Are We Prepared for Increased Seafood Demand?
The surge in fish and seafood consumption in India is driven by the growing middle class, fueling predictions that by 2030, Asia may represent 66% of the global middle-class population.
Motiv is a bioactive protein that offers shrimp farmers a unique solution to reduce stress and minimize disease impact. It’s intentionally designed to change and stabilize the pH in the shrimp gut as well as to provide functional nutrients to improve overall health. Through a unique fermentation process, Motiv creates better utilization of the entire diet, accelerated growth, weight gain, and disease resistance. The force for growth and vitality. motivshrimp.com
EDITOR’S COMMENTS
Holistic View of Sustainable Aquaculture Production
INDUSTRY NEWS
GREENHOUSES AND POND LINERS
Revolutionizing Aquaculture: The Superior Solutions of Reef Industries’ Hatchery Liners, Tank Liners, and Greenhouse Covers
ARTICLE
Enhancing Aquaculture: The Influence of Empyreal® 75 on Industry Diets
Upcoming Aquaculture Events
Advertisers Index
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We Have to Strengthen Regional Cooperation. Will the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Be Able to Set an Example? Are We Prepared for Increased Demand?
Strategies to Control Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS/EMS) and the Highly Lethal Vibrio Disease (HLVD/GPD/ TPD) (Part 2)
* Marco Linné Unzueta Associate Editor
This 2024 edition of Aquaculture Magazine celebrates its 50th anniversary. Over the past five decades, the magazine has played a pivotal role in influencing global aquaculture through the dissemination of information derived from research, development and innovation (R+D+i). This has led to the implementation of sustainable practices that have contributed to the technological and economic advancement of the sector.
In today’s world, access to specialized scientific information is a crucial factor in the strengthening and quality of public policies, the generation of new knowledge and the development of research. Aware of the need for specialized information in national and international markets, and recognizing the high economic cost of such information, it is imperative to strengthen R+D+I actions in aquaculture.
One of the key actions is to combine scientific knowledge with technological development and to align the efforts of academic institutions, companies, and governments to develop proofs of concept, scale up, appropriate, and develop eco-efficient prototypes for animal protein production.
As a result, inter-institutional research groups have been integrated
worldwide to contribute, from different disciplines, biological and technological knowledge and the development of biotechnological packages for native or introduced aquaculture species. In addition, the facility boasts equipped laboratories and demonstration units, which are used to test the conditions and performance of the systems in commercial culture. These units also provide aquaculture technical training for the development of commercial aquaculture on a larger scale.
These developments benefit the sector by giving impetus to aquaculture, considering the industrial production of seed and juveniles, forming alternative broodstock banks, and by applying ecosystemic approaches accompanied by technologies for adaptation to climate change.
As evidenced by recent publications, breeding selection, reproduction, and genetic research programs have been initiated. These programs have been accompanied by relevant information on the development of high-yield and profitable diets with alternative protein sources to fishmeal and fish oil. Additionally, management schemes have been created to evaluate and implement methods for mass production, with the goal
of minimizing or eliminating genetic interactions between wild and farmed populations.
In addition, actions to evaluate probiotic additives to improve the growth and health of organisms have been strengthened, without prejudice to actions aimed at establishing biosafety techniques to reduce, eliminate and control pathogens and specific contaminants in aquaculture production systems.
By considering production systems as multifactorial systems and having practical tools for measuring the quality of products for processors and exporters of aquaculture products, it will be possible to foresee the development of valueadded products of superior quality that allow competition, taking into account the development and validation of models of environmental performance and carrying capacity through intelligent operations, automatic feedback systems, neural networks and the control system software of farming operations; which can be translated into accurate, flexible and user-friendly bioeconomic models that include sensitivity and risk analysis to determine the potential market size of value-added products.
Empyreal 75 delivers essential and functional nutrients—and more energy. Animals achieve efficient feed conversion and gain weight faster. This decreases the number of days on feed, which means higher productivity for the farm.
Empyreal75.com
Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC) has completed its largest and most comprehensive consumer research to date, through an independent market research agency, interviewing more than 15,000 consumers in 14 different countries about their perception and consumption of seafood.
Willem de Bruijn, ASC Senior Director Markets and Communications said: “The results from this survey reveal some interesting insights into how consumers shop for seafood and what informs their buying choices. The good news for the industry is that there is still strong demand for seafood because people enjoy eating it for its taste and health benefits and are willing to pay for it.”
“One of the most striking findings is that although two-thirds of people say they are interested in buying more sustainable products, only 2% spontaneously think about sustainability when they are shopping for fish or seafood in the supermarket. This clearly demonstrates that consumers want to buy sustainable and responsible fish and seafood, but need an easy visual prompt in store, such as a certification label on pack, to remind and support them to consciously act on this desire,” he added.
When asked about trustworthiness of sources of information, consumers trust independent certification schemes the most (21%) – more than
environmental organizations, seafood brands, retail brands or other sources.
The data shows that consumers associate certification logos with higher-quality fish/seafood and safety. The highest awareness and importance of logos for consumers is in Germany and lowest in Japan.
According to this independent research, ASC is the most recognized farmed seafood label in all countries surveyed, scoring significantly higher than other responsible farmed seafood program labels. It is clear that consumers need a source and a label they trust. Awareness of the ASC label is highest in Germany and the Netherlands, followed by Sweden, the US and Canada, and is lowest in Japan.
83% of consumers are motivated to some degree to choose seafood with a sustainability label. Top considerations are that the product is safe and healthy for them and their families: free of antibiotics and chemicals (46%), comes from a healthy place with good water conditions (35%) and is safe to eat (30%). Social responsibility and worker welfare are less important considerations.
Sustainability as a consideration when shopping for seafood is highest in North-West Europe, followed by South Europe and North America, with Asia lowest on the list. Italy has the highest percentage of consumers who choose sustainable products when there is a choice (82%) while Japan has the lowest (48%).
