E Waste Management - A Case of Ahmedabad City (Data Analysis)

E-Waste Management

A Case of Ahmedabad City Data Analysis Stage

Sandeep Verma, 16AR60R18

Department of Architecture and Planning

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur

Guided by : Prof. Arup Das

INTRODUCTION

E-WASTE DEFINITIONS

“

E-waste includes a wide and developing range of electronic appliances ranging from large household appliances, such as refrigerators, air-conditioners, cell phones, stereo systems and consumable electronic items to computers discarded by their users”.

Basel Action Network (www.ban.org)

“Any household appliance consuming electricity and reaching its life cycle end”.

OECD(www.oecd.org)

“Waste electrical and electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables which are part of the product at the time of discarding”. The Directive 75/442/EEC, Article I (a), defines as “waste” “any substance or object which the holder discards or is required to discard in compliance with the national legislative provisions”.

European Directive 2002/96/EC

INTRODUCTION

E-WASTE MOVEMENT

• E- Waste is routinely exported by Europe, US and Japan to Asian countries

• About 80 per cent of the E-Waste generated in the US is exported to India, around 50,000 metric tonnes

• illegally imported into India, China and Pakistan (Ghana Business News, 2009).

• Trading in E-waste is camouflaged in India, in the form of obtaining ‘reusable’ equipment or as ‘donations’ from developed nations.

Reasons of exporting E-Waste to Developing Countries.

Lower Environmental Standards

(Legislative Factor)

Cheap and Skilled Labour

(High Population Illiteracy)

Labour intensive

Waste recycling Market Forces

Lack of Technology (Poverty)

Image Source: Greenspace

(High Competition )

INTRODUCTION

E-WASTE GENERATION

• The second largest mobile market with 1.03 billion subscribers.

• Fifth largest producer of E-Waste

• Electronic Equipment – 21% of E-Waste

• India annually generates about $1.5 billion worth of E- Waste.

• 60 per cent of the total E- Waste in India is generated by 65 cities.

MT – Million Matric Tonnes

• Annual Growth Rate : 3-5%

• 3 times faster than other waste streams. (Cuchiella et al.,2015)

Top 10 E-Waste Generating Cities (2016)

Mumbai: 1,20,000 metric tonnes (MT)

Delhi: 98,000 metric tonnes (MT)

Bangalore : 92,000 metric tonnes (MT)

MT – Million Matric Tonnes

Chennai – 67,000 metric tonnes (MT)

Kolkata – 55,000 metric tonnes (MT)

Ahmedabad – 36,000 metric tonnes (MT)

• Annual Growth Rate : 30%

• 5th largest producer of EWaste

Hyderabad – 32,000 metric tonnes (MT)

Pune – 25,000 metric tonnes (MT)

Source: Ascocham, India

Source :Greenspace

E-Waste Generation – Worldwide E-Waste Generation - India

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE & LIMITATION

To create a comprehensive e-waste management framework incorporating the informal sector and assess the scope for formalising of key activities in e-waste management.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

 To study the e-waste growth pattern.

 To assess entire chain of activities of e-waste management framework and identify the role of informal sector in such activities.

 To study phases and phenomena associated with recycling techniques.

 To validate the proposed methodology using the case study of e waste management of Ahmadabad.

• The study deals with the aggregate level e-waste management at aggregate level with information on LCA, recycling & disposal techniques based on secondary study.

• The study deals with the e waste route derivation using cost optimisation.

• The study does not deal with the solid waste issue related with the e waste.

• The study is city specific and does not deal with regional level e waste management due to lack of reliable data source.

• Transboundary issue related with e waste management is beyond the scope of the study.

CASE STUDY – I (MURADABAD)

Study Objectives

• Understanding the informal e-waste recycling methods.

• Understanding the impacts of informal recycling.

 One of the biggest informal e-waste recycling hubs in India.

 known as the Brass City of India



E global recession and consequent decrease in demand for brass products, manufacturers and handicraft workers are shifting towards the informal, unauthorized e-waste sector.

