Fremantle. Bring yourlunch up to the rooms,andenjoyapleasant chat and acup of tea. Doris Deane is in charge from 12-•1, and Marie Wright from 1--2.

HOMECRAFTS.

Here is ahobby all youhome-loving people have been waiting for. The papier mathe work the girls havedone sofaris reallylovely. Docomealong to the rooms next Monday night and try it out. We are sure you will be very interested in this activity, Shirley(Higgins and :Fora Moulding will both be there to show you how.

Again Pre-War Quality Roof Paint, 28/- gal. Copper Grates,V. Hassell's, 669 Wellington Street.

Suarez-ChampionofthePeople

FamedJesuitWriterControverted James

I

Founder of Democratic Ideals

]Chatonearthis themeaningofthis pile of books being kindled with state. ly ritual just outside the Town Hall?

The curious inquirer was told that thoseannoyingJesuitswereatitagain.

The heretics had found it bad enough for Bellarmine to be showing up the falseness of their doctrines without another champion of the Catholic cause entering the arena. This dew toreador threatened to be even more redoubtable, soadeptwasheatfinding the weak spots of his opponents and overcoming themwith irrefutablearguments. The newcomer to the fray was none uther than the Spanish Jesuit, Francis Suarez already advanced in years and famous throughout Europe as atheologian.

Such consternationdid hisbooks"In defence of the Catholic and Apostolic Faith..:create thatthe hereticswere furious. His statement of the Catholic cause and quashing of his adversaries wasso clearand unanswerable that his works were publicly burned in Franceand England. When thenews of this displav of pyrotechnics reached him, Father Suarez declared:"May it please God that the fate of my book might also be mine, and that I may confirm with myblood andmylife the doctrines which up to*now Ihave defended onlywith my pen:"

Like so many others whohave turned out brilliant scholars. Francis did not excel at school. Rather he was oneof the"low scorers,"findinglessons dull and uninteresting. Ile tells us: "I fled from the very sight of books and seemed incapable of overcoming my repugnance for them." His case isjustanotherexampleofthe truth of Our Lord's words: "Whatever you shall ask the Father in bfy name, He shall give you." Once Francis had felt the call of the higher life, dedicated toGod in areligiour Order, heplaced his trust in the Almighty, Who in His generosity gave him, not just the bare minimum of intelligence, but an astute mind and, more important still, akeen interest in learningand zeal for hisstudies.

When Francis entered the Society of Jesus, it was only twenty-four years after its official foundation by Saint Ignatius in 1340. Ile was only eighteen at the time and was destined to Spend over fifty,

years in the Society, labouring till the last in the service of HisLordeventhough hishealth, never robust, suffered many breakdowns.

Like famous theologians of all times, Francis Suarez was aman of prayer, Indeed their intellectual achievements are the fruit and reward of the spirit ofprayerandtrustintheLord. Fran. cis himself said that he valued one hour spent in communion with God more than all the knowledge that the whole world could impart. According to amember of his community, Father Suarez seemed as though he was always coming from prayer or rather that he never left it. Tow,ards the close of his life, although he was engaged in active teaching and writing to the last, he devoted six hours a clay tomeditation.

At the time of the publication of his monumental work, already referred to. Suarez was already nearing his seventieth milestone. Hispen wasdirected primarily against James I.; in response to his attack on The Faith, Suarezcompiled sixbooks,"InDefence oftheCatholicandApostolicFaith...;" written, be it noted, in hisspare time , for he w•as avery busy man, occupying the important post of Professor of Theologyat the University ofCoimbra in Portugal. These volumes are ex. tremely interesting at the presentday, as, in opposition to James, who propounded the theory of '"The Divine Right of Kings." Suarez set out, for the first time in aclear and orderly fashion, the principles of Modern Democracy. According to the theory of theDivine Right,amonarch,beingans.

it

werable to God alone, could behave as an absolute tyrant. In reply,"Doctor Eximius and Pius"(as Suarez was dubbed by Pope PaulV.,and has been known as ever since), showed that a sovereign's duty

is to provide for the well-being of his subjects. On the principles of democracy set forth -

by Suarez and his Italian fellow-Jesuit, St. Robert (Cardinal) Bellarmine, the epoch-makingConstitutionsoftheUnited States of America were framed, whichproclaim:"We hold these truths as self evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, iiberty and the pursuit of happiness... that, whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and to institute a new government."

Father Francis Suarez was a most colourful character, with irons in an array of different fires. Besides being outstanding as aphilosopher and theologian, he was an eminent lawyer.

Following the lead of Francis Vittoria he built up aco-ordinated system

of national and international law, the basis of present-day codes and agreements among the nations ofthe world. During his longcareer, he had the unhappyknackofbeingembroiledincontroversaries on awide variety of subjects and with individuals and institutions of all sorts.

His devotion to Our Lady was one of his outstanding characteristics, his first publication being atreatise,"On the Incarnation," and, three hundred wears before its definitionas

adogma, he was amost energetic advocate of the doctrine of the Blessed Virgin's Immaculate Conception. She appear. ed to one of his fellow priests, expressing her gratitude to Father Suarez for"having consecrated his talentwith such eagernessand filial piety to the manifestation of my glory."

Francis himself attributes to her powerful intercession the remarkable grace he obtained when he changed, almost overnight, from abackward and disin. terested scholar to one of the brightest intellects of his age.

Father Suarez's achievements are just another example of the power of prayer and trust in God; just another illustration of the truth of St. Paul's words:

"The foolish thingsoftheworld hath God chosen that hemay confound the twice: andthe weak thingsof the world hath God chosen that he may confound the strong."—Denis Sheridan, S.J.

DOMINICAN SPEAKER.

For the first time for over 100 wears aDominican sat in the president's chairat arecentmeetingofthe French National Consultative Assembly in the Luxembourg Palace, Paris, normally theChamber of the French Senate.

lie is Father Carriere, vice-president of the Assembly, who was called on to fill the position in the absence of the president.

The last religious to do'so was, it is believed. the famous Pere Lacordaire, alsoaDominican. Ilepresidedatparliamentary assemblies in the Chamber of the Peers of the old French monarchy, Father Carriere was four years ago anobscure French missionary minister. ing inCairo. Fame came to himsuddenly when, with the threatened collapse of the whole French Empire, he joinedCol.de Larminat,nowCommanderof the French Army on the Atlan. ticcoast,in rallying,organisingand restoring the morals of French fighting units wandering into Egypt as French centresin the NearEast acquiesced in the Armistice. He established bospitals for the wounded and hostels for menonleave.

(Continuedfootofnextcolumn.)

"The ,

Enquiry"-,,.Method in Catholic Action

OfficialExpositionof NewTechnique

By FATTIER G. VILL.

For the first time in Australia the successful method of the J.O.C. of Europe—namely, the "Enquiry"—has been

thoroughlyexplained-inthepublication"The Enquiry," by Rev. C. Mayne, S.J., and K. W. Mitchell, Melbourne Diocesan Secretariat of CatholicAction. The authors.bothparticularly fitted for the work, have produced whatis unquestionably thebest treatment of the Enquiry forthe English-speaking world, and everyone interested in Catholic Action will welcunte this booklet.

The Enquiry is avery difficult exercise in the beginning, but Iam sure m this book will help any a leader's group to success, will train the leader toapproachproblemsoflife withaCatholic mind. Ipersonally feel most grateful to the authors, for Ifound it necessary to spend considerable time explaining the methods and purposeof the Enquiry. Briefly, the method here outlined is to See, to judge, and then to Act. The method is quite natural, we ourselves have learned about life

Excitable Debaters.

When the French Committee of Algiers,groupedround Generalde Gaulle, asked'the French colony in Cairo to send adelegate to the Popular Consul. tative Assembly, Father Carriere was unanimously elected. His journey was delayed because at that time he wasmaking apreachingtour. At Algiers Father Carriere was soon chosenvice-president, winning60ofthe 61 votes. This mandate was renewed almost unanimously when the AssemblvmovedtoParisaftertheliberation,

Father Carriere's taskaspresidentof theAssembly in Pariswasnotaneasy one. He was faced with anarugmentative house of men who in the past yearshave grown more used to action than to speech—veterans of the Ma• quis,fighterswhosetemperamentsome. times triumphs over their conduct as politicians.

His paternal voice, however, quelled the exuberances of an excited debate.

the verysame way,the onlydifference is that we have been asked to think, to realise what we already know our eyeshavebeenopened,weSee.Having seen the situation clearly we judge, and thenAct accordingly. "When a man acts thls, he acts in the most natural manner possible. for in any given rational action there is: 1. The observation of facts and conditions. 2. The judgement of the intellect and a basisforthatjudgement. 3.The commandof the willto actand theAction itself.'

Properly to SEE it is important that leaders collect real facts—not impressions. IntheJUDGEpartleaders learn to apply what they havelearned from continualGospel Discussions and Meditations, and thetalksof theChaplain. The priest can help them more in this part than in any other. This section needs careful attention and thought, and various suggestions are made by the authors as to the formation of the Catholic mind. The ACT partwilloftennotbepracticalyet,but something towards this action can and must always be done. There should never be an enquiry withouteither individual or collective action rising therefrom. The authors point out that definite action is most important. The resolution made must not be too vague or it may never lead to results. One must work down to the root of the problem, find out the little details about it and start somewhere with something definite.

The final purpose of the Enquiry is to change the environment, to make the world again Christian, or as the authors say,"to put on Christ" In order to do so one must know the world andChristianity. Thispublication will aid many to gain such knowledge; to realise the ideal of Catholic Action,"tobring Christtothe World." This is indeed a"MUST" book for all who (would participate in the lay apostolate in Catholic Action.

(Obtainable from A.NS.C.A. Publi. cations Department. Price 9d. per copy.)

YoungN.Z.PriestDiesto PreserveSealofConfessional

Tortured by Japs.for Three Days

A story of heroic fortitude,worthy of aplace among the most glorious pages in the history of the Catholic Church, was unfolded by the Rev. Father G. O'Donnell,CM.R., one of the Australian missionaries just returned from the Philippines,in an interview with the editor of"The Catholic Weekly," Sydney.

The hero of Father O'Donnell's storywasayoungNew Zealandpriest, the Rev,Father Francis Douglas, a member of St. Columban'sMisisonary society.

Every member of the Irish community of Columban Fathers in Manila was wantonly murdered by Japanese soldiers but for Father Douglas, who was stationed in the provinces, was reserved the special privilege of a martyr's death.

For three days and three nights he was bound by his hands and feet to the baptismal font of atiny church while Japanese soldiers tortured him in an effort to make him reveal what Catholic Filipino' guerrillas had told him in confession.

In an almost miraculous manner, Divine Providence ordained that another Catholic priest should be brought to him just before his death, and to this brother-priest he made his last confession and received Absolu• tion before his dauntless soul returned to its Creator.

Father Douglas(said Father O'Donnell) was in charge of the little parish church of Pelilla, not far from Manila.

JapaneseVisit.

In the district there was acertain amount of guerrilla activity from time to time.

Many of'the guerillas were Catholics, and whenever they had an opportunity they would come down from thehills for Father Douglas to hear their confessions.

Whenany of them was wounded in skirmishes with the Japanese, Father O'Donnell would go off to visit them and bring them the Last Sacraments.

The Japanese apparently heard of Father Douglas's work, and one day aparty of them called at his presbyter•.

AFilipino houseboy who heard the conversation later gave details of it to aRedemptorkt Father,

The Japanese officer asked Father Douglas where- the guerillas were, and what they had told him in confession.

Father Douglas refused to answer the officer's questions.

"You have no right to

ask these things," hesaid "anditis against my conscience to speakof them"

The Japanese officer struck Father Douglas to the ground, then ordered him tobe taken toanothertown.

Ile was led into alittle Catholic church, and placed in the baptistry.

There he was tied to a baptismal font, and for three days and three nights the Japanese endeavoured to make him break the seal of the con. fessional.

Unflinchingly, hesufferedasmany of the early martyrs suffered.

When Father Douglas felt that his end was approaching, he asked the Japanese to bring aCatholic priest to him,as he wished to make alast Con. fession.

The Japanese thought that he was about to break down and give the information they required.

Last Confession, Hurriedly, they brought aCatholic priest,and to this man Father Doug• las made aSacramental Confession.

Shortly after receiving Absolution he died.

T•a priest who heard his Confession was allowed to leave by the Japanese. and it was from this man that Father O'Donnell received the details given above.

The Japanese disposed of Father Douglas's body,and the place of its burial is not yet known.

CONFESSION BY CARDS.

Some 300,000 emergency cards which enable English-speaking Servicemen to go to confession to any foreign priest have been distributed among the U.S. Forces in nine months.

Waterproof and wallet-sized, they were devised by aJesuit, Father Anthony Russo-Alesi, and bear the imprimatur of Archbishop Spellman.

Each Serviceman has two cards, one in Latin for the confessor, the other in English for himself, They have companionlist;of commonoffencesagainst the TenCommandments. All the penitenthastodotomakehisconfession is to consult his own card and point to the appropriate line on the confessor's.

The cards also listanumber of penances.

Some :American chaplains allow the cards to he used, for the sake of privacy, when hearingconfessionsincrowded conditions.

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776 HAY STREET, PERTH (opposite Fay and Gibson).

iscrimination's

"SINCE YOU WENT AWAY."

If any of my readers would like to see an extremely long, tedious and plotless film crammed with false sentiment, slush and ballyhoo, with'only average acting (notable exception being Jennifer Jones), and slaphazard casting, with Claudette Colbert as the mother of two daughters, and who in. cidentally looks so youthful that she musthave become a•parent at the age of seven with Shirley Temple, now gown up and consequently a bigger pain-in-the-neck than of yore, with Monty Woolley exchanging glances with a bulldog, and Jennifer Jones striving valiantly to redeem the film by her sincerity and artistry, then they had better go to see.this film, now screening in the city.

—'tGROUCHO."

ARNOLD MATTERS'RECITAL.

If any further proof of this artist's vocal versatility was needed, it was well demonstrated at his song recital

commenced with "Late Summer" Weter Warlock), followed by the weird"The Witch" (ArmstrongGibbs). The gay "When Childher Play" was next, and the concluding number was Peter Warlock's boisterous arrangement of the folk)song "Yarmouth Fair." Two additional modern songs, "The Law Suit" and "Ambition," were given asencores in response to theenthusiastic demands of the audience.

Miss Rosemarie Kennyprovedaneecellent accompaniste, and in addition treated us to Cesar Frunck's great masterpiece,"Prelude Chorale ani Fugue." This work of the Belgian• born master was composed when he was over 60, and was the outcome of an intention to write a prelude and fugue in the styleof Bach. Thechorale was an after thought. In the last movement the theme of the chorale is woven with the subject of the fugue, and the music moves to afinal tri. umph, Until Madame Currard included this work in her recital on October 15 last, it had been quite along time since Perth music lovers had

MR. ISADORGOODMAN, one of the foremost Australian pianists, will give two recitals in the:Assembly (fall on May 17 and 19th, His Perth programmes will include works by Chopin, Liszt, Schumann Mozart 1'ach, Brahams Strauss. The box plan will open on Thursday, May, 10, at Nicholson's.

at the Assembly Hall on Wednesday, Apra 25. Mr. Matters was in excellent voice, and the programme selected was full of interest, ranging as it did from Handel and Bach to modern British songs intersperced with Ger. man lieder and an operatic group. In aprogramme of such diversity and presented with such skill and artistry, it is adifficult task to single out any separate item for special praise.

Handel's majectic "When Storms the Proud to Terrors Doom," from "Athalie," was the opening item, and this was followed by the same composer's dignified and moving "Leave \le Radiant Light" ISemele )

.ABach recitative and air characterised by stirring declamatory passages followed.

The operatic group commenced with the stirring monologue of Gerard from Giordano's "Ambrea Chenier." This opera of the French Revolution contains many glorious passages, and it isapity that it is so

seldom heard in Perth. We were next treated to the breezy "Everything's Readv" and "Yes, Fools You and Ile Will Be,"' from "The Marriage of Figaro." The music of Mozart. despite its apparent deceptive simplicity, imposes apeculiarly exacting test on the performer. Needless to say, Mr. Matters came throughwith flying colours. Thedeft neat lines were given ample justice in ly amaster manner. Wagner's "O Star of Eve" was apopular encore in this group.

After the interval came a Lieder group, consisting of"To the Eternal" (Schubert),"The Wraith" (Schubert), and three Strauss songs,"At Night," the slightly morbid "All Souls' Day, and thepassionate"ILove But Thee." in the final group, consisting of modern English compositions, Mr. Matters

heard it. Miss Kenny's beautiful and skilful interpretation was abig contri. bution to amost successful joint re.al. Alsrahm's Waltz wasgiven as an encore.

"The pattern of Christianity has already-

been substantially altered and soon we may hear the tolling of the hells for the passing of the Four Free• doms," writes Bishop Mageean, of Down and Connor, in aPastoral Letter.

"Our European civilisation is threatened Ly an avalanche of atheistic Communism and by those disruptive ideasopposed toour libertiesand inde. pendence and in general to our Christian way of life.

"The threat is so serious that it assumes the dimensions of acrisis,...

"In 1939 war was declared because .the territory of Poland had been violated. Today athird of Polish territoryistobe seizedbyoneofthe Allies while another approves and both urge Poland to compensate herself for the loss by appropriatingGermanterritory.

"She is asked to commit the crime in protest against which she declared searandhas continued towage it with the greatest valour and steadfastness for five years.

"Poland is amoral question and involves moral issues of prime importance."

TUNES

'Phone B5824.

whichPhl'olosophy-,AScienceo{'UltimateCauses ... Facts are examined Under aFour.-Fold.Aspect Thousandsof Questions Lead to Wisdom --

By REV. DR. A. WOODBURY, S.M.

(This is the second ofaseries of articles by the Rector of the New Aquinas Academy, Sydney. University students, and teachers and professional men in general, will find them very useful and instructive.)

Philosophy is ascience of the ultimate causes or reasons of things. It gives the ultimate explanation of the existence

and nature of the things that weexperiencein the world within its and about its. It isconcerned not merely with the fact of things, but is explicative, and indeed ultimately so, analysing those objects that fall under .our experience back into their most profound causes.

