COVID-19: The fatally wounded Italian Tourism Industry must start thinking about its rebirth

ANTALL JÓZSEF RESEARCH CENTRE

COVID-19: THE FATALLY WOUNDED ITALIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY MUST START THINKING ABOUT ITS REBIRTH

ALESSANDRO D’ONOFRIO

2 Czuczor Street, 1093 Budapest +36 20 310 8776 ajtk@ajtk.hu | www.ajtk.hu/en

ANTALL JÓZSEF RESEARCH CENTRE

AJRC-Analyses Series of the Antall József Knowledge Centre

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© Alessandro D’Onofrio, 2020 © Antall József Knowledge Centre, 2020 ISSN 2416-1705

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COVID-19: THE FATALLY WOUNDED ITALIAN TOURISM INDUSTRY MUST START THINKING ABOUT ITS REBIRTH ALESSANDRO D’ONOFRIO

INTRODUCTION Tourism in Italy accounts for 13% of its GDP, it generates more than EUR 232 billion and it represents one of the main drivers of the country’s economy, society and culture. The coronavirus-related state of emergency has provoked a serious crisis in the tourism sector as a whole, and the important and necessary restrictive measures aimed to stop the spread of the virus have been, in fact, responsible for the progressive closure of all touristic activities. Thus, as a consequence of the “shutdown,” all businesses associated to tourism are prevented from generating new revenues with an already perceptible effect on the economy as a whole. This situation will presumably last for several months and the sector will most likely need an extensive time period to fully recover. Therefore, two delicate issues will emerge in the near future regarding tourism industry: on the one hand, its “rescue,” on which the government is working, to provide a robust and immediate support for businesses and prevent them from closing definitively; and on the other hand, the issue of the “recovery.” The latter will presumably be the most complex to meet and it cannot be done without considering that once the pandemic is over, the tourism industry will look completely different from its pre-pandemic state. In this sense, the real question is, what will the people’s relationship be with tourism once this emergency is over?

THE TOURISM INDUSTRY IN ITALY It is unquestionable that at the moment the attention must be on people’s health and that every action, even if painful, must be aimed at containing and slowing down the spread of the virus at a global level. Nevertheless, it might be useful to provide a picture of the specific effects that this exceptional situation is having on the economy—particularly on the tourism sector—, and on people’s lives. Tourism is, of course, an important driver of development, which embraces not only a significant segment of the economy in many countries, but also represents maybe the most encouraging aspect of globalization—and the one that is less condemned by its most fervent critics—, while it is also an essential factor in enhancing the well-being and personal enrichment of the people. In fact, travelling is widely acknowledged as having a positive transformative potential on people and is strongly beneficial for the health of the individuals. To quote the World Health Organization (WHO), “health is not the mere absence of diseases but is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being,” and in this sense it is not wrong to assume that tourism can be considered utterly healthy.1

Preamble of the World Health Organization Constitution. WHO. <https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/ constitution > Accessed: 23 April 2020.

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Unfortunately, as many countries have introduced travel restrictions to contain the spread of the virus, tourism has come to a complete standstill worldwide. The economic loss derived from the crisis of a sector, which represented about 10% of the global GDP in 2017, is expected to be catastrophic. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the impact of COVID-19 on tourism can be estimated to reach a loss between 20% and 30% in the total number of arrivals (a perspective that might be even reconsidered by the organization in more negative terms) in 2020.2 This translates into an economic loss of USD 300 to 450 billion (EUR 277 to 415 billion) in international tourism revenues. As a comparison, the economic damage of the global economic crisis in 2009 was around 4%.3 Moreover, the pandemic is putting 75 million tourism-related jobs at immediate risk with 10 million of those only in Europe.4 In 2018, Europe was the favoured destination for more than a half of all tourists worldwide, as highlighted by the annual report of the European Travel Commission. 5 For this reason, the “Old Continent” is expected to pay the highest price for this crisis. However, the impact of the lockdown on tourism will not affect all the EU countries in the same way. Italy, as the fifth most popular tourist destination worldwide was expected to receive 65 million arrivals in 2020, but the lockdown measures that are isolating the country for almost two months now presage an immeasurable downturn, which many experts believe will disrupt 60 years of uninterrupted growth.6 Tourism in Italy accounts for about 13% of its GDP, it generates more than EUR 232 billion and it represents one of the main drivers of the country’s economy, society and culture.7 In 2019, the country welcomed more than 62 million tourists, an incredible number considering its population of 60 million.8 Moreover, the tourism industry employs an estimated 4.2 million Italians—very close to a fifth of the entire official workforce.9