Women engaged in dismantling and segregation of components from PCBs, Bhojpur

E Waste Source : New Delhi (Shastri Park, Silampur, Mundka and Mandoli), Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore and Chennai.

Source: Centre for Science and Environment. (2015).

E-waste recycling has become a home business in the city, with most members in a family involved in processes right from dismantling to metal recovery.

CASE STUDY – I (MURADABAD)

 Daily earning Rs 150-200 per for dismantling.

 Women and children get only Rs 70-100 per day for 10 hours of work

 almost 80 per cent of the population is involved in dismantling and segregating

 only 8-10 per cent is involved in the process of metal recovery

Ball mill in operation at Nawadpura, Moradabad, The area was very smoky, hence the picture quality

Workers

Source: Centre for Science and Environment. (2015)

Containers with acid kept in household for metal recovery, Nawadpura, Moradabad

Workers washing the ash to recover-fragments of metals at the banks of Ramganga,

Children segregating components from PCB, Bhojpur

Street littered with the PCB Waste

washing the ash to recover-fragments of metals at the banks of Ramganga, Moradabad

CASE STUDY – I (MURADABAD)

Results from the analysis of water and soil samples collected at Moradabad

Source: Centre for Science and Environment. (2015)

CASE STUDY – II (SWITZERLAND)

 Per capital Income 78,813US$

Source :World Bank (2016)

 Among most technological advance countries.

 PC base is 3.15 million PCs, 1 PC for almost every 2 person.

 99% households have refrigerators.

 96& households have TV

 62.6% of the citizens wanted the government to place more emphasis on environmental issues

 Ranked 7th on the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index.

 annual per capita spending on ICT products topping US$3600, the highest in the world.

First country in the world to have established a formal system to manage e-waste

Keys for efficient management

 Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs)SWICO and S.EN.S.

 SWICO manages brown goods electronic equipment such as computers, TVs, radios, etc.,

 while S.EN.S handles white goods such as washing machines, refrigerators, ovens, etc.

Source: Sustainability Index: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/epi

Source: Deepali Sinha-Khetriwal, P. K. (2005). A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 492– 504.

CASE STUDY – II (SWITZERLAND)

 Per capital Income 78,813US$

Source :World Bank (2016)

 Among most technological advance countries.

 PC base is 3.15 million PCs, 1 PC for almost every 2 person.

 99% households have refrigerators.

 96& households have TV

 62.6% of the citizens wanted the government to place more emphasis on environmental issues

 Ranked 7th on the 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index.

 annual per capita spending on ICT products topping US$3600, the highest in the world.

First country in the world to have established a formal system to manage e-waste

Keys for efficient management

 Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs)SWICO and S.EN.S.

 SWICO manages brown goods electronic equipment such as computers, TVs, radios, etc.,

 while S.EN.S handles white goods such as washing machines, refrigerators, ovens, etc.

Source: Sustainability Index: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/collection/epi

Source: Deepali Sinha-Khetriwal, P. K. (2005). A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 492– 504.

CASE STUDY – II (SWITZERLAND)

Material and Financial Flows in Swiss e-waste

EPR (Extended Producer’s Responsibility

 The entire operative responsibility is however with the two PROs–SWICO and S.EN.S–who manage and operate the system on behalf of their member producers.

 SWICO and S.EN.S had 500 official collection points

 thousands of retail locations which have to take back old equipment free of charge.

 By having common collection points, the PROs are better able to manage logistics

ARP (Advance Recycling Fee)

 to pay for the collection, the transport and the recycling of the disposed appliances.

 minimum CHF (Swiss franc) 1 on small items, such as hair dryers and electric shavers, to up to CHF 20 for TVs or CHF 40 for refrigerators. The total ARF collected in 2003 was CHF 71.66 million.

Source: Deepali Sinha-Khetriwal, P. K. (2005). A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 492– 504.

Current Global Practices

1. Official Take Back System

• Collection by Municipality, retailers or commercial pickup centres.

• Waste sent for processing to different centres.

• Japan and EU in past

• China India and other developing countries.

Export and Dump

2. Disposal and Mixed Residual Waste

• Observed in developing countries.

• E-waste is disposed with household waste.