The survey shows that 67% of people are interested in buying more sustainable products, yet only 2% spontaneously think about sustainability when they are shopping for fish or seafood in the supermarket.
Industry coalition Stronger America Through Seafood (SATS) is hosting a two-day legislative fly-in beginning May 15. Seafood industry representatives from Minnesota to New Hampshire will meet with congressional offices in the U.S. House and Senate to educate on the benefits that a fish farming industry in federal waters would provide to American communities.
“The expansion of American fish farming in U.S. waters would provide economic opportunities in congressional districts across the country, including in both coastal and rural states,” said Drue Banta Winters, campaign manager of SATS. “From the creation of jobs across the seafood supply chain, to complementing our nation’s wild fisheries and increasing our ability to feed more people healthy and affordable seafood, supporting growth of sustainable aquaculture in the U.S. should be a priority for all Members of Congress. We look forward to demonstrating to lawmakers the direct benefits that an expanded aquaculture industry would provide the country.”
As demand for sustainable protein rises, aquaculture, which is one of the most sustainable forms of protein production today, has become the fastest growing food production sector globally. But inefficient federal permitting processes and a lack of regulatory certainty in the U.S. has hindered growth of America’s aquaculture industry. As a result, the U.S. ranks only 17th in aquaculture production with the U.S. aquaculture market valued at US$1.5 billion – only 0.6% of the US$263 billion global aquaculture market. The U.S. imports up to 80% of its seafood.
While several American states benefit from aquaculture production in state waters, the U.S. will continue to miss out on major economic opportunities until legislation is passed to support offshore aquaculture in federal waters. Federal legislation to establish a clear regulatory process for offshore aquaculture would provide the certainty needed to encourage investments in American fish farms and position the U.S. as a world leader in seafood production.
The Advancing the Quality and Understanding of American Aquaculture (AQUAA) Act (H.R.4013/S.1861), which has bipartisan support in Congress, would establish National Standards for offshore aquaculture, clarify-
ing a regulatory system for the farming of fish in the U.S. exclusive economic zone (EEZ).
Growth of an American aquaculture industry would also boost economic growth for other sectors in the seafood supply chain, including American famers of crops that can be used in fish feed, such as soybeans, corn, and peas, as well as technology companies that provide solutions to support sustainable farming.
Industry representatives participating in the fly-in include Cargill, Innovasea, JBS Foods, USA, Merck Animal Health and Zeigler Bros.
The aquaculture industry, a pivotal component of global food security, faces a myriad of challenges as it scales to meet the increasing demand for fish and seafood. From environmental sustainability to operational efficiency, the stakes are high for producers around the world. Enter Reef Industries, a beacon of innovation in the aquaculture sector, offering cutting-edge solutions through its range of hatchery liners, tank liners, and greenhouse covers. This article delves into how Reef Industries’ products are not just meeting but exceeding the industry’s needs, promoting a more productive, sustainable, and profitable aquaculture landscape.
At the core of any successful aquaculture operation is the ability to reliably breed and raise healthy fish stock. Reef Industries’ fish hatch-
Explore the cutting-edge solutions from Reef Industries that are transforming aquaculture.
Learn how their hatchery liners, tank liners, and greenhouse covers are pioneering a sustainable future in our detailed article.
ery plastic liners are engineered to provide an optimal environment for fish hatching and early growth stages. These liners offer unparalleled durability and corrosion resistance, ensuring a clean and safe environment for hatchlings. Their ease of cleaning and maintenance further adds to their appeal, significantly reducing labor and costs associated with hatchery management.
An Analysis of Studies reveals the stark difference in production performance between ponds equipped with Reef Industries’ liners and traditional earth ponds. Studies consistently show that hatcheries
using these plastic liners experience higher survival rates, better growth metrics, and overall improved health indicators in fish stock. The controlled environment provided by the liners minimizes risks of disease and contamination, a critical factor in the early stages of fish development.
Transitioning from hatcheries to grow-out phases, Reef Industries’ drop-in tank liners offer a seamless solution for enhancing aquaculture operations. These liners are designed to fit into exist-
ing tank infrastructures, providing an immediate upgrade in terms of water management efficiency and habitat quality. The reduction of leaks and improvement in water circulation directly translate to healthier fish and lower water treatment costs.
Study Analysis highlights the liners’ impact on operational pro-
ductivity and sustainability. Facilities that have adopted these tank liners report not only a reduction in water use and energy consumption but also an increase in stock density without compromising fish health. This efficiency gain underscores the liners’ role in promoting sustainable aquaculture practices that are crucial for the industry’s future.
Industries’ Liners - Learn about the transformative impact of Reef Industries’ fish hatchery plastic liners on breeding and raising healthy fish stock, offering unmatched durability and ease of maintenance.
Beyond the aquatic environments, Reef Industries’ greenhouse covers play a vital role in the broader ecosystem of aquaculture operations. These covers are designed to offer superior climate control, UV protection, and weather resistance, crucial for protecting feed stocks, equipment, and other critical infrastructure. The benefits extend to enhanced growth conditions, reduced risk of disease, and improved overall yield.
The operational impact of these greenhouse covers is evident in their ability to maintain optimal conditions for aquaculture facilities, regardless of external weather challenges. The result is a more stable and predictable production cycle, contributing to the operation’s resilience against climate variability.
Choosing Reef Industries for your aquaculture solutions means more than just purchasing a product; it’s investing in a partnership committed to innovation, quality, and sustainability. The company’s dedication
Covers - Explore the critical role of Reef Industries’ greenhouse covers in maintaining optimal conditions for aquaculture facilities, ensuring stability and resilience against climate variability.
to providing customizable solutions ensures that each client’s specific needs are met, from the smallest hatchery to the largest commercial operation. The long-term success of Reef Industries’ clients stands as a testament to the value and performance of their products.