This, then, is the task of the philosopher; his business is the ultimate causes from which, things in the first instance spring, and to which they are in the last analysis reduced, and the unfolding or setting forth of which is their ultimate explanation, Philosophy is the registering and knowing of these causes—just as seeing is the registering and knowing of colour. Thus philosophy does not rest satisfied with mere facts; it gets beyond and beneath the facts, to their deepest causes; just as athoughtful reader is not content with what he ac. tually reads with his eyes; he reads other things"between the lines." The book front which the philosopher reads are the facts experienced in this world: and beneath these facts he reads their profoundest causes.

Let us. to illustrate this, take a fact, and consider how the philosopher goes on about it.

What the Philosopher Does About a Fact.

Let us take the fact that adog sees and hears. The philosopher analyses this fact back to the most radical reasonswhy ananimal seesand hears; he traces the facts of seeing and hearing back to their deepest roots; he examines what seeing and hearing imply. And since such afact may make implications along many different directions, hemust track out these implications along these different lines. These directions are the four lines of causation,thefour ordersofcausality; fora fact may be caused by something in four different ways: the triangle may ue on the blackboard because the teacher drew it there(efficientcause); because acertain chalk is thus strewn upon the board (material cause); because a figure bounded by three straight sides is there(formal cause). Letuscome back nowto ourdog, and his seeing and hearing. Let us consider the fourfold analysis that the philosopher makes of this fact.

First Analysis: Formal Cause.

Secing and hearing are knowledges, for by them the dog is aware of colour and of sound. What is knowledge? Are all knowledges of the same kind as seeing and hearing? Obviously not! What then is peculiar about seeing and hearing? Are they knowledges of the same class or level as feelingand smell and tasting? How do they differ from such knowledges as imagining and remembering? And irom understanding? Are there essentially different planes of knowledge? If so, what are these planes? And what makes them different one from another?

Knowledge is always relative to some object. for to know is to know something. Whatistheobject of seeing and hearing? Colour, light, sound, sound-eaves? Whataretherelations between colour, light and sight? How .exactly docolourandlight cause sight to be

the sortofact thatin fact it is? And how do sound and the sound wave determine hearing to be of the nature that it is?

What is the object of other serisa.

tions, such as smell and taste? What j;: the object of imagination and memory? Are acts of imagination and memory sensations also? What is the object of our understanding? Is understanding also asensation? If not, how does it differfrom sensation? And how does its object differ` from the objects that are sensed? But lei itsagain comebacktoour clog,andhis act ofseeingand hearing.

Second iAnalysis: Efficient Cause.

Seeing and hearing are functions that we do not find exercised by trees and pumpkin vines, nor by stones and metals. What then do seeing and hearing pre-require in the thing that exercises them? What is it that places some things in the universe—we call them animals—upon such a higher level than plants and metals, that they function in away that is beyond the powers of these latter? To say that they live on ahigher plane oflife than the plant is not to answer the question: it is merely to say that they do higher vital actions than the plant does. The question is: Why do they do so? What is there in them that lifts them uponto this higher plane of life? Indeed what is life? What is it even in the plant that raises it up to ahigher level of activity than we find displayed by the mineral? And if the plant and theanimal live, and act, on different levels of vitality, whence comes this difference? And what a the various levels of life? What is the relation of one level of life to another? Can manv levels of life coexist in one thing? It appears that they can: for the animal exercises the vital functions of the plant—nutrition growth and generation—as well as the higher act of seeing and hearing. If therefore the various levels of life do co-exist in the one same thing, does this mean that in it there is one ulti. mate something that results in its living as the plant lives, and another ul. timate something in it that causes it to live as theanimal lives, and so on? Man indeed lives in ahigher way still than the animal: he also thinks, loves and hates; even thinksabout invisible inaudible and intangible things, and loves or hates them. IIe acts about things that are notmaterial. Is there then something in man setting him on alevel of living-ness,surpassing even the animal? Is it abodily, material, thing? Or is itsomethingstill higher?

If it is something higher than the material, then what is it? We might call it immaterial, or spiritual. But what do these terms really mean? Do they indicate something that is yetdependent on bodily and material things as regards its existence and functions, or do they signify something that can exist and act independently of matter and body, and even apart from them?

Third Analysis: Material Cause.

But to return to theseeingand hear. ing that we haveobserved in our dogl Though these functionsbe knowledges, are theynone thelessexercised by the body of the animal? By his eye, optic nerve visual ce"tre in the brain, and so on• If theyare merebodily functions, why are not all bodies capable of these acts? Isitmerely that some birdies such as minerals and trees, have not the necessary,

structural nervous and cellular organisation? Or is something else besides such organisation required? If something else is required• what is it? Is it something of the material, bodily order, or is it spiritual? If it is not spiritual, then is it something between matter and spirit, that is neither the one nor the other? Can there be some medium standing between matter and spirit? In any case,what is matter? And whence comes it that there are many kinds of material things? But we must revert to the fact noticed in our dog, that he sees and bears.

Fourth Analysis:FinalCause. Is it just apurposeless accident of chance or just apurposeless result of some blind force or law of development not aimed at anything at all, thatthe-dogsees andhears? Oris it an intended result?? If so, intended by what? Or by whom? And again, isthereapurpose beyondthemereseeing and hearing, which is intended— the seeing and hearing being for the sake of some further end? If so what is this ulterior purpose? Is it justthat the animalmayfind its food, and protect itself,and fosterits young, and such like? But why should animals do these things? Is there some purpose beyond even these things? If so, what? Is all nature, and are all natural processes and functions, order. ed? If so, by whom? If so, unto what ultimate purpose?

The Pflosopher'sTask and Responsibility, These, and a thousand other questions_ are suggested by the mere fact that adog sees and hears. This fact, so littlein itself makesathousandim. plications. To know all these implications, to answer all these questions uggested by the fact, is to be aphil-

osopher. For it is to know the ulti: mate causes of afact of experience; the most profound reasons that ex. plain it;that makes it, not observable and observed before the pbilosopher begins his work—butunderstand. able and perfectly understandable. For the philosopher is the man who perfectly understands things, insofar as they are understandable to our human mind, apart from the aid furnish. ed through divine revelation. The philosopher, then, has atremendous task; awork that in its magnitude might appal. The responsibility lying upon him is tremendous; for just as by rightly answering all these, and so many other questions, he can bestow arich wisdom upon his fellowmen, so, if his answersbe false, he disseminates among mankind the contrary of wi>dont—which is folly—and may lead men very widely astray, not only from the truth, but also from duty.

In another article, we shall consider .briefly what are the means which.the good philosopher employs dor the at. tainment of his purposes—what is the light that guides him to the ultimate causes that he seeks.

W. L. CARTER, Manager.

Established1874.

OfficialOrganoftheArchdioceseofPerth.

AddressallcommunicationstotheEditor,BoxA35,G.P.O.,Perth.

450HAYSTREET,PERTH.

TELEPHONE:B6950.

PERTH,WEDNESDAY,MAY2,1945.

Maryandthe'PeaceoftheWorld

Itissignificantthatatthisdramaticmomentwhenthewhole worldisawaitingofficialnew ,

;oftheendoftheEuropeanWar,the HolyFathershouldhaveValledtheworldtoprayer. ForV-Day willnotofitselfensureajustpeace,norhealthe material and spiritualwoundsofwar. Thisisthestrangeanomalyofthepresentconflictthatineverynationthecommon•peoplelongintheir heartsforpeacewhiletheythemselvesmustsuffermosthorribly fromtherigoursofwar. Whennowallhumaneffortisbentupon theendeavoursofthenationstoprovideasecurebasisforanenduringpeace,weturnatthebehestofourhighestspiritualrulerto GodthroughtheintercessionofMaryastoourlastandonlyrecourse. WhatisthispeacethatthenationsseekofGodandwhich inabewilderingwaytheyclaimwillbebroughtaboutthroughthe strengththatGodgivestotheirrespectivearms. Ideally,itis thatmoralconditionswhichresultsfrontthecompleteharmonyof humanwills;theharmonywhichitselfisduetopracticalidentity ofviewsandissues. Asweregardtheworldto-day,suchpeace isclearlyunattainable.

• t M r

However,suchidyllicharmony,wereitpossible,wouldnot necessarilybeagoodthing,forthecontentionofwillsisnotnecessarilyevil. Acertainamountandqualityofoppositional4pears necessaryasastimulustoeffortandtothecallingforthofthefull energiesofthehumancharacter. Thisisbestseeninthespiritual lifewheretheabsenceoftemptationwouldmakeforverydebilitatedanduncertainhabitsofvirtue. Hence,thepeacethatChrist cameonearthtoestablish ,andthatwhichliealoneatallytimecall grant,isthatwhichresultsalonefromtheobservanceofjustice. Hencewehaveapositivenotionofpeace,onewhichspringsnot fromcowardiceoracquiescenceinevil,butfromcontentionwhich hasasitsobjectthetriumphofjustice. Catholicismrecognisesno peacethatisnotfoundedinjusticeandtheChurchadequatelysets forthwhatjusticeinvolves,distinguishingbetweenthevaluesof variousrightsanddutieswhichbindnotonlytheindividualbut thefamily,thenation,andtheintercoursebetweennations. That thereiswarto-dayindicatesnotthefaihlreofChristianity1'litthe atheismandapostasyofnationswhichhave)ernlittedarrogant nationalism

andfaithinbruteforcetooverridetheuniversalmoral law. w

r r

1'eace,then,meansinfinitelymorethanthetherecessationof hostilities,andcertainlymorethanthehollowterm"victory"impliesintheinindsofmany. TheHolyFatherlabouredtinderno illusionaboutthefuturepeaceoftheworldwhenstatinghisfive celebratedPeacePoints. Hedeclared,"Weareoverwhelmedwith thethoughtoftheimmenselabourwhichwillLenecessarywhen theworldhastiredofwarandturnstothoughtsofpeaceinorder tobreakclownthegiganticNyallsofhatredandhostilitywhich havebeenbuiltupintheheatoftheconflict." Proceeding,the Popepointsoutthatthebestantimostfar-seeingplanswill be foredoomed tofailureunlessthepeopleandthosewhogovern them"developthatsenseofdeepandkeenresponsibilitywhich measuresandweighshumanstatutesaccording to

thesacredand inviolablestandardsofthelawofGod." Itwouldobviouslybea mostdastardlyhypocrisytoturntoGodinanhourofcrisisasking apeaceofHimwhichwouldnotbefoundedonHislaw,butona continuanceoftheoldpagansecularismwhichhashithertorigidly excludedHimfromthecouncilsofthenations. Thesewouldbe mealy-mouthedprayersavailingnotforpeaceandsalvation,but onlyforadoubly-dyedcynicismanddamnation. Letus then praytoGodtofillitswiththathungerandthirstforjusticewhich wasproclaimedbyChristasabeatitude,andwhichpresupposesas itsnaturalfoundationthemoralvirtueofjustice. Letusalso praytobeguidedbythatuniversallovewhichisthecompendium andmostgeneralexpressionoftheChristianideal. Foritisoniv fromthemarriageofju.•ticeandcharitythattherecanbeissueof thatdeeplydesiredpeaceofChristsurpassingallunderstanding. whichtheworldcanneithergivenortakeaway.

CessationofHostilit¢sin turop¢`

Arrangements for Religious Celebration Throughout Archdiocese

HisGracetheArchbishopannouncesthefollowingarrangements:—

OnthedayfollowingtheFederalGovernment'sannouncementofthecessationofhostilitiesinEurope,aSolemnHigh Mass -

andTeDeunlwillbesungatSt.Mary'sCathedralat12 noon.

OntheSundayfollowingsuchannouncement,Exposition oftheBlessedSacramentwillbeheldineveryparishchurchof thediocese,commencingafterthelastMass. Intheevening, attheusualhourforeveningdevotions,therewillbesolemn procession,theLitanyoftheSaints(orwherepossibletheTe Deum),andBenedictionoftheBlessedSacrament.

Novena to the Holy Ghost

INPREPARATIONFORTHE FEASTOFPENTEOOST.

ObservanceThroughouttheArchdiocese.

InaccordancewithDecree539ofthe FourthPlenaryCouncil,aNovenato theHolyGhostwillbeconductedinall parishchurches,commencingonMay It. Thefollowingprayerwillbe foundsuitableforrecitationduringthe Novena:

Prayer.

OHolySpirit,Paraclette,Advocate, Comforter,hearkentoourprayersas weprepareourselvesfortheFeastof Thycoming.

Thouartthelifeandthestrengthof theChurch. RememberThyguidance ofold,whenThoudid'stenableherto conquerJudaismand,Paganism,false teaching,theoppositionof'princesand peoples,andthedeceitofcunningwnr binationsagainsther. LetThyhelp andinspirationbewithherinherpre• sentfearfuldifficultiesineveryland. Givelightandcouragewith particularduties—theholyFather,Bishops, PriestsandReligiuus. Donotabandonherchildrentothemercilessmachinationsofherenemies. Giveher victorywhereheraltarsareerected andhervoiceisheard. Letherown landbetherecipientofThy choice favours. Blessourdiocese,ourparish,ourhomes.

OHolySpirit,thelifeandstrength ofsouls,bewithusinourdail)istruggles.WithoutTheewecandonothing; withTheewearepowerful. Quicken usinourserviceofThee;putfrom usslothandindifferenceandeveryobstacletoprayerandinfidelitytoour duties. GiveusaloveofMassand thesacraments,andwillingearstoThy inspirations. Convinceusthatsinis thegreatestevil. Maywedare to hopefromTheeforthegraceswhen loveofGodmademenandwomenface ahostileand unsympathetic world withconfidenceand joy. We ask Thee also for temporal favours. ThroughTheetheearthwasbrought intoitspresentstateandmadeahabitationforman. Renewit. Leta salutaryrainfallgivelifeandvigour toitsparchedhillsandvalleys,and causethemtoadornthemselveswith acarpetofluxuriant vegetationof ,verykind, MavitallbeforThy gloryandthatoftheFatherandthe Son,OneGodinThreeDivine Person! Amen.

Catholic Broadcasts

Sunday,May6— St.Marv'sCathedral:\MissaCantata, Iam. Preacher:Rev.A.Lynch. TheCatholicAnswer: EverySundavnightat9p.m.,Sta tions6PRand6TZ.

02 At'Coa40Co6e -.

ARCHBISHOP'SENGAGEMENT&

May6— Officialopeningof"Marian Lodge," Kalamunda.

May13—

CanonicalVisitationand ConfirmationatSt.Joseph'sChurch,Bussel-ton.

May20(PentecostSunday): 11a.m.:PontificalHigh Mass, St. Mary'sCathedral. 3 p.m.:Confirmationofadults, St. Mary'sCathedral.

May243.15p.m.:AttendAnnualMeetingof CatholicWomen'sLeague.

May27— CanonicalVisitationand ConfirmationatSt.Kieran'sChurch,Osborne Park.

May299.30a.m.:PresideatSolemnOffice andRequiem\lass,St.Mary'sCathedral: Anniversaryofthe late ArchhishopClone.

MaySO10am.:PresideatSolemn High ,Massat"Glendalough,"ontheoccasionoftheGoldenJubileeofoneof theCommunityoftheLittleSisters r ofthePoor.

FEASTOFTHEASCENSION, HOLYDAYOFOBLIGATION.

Thursday,May10,theFeastof theAscension,willbeaHolyDay ofObligation. Masseswillbecelebratedinthe Cathedralat6,7,8.15,9,10am., andaspeciallunch-hour

Massat 12.10p.m.

Confessionsinpreparation for theFeastwillbeheardonWednesday,May9,from12noonto1 p.m,: 4p.m.to6p.m.,andafter eveningdevotion's.

ST. MARY'S CATHEDRAL

ISACREDHEARTCONFRATERNrTYRETREAT.

1specialRetreatforall members andintendingmembersoftheCattle. dralBranchoftheSacredHeartCon. fraternitywillbeconductedintheCathedralduringthefirstweekofJune byaRedemptoristFather. TheRe-' treatwillopenonSunday.June3,and closeonthefollowingSundaywitha generalHolyCommunionat,7oclock Mass.

Ro1'e­`o'f"Francein Europe

England's Lost Opportunity in •Foreign Affairs

Pope's,Tlea. for

Special Prayer During May

General De Gaulle made, on Febru- 1907memorandumwhichhasitslasting ary 5, the first apeech to come from liberatedEurope,inwhichtheeffective i n

dependence of the small nations has beeninsisted uponastheessentialprerequisite of enduring peace.Thenewspaper headlines-focussed attention on whathesaidabout the Rhineland ,

but he also specifically-included"the indedependenceofthePolish,Czechoslovak Austrian and Balkan nations" among the"conditions which FrancedeemseS sential." Ile looked forward to:

"A world peace organisation in which the United States willbe fore• most,andwhichwillpromise toeach State the supreme guarantee of life and development in the society of men,"

The French have been antagonised by what they regard as the slighting waytheywere treatedovertheCrimea Conference, particularly by the Americans; and General de Gaulle has de. clined an invitation from Presid ent Rooseveltto ameeting intheMediterran

ean. Yet the decisionstaken offer considerable responsibilities to them. They are invited to take azone of occupation in Germany, and to partici• pate as afourth member of the ControlCommission, havingan equal voice in the determination of the zone the

y shall occupy. They have been invited to sponsor invitations to the San Francisco Conference jointly with the Big Three, and the vital question of voting in the proposed Security Councilisnottobefinallysettleduntil the

y have been consulted. itis exp ressl

y hoped that they will associate themselves with the Declaration on Liberated Europe. Clearly it is open to Franceto play arole of which the importance is increasedby hergeographical presence on the continent of Eu . rope. These opportunities will be ac• cepted, and France will become a Bi

g FourthinEuropean affairs.

•if France begins on cold terms with the other three, this may not pro v

e a badthing,for themaineffectwillbe to make her, atSan Francisco ,

rather the .spokesman for the smaller European nations, e

xpressing the misgivings of the Netherlands Government when, as the meeting in the Crimea began , it circulated itsobservationsonthe Dumbarton Oaks proposals. The Dutc h declared that the 150 millions of the smaller nations of Europe and the 100 millionsof the smaller nationsof Latin America are entitled to an adequate voice in the councils to beesta blished, and said:

"if exorbitant special rights were granted to the Great Powers ,

h place among the statements of Britis policy,"Enwglraonted,: more than any other non-insular Power, has adirect and positive interest in the maintenance of the independence of nations, and therefore must be the natural enemy ofany country threatening the independence of others, and the natural protector of the weaker communi. ties."