2 UNWTO: Impact Assessment of the Covid-19 Outbreak on International Tourism. UNWTO. 27 March 2020. <https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-covid-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism > Accessed: 21 April 2020.

Ibidem.

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WTTC: Latest research from WTTC shows a 50% increase in jobs at risk in Travel & Tourism. WTTC. 25 March 2020. <https://wttc.org/News-Article/Latest-research-from-WTTC-shows-a-50-percentage-increase-in-jobs-atrisk-in-Travel-and-Tourism > Accessed: 21 April 2020.

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5 European Travel Commission: Annual Report 2018. ETC. June 2018. <https://etc-corporate.org/ uploads/2019/06/ETC-Annual-Report-2018_-web-version-with-links.pdf > Accessed: 17 April 2020.

Assoturismo: Assoturismo-CST, nel 2020 si perderanno oltre 260 milioni di presenze turistiche (-60%). Ripresa solo nel 2021, forse Interventi inconsistenti per le imprese turistiche. Cancellato più di mezzo secolo di turismo.

Assoturismo. 19 March 2020. <http://www.assoturismo.it/assoturismo-cst-nel-2020-si-perderanno-oltre-260milioni-di-presenze-turistiche-60-ripresa-solo-nel-2021-forse.html > Accessed: 20 April 2020.

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Banca d’Italia: Questioni di Economia e Finanza. Turismo in Italia: numeri e potenziale di sviluppo. Banca d’Italia.

Occasional Papers, n.505. July 2019. <https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/qef/2019-0505/QEF_505_19. pdf > Accessed: 17 April 2020.

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Lissa Poirot: 20 Most-Visited Countries in the World. Far&Wide. 25 October 2019. <https://www.farandwide. com/s/most-visited-countries-792c34d8901f4bc9 > Accessed: 22 April 2020.

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9 Open: Turismo e Occupazione, l’Italia é prima in Europa con 4,2 milion di posti di lavoro. Open. 7 January 2020. <https://www.open.online/2020/01/07/turismo-e-occupazione-litalia-e-prima-in-europa-con-42-milioni-di-postidi-lavoro/ > Accessed: 22 April 2020.

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From a European perspective Italy, after Spain and France, is the country with the largest presence of tourist in the EU while, according to Eurostat, these three countries together account for a half of the total nights spent in the EU by non-residents.10 Furthermore, Italy, Spain and France, together with Germany, are all leaders in the EU when it comes to the number of enterprises in the tourism industry, and are home to more than half (56%) of the EU's tourism-reliant businesses.11 Unfortunately, these countries are also the most affected by the coronavirus pandemic, meaning that the negative effects of the crisis on tourism will have strong repercussions not only for their domestic economies, but for the economy of the Union as well.

To understand the magnitude of the Italian tourism sector’s integration with the rest of Europe, it might be interesting to observe the composition of the incoming tourist flows. The last decade has been marked by a very clear trend: domestic tourism (that of Italians spending their holidays in Italy) has been heavily affected by the 2008 economic crisis, resulting in a steadily decreasing flow until 2014, while an upturn has been registered only from 2015. On the other hand, inbound tourism is doing unequivocally better, with a record growth rate of +34% in 2008, with foreigners representing more than half of total attendances in Italian touristic facilities since 2017.12 Going into more detail, Italy largely depends on European tourists, who represent 79% of all foreigners arriving in the country. On the top of the list are unsurprisingly Germans with almost 59 million nights spent in Italy (27% of the total), followed by tourists coming from the United States (14.5 million), France (14.2 million), and the United Kingdom (14 million).