Conclusion
In an era where the demands on the aquaculture industry are ever-
increasing, the innovations brought forth by Reef Industries offer a beacon of hope. Their hatchery liners, tank liners, and greenhouse covers are not merely products but solutions that address the core challenges of modern aquaculture. By embracing these solutions, producers can not only meet today’s demands but also pave the way for a sustainable and prosperous future in aquaculture.
What is Empyreal® 75 and Its Origin?
Empyreal® 75 is a groundbreaking feed ingredient produced by Cargill®, designed specifically for the aquaculture industry. As a highpurity, plant-based protein concentrate derived from corn, Empyreal® 75 represents a significant advancement in feed technology. The product was developed in response to the increasing demand for sustainable and efficient protein sources within the aquaculture sector.
Intheevolvinglandscapeofaquaculture,thequest formoresustainableandefficientfeedsolutions isparamount.Empyreal® 75, ahigh-purityprotein concentratedevelopedby Cargill® , standsattheforefront ofthisrevolution.Thisinnovativeproductnotonlyoffers asustainablealternativetotraditionalfishmealsbutalso enhancesthenutritionalefficiencyofaquaculturediets. Thisarticledelvesintotheorigins,functionality,and profoundimpactsof Empyreal® 75 basedonextensive fieldresearchandfeedbackfromindustryinsiders.
The journey of Empyreal® 75 began with Cargill®’s vision to create a versatile protein that could reduce the industry’s reliance on traditional and often unsustainable sources like fish meal. By leveraging their expertise in agricultural science and nutritional formulation, Cargill® crafted a product that not only addresses these sustainability concerns but also meets the high standards of feed efficiency required in modern aquaculture practices.
Empyreal® 75 quickly gained recognition for its unique properties, includ-
ing a protein content that consistently exceeds 75%, making it an ideal choice for inclusion in a variety of aquaculture diets. Its development was driven by the need to provide a renewable protein source that supports the health and growth of aquatic species while also contributing to a more environmentally friendly approach to feed production.
Empyreal® 75 is engineered to optimize the aquaculture diet, allowing more
space for creative formulations. Its superior protein concentration and nutrient density reduce the need for other protein sources, thereby lowering costs and enhancing feed quality. Key benefits of using Empyreal® 75 include:
» Better Extrusion and Kibble Integrity: Ensures that the feed maintains its shape and nutrition when submerged, reducing waste.
» Superior Binding and Coating: Enhances the durability and appeal of the feed.
» High Digestibility: Animals require less feed for more significant weight gain, optimizing growth cycles and improving farm productivity.
» Empowering Feed Producers with Flexibility and Freedom: Empyreal® 75’s formulation freedom lets feed producers innovate without constraints, delivering high-value products that meet the diverse needs of aquaculture operations. It supports
Empyreal® 75 is engineered to optimize the aquaculture diet, allowing more space for creative formulations. Its superior protein concentration and nutrient density reduce the need for other protein sources, thereby lowering costs and enhancing feed quality.
the development of feeds that are not only cost-effective but environmentally beneficial, contributing to a smaller ecological footprint.
» Ensuring Sustainability and Profitability: The natural, plant-based nature of Empyreal® 75 aligns with the global push towards sustainable aquaculture practices. It is produced in Cargill®’s state-of-the-art wetcorn milling facilities under strict quality standards, ensuring a reliable and consistent product. Additionally, Empyreal® 75 supports the health and growth of aquatic animals with its low ash content and high energy availability, further underpinning its role in sustainable farming practices.
» Certifications and Global Reach: Empyreal® 75 is not just a product but a promise—certified Halal and Kosher, and compliant with FSSC 22000 and FSMA standards. Available globally, it is distributed across multiple con-
tinents, including North America, South America, Asia, and Africa, ensuring a dependable supply chain for aquafeed manufacturers worldwide.
» Strategic Customer Support: Cargill® provides unparalleled support to its customers, offering dedicated services such as rail and truck transport within North America, and varied export transportation options worldwide. A professional customer service team ensures that every interaction adds value, helping customers maximize the benefits of Empyreal® 75 in their feed formulations.
Empyreal® 75 has redefined the role of protein in aquaculture feeds by providing a high-purity, plant-based option that not only sustains but enhances the dietary regimes of aquatic species. Here, we explore how this ingredient optimiz-
es and potentially replaces other components within aquaculture diets.
» Optimizing Feed Formulas: Empyreal® 75 allows for greater flexibility in feed formulation. Its high protein content and excellent amino acid profile make it an effective substitute for more traditional protein sources like fish meal, which are often more costly and less sustainable. By integrating Empyreal® 75, feed producers can create diets that are not only cost-effective but also environmentally friendly, reducing the overall ecological footprint of their operations.
» Enhancing Nutritional Efficiency: One of the standout features of Empyreal® 75 is its ability to make diets more efficient. Animals fed with diets incorporating Empyreal® 75 exhibit faster growth rates and better feed conversion ratios. This means that they require less feed to gain weight, which is a direct benefit in reducing the costs associated with feeding and maintaining aquaculture systems. Furthermore, Empyreal® 75’s low ash
content and high digestibility contribute to better overall health and reduced waste outputs, which are crucial for maintaining the quality of water in aquaculture systems.
» Sustaining Aquatic Health: The inclusion of Empyreal® 75 in aquaculture diets supports the overall health of aquatic species by providing essential nutrients and functional benefits. For instance, its uniform cell structure helps in maintaining the integrity of feed pellets in water, ensuring that the feed remains palatable and nutritious even when submerged. This characteristic is particularly important in reducing the leaching of nutrients into the water, thus maintaining the nutritional quality of the feed over extended periods.