• Landfill or Incineration with low chance of separation .

3. Collection outside official takeback system.

• Waste collected by individual waste dealers or companies.

• Then sent to metal recycling, plastic recycling or exported.

Source: Kumar, 1., & Singh, D. D. (2013)). E – Waste Management through Regulations. International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 3(2), 06-14.

Local Dumping

• North Korea

Global Low level Recovery

Regional

High level Recovery

• Japan and EU in future.

4. Informal Collection and recycling in Developing Countries.

• Self employed people are engaged in collection & recycling of e waste.

• Recycled or dumped or incinerated.

• Extraction process is informal.

• Cause severe damage to environment and serious health risks.

Major Scrap Markets and Informal Recycling Areas in Ahmedabad

Jamalpur Weekly Market

Dudhleshwar MemNagar Madhupura Rakhial Gujjari Market

Kabadi Market (Dhani Limda)

Vatva Recyclers

Scrap Market

Informal Recycling Area

Sunday Riverfront Scrap Market - Ahmedabad

The projected /Input Sales figure for estimation of e-waste under AMA

E-Waste Generation Model

• Total ban on illegal exports of electronic items.

• Lifespan of the reused and stored electronic items are considered as 3 years.

• 50% of the total reused items are further stored, whereas 20% and 30% items are recycled and landfilled (X5=0.50 ; X6=0.20; X7=0.30 )

• 20% and 80% of the stored items are recycled and landfilled (X8, X10=0.20, X9, X11= 0.80)

Basic Data Assumption

E-Waste Generation Model

Reuse (X1)

Stored (X5)

Recycled (X10)

Purchased

Electronic Items

Obsolete Electronic Items

Stored (X2)

Recycled (X6)

Landfilled (X11)

Recycled (X3)

Landfilled (X7)

Landfilled (X4)

Source : Dwivedi and Mittal..2007

Recycled (X8)

Landfilled (X9)

X1….X11 = Fraction of obsolete electronic items for various EOL (End of Life) scenario (Reuse, stored, recycled, landfilled)

E-Waste Generation Model

E-Waste Generation Model

Kabadi Market, Dhani Limda, Ahmedabad

Dismantling Area + Primary Storage

Automobile and E waste processing workshops

Incineration & Dumping Area

E-Waste Recycling through informal Sector ‘

Kabadi Market, Dhani Limda, Ahmedabad

Dismantling Area + Primary Storage

Automobile and E waste processing workshops

Incineration & Dumping Area

Workers engaged in Manual Dismantling Activities.

E-Waste Recycling through informal Sector

PCBs De-soldering Process

Heating of CRT for Recycling

Open Dumping and Incineration Area

• Located at backyard of Kabadi market (Danilimda).

• Open Burning of electrical wires for extraction of metal

• Air pollution has been major issue as identified during inspection, the surrounding region severely affected by the fumes produced on burning.

• Land is illegally used for dumping and incineration, hence degradation of soil is taking place.

Observed informal recycling activities and associated hazards

Cathode ray tubes(CRTs) Breaking, removal of copper yoke, and dumping.

Silicosis; Cuts from CRT glass in care of implosion; Inhalation or contact with phosphor containing cadmium or other metals

 Lead, barium and other

 heavy metals leaching into

 groundwater, release of toxic phosphor.

Printed circuit boards. De-soldering and removing computer chips.

Dismantled printed circuit board processing Open burning of waste boards that have had chips removed to remove final metals.

Tin and lead inhalation; Possible brominated dioxin, beryllium, cadmium, Mercury inhalation

Toxicity to workers and nearby residents from tin, lead, brominated dioxin, beryllium, cadmium, and mercury inhalation; Respiratory irritation.

• Air emission of same substances

 Tin and lead contamination of immediate environment including surface and ground waters.

 Brominated dioxins, beryllium, cadmium, and mercury emissions

Secondary steel or copper and precious smelting.

Furnace recovers steel or copper from waste including organics.

Exposure to dioxins and heavy metals.

Emissions of dioxins and heavy metals.