Forover four yearswehavehad the Governmentsofseven of theEuropean eountries as our guests and allies in London—Poles and Greeks. Czechoslo• vaks and Yugoslays, Norwegians, Dutch and Belgians—in addition to what we always and rightly believed was the nucleus of the next Government of France. NootherPower has had such an opportunity for leadership; but when history asks'What Mr, Churchill -

and Mr. Eden made of it, the answer will be that they made nothing of itat all.

The French lack military power at the moment, but they have offered to them agreat chanceofleadingthe nationsof themainlandtowardsthatEu• ropean unity which each new development ofthe war, theGerman problem and the Soviet policy in Europe-

,all alike have made so imperative. General de Gaulle was not invited to Yalta, and so is now the chief among the great company of the excluded. The lesswise Frenchmenare thoseavho want France to be what Italy was at Versailles,thefourthofaBig Four, always at adisadvantage. The wiser see that France can make of her very weakness in material force to-day a sourceof strength,ifshespeaks for all the peoples who, whether their material weakness is transitory or perman• cnt have all the same right to indepen,

dence and the same interest in creating an international body which will safeguard that independence.

Archbishop's Instructions Regarding Observance

On April 15 last, Good Shepherd Sunday His Holiness Pope Pius XII. addressed an.Encyclical Letter to the Bishops of the world. He asks them to have the faithful, and especially the children.pray to Our Lady inthis month of May that, by the help of God,men may come to realise ,

thatalready there have been too much destruction, slaughter, bloodshed and suffering, and that it is necessary to putan end to this terrible conflict.

The Holy Father, therefore, exhorts thepeopletoflock ingreatnumbersto the Altars of Our Lady in sincere and humble petition. But at the same time, he wishes to remind them that there must be a renewal of private and public morality, so as to dstablish those solid foundations upon which alone there can be built astrong and lasting edifice of domestic and civil life.

In the first place the Pope invites all toaskOurHeavenlyFathertogive light to mankind so that this devastating'struggle between nations and continents may cease, and men, once more united in the bonds of friendship, may earnestly devote themselves to thework of reconstruction.

Secondly, all are asked to pray for those whose decisions determine the fate of peoples and upon whom devolve's''the tremendous task of drawing up apeace that will be character• ised both by equity and justice, a peace that will satisfy the hopes and desiresofall and so eliminate the hidden germs of discord and rivalry.

Finally, His Holiness asks the faithful not to forget the exiles, refugees, and prisoners of war,who so anxiously awaitthetime when theymaybeable to return to their homes, and also the sick and'wounded in hospital.

The Papal document concludes with the following prayer:

"Way the Blessed Mother of (led bring heavenly comfort to these ushappy people and to all others lbr whom the present conflict had baba the cause of agony and sorrow. NhW she also grant them Christianpatience with which the most unbearable Mdferings become tolerable and meritoriousofeternalhappiness."

HOLY YAfPHM'S APPZAI.

We repeat the Archbishop's instructions regarding the manner in whidt the Holy Father's wishes that the .month of May be made amonth of special prayer for the alleviation of cuff@ring caused by the war, andfor a Christian peacefoundedonjustice and charity, are tobe fulfilled:

1. That every priest, secular and reptlar, celebrate one Votive Nam Of Our(Ladyduring themonthof XI for the intentions of His Hoboes the Pope.

2. ThatonSunday,May6, anNOWof Adoration before the Blessed Gw& ment exposed, be conducted in sY parochial churches, during wbielt prayersforthePope'sintentions will be offered.

8. That the attention of the faithful be drawn to the Holy Father's appeal, andthattheybeconstantly exhorted during themonthtoprayfor his intentions.

4, The Superiors of the schools and colleges of the(Archdiocese-are requested to keep this appeal before the minds of the children, and to solicit their prayers. The chfldrea of each schooland college will unite with the members of the Religions ,

Community in charge in making a Spiritual (Bouquet, consisting Of Holy fKums. Holy Communions. Visits tothe BlessedSacrament, and other good works offered toGod for the intentions of the HolyFather.

virtuallyplacing them above thelaw ,

the Dumbarton Oaks plan would be of little avail, as areturn of the world toanarchy woitld not be prevented."

It may prove that the treatment accorded to the French wasadiplomatic "felix culpa," helping to bring to the decisive meetings avote in the interests of the small nations. We very much agree with what Philippe Barres wrote the other day in"Paris Presse":

^

"It is not only the prestige of our counts- which is at stake, but the success of the Allied peace policy.

The Allies themselves, and especial-

I• the British and' Americans, are sbowing adefinite tendency towards conducting the affairs of liberated Europe on their own, appealing as little as possible to the initiative of the great continental Powers. They -1

could not do without Russia. for ob . vious reasons, but they relegated France to the background. Unfortunately for the Allies and for Eu rope, the British and Americans , whatever their merits, have neither the material means, the competence nor the authority necessary to bring about Europe's successful re-birth"

Only to consort with America and Russia has been amistake for Britain , revealing the limitations of the opporttni5t, the hand-to-mouth expedients of the mentality directing a foreign policy too little considered in its larger implications. SirEyre Crowe, in that

The nature of the crisis is obscured because official spokesmen have to ob• scure it in maintaining the coalition against Germany. . But it is acrisis ofextraordinary gravity. Itis theat. tempted liquidation of the basic political idea onwhichmodern Europe has been built, the idea of political soN' ereignty and 'obligation. Catholics everywhere in Europe know very well that it was an aberration ever to have elevated national sovereignty to the bcights to which it was elevated, so that the sense of acommon commun• ity and acommon law was increasingly lost. But thiswas an exaggeration of something genuine and valuable— the idea of the continuity and invialoNlity of States. of the reality of national life and national claims. The arbitrary violence of Napoleon, when he extinguished Venice, for example, oval rightly felt by his contemporaries to curt at the foundations of Europe, and the settlement which followed his fall was careful to recover continuity with the past. But to-day in every country we find men prepared to applyanewtest,andnottoconsiderthat aforeignpeoplecan beentitled to any life or institutions of their own. With one voice the rights of man are pro. ,

laimed, and then in the next breath they are taken away from all political opponents. as "fascists."

Atthemomentthesamewords—"de. mocracy," "freedom-loving"—are used tomask aconflict of opposites and to give aspurious impression of acomcoon outlook between the heirs of the Liberal tradition of the West and those whose whole purpose is to destrov that tradition. Men say with truth thatFrancesincethe Revolution hasbeen thehome ofcapitalism much less moderated and counter-balanced by effective social legislation than the capitalism of Britain or most Western countries. This was the defence for M. Blum's Front Populaireprogramme nine yearsago, as it is thedefence for the strong language which certain French Catholics, including Cardinal Suhard, are using now•. But it must

Catholic Social Guild •

AIM: The Catholid Social Guild is anorganisation which has theultimate aim of furthering Catholic Social principles, The immediate aim of its members is to help finance the dissemination of truth through the radio session,"The Catholic Answer."

oCe

T,France in urope f ' England'sLost Opportunity in ForeignAffairs

co

of

General De Gaulle made,on Febru- 1907memorandumwhichhasitslasting ary 5,the first speech to me from place among the statements liberatedEurope,inwhichthe effective independence of the small nations has beeninsisted upon astheessentialpmrequisite of enduring peace.The newspaper headlines focussed attention on what hesaidabout the Rhineland ,

bu t he also specifically included "the indedependenceofthePolish,Czechoslovak, Austrian and Balkan nations" among the"conditionswhich Francedeemses. sential." He looked forward to:

"A world peace organisation in _ which the United States will be fore. most,andwhichwillpromise to each State the supreme guarantee of life and development in the society of men;"

The French have been antagonised by what they regard as the slighting waytheywere treated over theCrimea Conference,particularly by the Americans; and General de Gaulle has declined an invitation from Pres ident Rooseveltto ameeting in theMediterranean. Yet the decisions taken offer cons

idera

ble responsibilities to them. They are invited to take azone of occupation in Germany,and to participate as afourth member of the Con. trolCommission,havingan equal voice in the determination of the zone the

y shall occupy. They have been invited to sponsor invitations to the San Francisco Conference jointly with the Big Three,and the vital question of voting in the proposed Security Council isnottobe finallysettleduntilthey have been consulted. #is expressly hoped that they will associate the mselves with the Declaration on Liberated Europe. Clearly it is open to France to play arole of which the importance is incre•se'dby her geographical presence on thecontinent of Europe. These opportunities will be accepted,and France will become a Bi

g Fourth in European affairs.

If France begins on cold terms with the other three,this may not prove a badthing.for themaineffectwillbe to crake her,atSan Francisco ,

rather the spokesman for the smaller European nations, expressing the misgivings of the Netherlands Government when , as the meeting in the Crimea bega n, it circulated itsobservations on the Dumbarton Oaks proposals. The Dutch declared that the 150

millions of the smaller nations of Europe and the 100 millionsof the smaller nations of Lat i

n America are entitled to an ad e

quate voice in the councils to be established, and said:

"If exorbitant special rights were granted to the Great Powers, virtually placing them above the law, the Dumbarton Oaks plan would be of little avail, as areturn of the world to anarchy would not be prevented."

It may prove that the treatment accorded to the French wasadiplomatic "felix culpa," helping to bring to the decisive meetings avote in the inter. ests of the small nations. We very much agree with what Philippe Barres wrote the other day in"Paris Presse":

"It is not only the prestige of our country which is at stake,but the success of the Allied peace policy. The Allies themselves,and especial.

Iv the British and ,

Americans, are sbowing adefinite tendency towards conducting the affairs of liberated Europe on their own, appealing as little as possible to the initiative of the great continental Powers. They could not do without Russia.for ob.

British policy,•wrote: England,more than any other non-insular Power,has adirect and positive interest in the maintenance of the independence of nations, and therefore must be the natural enemy of any country threatening the independence of others, and the natural protector of the weaker communi• ties."

For over four yearswehavehad the Governmentsofseven of the European countries as our guests and allies in London—Poles and Greeks.Czechoslovak§ and Yugoslays, Norwegians, Dutch and Belgians—in addition to what we always and rightly believed was the nucleus of the next Governmentof France. No other Power has had such an opportunity,for leadership: but when history as I at Mr, Churchill -

and Mr. Eden made of it, the answer will be that they made nothing of itat all.

The French lack military power at the moment, but they have offered to them agreat chanceof leading the na•tionsof themainlandtowardsthatEu. ropean unity which each new developmentofthe war, theGerman problem and the Soviet policy in Europe; all alike have made so imperative. Gen• eral de Gaulle wale not invited to Yalta,and so is now the chief among the great company of the excluded.

dence and the same interest in creating an international body which will safeguard that independence. Po e's

The nature of the crisis is obscured because official spokesmen have to obscure it in maintaining the coalition against Germany.. But it is acrisis of extraordinary gravity. Itis theattempted liquidation of the basic politicalidea onwhichmodern Europehas been built, the idea of political sovereignty and *obligation. Catholics everywhere in Europe know very well that it was an aberration ever to have elevated national sovereignty to the heights to which it+was elevated, so that the sense of acommon commun• ity and acommon law was increasing. Iv lost, But thiswas an exaggeration of something genuine and valuable— the idea of the continuity and inviaiobility of States. of the reality of national life and national claims. The arbitrary violence of,Napoleon, when he extinguished Venice, for example, was rightly felt by his contemporaries to cut at the foundations of Europe, and the settlement which followed his fall was careful to recover continuity with the past. But to-day in every country we find men prepared to ap. plv anewtest,and nottoconsiderthat aforeign people can be entitled to any life or institutions of their own. With one voice the rights of man are pro. (laimed, and then in the next breath they are taken away from all political opponents, as "fascists."

-Plea. ;

••,•,,,•eciah•,Prayer P ;f}It;417,Nr••+• it , N 1,l .. '`°D-uri•g May

Archbishop's Instructions RegardingObservance

On April 15 last, Good Shepherd Sunday,His Holiness Pope Pius XII. addressed an.Encyclical Letter to the Bishops of the world. He asks them to have the faithful, and especially the children.pray to Our Ladyin this month of May that,by the help of God,men may come to realisethatalready there have been too much destruction, slaughter, bloodshed and suffering,and that it is necessary to put an end to this terrible conflict.

The Holy Father, therefore,exhorts thepeople toflock ingreatnumbersto the Altars of Our Ladyin sincere and humble petition. But at the same time,he wishes to remind them that there must be a renewal of private and public morality, so as to establish those solid foundations upon which alone there can be built astrong and lasting edifice of domestic and civil life.

In the first place the Pope invites all toaskOur Heavenly Fathertogive light to mankind so that this devas• tating struggle between nations and continents may cease,and men, once more united in the bonds of friendship,may earnestly devote themselves to thework of reconstruction.

Secondly,all are asked to pray for those whose decisions determine the fate of peoples and upon whom devolveb"the tremendous task of drawing up apeace that will be characterised both by equity and justice, a peace that will satisfy the hopes and desires of all and so eliminate the hidden germs of discord and rivalry.

Finally,His Holiness asks the faithful not to forget the exiles,refugees, and prisoners of war, who so anxiously awaitthe time when theymaybe able to return to their homes, and also the sick and'wounded in hospital.

The Papal document concludes with the following prayer:

"May the Blessed Mother of God bring heavenly comfort to theft 118happy people and to all others 2K whom the present conflict bad b" the cause of agony and sorrow. OW she also grant them Christian patience with which the most unbearable Mdferings become tolerable and meriteriousof eternalhappinew -

HOLY PATMMS APPIUM

We repeat the Archbishop'sinstructions regarding the manner in whirl the Holy Father'swishes that the e

month of May be made amonth of i special prayer for the alleviation of suffering caused by the war,andfor a Christian peace founded on justice and charity, are tobe fulfilled:

1. That every priest, secular and fW Im celebrate one Votive Afro of Our Ladyduring the month of UN for the intentions of M Sollness the Pope.

2. ThatonSunday.May6, anHattof Adoration before the Blessed daa * meat exposed, be conducted in i parochial churches, during whisk prayersforthe PolWaintentions will be offered.'

3. That the attention of the faithful be drawn to the Holy l'ather's a} andthatthey be Constantly INS' peal, ured during the mouth toprayfor his intentions.

4, The Superiors of the Bch-is and colleges of the lArohdioaese•are rsquested to keep this appeal before the minds of the children, and a solicit their prayer. The children of each school and college will unite with the members of the Religiogs Gocnmunity in charge in making a Spiritual (Bouquet, coBsfsting of So1y (Kamm, Holy Communions. Visits tothe BlessedSacrament, and other good works offered toGod for the intentions of the Holy lather.

vious reasons,but they relegated France to the background. Unfortunately for the Allies and for Europe, the British and Americans, whatever their merits,have neither the material means, the competence nor the authority necessary to brini about Europe'ssuccessful re-birth" Only to consort with America and Russia has been amistake for Britain, revealing the limitations of the opportunit, the hand-to-mouth expedients of the mentality directing a foreign policy too little considered in its larger implications. SirEyre Crowe,in that

Atthemomentthesamewords--"de. mocracy," "freedom-loving"—are used to mask aconflict of opposites and to give aspurious impression of acommon outlook between the heirs of the Liberal tradition of the.

West and those whose whole purpose is to destrov that tradition. Men say with truth thatFrance sincethe Revolution hasbeen thehome ofcapitalism much less moderated and counter-balanced by effective social legislation than the capitalism of Britain or most Western countries. This was the defence for M.Blum'sFront Populaire programme nine years ago, as it is the defence for the strong language which certain French Catholics,including Cardinal Suhard, are using now. But it must

TheCross.0ve'r

' ,

, ,N•iqmaa'sLike

Bishop Challoner's)kemaiasltio

Striking Example.of the Success of-Failure-

Our Lord gave His disciples their ruleof life whenHesaid, "Ifanyman will come after Me, let him deny him. selfandtakeuphiscrossdailyandfollow Me." In the shadow of His Cross, and under the burden of our own, each of us is following Our Lord and when we think of thesaints, it is of those who have entered into the happiness of heaven,through many sufferings in this life.IfCardinal Newman is ever canonised,ifhe iseveroffered to us for our veneration,it will be because he has borne his cross bravely after Our Lord and followed OurLord "to the drinking of theChalice of His Passion,"

Ithasbeen notedthatCardinalNewman'slife was full of disappointment,* misunderstanding and failure. For -years he lived in.obscurity and under acloud of suspicion. One work after another came to nothing. Good men failed to understand his aims.People suspected his orthodoxy and doubted his obedience to the Pope. Timeand time again he himself would set his hand to the plough, full of hope and happiness at having something to do for God, and then there would come something toupsetitall.

But theresult ofallthesethings was not to make Newman embittered or hard or cynical. Instead.his nature grew sweeter and more kindly as the years passed. As he said in one of hfs early sermons:"He who has been long under the rod of God,becomes hod's possession. He bears in his body marks,and is sprinkled with drops, which nature could not provide for him.... Taughtbyour own pain, taught by ourownsorrow,naybyour own sin,we shall have hearts and minds exercised for every service of love towards those who need it.. Our words and advice,our very nature,our verymanner,voice andlook, will be gentle and tranquillising. as of those who have borne their cross after Christ,'

Examine his long life even briefly, and you will find that hiswas adaily cross. His nature wcar

sensitive to an extremedegree. Hefelttherough.rude ,shucksoflifemoreintenselythanmost . of us. There were times when he shivered fordays at imaginary or actual solecisms in his conduct in so. ciety. Exceedingly shy and nervous, heseemedtohimself atanyrate,tobe onewhowouldalwayshavetobealone and living in his own mind from the want of anyoneinwhomtoconfide.

At the same time he was capable of deep friendshipandnotonlygave,but won, love drom many."Credo in New. mannum"was an act of love as well asanactoffaith,tomany in theearly

days of the Tractarian Movement. When the KindlyLightled him tothe Church in 1845,he had to leave many of these old friends and go out alone.