The practical application of Empyreal® 75 in aquaculture has shown promising results across various farming operations globally. This section reviews the tangible impacts observed in field trials and everyday
Empyreal® 75 is a groundbreaking feed ingredient produced by Cargill®, designed specifically for the aquaculture industry.
farm use, underscoring the product’s effectiveness and the benefits it brings to aquaculture producers.
Empyreal® 75 has been instrumental in enhancing growth rates in species such as salmon, trout, tilapia, and shrimp. Field studies have demonstrated that diets incorporating Empyreal® 75 lead to faster weight gain in these species, thanks to its high digestibility and efficient nutrient uptake.
Commercial trials have demonstrated that Empyreal® 75 can replace traditional animal and vegetable protein without af-
fecting growth performance, and in some cases, it can even improve it. Additionally, this diet can lead to cost savings and better physical characteristics. Below are some of the latest trials conducted on salmon, tilapia, and shrimp (Tables 1, 2 and 3).
Empyreal® 75, a corn protein concentrate, has been evaluated across multiple aquaculture species with varying results, offering a sustainable alternative to fishmeal. Here’s a breakdown and conclusion based on trials conducted on different species:
1. Red Tilapia
» Trial Location: Nong Lam University, Vietnam (2017).
» Findings: The use of Empyreal® 75 in red tilapia diets showed promising results, with total gains slightly higher in diets containing 2.4% Empyreal® 75 compared to the reference diet. Notably, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better with Empyreal® 75 inclusion, decreasing feed costs and enhancing return on investment without impacting the quality of the fish skin or fillet.
2. Atlantic Salmon
» Trial Location: Fundación Chile, Quillaipe Experimental Station (2015).
» Findings: Atlantic salmon diets including 10% and 20% Empyreal® 75 yielded equal or superior performance compared to reference diets. The FCR was notably improved in the 10% inclusion diet, demonstrating that Empyreal® 75 could enhance growth efficiency while maintaining 100% survival rates.
3. Shrimp
» Trial Location: Inprosa, Ecuador (2014).
» Findings: In shrimp production, diets including 11% Empyreal®75 improved FCR significantly, reducing production costs per kilogram and increasing ROI by 16% versus the reference diet.
4. Juvenile Yellowtail
» Trial Location: Kochi University, Japan (2018).
» Findings: The inclusion of 7.5% Empyreal® 75 dramatically improved performance, showing better growth and feed efficien -
cy compared to higher inclusion rates and the reference diet. Optimal economic benefits were observed at this inclusion level.
Empyreal® 75 has redefined the role of protein in aquaculture feeds by providing a high-purity, plant-based option that not only sustains but enhances the dietary regimes of aquatic species.
» Trial Location: JuJu University, South Korea (2016).
» Findings: Diets incorporating Empyreal® 75 at 50% of crude protein (CP) allowed for a significant reduction in fishmeal use while maintaining performance levels comparable to traditional diets. Cost savings were also significant, showcasing Empyreal® 75’s ability to reduce operational costs.
Across various aquaculture species, Empyreal® 75 has demonstrated considerable benefits in improving feed efficiency, growth rates, and overall economic viability:
» Feed Efficiency and Growth: Empyreal® 75 consistently improved FCR across species, indicating that less feed is required for the same or enhanced growth.
» Economic Impact: Reduction in feed costs and increased ROI were common benefits, making
Empyreal® 75 a cost-effective alternative to traditional fishmealbased diets.
» Sustainability: By reducing reliance on fishmeal, Empyreal® 75 supports more sustainable aquaculture practices, crucial in today’s environmentally conscious market.
Empyreal® 75’s versatility and efficacy make it an excellent choice for aquafeed producers aiming to optimize their feeds while adhering to sustainability standards. The consistent performance across different species underlines its potential as a universal feed ingredient in diverse aquacultural applications.
The adoption of Empyreal® 75 in the aquaculture industry has sparked a range of positive feedback from both feed producers and aquaculture farmers. This section explores
their opinions and experiences, providing a comprehensive view of how Empyreal® 75 is regarded across different stakeholders.
Feed producers who have incorporated Empyreal® 75 into their products consistently report improvements in feed quality and manufacturing processes. They highlight the superior binding and extrusion properties of Empyreal® 75, which enhance the structural integrity of feed pellets. This improvement is crucial in maintaining the nutritional content during the physical demands of handling and submersion in water.
Moreover, producers appreciate the flexibility that Empyreal® 75 offers in feed formulation. Its high protein content and essential amino acids allow for more varied and cost-effective dietary solutions without compromising on nutritional value. This adaptability
is particularly valued in an industry where dietary needs can vary significantly across different species and farming conditions.
Aquaculture farmers have noted marked improvements in the health and growth rates of their stocks since integrating Empyreal® 75 into their feeding regimes. Many report that their fish and shrimp achieve market size quicker and with less feed than before, which directly impacts farm profitability.
The consistent feedback points to a decrease in the overall feed conversion ratio, meaning that each unit of Empyreal® 75 feed produces more biomass than conventional feeds. This efficiency is a major factor in its widespread endorsement by the farming community.
Additionally, the environmental benefits of using a sustainable, plant-based protein like Empyreal® 75 resonate well with farmers committed to sustainable aquaculture practices. The reduced environmental footprint associated with Empyreal® 75 aligns with the growing global demand for more responsible farming practices.
The positive reception of Empyreal® 75 is also reflected in various industry awards and recognitions it has received, underscoring its impact on the aquaculture sector. Looking ahead, both feed producers and farmers express a strong interest in continuing to explore the potential of Empyreal® 75, indicating a bright future for its use in aquaculture.
To further underscore the effectiveness of Empyreal® 75, several case studies and testimonials from aquaculture operations around the world highlight the practical benefits and real-world experiences with this innovative feed ingredient.