Observed informal recycling activities and associated hazards

Chips and other gold plated components Chemical stripping using nitric and hydrochloric acid along riverbanks.

Acid contact with eyes, skin may result in permanent injury; Inhalation of mists and fumes of acids, chlorine and sulphur dioxide gases can cause respiratory irritation to severe effects including pulmonary edema, circulatory failure, and death.

Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, brominated substances, etc. discharged directly into river and banks; Acidification the river destroying fish and flora.

Plastics from computer and peripherals, e.g. printers, keyboards, etc.

Shredding and low temperature melting to be reutilized in poor grade plastics.

Computer wires. Open burning to recover copper.

Probable hydrocarbon, bromin ated dioxin, and heavy metal exposures.

Emissions of brominated dioxins and heavy metals and hydrocarbons.

Brominated and clorinated dioxin, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (carcinogen nic) exposure to workers living in the burning works area.

Hydrocarbon ashes including PAH’s discharged to air, water and soil.

Miscellaneous com puter parts encased in rubber or plastic, e.g. steel rollers.

Open burning to recover steel and other metals.

Hydrocarbon including PAHs and potential dioxin exposure.

Hydrocarbon ashes including PAH’s discharged to air, water and soil.

Registered E-Waste Recyclers (Collection)

E-Waste Flow and Important Linkages

Distributors

Scrap Dealer I (Unorganized)

Scrap Dealers 2 (Organized)

E-Waste Flow and Important Linkages

Linkage E-Waste Flow Inferences

From To

Linkage 1 Retailers, Subdistributors Consumers

Linkage 2 Retailers, Subdistributors Service Centre

• No significant e-waste generation.

• Retailers not accountable to share data of e waste generation.

• E waste generated is not channelized properly.

• Though rules are made but applicability is lacking for the accountability of generation of e waste.

• Informal sector is predominantly taking care of all the e waste generated.

Linkage E-Waste Flow Inferences

From To

Linkage 6 Consum ers Refurbisher

• High amount of e-waste generation

• By rules refurbisher are accountable for generation and channelization of e waste.

• currently the implication of rules is not observed.

• High risk of e waste leakage to informal sector.

Linkage 3 Retailers, Subdistributors Informal Recyclers

• The channelization of e waste flow is through informal sector,

• Recyclers are majorly not authorised by the govt.

• The methods applied by the recyclers are not safe.

Linkage 7 Scrap Dealer I Scrap Dealer II

• The economic feasibility is responsible for the waste flow.

• The value of the product increases with the profit and labour cost add up.

• Manual methods used for dismantling and retrieving of components.

• Unhealthy methods are used for extraction of the metals.

Linkage 4 Consumer Scrap Dealer I

• Majorly through door to door collection.

• Monitory gain is expected by the consumers in place of discarded products.

• Reverse economic chain after the end of life of e products.

• Collection efficiency is very high.

Linkage 8 Scrap Dealer I Disposal

Linkage 9 Scrap Dealer II Disposal

Linkage 10 Formal Recycler s

Linkage 5 Consumers Formal recyclers

• Collection points are setup.

• Collection efficiency is quite low.

• The practice is against the market forces.

• The lack of rigid policy framework to channelize the flow.

Linkage 11 Informal Recycler s

Disposal

• Unhealthy disposal of e waste,

• Water and soil Contamination.

• Unhealthy disposal of e waste,

• Water and soil Contamination.

• Disposed (Dumping) and incinerated.

• Current practices are not environmentally sound.

• No sanitary landfilling.

• Waster and soil Contamination.

• Prone to leaching of metal.

Disposal

• Unhealthy disposal of e waste,

• Water and soil Contamination.

Failure assessment of organised Setup

Central Pollution Control Board

1. Coordination with states

2. Guidelines and Standards

3. EPR Targets

4. Training and Awareness

5. Enforcement of RoHS

6. Incentives & Certifications

NGO Assisting in formalising the management of EWaste Bulk consumer

1. Recordkeeping (Bulk consumers) for scrutiny or SPCB

Individual Consumer

Gujarat Pollution Control Board

1. Inventorization of e-waste

2. Enforcement & implementation

3. Program implementation

EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility

- Producers are not able to achieve specified targets.