How oftenherefersto theminletters: "Dear Keble,t'"dear Pusey"i And there is that beautiful letter to Henry Wilberforce, where we read:

"I am writing-

next room to the Chapel. - It is such an incomprehen. sible blessing to have Christ's bodily presence in one's house within one's walls, as swallows up all other privileges, and destroys,or should destroy, -

every pain.... Toknow that He is close by—to be able agaip and again through the day to go in to Him; and he sure, my dearest W., when Iam thus in His Presence you are not forgotten.",

There we see 'something of the tenderness of Newman's heart something of the pain his conversion brought, something,too, of the joy Our Lord gave to His friend.

Nordid Newmanlovehisfriendsless at time went on. God gave him new friends, hisbrethren of the Oratory at Birmingham,"when he took all others away." The old faces sometimes came back to him,though, and in what his biographer,Wilfred Ward,calls-the "saddays,"from 1859to 1864,hisloneliness was great. He wondered then at old saints,how they manage to go on servingGod when sensibledevotion seems to go with the years. Suspected or misunderstood or in himself disappointed,he looked with tender thoughts on old times and pefsons. Again,though,he rests in the knowledgethatOurLordis theLightofthe world and does not forget to help us bear our cross. Thus he writes to Keble,"You are always with me a thought of reverence and love and thereisnothingIlovebetterthanyou, and Isaac,and Copeland,and many other's I could name, except Him Whom Ioughttolovebestof all and supremely._May He Himself, Who is our abundant compensation for all losses give me His own Presence, and then Ishall want nothingand desideratenothingbutnonebut Hecanmake up for the loss of those familiar faces whichhauntmecontinually."

Then there are those other trials to which we are all subject. Sometimes we are tempted with proud thoughts about ourselves. Sometimes we have malicious thoughts about others. We impute motives to others:we catch ourselves playing the hypocrite; wein. dulge in ambitious thoughts or we adopt the accent and ways of world. ly people;orwe show spite,orweare perverse and "stand on our dignity."

and Revisor''of Douai Bible

The body of Bishop Richard Chal. loner,most famous of the post-Reformation Bishops of Britain and great champion of the Church in the 18th. century, is to be removed from the Protestant Churchyard of Milton, Berkshire,where it has lain.foT the past 160 years, to the crypt of Westbinster Cathedral as soon as possible after the war. When that is done, considerationwill begiven to the possibility of beginning adiocesan process for his beatification.

This was announced recently from Archbishop's House, Westminster.

Permission Granted.

Negotiations for the transfer of the Bishop's body have-been proceeding during the past few months. The first move was made by th e

l a

te,

Cardinal Hinsley when hesought the permission of Mr. LouisBatrett,the owner of Milton,and in whose family vault the Bishop is buried,to remove the body. Archbishop Griffin resumed the negotiations and has received.Mr. Barrett'sacquiescence.The Home Office has agreed togive alicence,and the Anglican Bishop of Oxford has promised to give the faculty for the body's removal.

Bishop Challoner was the oatstanding figure in Britain during the days when to be aCathol;c priest e.,tailed the risk of life imprisonment. Informers were active lured by the £100 reward for denouncing apriest, and, although the penal laws were not prosecuted with the vigour of half acenturyorsoearlier,thedangerwassufficient to force the Bishop from one lodging to another and to make him say Mass is secret in such places as inns, back rooms and even cock-pits.

fie was passionately devoted to the poor and visited them continually in the squalid slum's of London,in prisons and "sponging-houses," always -

at the risk of capture or of contracting disease that was then rampant in the poorer quarters, While pursuing this apostolic work he wrote prolifically— works of spiritual meditation, apologetic treatises which bad far-reaching effect on the Protestants of that day, and books on the lives of British saintsand the English Martyrs.

cross did not differ in this from' our own. Itwasaburdento himtill the end. There is the same awareness of sin -

.Standard Works.

Manyof the Bishop'sbooksarestandard works to-day. He was the au. thor, 'for example,of the "Garden

of the Soul'.and his"Memoirsof Missionary Priest' s" remains the classical book on the lives of the English Mar. tyrs. His famous catechism is still widely used and his revised issue of the Douai Bible is one on which all subsequent editions have been based.

Bishop Challoner was born in the mail town of Lewes,in Sussex, in 1601. His father,alwine-cooper,.was aPresbyterian,and the boy 'was brought up aProtestant until the age ofabout 13, whenhe wasreceived into (he'Catholic Church. At the age of 16 he began his studies for the priest. hood in Douai College, where priests for the English mission received their training. IIe remained at the college for 25 years—as student,professor and ultimately vice•presicient: His great wish, however was to join the valiant little band who left the col. lege to workin their nativecountryat the risk of their liberty. In 1730 his wishwasgrantedandhe came to London, inDisguise.

Here, disguised in lay attire, he be. ganhisgreat work,goingsecretlydrom place to place to say Mass and minister to the poor, many of whom were converted,while hundreds of lapsed Catholics were brought back into the fold. In the meantime hisbooks and other writings appeared in an endless stream.

In 1738 he published abook on the :class and the Sacraments in which he had, in the preface,refuted acurrent r attack on the Church by an Anglican divine, This soenraged theauthotof the attack that he took legal proceed ings against the Bishop,'forcing him to flee the country. He returned to Douai just about the time that the presidefit of the college, Dr. Witham, died, and strenuous efforts were made to appoint him to the vacant office. But Bishop Petre, theVicar Apostolicof London,had already petitioned r Romefor the appointmentofDr.Challoner as his Coadjutor. Chief opponent to the petition was Dr. Challoner himself,whose humility made him shrink from accepting the heavy responsibilities of the episcopate. By pleading that he had been brought up aProtestant,he delayed the appointment dor afull year, but the Vicar Apostolic had his ,

MEN'S WEAR

.;life, Hisdaily

Temptations such as these all had theirpartinNewman' ,

SUITS,OVERCOATS,SPORTS COATS,TROUSERS, UNDERWEAR,HATS,SHOES,Etc....

in the early sermons given as an Anglican,as in the gentle meditations hewrote in theautumnofhisCatholic life. Indeed this was to be expected. "Be sure that the longer you live, and the holier.you become,you will only perceive that misery more clearly.. The more your soul becomes one with Him Who deigns to dwell within it, themore it seeswithHiseyes...."

More and moreJohnHenryNewman came to see with Our Lord's eyes. We may not resemble him,perhaps, in the greatness of his failures and disappointments,in those things about which the biographers treat,the Ox. ford Oratory scheme,the Achilli trial, the Irish University disappointment, but at least he had asensitive nature which waspartofhiscross and weare all like that. At least he felt lonely often and we are all like that. At leasthe hadmanytemptations athou. sand thoughts to distract him, and we are all like that. As with him these things under God's grace will sober usandchastenourhearts. lie grew more like alittle child as life went on. Surely that is a sign that he was with God: Surely these are the words of•alittlechild thinking of Our Lord:"His Face is at once most venerable,yet most child-like, most calm,most sweet most modest, beamingrwith sanctityand with loving kindness.His eyes rivet me and move my heart. His breath is all fragrant and transportsmeoutofmyself. Oh, Iwill look upon that Face for ever, and willnotcease."—P.B.Astley,

S.J.

way, and when Dr. Challoner returned to London it was toattend his consecration in a-private r• chapel at Hammersmith on January 24, 1741.

Henceforth'the Bishop continued his work,but on amuch wider scale. The Vicariate included ten courfties and the Channel Islands.together with the British possessions in America. A visit to America was impossible, but the Bishop began amethodical visitation of the home territories of the Vicariate—the first to be undertaken since the Vicariate's erection.

In 1758, when nearing the age of 70, Bishop Petre died,and Dr.Challoner succeeded him. He persevered in.his work of writing,preaching and visitations although he was continually "on the run." and fled from one obscure lodging house to another.

In 1778 came the Relief Act, which removed the fearof life imprisonment, but this measure was followed by an outbreak of bigotry and in two more years the Gordon Riots broke out. The mob went howling through the Londonstreets lookingforthe Bishop, who could bear theiroutcryas be lay in hiding. The following day he escaped to Finchley,but he never m covered from the shock. Six months later be became paralysed,and within r two days hedied. He wasthen90.

Several of his relics, including his cassock,are preservedatSt.Edmund's College, Ware.

The,.Cross ,

Striking Example:of tlae

Success - : of.:Failure

Our Lord gave His disciples their ruleoflifewhenHe 'raid,Ifanyman will comeafter'Me,let himdeny himalfandtakeUphiscropdailyandfollow Me." ,

,.In the shadow of His Cross, and under the burden of our own each ofus is foljawing Our

Lord and' hen we think of thesaint' s, itis of those who have entered into the ha pfness of heaven,through many sufferings in this life.IfCardinal New. man isever"canonised,ifheiseveroffered to us for our veneration, it will be because he has borne his cross bravely after Our Lord and followed OurLord"to the drinkingof theChal. ice of HisPassion,"

Ithasbeen notedthatCardinalNewman's life was full of disappointment! misunderstanding and failure. For years he lived in.obscurity and under acloud of suspicion. One workafter another came to nothing. Goodmen failed tounderstand his aims. People suspected his orthodoxy and doubted hisobedience to the Pope. Timeand time again"he himself&would set his hand to the ploggh,-full of hope and happiness at having something to do for God,and then there would come something toupsetit all.

Buttheresultofallthesethingswad not to make Newman embittered or hard or cynical. Instead.his nature grew sweeter and more kindly as the years passed. As be said in one of his early sermons:"He who hasbeen long under the rod of God,,becomes God's -

,possession, He bears in his body marks,and is sprinkled with drops,which nature could notprovide for him....Taughtbyourown pain, taughtby ourownsorrow,naybyour bwn sin,we shall have heart& and 'minds exercised for every service of love towards those who need it... Our words and advice.our very nature,'ourverymanner,voice andlook, will be gentle and tranquillising, asof thosewhohavebornetheir crossafter Christ,'

Examine his long life even briefly, andyouwill find thathiswasAdaily cross.

His nature,vacssensitive to an ex. tr*=.degree. Hefelttherough.rude r

;,,,0Arelmoflifemoreintenselythanmost of us. There were times when he shivered fordays at imaginary or actual solecisms in his conduct in society. Exceedingly shy and nervous, heseemedtohimself,atanyrate,tobe onewhowouldalwayshavetobealone and living in his own mind from the grantofanyoneinwhomtoconfide.

Atthesame time he wascapable of deepfriendshipandnotonlygave but won, lovefrom many."Credo in flewmannum," was an act of love as well asanactoffaith,tomany in theearly

days of the Tractarian Movement. When the KindlyLightledhimto the Church in 180,hehad to leave many of these old friends and goout alone. HowoftenhereferstotheminLetters: "Dear Keble,v-"dear Pusey"i And -there is that beautifulletter to Henry Wilberforce, where we read:

"I am writing,next room to• the Chapel.- It is such an incomprehen. Bible blessing to have Christ's bodily presence in one's house, within one's walls, as swallows up all other privileges,and destroys or should destroy, -

every pain..,. toknowthat He is close t;—to be able againand again through the day togoin to Him: and be sure, my dearest Ws, when Iam thus in His Presence'you are not forgotten.",

There we see something of the tenderness of Newman'sheart something. of the ,

pain his conversion brought, something, too, of the joy Our Lord gave toHisfriend.

Nordid Newmanlovehisfriendslees at time went on. Godgave him new friends, hisbrethren of theOratory at Birmingham, "when he took all others away." The,old faces sometimes came back to him,though,and in what his biographer,Wilfred Ward,calls-the "saddays,"from1859to 1804 hislone.. liness iwas great. He wondered then at old saints, bow they manage to go onservingGod whensensibledevotion seems to go with the years. Suspected or misunderstoodor in himself diw appoigted,he looked with tender thoughts on old times and persons. Again,though,be rests in the know. ledgethatOurLordistheLightofthe world and does not forget to help us bear our cross. Thus he writes to Keble, "You are always with me a thought of reverence and love, and thereisnothingIlovebetterthanyou, and Isaac,and Copeland,and many others I could name,except Him Whom Ioughttolovebestof all and supremely. May HeHimself, Who is our abundant compensation for all losses give me His own Presence, and then Ishall wantnothinganddesider. atenothingbusnonebutHesansnake up for the loss of thosefamiliar fame whichhauntmecontinually."

Then therewethose other trials to which weare allsubject.Sometimes we are tempted with proud thoughts about ourselves. Sometimes we have malicious thoughts about others. We impute motives to others:we catch ourselvesplaying thehypocrite; we in. dulge in ambitious thoughts or we adopt the accent and ways of world. ly people:orweshowspite,orwe are perverse and "stand on our dignity."

Temptations such as these all had theirpartinNewman'slife, Hisdaily

MEN'S WEAR

SUITS,OVERCOATS,SPORTSCOATS,TROUSERS, _UNDERWEAR,HATS,SHOES,Etc....

Authorof Many-Standard,Works and Revisor'of'Douai Bible

The body- of Bishop Richard Cb6 loner,most famous of the poet-Reformation Bishops of Britain and great, champion of the Church in the 18th. century,is'to'be removed from'the Protestant churchyard of Milton, Berkshire,where•it has lain.for the past 180 years,to the crypt.of Westbinster Cathedral as soon as.possible after the war. When that is done, 'cogsiderationwill begiventothepossibility of beginning adiocesan process forhis beatification.

This was announced-recently from Archbisho 'sHouse, Westminster. ermfseion Granted,.

Negotiations for the transfer of the Bishop'sbody have-been proceeding during the past few months. The first move wasmade by the late"Cardinal Hinsley when -

he sought theper. mission of Mr. Louis Barrett,theowner of Milton,and in whose family vault the Bishop is buried,to remove the body.' Archbishop Griffin resumed the negotiations and has receivedMr. Barrett'sacquiescence.The Home Officehasagreed to givealicence •

and the Anglican Bishop of Oxford has promised to give the faculty for the body's removal

Bishop Challoner was the outstanding figure in Britain during th,- days when to be aCatbdl;c priest et,tailed the risk of life imprisonment. Informerswere active lured bythe 1100 reward for denouncing apriest, and, although the penal laws werenotProsecutedwith the vigour ofhalf acenturyorsoearlier,thedangerwassuMOent to force the Bishop from one lodging•to another and to make him say Mass is secret in such places as itT backrooms and even cock-pits.

Re was passionately devoted to the poor and visited then' continually in -the squalidolum's of London in prisons and "sponging-houses,"always -

at the risk of capture or of contracting disease that was then rampant ' the poorerquarters, `While purs . n

this apostolic work he wrote prolifically-works of spiritual meditation, apolo. getic treatises which had far-reaching effecton the Protestidts of that day, and books on the lives of British saintsand the English Martyr. cross did not differ in' this from'our owns Itwasaburden tohimtill the end. There is the same awareness of sin -

in the early sermons given as an Anglican,as in the gentle meditations hewrotein theautumnofhisCatholic. life. Indeed this was to be expected. "Be sure that the longer you live,and the holier . you become,you iwill only perceive that misery moreclearly.... Themore your soul becomesone with Him Who deigns to dwell withfrf it, themoreitseeswithHiseyes.,,

MoreandmoreJohnHenryNewman cametosee with Our Lord'seyes. We may notresemble him,perhaps,in the greatness,of his failures and disap. pointments,in those things about which the biographers treat, the Ox. ford Oratory scheme,the Achilli trial, the,Irish University disappointment, butatleast he had asensitive nature whichwaspartofhis crossandweare all like that. At least he felt lonely often and we are all like -that. At leasthehadmanytemptationsathou• sand thoughts to distracthim,andwe areall hike that. As with him;theft things under God's grace wall sober usandchastenourhearts. He grew more lace alittle child as life wenton. Surely that is a sign that he was with God: Surely

theft arethe wordsof•alittlechild t

inking of Our Lord:"His Face is at once most venerable,yet most rha'ld4ike, most calm, most sweet,moat modest beamingwithsanctityandwithlovW kindness.Hiseyes rivetme andmove my heart. His breath is all fragrant andtransportsweoutofmyself. Oh, Iwill look upon that Pam for ever, andwillnotcease"--P.B.rAstley,S.J.

iilandard woelks.

ManyoftheBishop'sbooksarestaw dard works to-day. He was the a* thor,'for example,of'the''Garden of the Soul"andhis"Memoirscf.Mission. ary Priests' remain the, dassic6l book on the lives' of theEnglish Man tyre. His famous catechism is'still_ widely used and his revised issue of the Douai Bible is one on which all subsequent edition have been based. ?..

Bishop Challoner was born in,the small town-of Lewes, in Sussex, in 1001. His father, a,

wine-cooper, was aPresbyterian,and the boy.'was brought up aProtestant un

tilthe age ofabout 18,whenheareceivedinto wa

the -

Catholic Church. At the age of 10'he beganhis studies for,the priesthood in Douai College,where.9riests for the English mission received their,.. training. He remained at the college for 28 years--as student, professor ; and ultimately,vice+presiclent: His great wish,however was to join the valiant little band who left the'eollegetoworkintheirnativecountryat the risk of their liberty. In 1730 his wishwasgrantedandbecametoLondon.

Ulcl v

Here disguised in lay attire, he beganhisgreatwork,goingsecretlyfrom place to place to say Mass and minis ter to the poor,many of whom were converted,while hundreds of lapsed Catholics were brou*bt back into the fold. In the meantime hisbooks and other writings appearedin an endless stream.

In 1738 he published abook on the Mass and the Sacraments in which he had, in the preface,refuted s-current attack on the Church by an Anglican divine. Thissoenragedtheauthot-

of the attack that he tooklegal proo"K0 ings against the Bishop,'forcing him to-flee the country. He returned to. Douai just about the time that the presidefit of the college, Dr. Witham, died,and strenuous efforts were made to +ppoint him to the vacant office. Butl-shop'Petri,theVicarApostolicof London had already petitioned RomefortaeappointmentofDr.Chat= loner as hisCoadjutgr. Chief opponent to the petition was Dr,Challoner , himself,whose humility made him &brink from accepting the heavy responsanlities.of the episcopate. By pleading that he hadbeen broughtup aProtestant,he delayed the appointment fora full year,but the Vicar Apostolic had his:way, and when Dr. Challoner returned to London it was to attend hisconsecration'in* -

private chapel at Hammersmith on January 24. 1741.