Cooke Aquaculture, the largest seafood company in North America, has significantly improved their salmon production by using Empyreal® 75. This product has allowed them to reduce their dependence on marine proteins, using fewer fish to produce high-quality Atlantic salmon. This not only meets market demands for freshness — delivering products within 48 hours of harvest— but also aligns with sustainability values important to prominent chefs like Rick Moonen. Empyreal® 75 supports Cooke Aquaculture’s integrated operations from feed production to final processing, enhancing their commitment to sustainable, healthy seafood.
A prominent shrimp producer in Ecuador shared their experience with Empyreal® 75, stating, “Since switching to Empyreal® 75, we’ve noticed not only faster growth but also better overall health in our shrimp stocks. The water stability of the feed has drastically reduced waste and improved the efficiency of our feeding practices.” This feedback echoes the sentiments of many other producers in regions where aquaculture is a critical part of the local economy.
These examples reflect a broader trend within the aquaculture industry towards more sustainable and efficient practices. Empyreal® 75 is at the forefront of this shift, offering a solution that benefits both the producer and the environment. The positive feedback from these case studies is supported by data from multiple farms and research reports that consistently demonstrate the advantages of incorporating Empyreal® 75 into aquaculture diets.
Empyreal® 75 has proven to be a transformative ingredient in the aquaculture industry. Its develop -
Commercial trials have demonstrated that Empyreal® 75 can replace traditional animal and vegetable protein without affecting growth performance, and in some cases, it can even improve it.
ment by Cargill® has addressed critical needs for sustainability and efficiency in aquaculture feed production. The field results and feedback from industry professionals highlight its effectiveness in improving growth rates, reducing feed costs, and supporting sustainable farming practices. As the aquaculture industry continues to evolve, Empyreal® 75 stands out as a key component in the drive towards more sustainable and economically viable aquaculture operations.
More information
For aquaculture producers and feed manufacturers interested in learning more about Empyreal® 75 or integrating it into their feed formulations, we encourage you to contact your local Cargill® representative. Exploring the potential of Empyreal® 75 could significantly enhance the sustainability and profitability of your aquaculture operations.
References
Cargill®Empyreal® 75 official website
Industry feedback and case studies on Empyreal®75’s impact in aquaculture
For inquiries and more details, visit http://empyreal75.com , call +1 402-533-4282, or email empyreal@cargill.com
In the past, when we discussed aquaculture events, the first or only thing that came to mind were the annual events of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS). These events, which took place all over the world, presented the most innovative works of the different species and branches of aquaculture. They also provided an opportunity to meet and interact with leading experts in the field.
The landscape of aquaculture has become more complex. There are now numerous regions around the globe where aquaculture research and development is taking place, including countries outside of the United States and Europe. Additionally, numerous countries have adopted aquaculture as a means of driving economic growth and food security. Finally, there is a vast network of aquaculture professionals
spread across the globe, and over the past five decades, aquaculture has experienced remarkable growth. Today, the WAS represents approximately 0.02% of the people involved in the activity. We can see that a large part of its participants are aging and retiring at a faster pace than they can be replaced by a new generation involved with the Society. While it is true that the impact of the pandemic on the WAS’s finances
While all regions should consolidate their national and regional organizations, in the Gulf Cooperation Community (GCC), it is imperative to generate much more meaningful cooperation. This is crucial to generate both the critical mass and the ecosystem for this effort to crystallize. Is it time to create the GCC or Mena Chapter of the WAS?
was significant, as evidenced by the poor event in San Antonio, it is also true that the format has remained unchanged since the last century. Despite numerous proposals for format changes and new dynamics, they have not been able to be implemented permanently. The WAS must recognize that those who do not evolve will become extinct. Although it has the most important brand in the world, Kodak was in a similar position at a certain point in its history.
On the other hand, I was pleased to have participated in the SIMEC event in Saudi Arabia earlier this year. I had not expected much, but I left with a positive impression. All stakeholders were taken into account at this event. A significant focus was placed on B2B relations, with private sessions and lunches organized for registrants and exhibitors. This contributed to a notable increase in the participation of the productive sector, which was a fundamental and central part of the event. This event was reminiscent of
the highly successful AquaNor (Norway), AquaSur (Chile) and AquaExpo (Ecuador) events, which are developed in a similar way. There has also been a notable increase in aquaculture events in many countries in Asia, such as VietShrimp, which serves as a prime example.
In short, the events market is becoming more and more focused. It is no longer the producer who must go to the exhibitors; it is the exhibitors who must now approach the producers. While all regions should consolidate their national and regional organizations, in the Gulf Countries Community (GCC), which is the region with the greatest resources, vision, and political will to boost aquaculture, it is imperative to generate much more significant cooperation. This is crucial to generate the critical mass and ecosystem for all this effort to crystallize. Is it time to create the GCC or Mena Chapter of the WAS? Or will it be necessary to create other types of organizations led by the current producers? Whatever
The landscape of aquaculture has become more complex. There are now numerous regions around the globe where aquaculture research and development is taking place, including countries outside of the United States and Europe.
In short, the events market
is
becoming more and more focused. It is no longer the producer who must
go
to the exhibitors; it is the exhibitors who must now approach the producers.
the answer, it will require commitment, vision, and a great deal of passion. Having spent a couple of years in this beautiful part of the world, I am confident that whatever challenge you face, you will be able to overcome it.
*Antonio Garza de Yta is Senior Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisor for AWJ Innovation, Vice President of the International Center for Strategic Studies in Aquaculture (CIDEEA), President of Aquaculture Without Frontiers (AwF), Past President of the World Aquaculture Society (WAS), Former Secretary of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and Creator of the Certification for Aquaculture Professionals (CAP) Program with Auburn University.