Authorized Collection Centre / Dismantler ? Recycler (ARFs)

1. Proper storage and handling

2. Proper transportation

3. Proper processing.

Informal Chain

No formal Takeback system

Dealer Exchange

Offers

Local recycler in exchange of money

Repair workshop who buy back.

- Collection inadequacy.

- Competition between informal and formal Recyclers.

- No provision of ban of informal recycling.

Manufacturer

1. Setup and finance of collection centres or take back schemes (Individually or jointly) Under EPR

Lack of transparency and information sharing

Urban Local Bodies

1. Collection of e-waste (non branded and orphaned)

Submit Annual Report Waste

2. RoHS

3. Product labelling and consumer awareness

4, Buyback schemes

- Bulk consumers are not liable to sell their products to the formal sector.

- The accountability and information sharing is not in practice.

Disposed to MSW

SWOT Analysis

1. High employment opportunity.

2. High collection penetration of informal system at door to door level.

3. Adequate capacity formal recycling units installed in Gujarat.

4. Strengthen in government policies shows political will.

1. Dominance of informal sector over formal sector system.

2. E-waste leakage to informal sectors at various levels.

3. Quantification of e-waste generation is very difficult.

4. Profits are secured by large scrap dealers and informal recyclers.

5. Improper Implementation of government rules.

6. Formal recyclers are running short of supply.

1. Spreading awareness among people for safe disposal of e-waste.

2. Batter enforcement of the rules by the local government.

3. Collaborating the informal sector with the formal sector for economically efficient material chain.

1. Hazardous impact on the environment and health because of informal recycling.

2. Degradation of ecology because of open dumping of e-waste.

3. A huge e-waste recycler group may loose job.

Proposals and Recommendations

Informal solution to a formal problem

Informal Sector

Refurbish/Reuse

Refurbish/Reuse

Interface Organisation

• Functions can be assumed as a local municipal ewaste management organisation

Disassembly

Disassembly

• Not a capital Intensive organisation.

• Buy Components, Scrap Devices Materials from informal collectors.

Recycling

Landfill/

Open Burning

Economic Flow

Recycling

Landfill/ Incineration

• Sell it to formal Recyclers.

• Financed by the Public funds collected by ARF and PRO.

• Interface organisation will charge the bills of subsidy to be refundable from govt.

Material Flow

Proposals and Recommendations

E-Waste Material flow in the proposed System

Registration of all categories of waste collectors and provision of photoidentification. The registration could be renewable every ten years. Under shops and establishment act.

• Identification of Informal Sector clusters.

• Federating the informal sector workers into collectives.

• Establishment of Interface organisation collection points.

• Providing health and insurance for the scrap

• Law enforcement needed for bulk consumers can sell their obsolete items only to the registered waste dealers who are registered and comply with the proposed framework.

EEE Production

EEE Sales

E Waste Import

E Waste Generation

Door to door

E Waste Collection And trading (Registered)

Interface Organisation

Producers

(own recovery setup)

Refurbishing

Bidding by Bulk consumers. Disposal

(Dismantling and Primary Separation)

(Transport)

Formal Recyclers

EEE: Electronics and electrical equipment. EPR: Extended producer Responsibility.

Proposals and Recommendations

E-Waste Material flow in the proposed System

Materi

als

flow

Description Examples

Type I No processing needed for use in formal sector

Type II

Relatively profitable to recycle in formal sector

Used DRAM, CPUs, scrap aluminium, steel

Used Markets

Formal Recycling Firms

Wires

Printed circuit boards (when informal recycling is inefficient)

Type III

Subsidy needed to recycle in formal sector

Copper wires with insulation

Informal Dismantlers

Interface

Organization

Government Agencies

IV - e.g. Casings

Type IV Too expensive to recycle in formal sector, for sanitary landfill, Not at all profitable, Totally waste

Plastic casings

Sanitary Landfill

Material Flow

Economic Flow

Proposals and Recommendations

Profitability

Informal Sector > Formal Sector

Let mass of a product is M

(Incentive/Public Subsidy)

Profit = Revenue – Cost

Recycling Cost

Profit of Recycling

Monitory gain with the yield. Profit

Equation 1

f = Formal , I = Informal

M = Mass of the Product.