Henceforth'the Bishop continued his work,but on amuch wider scale. The Vicariate included ten counties andthe ChannelIslands.together with the British.possessions in America. A visit to America was,impossible, but the Bishop began amethodical visitation of the home territories of the Vicariate—the first to be undertaken since the Vicariate's erection.

'In 1758,when nearing the age of70, Bishop Petre died,and Dr.Challoner succeeded him. He persevered in.his work of writing,preaching and visitations,although he was continually "on the run," and fled from one obscure lodging house to another.

In 1778 came the Relief

Act. which removed the fearoflifeimprisonment but this measure was followed by an outbreak of bigotry and in two more years the Cordon Riots broke out. The mob went bowling tbrough the Londonstreets]Solingforthe Bishop, whocouldbear theiroatoryas he lay in hiding. The followingday beew aped to Finchley, but be, never ra covered from the shock. Six Incethe Inter hebecame prabead; andwftlii two days hedied_. Hewasthan

ft

Several of his "lick ksda_disrZ his cassock, arepsessrvedatSt.admt&ada College, ware.

One.Christian Principle After Another•Flang Aside

.PrelatePointsto Declining Morality

InstancesFailureofBritishPromises, AtlanticCharterandRussianAtheism

Catholics Havethe Means toEnsure Success

Apowerful protest against the abandonment of moral principles in international affairs is made by Archbishop McDonald, OB.B., of St. Andrew'sand Edinburgh,inarecent pastoral. The Archbishop says that the real conflict today is not between nation and nation,butbetweenGodand the devil, During thepast years,he adds,we have seen one Christian principle after anotherflungaside,and hegives awarning that unless Chris-tianprinciplescanberestoredtotheir rightful place in

the economy of the world,society is doomed.

Points made by the Archbishop are: Britain.

"A few years ago the outstanding characteristic of aBritisher was his truthfulness andstaunchregardfor his wordor promise. Who, today,would care unreservedly to trust the word of the British nation?"

The Pope and the Nations.

"Every effort is being made to prevent the Holy Father from exercising his salutary influence in the organisation of peace plans.

The United Nations.

"The Allies are acquiescing weakly in the destruction of a number of smaller states by one member of the Alliance, not because theyfeel it tobe just,but because they have -not.the moral courage toprotest."

`Atlantic Charter.

"He would appear to be foolhardy indeed who would look today for the literal fulfilment of this guarantee." Poland'.

"Now the contract is.proving difficult to fulfil andwe aredoingourbest to escape from our obligation without too great dishonour,too black disgrace:"

Russia and Religion,

"The Ruler of the Russians only re. cognisesGodto blaspheme Him andto persecute those who love and rever•• ence His Holy Name."

"Big Three"Meeting.

"One false step may plunge the worldinruin,"

Duty ofCatholics.

"We have the knowledge,we have the Faith,we have the means at our disposal,if only we would make good use of them. human means are all too helpless."

Christian Civilisation Threatened.

"Twice in our lifetime," says the Archbishop, "has the world been plunged into thedisasterofauniversal w'ar. Far-seeing leaders are' now working desperately to avoid the appalling catastrophe of a third cataclysm, in comparison with which the crucifixion of the past five years may 'pale into insignificance.

"It is increasingly evident that the real conflict at present is not between nation and nation, nor betweengroups of peoples banded together in opposing camps,but between God and the devil, bertween those who uphold the rule of God's right and justice and those who unconsciously urged on by the unseen powers of wickedness, are "striving to destroy all Christian civilisation;that civilisation which has been built up through the centuries on the teaching of Christ by the Catholic Church.

"Eitherme must recognise the truth, revealed by God, as taught by the Catholic Church,framing our lives on the principles of law and justice laid down by Almighty God, or else we "mustsubmit to the rule of hatred and brute force,with all the bestial cruel. tv of which we have learnt so much since the war began. There is no alternative.

Power Politics.

"Of late the question of power politicshas been much discussed. Power politics in reality extends to nations and their relations with one another the pagan principle of 'Every man for himself and the devil take the hindmost! Now we stand at the crossroads. Which path are'we going to take? As the wile man says:"There

is away which seemeth to man right; and the end thereof leads to death" ("rov. 16 ,

25).

"Opportunism and expediency sometimes appear to offer very attractive programmes and too often in our blindness we are mistedby their siren songs.

"During the past years we have seen one Christian principleafter another called in question,forsaken and flung aside. Even those promptings ofthenaturallawwrittenbythefinger of God Himself on the heart of every man ,and recognised in conscience by every human being enjoying the use of reason have been ruthlessly contemned and abandoned.

"Truth and justice,honour and purity, above all charity and the love of God, at one time universally recognis.d as the foundations firm and strong •f all civilisation,have become submerged in amorass of greed, selfishness and lust.

"Unless Christian principles can be restored to their rightful place in the economy of the world, society is doomed.

"A calamitous scourge will sweep the nations,making the recent visitation with all its horrors deems in comparison but amild interlude.

ARetrospect.

"Stand aside for amoment and look back over the past few years, and see how we have sweptdown the slippery slope of shame and disgrace, 'Lying lips destroy the soul: Let u's take the question of truth alone.

"A few years ago the outstanding characteristic of aBritisher was his truthfulness and staunch regard for his word or promise. In making contracts with foreign firms there used frequently to be added the phrase''On the word of an Englishman,whichwas accepted as being almost as binding as any oath.

"Who to-day would care unreservedly to trust the word of the British nation?

Broken Pledge to Poland.

"We entered the war with amighty flourish of trumpets in defence of the igat.; of small nations. Poland was the test case.

"Now the contract is proving diffi• cult to fulfil and we are doing our best to escape from our obligation without too greatdishonour,too black disgrace.

"When the Holy Father in his Christmas allocution of 1939 proposed nis five Peace Points they were taken up -

with enthusiasm,even by non-Catholic religiousbodies,andajointcampaign was inaugurated to give effect to aprogramme,social and international,based on these and similar agreed principles. First and foremost amongst these principles was this:'The will of one nation to live must never mean the sentence of death passed upon another.'

"Now every effort is being made to prevent the holy Father from exercising his salutary influence in the organisation of peace plans.and the Allies are acquiescing weakly in the destruction of a number of smaller statesby one member of the Alliance, not because they feel it to be just, but because they have not the moral courage to protest.

"When the Atlantic Charter was first published, it was received -

with universal acclamation as abasic state-

inInternationalRelations

mentof theprinciples upon which the Allies would reconstruct the world at the termination of the war, The United Nations, in adeclaration signed by all of them on January 1, 1942, pledged themselves to apply the At. tantic Charter as a common programme-for theirownfreedomand the freedom of the world.

"He would appear to be foolhardy indeed who would look to-day for the literalfulfilment of this guarantee.

"Numberless other instances might 'be brought forward. But let these suffice.

Reason for the Catastrophe.

"What is the reason of this change and startling decline in the moral plane? Quite clearly it is due to the nations as awhole having lost sight ofGod,and failing to realise God'sinexorable right todemand their loyalty and obedience,and their duty of unswerving allegiance to His all holy service. Unless the nations, and in particular our own country, with its rulers, return with sincerity to God and determined to uphold Hislaw by every means at their disposal there is no hope of any lasting peace: nay, catastrophe is certain.

"Three giants have been raised up by God to save the world from the plague of Nazi tyranny; our own Prime ;Minister with his abounding energy and unquenchable courage; President Roosevelt whose foresight, genius and tact ledAmerica to see that shecould not stand aside in this world-wide struggle;and in the East, aman of steel who, with ruthless might, is driving the Russian masses through terrfiic losses irresistibly to conquest. For these three let us sincerelygive thanks toGod.

"But now with victory .in sight mankind is faced with the immeasurrably greater task oforganising peace.

"Let us realise clearly that no mind of man, no mere human genius, however brilliant,no statesman, be his ability and experience what you will, is equal to this gigantic task.

"If asatisfactory solution is to be found, it can only be through the power of AlmightyGodand the.direct guidanceofthe HolyGhost, Late President's Message.

"The President of the United States in his message to Congress,after having been called for the fourth time to the headship of,the most powerful community in the world,• condemned powerpoliticsasamisuseof-powerand declaredcategorically that it roust not be permitted to become acontrolling factor in international relations. This principle was later embraced wholeheartedly by our own Prime Minister when reviewing the war in the House ofCommons....

"Some weeks ago, in his inaugural address, when opening his terms of office he (President Roosevelt) made this emphatic declaration:

"'As Istand here to-day, having taken asolemn oath of office in the presence of my fellow countrymen and in the presence ofGod,Iknow that it is America'spurpose that weshall not fail.. . God has given our country afaith which has become the hope of all peoples in an anguishedworld. We pray nowto Him forvision to see the way that leads to abetter life for ourselve'sand for our fellowmen, to the achievementof His Will--peace on earth,' A fine sentiment magni ficently expressed.

Russian Persecution.

"Our own Prime Minister has never been so unequivocally outspoken in his recognition of God'sclaims and guidance, though the King,God bless him, has frequently made eloquent en deavour to turn the hearts of his people to Almighty God.

"The Ruler of the Russians only recognises,God to blaspheme Him and to persecute those who love and reverence His Holy Name.

"Before these words are printed the Big Three will have already met. -

"Thedestiniesof the nationswill depend largely on theirdecisions and re-

solutions. One false step may plunges the world in ruin.

"There has been far too much international misdirection and deception of the masses by our publicity service and the Press. It is time we .faced the situation squarely with all its surrounding dangers.

"Wehavebeen deceivedlongenough by fanciful picturesandnrishful think. ing in regard to Russia. In this not one of us is free from responsibility,

"We must not lull ourselves into in. action by afalse sense of complacency, casting all responsibility.on thi rulers of the nation. The burden borne by our leaders is great enough„ God knows,but this does not relieve us of our,duty to the State.- Each and all of us have our parts to play and our duties to perform as citizens.

"First and foremost we can pray to God for guidance in this overwhelming crisis. One occurrence above-all otherswouldaffordsolidhopeofsecuring ajust and lastingsolution of the world'sdifficulties to-day, the cogversion of Russia•to the Faith. Let no one for an instant think that this is impossible.

TheMessage of Fatima.

"The present Holy Father in his broadcast to Portugal on October 31, 1942, drew the attention of the world to the shrine of Fatima and its message.,.. To-day at Fatima the burden of her instruction is the same, Prayer and Penance. If we may,believe the testimony of the children, and.it wouldseem that wemaydoso. itwould appear that, ifonly thefaith. ful throughout the Church would beseech the Mother of God with suffix• ent faith and earnestness, Russia would be converted and ajust and, lasting peace established amongst the warring nations. But if the human race refused to turn from its iniquity, ascourge of God, far more terrible and devastatingstill, would visitarebellious race.

"Need we stress the tremendous responsibility resting upon Catholics in this matter?

."We have theknowledge, we have the Faith, we have the means at our disposal, if only we would make good use of them. Human means are all too hopeless."-

S.I.C.Old Boys'

The annual Retreat will be held at the Monastery,North Perth,over the week-end of May 12 and 13. As the long week-end is not available this year an earlierstart thanusualwillbe made. Saturday,May 12.at 5p.m., is the time of commencement.Intending retreatants should get in touch with Mr, Jack Olfalloran (135705), or Mr. George Jeffs (1,2581), right away so that arrangements can be finalised for their accommodation.

CHIEF OBSTACLE TO OOD'S GRACE.

Bishop Moriarty.of.Shrewsbury, warnsin'aPastoralLetteragainstlack of charity:"Herein lies the horror of the sin of uncharity;it is essentially un-Christlike.

-

"This is no peccadillo or imperfectionbutitisasinwhich destroyed the great work of our union with God; it is the obstacle which is holding,back the torrentofGod'sGrace."

Emphasising the reality of the MysticunionwithChrist,the Bishopsays: "I am identified and am aliving limb of rrty neighbour,andsince my neighbour is also identified with'Christ 1 cannot hurt my neighbour without hurting Christ:, Do we think of this when we so merrily and miscrievously speakagainstourneighbour? Solong as we are hurting Christ throughhurt. ing our neighbour we cannot wondei that we do not improve and increase in loveofGod.

"Our Lord never wearies of pointing out this to us. The criterion of our judgment will be how wehave treated ourneighbour;forwhat wehave done to our neighbour will be judged as done to Chri§t."

Securing Perpetual Adoration in a Succession of Churches -

OriginaBy Instituted in Cause of Peace

The Forty Hours or the Quarant' Oreis,among allCatholics,oneof the most cherished of all the devotions and exercises of the Church. Yet it is survising how few Catholics know the history of its origin or appreciate fully its beauty and significance.

The Forty Hours'adoration is no re, cent innovation into the services of the Chujcb;indeed, it has been established f.1

1 four hundred years. Although there is some obscurity and no little controversy about the originator of thedevotion,it isgenerally accepted that the Capuchin Father Joseph Piontonicla da Lerno was the founder of the Quarant'Oreaswe know it to-day. This was at Milan in May, 1537, Undoubtedly, the practice of exposing and adoring the Blessed Sacrament was agood deal older but was usually carried on only in timesofgreatpublic calamity or clanger. It is interesting to note that,,

on such occasions, the period of exposition was forty hours. This was probably due to the factthat this was about the length of time that the body of Christ remained in the tomb,and consequently the time that the Blessed Sacrament , was left in the Easter Sepulchre in the Middle Ages.

DEATHS

On Service. '

CUSACK.—Of your charity,will all friends pray for the soul of Michael Joseph Cusack,who died of wounds April 17, 1945, at New Brittian, eldest son of Joseph Cusack, of the Camel Corps of the late war.

—Inserted by all loving relations.

FOLEY.—On April 17, at Fremantle Hospital, William John (Jack), dear. ly loved husband of Eileen (18 Hubble-street,East Fremantle), loving father of Eileen (Mrs.

J. Dolan), Tom, Jack, Larry and Fred.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on him.

SMITH.—On April 10, at Turkey Hill, Southern Cross, Patrick Joseph, dearly loved husband of Dorothy and loving father of Brian.

Eternal rest grant' to him, O Lord, and may perpetual light`shine on him.

►I+

IN MEMORIAM ►T,

BOGUE.—Treasured memories of my darling sister and Aunty Veronica Mary (Molly), who departed thislife May 1, 1940, Sacred Heart of Jesus,have mercy on her.

Always remembered by her loving sister, Margaret.

FITZGIBBON.—Sacred to the memory of our beloved husband and father, Thomas,who departed this life May 7, 1944.

O, Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on his soul.

Immaculate Heart of Mary, pray for him,

—Inserted by his loving wife and children Kathleen,Alick and Eileen.

KNUCKEY.—In loving memory of our dear mother, Mary Knuckey, who passed away on April 30, 1943.

Eternal rest grant to her,0 Lord, and may perpetual light shine upon her.

—Inserted by her sons and daughters. I -

MURPHY—In fond memory of my loving wife and our darling mother.

Sarah Murphy,who 'passed away May 31941.

Most §acred Heart of Jesus, have ,

mercyon hersoul.

—Insertedl+yC. Murphy and family, Kukerin.

TAYLOR.—Sacred to the memory of Rosa Taylor,whose anniversary occurred on April 28.

Sacred Heart of Jesus,have mercy on hersoul. `

—Inserted by her loving husband.

Perpetual Adoration.

Nevertheless,it was Father Joseph who caused the devotion to be established on an organised ,universal basis and gave to it manyofitscharacteristic features. It was he who introduced thepractice of having the devotion in asuccession of churches,•terminating in one at about the time at which it begins in the next and thus securing perpetual adoration.

Thedevotionflourishedandless than two years after itsinception (1537)'we find Pope Paul III, replying to peti. tions soliciting,indulgences for the practice. Ile gave It his enthusiastic approvalandendoweditrichly with in. -

dulgences. His reply to the petitions is extremely interesting, in so far as it shows us the essential features of the devotion and theends forwhich it was originallyestablished.

"Since, .. our beloved son the Vicar General of the ArchbishopofMilan ... in order to appease -the anger of God provoked by the offences ofChristians, and in orderto bring to nought the efforts and machinations of the Turks who are pressing forward to the de. struction of Christendom, amongst other pious practices has established a round of prayers and supplications to be offered both by day and by night before Our Lord's Most Sacred Body in all churches of the said city in such-amanner that these prayers and supplications are made by the faithful themselves, relieving each other in relays for fortyhours continually in each church in succession .. . we,approvingin OurLord so pious an institution and confirming the same by Our authority,grant and remit," etc.

RapidSpread.

The devotion spread with great rapidity and was soon well established throughout the continent of Europe.

Amongst other greatfiguresof the period, St.Philip Neri and St.Ignatius Loyola practised and encouraged the devotion. It flourished particularly under the Oratorian Fathers, and it is this circumstance that gave rise to the inception and development of the Sacred Music form, the Oratorio,in which subsequently the earlier of the great masters wrote so effectively.

The form of the devotion is well known. A Solemn High Mass, the Mass of Exposition,is sting at the be. ginning and another,the Mass of Deposition, at the end of the period of forty hours,both of .which are accompanied by processions of the Blessed Sacrament and the chantingof the Litanies of the Saints. On the interveningday aSolemn Mass "propace"—for peace—is offered.

The other rubrical requirements are very many and varied and are laid down with such detail and minuteness in"Instructs Clementina," issued by Pope Clement XII., in 1731, as to render that document phenomenal among its kind. Amongst ahost of other instructions,twenty candles,at least must be kept burning, relays of watchersmust attend,andstatues in theimmediate neighbourhoodmustberemov. ed or covered:and indeed, everything is done to afford the greatest honour and adoration and to secure all pos. sible recollection and devotion.

It is worthy of note that the Forty Hourswasinstitutedinoneofthemost perilous and turbulent periods in the historyofChristendom. In 1592 Pope Clement,referring to the devotion, wrote: "Pray for the concord of Chris. tian princes,pray that the enemes of our Faith, the dreaded Turks who in the heat of their presumptuous fury threaten slavery and devastation to all Christendom,may be overthrown by therighthandofAlmightyGod" To. day when the worldisin astill.greater state of upheaval and Christianity is facing thegravest'dangers,thereshould be an increase of fervour among Catholics to the Forty Hours'Adoration which was originally instituted in the cause ofpeace.