* By Ph.D. Stephen Newman
Early efforts to control the acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome (AHPNS) pathogen focused heavily on the use of chlorine to kill it and any potential vectors. This in retrospect turns out to have been misguided. Where the practice continues the disease continues. Chlorine wipes out huge swatches of the natural microbial flora in the environment. This appears to give the strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) that cause AHPNS a competitive edge. Type VI secretion system (T6SS), a mechanism that these strains use to kill other bacteria, ensures that VP dominates as it reproduces very quickly with some reports suggesting ten minutes or less, under ideal conditions. The strains responsible for glass post-larval disease (GPD) will likely behave similarly. Maintaining a “healthy” microbiome appears to be critical for minimizing the impact. There are field observations linking the use of chlorination in pond preparation to the spread of this strain of VP at the expense of many other bacteria. This might explain why co-cultivation of shrimp with Tilapia both directly in shrimp ponds or preferably in adjacent ponds where the water from these ponds is used in the shrimp ponds reduces the severity and disease incidence of AHPNS. The microbiome ensures that even though the pathogen may be present it does not dominate.
Once the problem is present to any significant degree it is not easy to deal with reactively in a manner that is consistent with limiting its impact. Large amounts of water exchange may lessen the loads, but this may be at best temporary. No country has been successful in totally eradicating AHPNS although the extent to which it impacts a given domestic industry is highly variable. Early indications suggest that GPD may be more of the same. In Thailand there are examples where farmers stopped using chlorine while their neighbors who routinely used chlo-
Some countries deny that the strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) that causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome or disease (AHPNS or AHPND) is present in their stocks, further increasing the chances of its spread. It is likely that this will continue to be the case for highly lethal vibriosis (HLVD/GPD/TPD). The environmental component of AHPND and GDP and recommendations for controlling these diseases are discussed in this part.
rine continue to experience losses from AHPNS. Stocking densities appear to play a role in susceptibility as does the amount of biomass. High densities can stress animals that are not fit for these conditions and make it much easier for the pathogen to spread between animals. Large animals have much more HP tissue and even when damaged there may remain sufficient healthy tissue for the animals to thrive. It stands to reason that large animals with much larger HPs would be able to tolerate exposures that would damage the HPs of smaller animals to the point where they die. What happens with GPD is likely similar. Genetics also plays a role in susceptibility in addition to the size of the animals. Broodstock held outdoors in non-biosecure facilities are likely to become infected. This may not be detectable using traditional approaches to testing. Once they spawn this can spread the infection. It can be present in the hatchery at a low level that standard approaches to screening may not see. Once the post larval shrimp (PLs) are stocked the levels gradually increase to the point where acute disease is present. The use of disinfectants that significantly disrupt the microbiomes also appears to be a risk factor. Strains of VP that contain the PIRa and PIRb plasmids and that contain the Tc tox-
ins have a mechanism (T6SS) that allows them to kill off competitors in environments including those where the bacterial populations have been damaged by the use of chlorine.
In conclusion, eradication of the strains of VP that cause AHPNS and GPD is challenging. Many experts in the field will tell you that you must live with them. This is of course potentially problematic. Moreover, a farmer is likely better off with a balanced microbiome where these pathogens may be present at low levels than a microbiome that is not in balance that allows these strains to proliferate to high levels. Suggested approaches towards controlling them are:
1. Broodstock must be held in a biosecure manner, and every effort made to ensure that they are not fed contaminated feeds or inadvertently infected by carelessness. Clean broodstock produce clean PLs. Screening broodstock animals individually is essential. Population screening will not eliminate the vibrios.
2. Care must be taken when using chlorine to treat ponds and reservoirs, etc. Not using chlorine is a step that many would be reluctant to consider. The dogma has been that this is necessary to keep pathogens out of production sys-
Healthy, strong, stress-free animals may be damaged to some extent but they can still end up being part of a profitable crop.
tems. With AHPNS this does not seem to work for the most part. It probably will not work either for GPD. Avoiding the use of chlorine and other disinfectants is important. Farmers are probably better off with healthy microbiomes where the VP may be present, but it is not given the opportunity to proliferate in a damaged microbiome.
3. Developing strains of shrimp that are tolerant and even resistant to the effect of the toxins is important in the long run. Shrimp have a great deal of genetic potential that can be exploited.
4. Understanding the nature of the pathology is important to be able to determine if the characteristic pathology is present in animals. There can be a wide range of dam-
age depending on the toxin levels. With GPD, it appears that a virus may also cause a very similar disease with the described Tc toxin containing VP being absent. This needs to be looked at much closer.
5. Enriching for VP using standard approaches may be needed to verify its presence.
6. Minimizing the stress that animals are under is essential for mitigating the impact of most diseases that impact shrimp. Weakened shrimp will generally be much more susceptible to a wide variety of diseases. Minimizing stress, among other things, entails using strains of shrimp that have been bred to tolerate the high densities that are now becoming the norm for production in Vietnam and potentially elsewhere.
7. Ensuring that oxygen levels are kept at or close to saturation levels through aeration is essential.
8. Minimizing the stress of feeding by the use automatic feeders will also lessen the overall stress by ensuring that animals can access feed in a consistent fashion and that they can consume most if not all of the feed that they need.
9. Sampling animals weekly for health and having trained personnel look at the HP for the characteristic pathology should be a part of the overall strategy. Regular testing of moribund animals is important. The goal should be to gain an edge on the pathogen.
10. High densities of shrimp that are not well adapted to these conditions increase the chances of the disease spreading.
11. The use of bioremediation via targeted delivery of Bacillus species using PRO4000X to reduce organic matter accumulation will reduce the food sources available for VP and other potential pathogens.