Y = Yield of recovering material / Per Unit

P = Average Price of recovered material per unit.

U = Average cost of processing Per Unit of Mass

Profit transfer = {(Profit in Formal Processing – Profit in Informal Processing) – Transportation informal to formal }

Proposals and Recommendations

Case I : At Zero Profit,

P = Average price of recovered material .

Case I : Informal Recycling is more profitable than formal recycling.

• Have to function against the market force.

• The interface organisation will act as a subsidized quasi-public entity designed to deliver a public good.

• Price Subsidy – Set by some public organisations.

Informal Collectors Interface Organisation Formal Recyclers

+ SUBSIDY

Public Fund (Cost Sharing)

• The public fund will be collected for electronics end of life mechanism such as e-market for return deposit or EPR. Circular Economy.

Proposals and Recommendations

It’s Important to trace the material flow. Transparency and Accountability of Stakeholders

• Providing registration number to all the bulk consumers, producers, dealers.

• During any material flow it should be updated with the registration numbers of suppliers and receiver along with the quantity of the waste.

• The material flow can be traced this way.

• Data should be published in public domain.

• SMEs need to provide update of their material flow twice a year to state agencies or local authority.

• Bulk consumers and Formal recyclers etc. need to provide update of their input output to state/state agencies.

• Information sharing between state and central agencies.

Proposals and Recommendations

Consumer Awareness Building

1- E Waste management as national Agenda should be promoted for spreading awareness regarding e-waste

Clean India Mission + Digital India Mission = Clean Digital India Mission

• Cross Ministry Collaboration, Skill India Mission

2- School should incorporate e-waste related education in to the academics.

3 Compelling consumers to deposit back their equipment to producers.

• Imposing high ARF (Advance Recycling Fee) and deposit refund scheme should be strictly followed.

• 10-15% of the cost of commodity should be the deposit refund.

• Implemented by all the large producer companies.

Proposals and Recommendations

Other Policy Level Recommendations

• Collection and recycling centres in the development plans. Reserving space for scrap markets in the development plans.

• Taxing E waste manufacturers with an obsolescence tax that would be levied on all products that would enter the E waste stream.

• The tax collection could be diverted to create the institutional mechanisms/frameworks to support informal waste collectors and micro enterprises.

• The ARF should be levied on the price of the equipment.

• Extra price should be added to the MRP of the equipment as the refund value on depositing back to producers.

• The rule should be enforced that that all the bulk consumers should sell their scrap by the means of bidding etc; only to the registered scrap dealers who comply with the proposed system.

References

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 Abhishek Kumar Awasthi, J. L. (2017). Management of electrical and electronic waste:A comparative evaluation of China and India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 434–447.

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 Kumar, 1., & Singh, D. D. (2013)). E – Waste Management through Regulations. International Journal of Engineering Inventions, 3(2), 0614.

 CEAMA, A. W. (n.d.). Imlications issues & recommendations for handling home appliances and consumer electronics. APCO Worldwide.

 Centre for Science and Environment. (2015). Recommendations to address the issue of informal sector involved in e-waste handling. New Delhi: Centre for Science and Environment. Retrieved 09 08, 2017, from www.cseindia.org.

 Deepali Sinha-Khetriwal, P. K. (2005). A comparison of electronic waste recycling in Switzerland and in India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 492– 504.

 Dipsikha Dasgupta, A. D. (2017). Scenario of future e-waste generation and recycle-reuselandfill-based disposal pattern in India: a system. Environ Dev Sustain, 1473–1487.

 Dr. Lakshmi Raghupathy, M. C. (2007). E-Waste Recycling In India – Bridging The Gap Between The Informal And Formal Sector. MAIT-GTZ, GTZ-ASEM, adelphi.

 Dwivedy, M., & Mittal, R. (2010). Estimation of future outflows of e-waste in India. Waste Management 30, 483-491.

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