PriestExposes iRlooranca

i? of He G. Wells

Five Prime Errors of an Irresponsible Dotage

In alecture at the Melbourne Unipersity to members of Newman Society, Melbourne,Rev. M.D. Forrest, M.S.C. said:

While leaders of Protestant churches in America publicly praise Pope Pius XII, and urge the members of their respective denominations to study.his statements,and while the well-known radio news commentator, MissH. V. Kaltenborn,abaptised Lu_ theran, according to her own declaration lauds the Pope most highly and calls him one of Europe's,leading statesmen,Mr. H.G. Wells declares of the Holy Father that "it is necessary to insist upon his profound ignorance and mental inferiority," and adds later on in the same chapter of "Crux Ansata":"Pius XII., when we strip him down to reality,showed himself asunreal and ignorant as Hitler. Possibly more so.- Both havebeen incoherent 'and headlong men, whom chadce has made figureheads for the undisciplined foolishness of this dying age." Mr. Wells terminates this violent outburst bystating that"the Pope,anyPope,is necessarily an ill-educated and foolish obstacle heir to the tradition of Roman Catholicism in its last stage of poisonous decay, in the way to abetter order in the world."

'An Irresponsible Dotage."

Those who have read through Mr. Wells's "Outline of History"will scarcely be surprised at this outburst, though they will regret to realise that old age (Mr. Wells is now seventynine) has not mellowed the anti-Catholic bias,the Orange-like bitterness, which he showed in his writings of a quarter of acentury ago. Or it may be that some rill charitably take the view that the old man has reached an irresponsible dotage. Still the stern fact remains that Mr. Wells is widely read, and therefore anyone who is keenly interested iq the refutation of error and the spread of truth cannot allow the wild statements of Wells to go unchallenged. Indeed,Iwas surprised to see, on the last occasion on which Ihad the pleasure ofaddressing you, that there were ardent admirers of Mr. Wells amongst the undergraduates. Therefore,when invited again to address you, Ichose as the title of the lecture:"Is H.G.WellsReliable?"

That Iconsider arather euphemistic way of putting the question,but, since Iwish to analyse this matter calmly, dispassionately,and objectively, I have preferred to put the question in amild form.

In this lunch-hour lecture Ican but draw your attention to some of the chief errors made by Mr.Wells in his "Outline of History"and in his more recent work, "Crux Ansata." The very titleof the latter book contains a sneer. What,we may as, is across with ahandle?Lest we fail to visualise such acontradiction,an inelegant drawing is presented for our contemplation. The Latin expression wasin. elegant but that would not trouble Mr. Wells, who gives us, on page 50 of this strange book, the information that the Ana-baptists got their name from thewordanabaptismo,which means to rebaptise. That will surely be news to many aLatin or Greek student.

Glaring Faults.

Iwould sum up-in several sentences the chief faults that "hit one in the eyes" ashereads "Outline'of History";

(1)' Mr. Wells takes for granted and states as facts theories which all men of learning know have long since been exploded. In other words,Wells has been static as regards scientific theories since 1893. Thus he trots out the obsolete,or practically obsolete theory of Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest as explaining evolution. He still cherishes the Old Alan theory in explaining the idea of God. He hugs thte"Golden.Bough"nonsense of Frazer. These and other out of date thdes be puts forward as accepted

facts. In scientific matters he is a.•--Rip Van Winkle.

'zl A genuine'scientist forms hi s theories or hypotheses from facts; but nu. delis dues the reverse: he makes facts (coloured by him, and at times distorted)fit in with his preconceived theories. This is evident from his ueatment of cave drawings,the Piltao!wn remains,and Neanderthal man. liis reasoning on the placing of gifts in tombs is ridiculous.

(3) Where the Catholic Church ap-'• pears on the horizon he shows almost the same kind of infuriation as awild bull manifests whenared rag iswaved before him. Air.)fells simply cannot even think calmly where the Catholic religionisconcerned. Asforhisknow. ledge of Catholic doctrine,it is next tonil.-lle commits themostappalling "howlers." But; unfortunately for himself(andfor thosewho choose him foraguide),poorWellsdoesnotknow -that he does not know Catholic teach. ing. Immaculate Conception he understands to be the miraculous conception of adivine being, "The Word was God"he understandsas"TheBible was God." He hasn'tthe slightest notion why the Evangelists trace the genealogy of Christ from David.

(4) Although he rightly accepts the-4

' Gospels as historical records, he is deplorably ignorant of their content and hopelessly illogical in expunging as interpolations whatever does not coincide-with the views of the all-knowing, H.G.WellsI -

(5) His knowledge of any early Christian writer likewise seems to be nil. At any rate,his cocksure statements about our very,little knowledge of early Christian ideas, ceremonies, and ideas (those of the first two centuries)betoken abyssmal ignorance coupled with unbounded confidence in his own judgment)

Deplorable Prejudice.

Father Forrest dealt in detail with each of thesefivestatements.He then read passages from "Crux Ansata," which he refuted and stigmatised as examples of the most deplorable pro judice thatone couldfind in any English writer of note of the present day: He urged the undergraduates to read carefully Hilaire Belloc's masterly work, "A.CompaniontoMr.Wells'OutlineofHistory,"and added that, as regards "Crux Ansata," they might just as profitably peruse any "No Popery" emanation from an avowedly bitter anti ,

Catholic organisation.

At the close of the lecture questions and objections were proposed and a lively debate ensued between the lec,Curer and various members of the audience. The questions and objections were fully answered,andathe large, happy meeting dispersed in a most friendly spirit.

WANTED.

Capable Housekeeper (over 45); six gentlemen;good salary. Apply Principal, Christian Brothers'College, Geraldton.

.IfniLIN.IIllIIllallI'llMM,IHI11911111MIINoll@Ill"II's

111I ,

Racing Selections

By "THE HAWK."

WJLT.O.

Saturday,May5.

(Before Acceptances,)

Nedlands Handicap:Flaming Monarch, 1; Alion,2: Ormic,3.

Byford Maiden Handicap: Wood,ark, 1; Irish Ace,2; Sabang, 3.Federal Handicap: Heyington, 1: Balquidda,2: Skyborne.3.

Karridale Handicap:Dear Brutus, 1; Falsetto, 2; Starry Sky,3.

Kimberley Handicap:Punchinello,• 1; Nullabung,2: Aurific, 3.

TablelandsHandicap (2): Atbene, 1; Bettiville,2; Pericles,3.

Tablelands Handicap (1): Melting Pot, 1: Melado, 2: Tretel, 3.

EjQura,

Securing Perpetual Adoration in a Succession of Churches -

OriginallyInstituted inCauseof Peace

1

lhe JrortT iBoYte a the Qttarant' Oreis;.amo•allAatltollss,oneofthe mat cherished of all the devotions and averaiess of theOhureh, Yet it Yswpriatng how few OathoBes know the historyof its origin or appreciate fully its heaatty and signi9oanea

The FortyHours adorationis noref cent innovation into the services of shyCht•ch;indeed,it has been established foroverfourhundred years.Although there is someobscurity and no little controversy about the originator ofthedevotion,itisgenerally accepted thatthe Capuchin Father Joseph Piontonfcla da Lerno was the founder of the Quarant'Oreasweknowittoday. Thiswas at Milan in May, 1537, Undoubtedly,the practice of exposingandadoring theBlessedSacrament was agood deal olderbut wasusually carriedononlyintimesofgreatpublic calamity or danger. It is interesting to note that,,

on such occasions, the period of exposition was forty.bours. Thiswasprobably due tothefactthat this wasaboutthelengthof time that the body of Christ remained in the tomb,and consequently the time that the Blessed Sacrament , was left in the 'Easter Sepulchre in the Middle Ages.

DEATHS ►Ti

On Sertde"s.

CUSACK.—Of your charity,will all friends pray for the soul of Michael Joseph Cusack,who died of wounds April 17,1945,at New Brittian, eldest son of Joseph Cusack, of the CamelCorpsof thelate war.

—Inserted by all loving relations.

FOLEY.—On April 17, at Fremantle Hospital,WilliamJohn (Jack), dearly loved husband of Eileen (18 Hubble-street,East Fremantle), loving father of Eileen (Mrs. J.Dolan), Tom, Jack,Larry and Fred.

Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercyon him.

SMITH.—On April 10,at Turkey Hill, Southern Cross, Patrick Joseph, dearly loved husband'of Dorothy and loving father of Brian.

Eternal rest grant to hint, OLord, and may perpetual light'saute on him,

►T+

.

IM MEMORIAM ►Ti

BOGUE.—Treasured memories of my darling(sister andAunty Veronica Mary (Molly), whodeparted thisWe May 1, 1940.

Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on her.

Always remembered by her loving sister,Margaret.

FITTJGIBHON.—Sacred to the memory of our beloved husband and father,Thomas,who departed this life May 7, 1944.

0, Sacred Heart of Jesus, have mercy on his soul.

Immaculate Heartof Mary,prayfor him.

Inserted by his laving wide' and children,Kathleen,Mick and Eileen.

KNUCKEY —In loving memory of our dear mother, Mary Knuckey, who passed away on April 30, 1943.

Eternal rest grant to her,O Lord, andmay perpetuallightshineupon her.

—Inserted by her sons and daughters.

MURPHY—In fond memory of my loving wife and our darling mother. Sarah Murphy,who 'passed away May31941.

1![oet sacred Heart of Jeattf, have 1

mercy on

herscut —InsertedtyC.Murphyand family, Rukerin.

TAYLOR.--Sacred to the memory of Roes Taylor,whose anniversary oe cursed on April 48.

Bacred Heart of Jean., have mercy onhercool.

—inserted by her loving husband.

Perpettsal ildeeation.

Nevertheless,it was Father Jo:dph who caused the devotion to be established onan organised ,universal basis andgave toit manyofitscharacteris• tic features. It was be who intro• ducedthepracticeofhaving thedevotion in a.succession of churches, 1

terminating in one at about the time at which it !begins in the next and thus securing perpetual adoration.

Thedevotionflourishedandlessthan two years afteritsinception (1537) We find Pope Paul III,replying to peti• lions soliciting•,indulgences for the practice. He gave it his enthusiastic approvalandendoweditrichlywithin. 'dulgences. His reply to the petitions is extremely interesting,insofar as it shows us the essential features of the devotionandtheendsforwhichit was originallydstablished.

"Since ,..ourbelovedsontheVicar GeneraloftheArchbishopofMilan... in order to appease-the anger of God, provokedby the offencesofChristians, andinordertobringtonEught theef• forts and machinations of the Turks, who are pressing forward to the de• etrvetion of Christendom, amongst other piolrs practices has established a round of prayers and supplications to be offered both by day and by night

.beforeOur Lord's,.Most Sacred Body in all churches of the said city in such-amanner that these prayers and supplications are made by the faithful themselves,relieving each otherin relays forfortyhourscontinually in each church in succession .. ' we,approvinginOurLordsopiousan' institution and confirming the same by Our authority,grant and remit;' etc. SapidSpread.

The devotionspread with grew{ rapidity and was soon well established throughout the continent of Europe. Amongstothergreatfiguresofthe period, St.Philip Neri and St.Ignatius Loyola practised and encouraged.the devotion. It flourished particularly under the Oratorian Fathers,andit is this circumstance thatgave riseto the inception and development of the Sacred Music form,the Oratorio,inwhich subsequently the earlier of the great masters wrote so effectively.

The form of the devotion is well known. ASolemn High Mass, the Mass of Exposition,is sungat the beginning and another,thF Mass of Deposition,at the end of the period of forty hours, both of.whichare accom• ponied by processions of the Blessed Sacramentandthe chantingoftheLit, aniesof the Saints. Onthe interven. ingdayaSolemnMass"propace"—for peace--is, offered. "

The other rubrical requirements are very many and varied and are laid down withsuch detail andminuteness in"Instructs Clementine," issued by Pope Clement XII., in 1731,as to render thatdocumentphenomenal among its kind. Amongst aboat of other instructions,twenty Dandles,at least, mustbekeptburning,relaysofwatch• eramvSLattend,andstatuesinthefm• mediateneighbourhoodmustberemov ed or covered;and indeed,everything is done to afford the greatest honour and adoration and to secure all pos• aible recollection and devotion.

It is worthy of note that the Forty Hourswasinstitutedinoneofthemost perilous and turbulent periods in the h?story,

ofChristendom. In1597Pope Clement,referring to the devotion, wrote:"Pray for the concordof

Chris• flan princes,pray that the anemia of our Faith,the dreaded Turks, who in the beat of their preaumptnoua fury threatenslaveryanddevastationtoall Christendom,may be overthrown by therighthandofAlmightyGod!" To. daywhentheworldisin•still.greater state of ' upheaval and Christianity -

is [acingthegravest'dartgen,thereshould be an increaseof fervour among Cr tholics to the Forty flours'Adoration (arbkb was'originally instituted to the causeofpeace.

Priest EVosds•d of R`G, Wells

Five Prime Errors of an Irresponsible Dotage

In alecture at the Melbourne Uni• persity to members of Newman $ocfety, Melbourne,Rev. M.D, Forrest,

While leaders of Protdetant ehurchee,in America publicly praise Pope Pius XII,and urge the members of, their respective denominations to study.his statements, and while the well-known radio news commentator, MissH.V. Kaltenbern,abaptised Lutheran,according to her own declaration, laude the Pope most highly and can him one of Europe's.leading statesmen,Mr. H. G.Wells declaresof the Holy Father that "it is necessary to insist upon his'profound ignorance andmentalinferiority;' andaddslater on in the same chapter of "Crux Ans9ta": Pius XII., when we strip him down toreality,showedhimselfasunreal and ignorant-as Hitler. Possibly more so.•-Bothhavebeen incoherent and headlong men, whom chance has made figureheads for the undisciplined foolishness of this dying age." Mr. Wells, terminates this violent outburst bystatingthat"thePope,anyPope,is necessarily an ill-educated and foolish obstacle,heir to the tradition of Roman Catholicism in its last stage of poisonous decay, in the way to abetter order in'the world,"

'1Aa7ireeponsibht Dotage."

Those who have read through Mr. Wells's"Outline of History"will scarcely be surprised atthis outburst, though they will regret to realise that old age (Mr. Wells is now seventynine)has not mellowed the anti•Ca• facile bias,the Orange-like bitterness, which he showed in his writings of a quarterof acentury ago. Or-

-itmay be that some Iteill charitably take the view that the'old manhasreachedan irresponsible dotage. Still the stern fact remains that Mr. Wells is widely read,and therefore anyone who Is keenly interested iq the refutation of error and the spread of truth cannot allow the wild statements of Wells to go unchallenged. Indeed,,

Iwas surprised to see, on the last occasion on which Ihadthe pleasure ofaddressing you, that there were ardent admirers of Mr.Wells amongst theund(srgradnales. Therefore,when invited again to address you, Ichose as the title of the lecture:"Is H.G. WellsReliable?"

That Iconsider arather euphemistic way of putting the question,but,since I(wish to analyse this matter calmly, dispassionately,and objectively, I have preferred to put the question in amild form.

In this lunch-hour lecture Ican but draw your attention to some of the chief errors madeb'

•Mr.Wells in his "Outline of History and in his more recent work, "Crux Ansata:' The very titleof the latterbookcontains a sneer. What, we may as is across with ahandle?.Lest we fail to visualise such acontradiction,an inelegant drawing is presented for our contemplation. The Latinexpression wasinelegantbutthatwouldnottroubleMr. Wells, who gives us, on page 50 of thisstrangebook,theinformationthat the Ana•baptistS got their name from thewordanabaptLmo,twhichmeansto rebeptise. That will surely be news tomanyaLatin orGreekstudent.

4iLeingladts, Iwould sum upin several sentences the chief faults that "hit one, in the eyes"asbereads"Outline'ofHistory":.

fl)' Mr.Wells takesforgranted and states as facts theories which all men of learning know have long sins been exploded. In other words,Wells has been static as regards scientific theor• `tea since 1898. Tana be trots out the obsolete,or practically obsolete, theory of Natural Selection and Survival of the Fattest as explahtingg evolution. He still cherishes the Old Man theory in explaining the idea of God. He Lugs the"Golden.B h"nonsense of Fnaei. 171ex and otter out ofdate tbepria he pure forward as accepted

facts. In scientific matters be is RipVan Winkle. ,,d/ agenuine'scientist forma hfs" theories or hypothesesfrom'tacts;•but our. hell'sdoes thereverse:he makes facts(coloured by him, and at times mstorted) fit in with his preconceived theories. Tbfs is evident from his treatment of cave drawings,the Piltciawn remains;and Neanderthalman. liis reasoning on the placing of gifts in tombs is ridiculous. T

(3) Where the Catholic Church a

p pears on the horizon he shows almost the samekind of infuriationasawild bull'manifestswhenaredragiswaved betore him. Mr. Wellssimplycannot even think calmly where the Catholic religionisconcerned. Asforhisknow• ledge.of Catholic doctrine,it is next tonil. Hecommits themostappalling "Yowlers." But' unfortunittely for himself,(andforthosewhochoosehim foraguide),poorWellsdoesnotknow -that he does notknow Catholic teach. ing. Immaculate Conception he un• derstandstobe themiracdousconcep• tion of adivine being, "The Word wasGod"heunderstandsas"TheBible was God." He hasn'tthe slightest notion why the'Evangelists trace the genealogy of Christ from David.

(4) Although he-rightly accepts the.le' Gospels as historical records,.he is deplorablyignorant of theircontent and hopelesslyillogical in empunging asiii_ terpolations whatever does not coin., cide ,

withtheviewsof theall-knowing, H.G.Wellal

r.

(5) His knowledge of any early Christian writer likewise seems to be nil. Atany rate,hiscocitsum.state• ments about our very,little'knowledge of early Christian ideas,ceremonies;and ideas (those of the first twocen• turies)betoken abyssmal ignorance . coupled with unbounded -

confidencein hisownjudgmentI

DeplorablePrejudice, Father Forrest dealt in detail with eachof.thesefivestatements.Hethen read passages from 'Vrux Ansata,'" which he refuted%Lnd stigmatised as examples of the most deplorable p pene .. judicethatonecouldfind in anyr-19 - of note of thepresentday, He 'urged the undergraduates to read carefully Hilaire Belloe's masterly work,"ACompanionto'Mr.Wells'OutlineofHistory,"andaddedthat,asregards "Crux Ansata," theT might just. as profitably peruse any No Popery" emanation from an avowedly bitter anti-Catholic organisation.