Chinese, for whom overseas tourism is a relatively new leisure activity, are eleventh with 5.3 million nights spent on the peninsula.13 As for China, the timing of the pandemic turned out to be particularly unfortunate in relation to Italy, considering that it broke out a week after the celebratory start of the Chinese-Italian year of culture and tourism, which should have brought great revenue to the Mediterranean country.14 Altogether, the total proceeds generated from the foreign inflows amounted to approximately EUR 45 billion in 2019, of which more than half (54%) is attributable to the great ability of the northern regions of Italy—those currently most affected by the virus—in attracting visitors. In fact, the regions with the highest number of tourists—both from Italy and Eurostat: Tourism Statistics. Eurostat. January 2020. <https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/ index.php?title=Tourism_statistics > Accessed: 22 April 2020.

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Eurostat: Tourism vital to employment in several Member States. Eurostat. 15 April 2020. <https://ec.europa. eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/DDN-20200415-1?inheritRedirect=true&fbclid=IwAR13xeCHvrpmy W8vhgTdSD_nif9F2es7yy2xAskyQNi5Vey_4E1QHWWfd1k > Accessed: 22 April 2020.

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Banca d’Italia: Indagine sul Turismo Internazionale. Banca d’Italia. Statistiche. 11 June 2018. <https:// www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/indagine-turismo-internazionale/2018-indagine-turismo-internazionale/ statistiche_ITI_11062018.pdf > Accessed: 20 April 2020.

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Eurostat: EU residents made 1.75 million trips to China in 2018. Eurostat. 3 April 2020. <https://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/EDN-20200203-1 > Accessed: 26 April 2020.

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MiBACT Press Office: Italia-Cina, Franceschini: Dati turismo in forte crescita, al lavoro per far conoscere i luoghi meno noti. Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali e per il turismo. 21 January 2020. <https://www.beniculturali. it/mibac/export/MiBAC/sito-MiBAC/Contenuti/MibacUnif/Comunicati/visualizza_asset.html_1140922796.html > Accessed: 15 April 2020.

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from abroad—are Veneto (16.1%), Trentino-Alto Adige (12%), Tuscany (11.1%), EmiliaRomagna (9.5%), and Lombardy (9.1%).15 In this context, the subject of seasonality is very important. In fact, the tourism industry is very much characterized by peak periods. As for the Italian market, the “high season” begins with the closure of schools in June, but already in May many tourists from abroad—mostly from Germany—start arriving to the country. However, each country of origin has its own specific seasonality due to geographical and socio-economic reasons. For example, France and the Netherlands show similar habits as Italy, and therefore their touristic activities are concentrated in the summer months. The most problematic markets from this point of view are the US, which has currently the highest number of infections in the world (already from March to June the monthly concentration of American tourists is higher than the average of many other countries) and China (where the same trend is recorded from January to April).

For this reason, in the current emergency situation it seems already obvious, that the touristic flow in the first part of the year will be totally lost, which is why many doubts remains whether the country will be ready to reopen its touristic facilities in summer. Therefore, the optimistic statements of some public authorities, who announced that the holidays are not going to be sacrificed, seems utterly misplaced. “We are working so that it is possible to go to the beach this summer,” said the undersecretary of the Ministry of Culture Lorenza Bonaccorsi, taking maybe for granted that as the country enters the warm season, the rising temperatures will kill or at least weaken the virus, even if there is no scientific evidence of this yet.16 What is certain is that already at the end of next month, a taste of the negative effects of the pandemic will be visible on the tourism sector’s yearly performance .