The preponderance of evidence points towards EMS/AHPNS being an environmental disease. More than likely GPD will be similar. Chlorination damages the microbiome and allows strains of VP that possess toxin generating plasmids and produce type 6 secretion systems (T6SS) to proliferate at the expense of all other bacteria. This allows these strains to dominate. If this happens early in
Farmers
are probably better off with healthy microbiomes where the VP may be present, but it is not given the opportunity to proliferate in a damaged microbiome.
the production process, we see large levels of early mortality. If it happens later in the cycle, depending on the toxin loads and the overall health of the population, one can see a range of impacts from minimal to populations that gradually stop eating and at harvest moderate to high mortalities (sometimes just from the stress of being harvested), damage from secondary pathogens (which makes the shrimp non exportable and/or not consumable), etc. Table 1, modified from the International Technical Seminar/Workshop “EMS/AHPND”
June 2015, summarizes known risk factors with some management suggestions. These are going to be the same for GPD.
If the VP strains that cause AHPNS or GPD are part of a healthy microbiome their presence in and of itself does not invariably result in acute disease. Pathology ranges from minimal to severe depending on the amount of toxin exposure. Healthy, strong, stress-free animals may be damaged to some extent but they can still end up being part of a profitable crop. Note that as with similar types of diseases, what is occurring is complex. What works under some environmental conditions may not be as successful under other environmental conditions.
Note that there is a great deal of ongoing research on these pathogens. Comprehensive reviews have
been published on AHPNS. GPD is certain to also be the subject of considerable research. There are no magic bullets. The best approaches to dealing with these pathogens are to create production environments that favor the shrimp and that allow for a balance. Lowering the loads is critical although elimination is not likely. Maintaining a healthy dynamic microbiome that prevents these pathogens from dominating is critical for minimizing their impact.
*Stephen G. Newman has a bachelor’s degree from the University of Maryland in Conservation and Resource Management (ecology) and a Ph.D. from the University of Miami, in Marine Microbiology. He has over 40 years of experience working within a range of topics and approaches on aquaculture such as water quality, animal health, biosecurity with special focus on shrimp and salmonids. He founded Aquaintech in 1996 and continues to be CEO of this company to the present day. It is heavily focused on providing consulting services around the world on microbial technologies and biosecurity issues. sgnewm@aqua-in-tech.com www.aqua-in-tech.com www.bioremediationaquaculture.com www.sustainablegreenaquaculture.com
According to WorldFish study we learn of an extreme shift in dietary habits in India. This research investigated the dynamics of fish consumption in India from 2005 to 2021, using comprehensive, nationally representative surveys conducted by the Government of India.
W* By FishProf
e are all aware that China is a dynamo in seafood production and last year it was reported that a senior researcher at China’s Ministry of Agriculture said that it will continue its current status as a net importer for the near future.
Xie Zhongmin, deputy head of research at the Agriculture Trade Promotion Center within the ministry stated “The potential for seafood
imports will be fully unleashed soon” highlighting that a ‘structural gap’ in supply and demand, as well as lower tariffs, is driving China’s demand for imported seafood.
Now, according to WorldFish study we learn of an extreme shift in dietary habits in India. This research investigated the dynamics of fish consumption in India from 2005 to 2021, using comprehensive, nationally representative surveys con-
ducted by the Government of India. It reveals significant growth in fish consumption in India, driven by population growth, increased wealth and shifting consumption patterns. The findings suggest potential for further growth and highlight regional disparities that could inform policy and intervention strategies.
When you delve deeper into the figures you see that from 2005 to 2021 there was an 81.43% increase in
per capita fish consumption in India, along with a 32% growth in the fishconsuming population. Such news grabs media attention so the study has been well promoted.
The impacts will have massive consequences for policy settings in India and countries who rely on imports from India. More importantly this emphasizes the essential role that aquatic foods play in improving nutrition, employment, and trade. At
the same time, it will be critical for India to consider how they connect environment, social, governance and health (ESGH) issues into their programs to produce sustainable aquatic food into the future.
The expanding middle classes in India are the drivers of this wave of increased fish/seafood consumption and this adds fuel to the premonitions that by 2030, Asia might be 66% of the world middle class population.
In their “Developments and Forecasts of Growing Consumerism” paper the European Union predicted that by 2030, over 70% of China’s population could be middle class, consuming nearly USD 10 trillion in goods and services and India could be the world’s largest middle class consumer market, surpassing both China and the USA.
By contrast the middle-class market in advanced economies is
References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff.
projected to grow at only 0.5%-1.0% per year, while the dynamic middleclass market in emerging economies could register annual growth rates of 6% or more.
The importance of middle classes is that they are more aware of health, well-being, and nutrition; have travelled and are refining their palates and fish/seafood is a smart choice for them, especially as they have more disposable income.
FishProf is all about increasing fish/seafood consumption and the
above just underlines the predictions made in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020-2029. It just makes sense that governments support fish/seafood and other aquatic foods as higher consumption of these foods in general, offers a myriad of health benefits, bursting with essential micronutrients, vital proteins, and omega-3 fatty acids. They also are proven to have low CO2 emissions when compared with traditional land-based food systems (Koehn et al., 2022).
Generally, with “change” there is a trigger point and India’s news about increased fish consumption trends may just be that signal to the world that there is a need for everyone to consider dietary change. FishProf has been travelling to India since 2009 when Chair of the WAS-APC Conference in Kochi, Kerala (2011) where the theme was “Aquaculture - The Future is Here”; this event was a catalyst in many ways in that it brought many internationals to who engaged with the locals. Since then, many things
have occurred, especially a Blue Economy Policy written by India’s government which is, in many ways world leading and, no doubt, has an impact on decision making.
In that policy document India’s Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, is quoted as saying “To me the Blue Chakra or wheel in India’s national flag represents the potential of Blue Revolution or the Ocean Economy. That is how central the ocean economy is to us.”
The penny is dropping that aquatic foods are both a malnutrition and a climate solution. To maximize their full potential and ensure shared prosperity, our efforts must continue to ensure a collective commitment to nurturing our planet, Ocean. The question is can we prepare for increased demand and stay in the sustainability sweet spot?