Attheclose of the lecture questions and objections were proposed and a lively debate ensued between the lee.T ,turer and various members of the audience. The questionsandobjections were fully answered,andathe large, happy meeting dispersed in a most friendlyspirit.

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TheBlessed fuchan

HolyMassAppliestheMerits ofCalvary

An What the Idea of Sacrifice Consists

Fruits of the Mass and Ends for Which It is

It is clear tfiat Our Lord's Sacrifice on the Cross obviously does not do away with the personal duty —of every creature to pay unto hisGod and Maker the highest form of outward worship possible to man, and that is 'sacrifice. Otherwise .man's worship would be shorn of its most important feature, its highest and chiefest function;it would be truncated worship.

Christ met this need and duty of every creature by instituting the daily —Eucharistic Sacrilce---called the Mass— on thenightof hisshamefulbetrayal— aSacrifice,however, that derives its virtue from the one offered once and for all upon Calvary.

It stands towards that offering in blood as the means by which the allsufficient merits of the Precious Blood are to be applied day by day to the Christian Church. Some theologians callit"the Sacrifice"of Application ,

or "applying"Sacrifice.

What is the idea of sacrifice?

It is the permanent separating-off from human uses and dedication to God's honour of some visible object under the control:of man, wh., in some sort consumes,destroys,or renders it unavailable for ordiaa:y rurposes.and this as a•tribute to God's supreme right over hisbeing and over all he has. It is, in fact,aprocess of subsitution byiwhich man makes what is his to represent himself, and desires that its entire alienation from himself and immolation to his Maker shall ex. press the whole-hearted subjection rf himself to the Divine dominion. The victim or thing thus offered stands proxy for himself.

According to the absolute and inalienable right of God over all His .creation,the literal destruction of human life in His honour would be no more than His due. He could justly claim this. But in His moderation and love He will not demand it. This truth is exemplified in Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his own son Isaac at the Divine command. God began by bidding Abraham to sacrifice his first-born to try the father's obedience, andtesthisfull recognition of theDiv ine right. The patriarch obeyed -.promptly, and made all needful preparations for the painful rite. But as he was about to strike his boy, God stayed his hand, and bade him sacrifice in Isaac's stead an ewe that ,was entangled in abush hardby. In one instance only hasGod actually accepted ahuman sacrifice--in the case of His own Incarnate Son, the Victim of the Cross_ But even here we have -.substitution,our Saviour receiving in His own Person the chastisement which by right should have fallen upon us sinners. "The chastisement of our peace is upon Him." He blotted out the writ thatwas against us-not against Him--taking it away and fastening it to the Cross.

From the above underlying notion of sacrifice it becomes plain that this --form of worship must be reserved for God alone, The offering of it to any creature whatlsoever,no matter how holy and exalted,would be rank idolatry. Due reverence bids us acknowledge superiority. God, however, is not merely Superior, but is alone Supreme. Thus in the Catholic Church Mass is never offered to the Blessed Virgin nor to saints.

There is another feature of sacrifice Falling for notice. Man is a social being. God framed his nature for association with others of his own kind. Ile was not intended to be asolitary

the effect of Adam'ssin, that the Son of Godshould become man at all, and still less that He should suffer death, and such adeath,in order to recon• cile us to God. As the Church hymn has it,"Amor coegit tuus" (Thy love it was that forced Thee). Love, and not necessity. In the Christian Dispensation we have to deal with facts, and not with what might have been, according to our poor notions of exigencyandfitness.

Offered

wild man of the woods; so he must also worship God as amember of society. This introduces ademand for corporate or public worship. Yet, as it is clearly impracticable for each member of the community to take an official part in corporateworship, some onemust be legitimatelydeputed torepresent the community and perform thesacrificial act initsbehalf.In more primitive states of society public worship seems to have been performed family by family, some member of the household—its head, forexample— officiatingin thesameof all.

Is the Sacrifice of the Mass, then, one with the Sacrifice ofCalvary? The answer is "Yes" or "No;" according to the point of view adopted,though one might with substantial accuracy briefly answer "Yes." The two Sacrifices are one and the same in this chief respect;that the Victim offered, Who is also the High Priest offering, is the same in both—that is to say, Jesus Christ is as truly present in the Eu. charistais He wasonGolgotha. They differ, however,in more than one respect. The manner of offering is different. The death of the Holy Victimin the'Eucha;istismoral andmystical, and free from suffering and actual blood-shedding. 'There is also this further most important difference , that on the Cross thisidentical Divine Victim merited for us superabundantly once and for all, while in His Eucharistic Sacrifice He neither does nor can merit at all, but only distributes and applies to us the merits which He acquired and finally stored up for us onCalvary. Mass, then, is, so to say, the executive of Calvary. Some may compare the Mass to alever which is attachod to the sluice of some im. mense reservoir,and which lets loose the torrent of waters for our use, and yet can add nothing to their quality, power, and abundance.

Yet, since by Christ's actual ordinancethe Masshasbecome necessary as ameans of irrigating the Church with the merits of His Passion and Death,. the two Sacrifices may fittingly be viewed as forming together one complete and operative while,even as the sluice above mentioned may be held an indispensable part of aworking reservoir.

It has been said just now that the Mass applies to us the merits of the Cross. But then it does not follow that those meritsare applied to us infinitely, or in an unlimited degree, in every Mass. For, aperson might argue: "If the Mass isof infinitespiritual value,then one single celebration would have satisfied the needs of all the world from the dawn of Christianity until the crack of doom. That which is infinite must not only'suffice for every want,but must even leave after use an infinite balance to the good." The practice of the Church, however in all times and places refutes this notion,and shows her be. lief and teaching by her repetition of Masses. She has received no revelation vs to how much benefitowe derive from each Mass,and hence can give as none.

Of course. there was no antecedent necessity for another mode of sacrifice in addition to the Atonement in blood on Calvary in order to bring home to oursouls thefruits of thelatter. The infinite resources of Divine Wisdom and Power could have devised some other plan,or have been content with the Sacraments for the purpose. But that proves nothing,since neither was it antecedently necessary,for undoing

the past by theswordofsamepatriot. That the Eccharist isa "true and proper Sacrifice," and not merely aairvice in which the Sacrament is distrlbuted to the faithful,and which is, therefore, incomplete without their attendance.

TEL VALUE OFNW.

TheChurch teachesus that in point of fact,Our Saviour ordained the Eucharist as a"real andproperSacrifice," and not merelyas aSacrament, andat the Last Supper made His Apostles priests for offering it, when He said, "Do ye this for a remembrance of Me." That while this Sacrifice is in. deed what Christ made it—namely, a memorial rite—it is not abare commemoration only, for it communicates to men here and now the very benefits of the event commemorated. In thisit differsfrom an anniversary celebration which anation may hold in memory of independence won for it in

Devotion to the Holy Sacrifice--by which Imean actually hearing Mass as often as possible,even at some little inconvenience—is one of the distinctive marks of a solid Catholic. Even strict adherence to Masses of obligation is asure promise of better things to come in those whose lives are at present far from stainless. Mass, it may be repeated,is the one hope (when available)of those who have not yet determined to break with sin, and to seek speedy reconciliation with God in the confessional.

It may not be of much practical use to give a technical enumeration of the ' different kinds of spiritual "fruits"to be derived from Mass, such as theological textbooks de(ContinuedonBackCover.)

FRANK J.BOSWELL

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SMILEaWHILE

AyoungDigger wasacting as waiter in theofficers'mess,whereonthe sideboard stood aripe Gorgonzola cheese. Every time he passed ithe salutedit. "What are you doingthatfor Mike?" askedthe Adjutant.

"'Cosit'sregulation, sir," "What is?"

"Why, every soldier salutes his superior in rank,doesn't he?"

::Certainly."

Well, then,by cripes, that cheese is the rankest I've come across."

# # # r

An ex-college boy has won several professional boxing bouts. Opponents have learnt to respect his Old School sock.

Dispatch rider Joneshadjust arrived atthefrontline with amessageforthe major from the Brigadier.

Jones: "The Brigadier wants you to carry out abanana advance."

Major: "Abanana advance. What is that?"

Jones: "You knowl• Come on in bunches."

* # * #

Tommy (whohas hadagood thrashing):"Dad,does it really hurt-you more that'itdoes me?"

Father: "Yes,son, it does."

Tommy: "Then hit me abit harder next time."

r •

• r

He had made an appointment with abusiness colleague. Whenhe arrived he found anoticeon the door.

"Shallmeawayhalfanhourbutwill soon be back. Have already been away twenty minutes."

* # r #

Plumber (at'phone):"What's that? lead in the water pipe? Well, tell yet 'usband to keep 'is'and over it.. And just'ang on aminute and III tell yet whatday Ican come."

# # # #

A well-meaningpedestrian 'said to a sandwich-board man:"Pardon me, but, do you know that your boards are turned wrong side out?"

"SureIknowit,"wasthereply."Yet don't think I'm goin' to work in me lunch hour,do yet?"

Theystood at the gardengate. Herbert coughed nervously. "Mary," he whispered,"we've been going together foryears."

"We have,Herbert," was the reply.

"And we kind of know each other, and trust

each other,don'twe?"

"Of course,Herbert."

"Well," Herbert gulped, "will you—' will you lend me mybusfare home?"

r # r r

The house agent was showing the prospective buyer through the rooms.

,.

This is the maid's bedroom, and this is the linen cupboard."

"The linen cupboard is the one with the shelves?"

Mrs. Brown:"My husband bought a piano forapound."

Neighbour:"And does he?"

"I've worked under the same boas for twenty years,"

"That's nothing. It's my silver wedding nextweek," # # r •

The chief discovered in hisoffice one morning that he had left his penknife at home. Comi,ginto the gen• eral office, he tried vainly to borrow ar.e from the clerks.

Finally the office boy put his Land in his pocket and pulled mA arater battered knife.

"How is it Jimmy,said the chief, looking at the boy with admiration, "that youalone ofmyentirestaffhave apocket knife with you?"

"Don't know,sir," replied the boy, "unless it'sthat my wages are so low that Ican't afford more than one pair of trousers."

The new member of the local -

golf clubstarted out on hisfirst game. At the No.Itee he made several terrific swipes at the ball and missed each time, "Great Scottl"he exclaimed. "It's a good thing Ifound out right at the start. This course Is at least two inches lower than the one I've always played on."

A young dVqctor and ayoung dentistsharedtheservices of atypist •

and both fell in love with her.

The dentistwascalled awayon

buslness, so he sent for the typist and said:"Iam going to be awayfor ten days. You willfindalittlepresentin your room."

She went in,and found ten apples.

• r # •

In an effort togetamore lettersfrom has girl,awily corporal had bar name' printed on some gift stationery. Fearingshemightusethisconveniencealso to correspond with his rivals, he took afurther step. On each sheet he had printed the salutation: "Dear Herbert."

# r r #

The businessman dvas fast asleep in his hotel room when the 'phone rang. It rang for afull minute before he awakened. He picked upthereceiver sleepily.

"Long distance callingl" an operator sangout. "Here is yourparty."

"Okay," yawned the businessman. "Hello1"

"What's that?" cried the voice at the other end.

"I said 'Hello!

"Oh,"said the voice. "HelloI"

The businessman paused.

"Well," he demanded,"what do you want?"

"Nothing," answered the voice. "Absolutely nothing."

The other saw red.

"What!" be roared. "If you didn't wantanything,whydo you call me at threein the morning?"

"That's simple," replied the voice cheerily."The night rate is cheapen"

"Well,AuntMandy,Isupposeyou're mighty glad the war isnearlyover."

"Well Ijestdon'tknow abou

tda

t," answered Mandy. "Cose I'se glad to have Billbackhomeandall dat, but I jest know Iain't gwine to get money frum him so regular as Idid when he wuz in de Army and de Government was handtin'his financial affairs."

• # # #

Thatold favourite,"Don't you know which side ofyourbread isbuttered?" can now be answered with a brief "Neither1"

It was achilly evening in an English pub when one Britisber turned to his friend and said:"Time was when we could complain about this blasted weather. But now that the Yanks are overhere we have to defend it"

There are two kinds ofpeoplein the army—volunteers and the people with clothes thatfit.

#

# • #

Joan: "Ishan'ttell you any more secrets. Yougave thelastoneaway."

Jean: "Ididn'tgive it away. I.exchanged it for another one."

*

# • #

Aplacid old lady who tooklife philosophically sat knitting in the drawing-room. To her there came rushing her 15-year-old granddaughter.

"Oh, Granny,Granny"cried the girl,"father'sjust fallen off the roofl"

"I know,my child," replied the old lady, without raising her eyes. "I saw him pass the window."

"No," said the schoolboy to his friend ,

"Icertainly do not believe in brevity in letter writing. It once let medown very badly."

"How was that?"asked his companion.

"I wrote home to my father like this:'No mon,no fun—Your son."'

"Yes, and what did your father write back?"asked the other.

"'Haw sadIToo bad.—Your Dad."' the schoolboyexplained .

"George looks worried to-day.What's wrong with him?"

"Oh, he's been contesting his wife's will."

"His wife'stwill? IdWt know she was dead."

"She Isn't." It

• • t

Inquiring Friend: "Why must a judge look so impressive?" His Honour:"If youshowanytiger of interest inalawyer'sargument hell never atop."

Make

accessories from materials offering in Foy's new

Section. Here youmaypurchasespeciallyselected skins in suitable lengths for bags,belts,dress trimmings, cushions, table centres, etc., at very reasonableprices. You willfind these materials delightfully easy to makeupandthe results will thrillyou.

Feltisanotherexcitingmedium that offers unlimited scope for your ingenuity. It is on sale in Foy'sHomecraftSectioninmany lovely colours. Here is agrand opportunity for you to save money by making your own Christmasgiftsthis year.

AyoungDiggerwasacting as waiter in theofficers'mess,whereonthe sideboard stood aripe Gorgonzola cheese. );very time hepassed ithe salutedit. "What areyoudoingthatfor Mike?" asked the Adjutant.

"'Cos it's regulation, sir," "What is?"

"Why, every soldier salutes his sup. erior in rank, doesn't he?"

"Certainly."

"Well, then, by cripes, that cheese is the rankest I've come across."

An ex-college boy has won several professional boxingbouts. Opponents have learnt to respect his Old School sock.

Dispatch riderJoneshadjustarrived atthe frontlinewithamessageforthe major from the Brigadier.

Jones: "The Brigadier wantsyou to carry out abanana advance."

Major: "Abanana advance. What is that?"

Jones: "You know! Come on in bunches."

* * * r

Tommy (whohashadagood thrashing): "Dad, does it really hurt you more thatitdoesme?"

Father: "Yes, son, it doe's."

Tommy: "Then hit me abit harder next time."

Ile had made an appointment with abusiness colleague. When he arrived he found anoticeon the door.

"Shallmeawayhalfanhourbutwill soon be back. Have already been away twenty minutes." r r • •

Plumber(at 'phone):"What's that? lead in the water pipe? Well, tell yer usband to keep'is and over it., And Just'ang on aminute and I'll tell yer what day Ican come." r t • •

A well-meaning pedestrian'said to a sandwich-boardman: "Pardon me, but. do you know that your boards are turned wrong side out?"

"SureIknowit,"wasthereply."Yer don't think I'm goin' to work in me lunch hour, do yer?"

• • r • '

They stood atthe gardengate. Herbert coughed nervously. "Mary," he whispered, "we've been going together foryears."

"We have, Herbert," was the reply.

"And we kind ofknow each other, and trusteachother,don'twe?"'of course, Herbert."

"Well," Herbert gulped,"will you— will you lend me mybusfare home?"

• r • •

The house agent was showing the prospective buyer through the rooms.

"This is the maid's bedroom, and this is the linen cupboard."

"The linen cupboard is the one with the shelves?" r * r •

Mrs. Brown: "My husband bought a piano forapound."

Neighbour: "And does he?" * * * r

"I've worked under the same boss for twenty years,"

"That's nothing. It's my silver wedding nextweek."

+ r r ■

The chiefdiscovered in hisofficeone morning that he had left his penknife at home. Comi.ginto the gen. eral office, he tried vnirly to borrow ore from the clerks.

Finally the office boy put his Land in his pocket and pullal Opt aratrer battered knife.

"flow is it. Jimmy, said the chief, looking at the toy with admiration, "that youaloneofmyentirestaffhave apocket knifewith you?"

"Don't know, sir;" replied the boy, "unless it's that my wages are so lnw that Ican'tafford more than one pair of trousers."

The new member of the local golf club started out on his first game. At the No. Itee he made several terrific swipes at the ball and missed each time.

"Great Scottl" he exclaimed."It's a good thing Ifound out right at the start. This course is at least two inches lower than the one I've always played on."

A young doctor and ayoung dentistsharedthe•

servicesofatypist, and both fell in love with her.

The dentistwascalledawayonbusr ness, so he sent for the typist and said:"Iam going to be awaySor ten days. You willfindalittlepresentin your room."

She went in, and found ten apples. r * • r

In an effort togetmore lettersfrom his girl,awily corporal had her name printed on tome gift stationery. Fear• ingshemightusethisconveniencealso to correspond with his rivals, he took afurther step. On eachsheet he had printed the salutation: "Dear Herbert."

The businessman was fast asleep in his hotel room when the'phone rang. It rang for afull minute before he awakened. He picked up the receiver sleepily.

"Longdistance calling!" anoperator sangout. "Here is yourparty."

"Okay," yawned the

bus

inessman. "I I"

"What's that?" cried the voice at the other end.

"I said'Hello!

"Oh,"said the voice. "Hello!"

The businessman paused. -

"Well," he demanded, "what do you want?"

"Nothing," answered th e vo

ice. "Absolutely nothing."

The other saw red.

"What!" he roared. "If youdidn't wantanything,whydoyoucall me

three in the orning?"

at m

t e

i s c

hea

per •

+

!"