As the Italian tourism association Confturismo recently estimated that the crisis is likely to cost Italy 30 million tourists between March and May, and could result in an overall economic loss of EUR 120 billion.17 In fact, let us not forget that tourism is a transversal sector, and such a massive crisis affecting this industry could have a knockon effect on other related businesses, such as restaurants, small shops, the real estate market, transport, etc. According to Luca Patané, president of Confturismo, for every 100 euros spent in tourism in Italy, 86 euros are generated in other sectors (over onethird of it goes to the hospitality sector, 13 euros to the catering sector, 12 to trade and retail, 7 to domestic air transport, approximately 6 to other means of transport, 4 to intermediation, and over 3 to cultural, sports and recreational services).18 However, it

Istat: Movimento Turistico in Italia. 2018. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Report. 27 November 2019. <https:// www.istat.it/it/files//2019/11/Movimento-turistico-in-Italia-2018.pdf > Accessed: 22 April 2020.

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Daniel Kucher: “We Will Go To Sea This Summer” Statement From The Ministry Of Tourism Of Italy. Somag News. 14 April 2020. <https://www.somagnews.com/will-go-sea-summer-statement-ministry-tourism-italy/ > Accessed: 15 April 2020.

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AgCult: Coronavirus, Confturismo: perdita da 120 mld per il turismo, settore sia al centro delle strategie di rilancio. AgCult. 6 April 2020. <https://agcult.it/a/16897/2020-04-06/coronavirus-confturismo-perdita-da-120mld-per-il-turismo-settore-sia-al-centro-delle-strategie-di-rilancio > Accessed: 17 April 2020.

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18 QuiFinanza: Confturismo-Confcommercio: “Dopo la crisi ripartire dal turismo”. QuiFinanza. 31 March 2020. <https://quifinanza.it/finanza/confturismo-confcommercio-dopo-la-crisi-ripartire-dal-turismo/367373/> Accessed: 22 April 2020.

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cannot be disregarded that by the end of the year—depending on the effectiveness of the government’s post-lockdown strategy—the negative effects on the economy could be even larger, and could exceed EUR 200 billion.

This takes us back to the first issue, the one of “rescue”. What are the Italian government and the other institutions—either national or international—actually doing to cope with the incredible losses generated by the crisis of the touristic economy? Since it became clear that the spread of the virus could not be contained without introducing draconian measures, Italian travel and tourism businesses—already forced to deal with a considerable number of cancellations—started calling out for government assistance to help alleviate the burdens of millions of SMEs, which depend on, or are strictly integrated into the industry. As a matter of fact, in order to resist the enormous shock of this pandemic, the Italian government allocated a large amount of cash flow and introduced an extensive tax relief program. The primary purpose of these measures was to protect businesses and save jobs, but they are expected to have only a short term positive effect. As many argue, the government’s handout of 600 euros or the suspension of payments are not enough, and the measures adopted so far are considered inadequate to limit the impact of the forced closures. With businesses closed down and with zero income, it might be very hard for companies and employers to restart payments on the new due dates.19 Few weeks ago, a proposal has been presented by professional associations in a drafted version. The so-called Manifesto per il Turismo Italiano (Manifest for Italian Tourism), asked the government to take some urgent actions such as: the creation of extraordinary funding to support the economic losses of all the businesses operating in tourism, in the form of zero-interest and non-repayable loans proportionated to each company’s periodical revenues; and the extension of the Wages Guarantee Funds and the creation of holiday-vouchers to be used in the upcoming summer season.20 Even if these measures were to be adopted, the most critical factor remains to be the unknown future.