A well-timed paper has been published reviewing the total aquatic food supply from aquaculture and capture fisheries from 2010 to 2020 at global, regional, and national levels within main producing countries destined for direct human consumption (Tacon & Shumway, 2024).
This paper highlights the total combined aquatic animal food supply from aquaculture and capture fisheries has increased on a global basis from 18.59 to 20.49 kg/capita over the past decade but the global supply has not kept up with population growth over the same period. The paper emphasizes the concerns of a decrease in fish and seafood food supply within the African region (decreasing from 10.40 to 9.58 kg/capita), while population growth increased by 3.12%/year over the same period.
In addition, the Asian region was the only region where per capita fish and seafood food supply exceeded population growth; the bulk of fish and seafood supply being sourced from increased aquaculture production of primarily freshwater fish species, compared with other regions where marine wild fisheries still dominated fish and seafood supply.
Fish and seafood supply in leading aquaculture and capture fisheries producing countries (including China, Indonesia, India, Viet Nam, Bangladesh, South Korea, Japan, and USA) between 2010 and 2020, are presented and demonstrate growth in per capita fish and seafood supply being lower than human population growth in Ecuador, Philippines, Tur-
key, Chile, Norway, Brazil, Myanmar, the South Korea, and Japan.
Tacon & Shumway conclude that “If aquatic food supplies from aquaculture and inland/marine capture fisheries are to make an increasing global contribution to healthy diets, then the increased production and market availability of these products needs to be promoted by governments and actively encouraged and stimulated, particularly within the African continent.”
FishProf has taken an interest in many aquaculture innovation areas and appreciates that many companies are engaging in helping aquaculture take new steps in knowledge of data collection.
When you delve deeper into the figures you see that from 2005 to 2021 there was an 81.43% increase in per capita fish consumption in India, along with a 32% growth in the fishconsuming population.
Furthermore, we all need to be aware that if aquatic fish and seafood supplies from aquaculture and capture fisheries are to make an increasing global contribution to healthy diets (FAO & WHO, 2019; Ahern et al., 2021; Naylor et al., 2021; Costa-Pierce et al., 2022; Peng et al., 2023; Tacon et al., 2020), then the increased sustainable production (in the case of aquaculture) and consumption of aquatic food products, needs to be stimulated and encouraged. An example could be on the African continent where the increased production and consumption of non-fed species (such as farmed mollusks and aquatic plants) should be actively promoted and encouraged.
Farmed mollusks and plants supplied less than 1% of the total aquatic food supply in 2020, with production not being dependent upon the external provision of compound feed inputs (Chopin & Tacon, 2020; Peng et al., 2024). Clearly, increased sustainable aquaculture production and enhanced sustainably managed capture fisheries production should be promoted by African governments and actively promoted to provide a healthy and sustainable food source for the global population to help combat malnutrition and address food security – a growing issue and concern with increasing climate-related impacts on food supply chains.
The involvement of mollusks and plants will assist with the issue of ecological degradation and water pollution and the need for reliance on feeds, but more work will be required vital habitats like mangroves.
The predictions are that by 2029 aquaculture production will surpass 105 million tons, beating the wild capture sector by 10 million tons, but will this be enough?
The FishProf believes we should be aiming for seafood consumption of 30 kg/head globally by 2030, but for that to happen, we will need to see more countries adopt positive policies, like India; industry will need to bring more innovation and productivity and financiers must engage and invest in aquatic foods.
A keystone to achieving this vision will be investment in sustainable aquaculture practices. It holds the key to securing the livelihoods of millions of aquaculturists and small-scale fishers by providing them with a stable income while conserving biodiversity.
FishProf has taken an interest in many aquaculture innovation areas
and appreciates that many companies are engaging in helping aquaculture take new steps in knowledge of data collection. Shrimps, for example, promote that they can significantly lower shrimp farming’s impact by up to 40% and have a carbon footprint model enabling investors to make informed ESGH calculations.
Policymakers must create innovative regulations that incentivize sustainable practices, whilst researchers and businesses must drive innovation and governments must make rigorous efforts to promote all forms/ sectors of the industry.
The blue economy provides a sustainability framework for ocean governance, but there is no clarity that the talk is matched by actions as pointed out in the paper “Mapping flows of blue economy finance: ambitious narratives, opaque actions, and social equity risks” (Schutter et al., 2024). Investment disparities in the blue economy must be rectified. This research shows that the aquatic foods sector is receiving only minor investments. If you compare sectors like offshore wind energy, which amounts to USD 3.1 billion or 10% of its current
The expanding middle classes in India are the drivers of this wave of increased fish/ seafood consumption and this adds fuel to the premonitions that by 2030, Asia might be 66% of the world middle class population.
industry size as against USD 585 million or less than 1% of its industry size for aquatic foods. We must prioritize aquatic food systems, steering capital to support research, development, and scaling in this critical area. There is evidence that offshore wind projects could easily adopt aquatic food partners as part of their program but unless those who dole out the money start to understand that concept, they will be failing society.
The analysis in this paper reveals widespread occurrence of “red flags” for social equity outcomes. The findings show disconnects between fi-
nance and narratives of equity, inclusion, and sustainability. A baseline for critical examination of blue finance flows in delivering equity and environmental sustainability is included in the paper which analyses blue-economy-labelled money flows disbursed between 2017 and 2021 to identify sources and recipients and potential social equity impacts on the ground.
We must do better if we are going to grasp the challenges and opportunities but, in the meantime, sincere congratulations for India in showing us the way.
References and sources consulted by the author on the elaboration of this article are available under previous request to our editorial staff.
Regular contributor The Fishmonger has now morphed into FishProf and will continue contributing to AQUACULTURE but also welcomes all the readers to connect through www.fishprof.com and join in our promotions to increase seafood consumption globally.
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