"Well,AuntMandy,Isupposeyou're mighty glad the war isnearlyover."

"Well Ijestdon'tknow a

bou

tda

t," answered Mandy. "Cose I'se glad to have Billbackhomeandall dat, but I jest know Iain't gwine to get money frum him so regular as Idid when he wuz in de Army and de Government was handlin' his financial affairs."

r

*

*

•

Thatold favourite,"Don't youknow which side ofyourbread isbuttered?" can now be answered with a brief "NeitherI"

r

• • r

It was achilly evening in an English pub when one Britisher turned to his friend and said:"Time was when we could complain about this blasted weather. But now that the Yanks are over here we have to defendit" • • • •

There are two kindsofpeoplein the arm .

volunteers and the people with clothes thatfit.

r r r •

Joan: "Ishan't tell you any more secrets. Yougave thelastoneaway."

Jean: "Ididn't give it away. Iexchanged it for another one,"

Aplacid old lady who tooklife philosophically sat knitting in the drawing-room. To her there came rushing her 15-year-old granddaughter.

"Ob. Granny, Granny," cried the girl,"father's just fallen off the roofl"

"I know, my child." replied the old lady, without raising her eyes. "I saw him pass the window."

r • • r

"No" said the schoolboy to his friend,"Icertainly do not believe in brevity in letter writing. It once let medown verybadly."

"flow was that?" asked his companion "I wrote home to my father like this:'No mon, no fun.—Your son..-

"

"Yes, and what did your father write back?" asked the other.

'"Ifow sadl Too bad.—Your Dad..' the schoolboyexplained. r

"Cicorge looks worried to-day. What's wrong with him?"

"Oh, he's been contesting his wife's will."

"His wife'stwill? Ididn't knowshe was dead."

"She isn't"

Inquiring Friend: "Why must a judge look so impressive?" His Honour:"If youshow anysigns of interestin alawyer'sargumenthe'll never Stop."

4 1

1

Dear Cornerites,—Well, Iam pleased indeedtosee thatthe PrickCard Drive has begun to reap a little harvest. Come onnow,keepitupI flow do you like the winter? Brr! Poor Aunt Bessy feels the cold -

too much, and she hasafaceaslongasthe Wet Blanket's attimes. ButImustn't • complain. I'llofferit up for the Cause. (The Wet Blanket has been reading over my shoulder, and she has just made avery naughty remark, because Isaid she has along face. Oh, dear, children, Ialways,

seem to be in hot water, don't V)

Imust sav cheerio to you all, now. (Don't forget to order your prick card early, before supplies give outl)

AUNT BESSY.

DearAunt Bessy,—I hadbetterwrite vou another little letter while Ihave the time, for we neverknow when the clock will stop ticking, do we? (Not for along time in your case, I hope, Grandma.) Well,Iread with pleasure Rev. Father McMahon's article on his week's camping out with farmers and fishermenand huntersunder the paperbark trees. My mouth nearly watered when Ireadof those pans fulloflovely kangaroo steak and bacon. (So did mine.) It's along time now since I had afeed like that. And those love. ly fish they caught! It's along time since Isa)tw afish. Inearly forget if they have scales or hair. (It's scales, Grandma.) Ican back Father Mc\lahon up in the goodnessof the brush tail, lie said he chewed from end to end. The very first Christmas Day I spent on the new piece of bushland, welloverfifty yearsago, ayoungbrush was shot that morning. Istarted and made apie of it, put anice cruston it without butter or dripping, then put a pinch of saltand soda inthe bour. No self-raising flour then. It was either brush pie or dry bread and black tea with afew vegetables. But we were luckv that dav; we had all three. And ouronlyguestswereourtwolittle baby girls. There was nobody nearer than .six or sevenmilesaway, yet we were as happy as larry. Now one of those baby girls is living somewhere up your tray, amin inaconvent; andtheother, Ihope hersoul isin Heaven. She left eicht childrenand theirfathertomourn their loss. i\lay her soul rest in peace.) Now, Aunty, you asked ifmy _ write-ups'Were finished. Yes, they re,and inprint this six or seven years. The Perth memoirs are printed in the Country Woman'! Magazine," and the one on farm life in the Historical So. cietv's Year ]look for 1035. It iscalled the "Early Days," and Ithink it can be bought at some hookstalls in Perth. Afriend of ours bought one last Christmas, but in case you can't get one, Itwill send the two hooks,to I.nu 1know you will look after them _and send them back when you have read them. There are other people's

Lentowide

ACKNOWLEDGED

AConstant

n

life histories as well as ours,and you will like reading them. Well, Ihad better closesoon, or you will not have time toreadthis. The weatherisvery hot and dry. The dairy people are calling outfor rain. The cowsare los• ing milk fast, and they are stuffing bran and pollard into them. Some of them get sick and die, as they are unused to the rich food. Cheerio until we meet again. Two shillings for the Bushies.

GRANDMOTHER.

P.S.—I may say,that these notes upon ourlife were notwritten with the intention of having them printed, or I would havetakenmorecarewith them. It wasdone toleave something hidden away for my grand and greatgrandchildren to find when looking for the lost stocking. But amember of the Historical Society saw some of my letters and found Ihad abook written up. Hewrote me and asked asafavour that Ilet him read it. Isent it to him and he showed it to Dr. Batty, who told him to ask me if he could print it; sothere it is for all the world to see. Dr.Batty is the author of the book, and it is called "Western Pio• neers" Have you read it?

Dear Grandmother,—

How good of you to write to me so soon. And I was literally"tickled pink" to think you were so kind as to send me your books. Ienjoyed reading them immensely. Now Iknow all about you, Grandmother. Ithink you are awon• derful old lady, and your husband a wonderful old man.

Ihadaletter from your great-grandson acouple of weeks ago. He is a very nice little boy ,and Ihope he'll write to me often. Iloved your descriptionof yourfirstChristmasdinner, Itmay nothavebeen princelyfare,but Iknow it must have been good. You have had avery interesting life, and vcur-tales are very good to hear. I hope I'll hearsome more of them soon. I'll post your books back to you during the week but Iam going to do my best to get copies of them for myself.

AUNT BESSY.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—Under separate cover Iam forwarding last year's"Garlands" and "Messengers," which Ihope vou willbe ableto forward to someone. Alsoenclosed postal note for Is. for the worthy cause.

ANONYMOUS.

Dear Anonymous,—I received your papers, and Iwish to thank you very much. Iwilleithersendthem tosome bush folk who might like them, or else to some soldiers. Iam sure they will be appreciated. Thank you also for the donation,

AUNT BESSY. x s

219South Terrace, Fremantle.

Bottle,

2 0

Anonymous .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 0

Dear Aunt liessy,—I am returning the prick card you sent me, and Iwas very pleased to fill it for you. Next week the school children are going down tosee"The Sullivans"; the other picture iscalled"Beautiful But Broke." Did you see the procession of their Royal Ilighnesses the Duke and Duch• ess ofGloucester? Next month isour annual sports, and to-day we areselectingthe teams. Ihope Iwillbechosen for"Gold." Do you think you will be able tocomedowntooursportsonMay 2G? Ihope you will, because Iam sure you would like it. Well, Aunt Bessv Iwill close now. Wishing your Corner every success. Love to yourself and the Bushies. GLENYS BRINDLEY.

Dear Glenys,—Nell, Iam pleased to hear from you. Thank you for filling the card. Ihope you enjoy "The Sullivans." Idid very much. No, I didn't see the Duke and Duchess, Glenys, but Ihave heard such alot about theta that Ialmost feel Idid. 1don't know whether I'll be able to come toyoursportsornot. Ihavean idea Imight be out of town on that date, but if I'm not I'll do my best to turnup. Did you get into"Gold"? If Ican'tcome,youmustwriteandtell me all that happens. AUNT BESSY.

22 Park-street, Mt. Lawley.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—IIere is 5s. for Marchand AprilfortheBushies. Dad came down for the march last week, andBrotherMcGrathletusgo downto seehim. MycousinLauriewasmarching, too. Afterthemarchwe wentback toschool. Thebigboysatschoolhave had aRetreat, and we have had three days' holiday. Weplayedfootballand cricket and went messages. We went to see "Going My Way," and we liked it. David is growing alot; he is a dear little boy. He issix months old now, and we all love him. My ninth birthday wasonTasterSunday.Brian's in June; he will be twelve. Good. bye. BRENDAN, Dear Brendan and Brian,—Thank you, boys, for the 5s. How nice for you to see Dad in the march. Ibet you enjoyed watching him. I'm glad to hear you enjoyed "Going My Way." Ithought it was alovely film myself. BingCrosby played his part verywell, didn't he? It doesn't seem any time I was a nice little baby. Goodness, before Iknow where Iam, I'll have him writing to join the Corner, won't I? AUNTBESSY. * * * *

128 Edmund-street, Beaconsfield.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am very sorry trat Ihave not written to you before this,and Ihope youwill forgive me. I would like you to send me another prick card, please,and Iwill try to fill it forvou. Idonotgoto St.Joseph's Convent now. Igo toChristthe King Convent, Beacoris<ield, because it is hearer home. Iwent to Northam for my Easter holidays and Ihad agood time there. Iam doingGrade IV. in Elocution this year, and Iam very interested in it. I'm not going to do a musical Practical examination;Imight do aTheory examination. I haven't anything interesting to write to you about, so Iwillclose now.—Your everloving niece, JOAN ALLEN.

DearJoan,—Ireally thought youhad forgotten me, but now you've turned up again Ifeel much better. How do you like the new school? I hope you're getting on well at your music and elocution. It is very nice of you to fill the cardfor me. Ihave posted one already. AUNT BESSY.

Dear Aunt Bes'sy,—Herewith £1in honour of St. Anthony, St. Patrick and St. Joseph, for favours received.

AFRIEND.

Dear Friend,—Thank you indeed for your kindness. You.are certainly a friend to the Bushies. AUNT BESSY, South Belmont.'

Dear Aunt Bessv,—This smallhelpto theLemonadeBottleisfromaverypersistent and grateful client of St. Anthony for my recent favours received. With all good wishes for the Busbies.

From "A

CONSTANT READER"

Dear Reader,—Iamsoglad you have cause to show your gratitude to St. Anthony. May he continue to keep you in mind.

AUNTBESSY.

, A Bassendean.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am sending the prickcardandmoney back. Willyou please send me ared prick card? My sisterMaureeniswritingtoyou. Iwas top of theclass for writingto-day, and Ihope Iwillgo on improving. Goodbye for now, Aunt Bessy.—Yours sincerely.

PATRICIA DOOLEY.

Fifth Avenue, Bassendean,

Dear Aunt Bessy,—This is my first letter to you. My name is Maureen Dooley, and Iam 121 years old. I am sending 2/0 forAhe Bushies. Will you please send me aprick card and Iwill fill it as soon as Ican. Iwill close. Hoping you and the Bushies are well.—Your loving would-be niece, MAUREEN DOOLEY.

Dear Maureen and Patricia,—Thank you both for writing, and also for the half-crowns. Ihave sent you aprick card each. Congratulations, Patricia, for excelling yourself at writing. I hope you keep it up. You are both rather neat at writing. Well, Maureen, Iam pleased to welcome you to the Corner. Ihope you will write often.

AUNT BESSY.

* *

St. Joseph'sConvent, Fremantle.

Dear Aunt Bessy,—I am returning my prick card, which Ihave just finished filling. I'm also sending alittle poem which Iwrote last week in school. Ihope you will like it. Itis called "Prayer." Did you see the Duke and Duchess? Idid yesterday. We marched down to the Oval, where aspecial place had been set aside for US. We had to wait awhile, but we were able to sit on the grass till the Royal visitors arrived. My eldest brother, Frank, has been in England since before last Christmas, and we are looking forward to his return any day. Well, Ihad better close now. My love to you and the Bushies.

MARGARET SANDER.

Prayer.

One day when Jesus was preaching, Ile said to the people there; "Ask and you shall receive from Me." So we must ask in Prayer.

Whenever we want some special gift, If we'askHim we'll receive. If what we ask is good for us, We'll get it if we believe.

So every night I'll say my -prayers, And every morning, too. And ask Him,for what Iwant, For His help in all Ido —Margaret Sander (10 years).

Dear Margaret,—Thank you very much for the prick card, and thank you, too, for your poem. It's very nice indeed, Margaret, and Ihope you will keep up your little hobby of writing poetry. Let me see them periodically, for Iam very interested. No, Ididn't see the Duke and Duchess. I would have liked to, 1 -

ut the crowds of people were a ittle t^o big for me to tackle, so Istayed at home instead. Iexpect you are very excited at the prospect of Frank's return. I hope it will be soon.

AUNT BESSY.

CraveSinandSpiritualLoss in Missing Mass

(Concluded from Page 17.)

scribe. These may be found elsewhere. Enough that this glorious tree, standingin the very centre of the Church'sparadise, is soladen and bent earthward by its produce as almost to press the rich and varied fruits into our very hands. There are fruits for all concerned in its celebration, even for those reasonably absent—at least, as included in the Church at large, in whose name the priest offers it. Then there are those other less direct fruits which come to the world—even to the world that knows not, or abuses, the Mass—through the graces received by those who value it and use it. How many heroic enterprises of corporal and spiritual charity; how many resolves to restrain passions that threat. en other souls; how many graces of reconciliation between enemies have fallen upon mankind from the branches of this tree, watered by the Blood of Jesus, spreading comfort, innocence, and peace around] Or, to adopt the figure of an abler person, how rich and how abundant is "the harvest of the Mass."

At Truss we must unite ourselves in some waywithrwhat thepriestisdoing at the altar, either by following the very words he is saying, or by using the Prayers for Mass, or other suitable devotion which we find in our prayerbooks. We must think of the four great ends for which the sacrifice is offered. We can divide the.Mass into four parts—

lst.—From the beginning of Mass to the Offertory. During that time we occupy orselves with acts of adoration. 2nd.—From the Qffertory to the Canon —acts of thanksgiving to God for all His blessings. 3rd.—From the Canon to the Paternoster—acts of propitiation,satisfaction for our sins, 4th.— From the Paternoster to the Last Gospels—acts of petition, a,

k;ng God for all necessaries for soci and body.

Holy Mass is the^,crificial prayer which the SacrNl Ileart of our Eldest Brother pours out to the Father, in thename of those witorn Ile has made bygrace His jrinp-eii:rrtners and sisters—that is to s.tv;ot. ,

belves. It is the pleading of the Man who is also God, and therefj•e must as an act of worship infinf'.^.ly surpass in value any form of public devotions or religious service wa.ue•,

:r.

Looked at nthis light, Iloly Mass stands out before uF as an event of unrivalled solemnity and suprem:bt importance. No event of earth, though the fate of cmpiws or thrrmes depend cpon it, de;ervas c-.ruparison with these Sacred My'teues. S, great is this Act of Je,:(s Christ in which we shareby assistn• atit, so immense and even infinite the glory it givc> to God, so priceless the spirituai and temporal blessings flowing from It to men, that we cannot wonder at the guilt of mortal sin being:ucurred by the careless and slothful absentee, who neglects to give this glory to God, and shows his indifference. not to say crntempt, towards such Divin(, benefits.

In point of fact, numbers -)fCatholics, thank God, go far beyond the limits of strict obligation in the matter of attending Mass. May their number ever increase,and for the following reason,amongstothers. ACatholic may be right in saying: "In my particular circumstances I am not bound to go to Mass. The difficulty is great enough to excuse me." Be it to. Butthisonly provesthat your absence will involve no sin. Itdoes not show that you will suffer no spiritual loss by missing the graces with which the Holy Sacrifice abounds.

Moreover, granting that Mass be

omitted without sin, its constant omission begets the custom of going with. out it which is not unlikely to result in continued neglect, even after the lawful excuse has ceased to exist. The great spiritual loss arising from not attending Mass is too little thought of, and yet it often proves disastrous. There can be little doubt, Ifear, that muuberg of our Catholic fellow-countrymen—forced to live in places far removed from a Catholic church— gradually become estranged from their religion, albeit they may not have sinned in any particular instance by not attending church at such a distance. Doubtless, if they only did their best to supply the loss by private religious exercises at home, they would be saved, by the grace of God, from serious injury to their faith. But, taking human nature as we commonly find it, such compensation is wont to be neglected, and the sad result follows. Through living constantly out of touch with church, priest, and Catholic society, they grow careless and indifferent, and too often are finally lost to the Chcrch. Their faith dies by starvation.

WHEN ANGLICAN ORDERS WERE DECLARED INVALID

(Continued from Front Cover.) of the divine promise of indefectibility to the Church?

The controversy died down after the reply,of the Anglican Archbishops and Dr. Temple took not further part in it. Indeed, it is more than probable chat he'greatly regretted the action of the High Church party in raising the matter at all. Nine-tenths of the clergy of the Church of England were quite content to be the sober, moder. ate, unsacerdotal Protestant clergymen which all their ancestors had been, and they had not the faintest desire either to say Mass or to hear confession or to bless rosaries or to do any of the thingswhich oneassociates with aCatholic priest.

In the fifty years that have elapsed since the Pope's Bull the HighChurch movement has not made much progress in England. Rather despising the official Church of England, and completely ignored by the Catholic Church, even the most robust optimist can scarcely hope for any bright future for it. Some of Its members willcontinue to find their wayinto the Catholic Church; others will be content to drift along, talking about a Corporate Reunion of which it is dixcult to believe that they have any real hope. Others, again, will content themselves with asserting the validity of their Orders, aclaim which, even if it were true, would scarcely satisfy anyman who really believed in Catholicity. The Arians, the Donatists, and variousother sectaries of the early ages unquestionably possessed valid orders, but that fact(did not prevent theCatholic Church from putting them outside her pale.

Itis only the death of the son of one of the leading figures in it which makes it topical to recall the contro. versy now. One thing we can say of theArchbishop who died recently, viz., that his father was brought into more direct contact with the Holy See than any representative of the new hierarchy which came intoexistence when Cardinal Pole, the last Catholic-Arch. bishop of Canterbury, died in 15M. and Matthew Parker, the first of the new line was consecrated in December, 1559, according to the form laid down in the thoroughly Protestant Ordinalof EdwardVI.