According to observers—also within the governing coalition—it will take at least one year for the country to get back to where it was before the crisis. A scary prediction for all the small businesses and establishments which depend on tourism for their survival.21 In addition, the government is currently working on alternative strategies that might lighten the burden of those whose livelihood depends on tourism. One of these strategies is to invite Italian citizens to spend their yearly vacations inside the borders—also by means of holiday vouchers—in order to try to make up for a part of the loss. According to a survey done for Confturismo, 83% of Italians say they would be ready to go on holiday somewhere in Italy

Assoturismo: Messina, Dl liquidità insufficiente per le imprese del turismo. Bisogna fare molto di più, serve contributo a fondo perduto. Assoturismo. 14 April 2020. <http://www.assoturismo.it/messina-dl-liquiditainsufficiente-per-le-imprese-del-turismo-bisogna-fare-molto-di-piu-serve-contributo-a-fondo-perduto.html > Accessed: 23 April 2020.

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Manifesto per il Turismo Italiano. <https://www.ripartiamodallitalia.it/ > Accessed: 20 April 2020.

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ANSA: Coronavirus, turismo balneare: “Rischiamo una quarantena lunga 2 anni”. ANSA. 18 April 2020. <https:// www.ansa.it/sito/videogallery/italia/2020/04/18/coronavirus-turismo-balneare-rischiamo-una-quarantenalunga-2-anni_7f231690-d502-491d-892f-58ce1cd7f853.html > Accessed: 19 April 2020.

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this summer.22 But many companies are cancelling their employees’ summer vacations— traditionally set for August—one by one, while the prevision of forthcoming economic hardships is shaking people’s confidence at this moment. Therefore a big question is whether domestic tourists will have the time or money to spend on vacations.

However, the recovery of tourism does not only depend on domestic developments, but also on the spread of the pandemic all over the world. Assuming that, in the best-case scenario, travel restrictions will be lifted and tourists are allowed to travel across Europe in autumn, the concept of “engaging in tourism” could have a completely new look. The question many are now asking is whether the Italian tourism sector will ever be the same again. Even with its world-famous cuisine, culture, and weather, as well as attractions including 55 UNESCO World Heritage sites, Italy may not be the tourist magnet it once was for some time, and much depends on the country’s ability to reinvent the industry and prepare it so that it meets the needs of a revolutionized market. In fact, the virus will not disappear for a long time, and so the social distancing measures will persist, meaning that the transportation and vacation plans will also have to adapt to this new reality. It is very likely that planes, trains and other transports will have fewer seats available, and that the capacity of hotels, B&Bs, but also beaches will be reduced. These limitations might also cause either an increase in overall prices, making travel a hardship for people who already suffered from the economic consequences of the pandemic, or leading them towards simpler, less costly choices close to home.23 These new scenarios were recently discussed in Brussels, where the Commissioner for Internal Market, Thierry Breton, urged by the European Parliament, pledged to commit the EU to the “reform and reinvention” of the tourism sector. Thierry Breton mentioned figures indicating that the tourism economy is likely to collapse and will be among the lasts to recover, as the 27-nation bloc is facing perhaps the toughest challenge since World War II. The loss of earnings at a European level could reach at least 50% in terms of annual income for hotels and restaurants, while it could rise to 70% for tour operators and travel agencies, and even more for cruise and airline companies. The pandemic has been felt across the whole economic spectrum and the EU is expected to reach for a massive aid operation— which has been compared to the Marshall Plan—while Breton proposed that at least 20% of the Recovery Funds, which should amount to about EUR 1.5 trillion, and a substantial part of the bloc’s Multiannual Financial Framework for the years 2021-2027 should be allocated to the tourism sector. The EU has been openly criticized for its hesitation in responding to the crisis—mostly due to the inability of the member states to find a common ground— but since then Brussels has intervened with several powerful measures. These measures range from a flexible application of the Stability Pact, to measures aimed at facilitating state aids, increase the EIB’s liquidity support for SMEs, applying solidarity instruments to help workers keep their incomes and help businesses stay afloat (SURE), while the ECB

22 ConfCommercio: ConfTurismo: “Dopo la crisi ripartire dal Turismo”. ConfCommercio. 31 March 2020. <https:// www.confcommercio.it/-/coronavirus-sondaggio-confturismo > Accessed: 18 April 2020.

New Europe: COVID-19 kills free competition in tourism. New Europe. 21 April 2020. <https://www.neweurope. eu/article/covid-19-kills-free-competition-in-tourism/ > Accessed: 27 April 2020.

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has injected a huge amount of liquidity into the market. However, Breton also insisted that the industry should use this crisis as a turning point. In fact, in the last decades, complaints have been increasing about over-tourism, which suffocates cities all across the continent, and especially historical sites such as Rome, Florence and Venice, while all the pollution from flying and cruise ship movements soil the reputation of tourism. For this end, Ursula von der Leyen commissioned Breton to hold—most probably between September and October—a special European tourism summit to deal with the fallout of the pandemic and to build a roadmap for the future towards a sustainable, innovative and resilient European tourism ecosystem.24

WHAT TO DO? The COVID-19 pandemic could be the swan song of mass tourism as we know it, accelerating a transformative process that had already been underway for some time. In fact, even before the coronavirus, mass tourism has been questioned for its sustainability. Just consider that recently mass tourism became such a widespread phenomenon that in many Italian cities—but not exclusively—it was considered a problem. The present situation, even if dramatic, could present an opportunity for Italian operators and for the whole country to review the touristic supply in order to guarantee safety standards, but also to create an environment for a long-term redevelopment and repositioning of the proposal. Addressing the crisis, therefore, by investing in the quality of the structures and services, will be decisive regarding the sustainability of the offer, and the enhancement of the cultural and environmental heritage.

It is therefore right to assume that some elements will be crucial in creating the conditions for the successive “recovering phase.” The COVID-19, and its spread at the global level, proves the causal link between environment and public health in a globalised economy. This is, of course, a crucial element that has to be taken into consideration when Italy will move on to promote a new sustainable form of tourism, where quality of life and public health is looked after alongside the preservation of the natural environment of the host destinations.

For this reason, health will be the central element of the post-COVID tourism revolution and this means that it will be easier to start again for those territories that are perceived clean, efficient, and do not present any risk of contagion, as well as for those structures that will be ready to respond to emergencies or new possible outbreaks of the virus. In this sense, investing in healthcare, urban regeneration (both at the public and private level), environmental monitoring and remediation could prove to be very important assets. A general rethinking of urban infrastructure, starting from the airports, will be necessary in the light of the pandemic.

Screening tools, protection and sanitation devices must be provided to make visitors feel at ease, in addition to the safety distance that must be guaranteed to minimize the risk of infection. Alternative and sustainable mobility will be a strong point: walking or cycling is highly recommended in light of the coronavirus because it makes it easier to follow social distancing and helps to keep the cardiovascular system and the lungs healthy, preventing 24 European Commission: Speech by Commissioner Breton on “A Marshall Plan for European Tourism.”

European Commission. 21 April 2020. <https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2019-2024/breton/ announcements/speech-commissioner-breton-marshall-plan-european-tourism_en > Accessed: 27 April 2020.

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diseases and protecting the body from infections.25 Also digital devices and innovation will play an even more decisive role in the future of tourism. In fact, in the absence or in response to the limitation of direct contacts, these tools will be even more relevant in the process of inspiration, reservation and search for information; but also for an original, reassuring, emotional communication that countries will have to engage in if they want to attract new potential tourists. Competition will become fierce, and tourists even more demanding, since in addition to the attractions and services, they will look for more information about safety and health features. In all likelihood, the 16-45 age group can become a main target, increasing in turn the critical need for innovation, technology and creativity, which have provided many “best practices” in recent years.26 Unfortunately, tourism in the upcoming months will be “poorer,” due to the general economic crisis, and perhaps the season will be even shorter, given that many companies that do not provide smart-working facilities asked their employees to use vacation days during the lockdown. Engaging in tourism will be seen from a different perspective and traveling responsibly, that is avoiding crowded situations, taking care of personal hygiene, respecting residential areas, will be perceived as a chief component. An affirmation of the so-called “staycation” is under way, a form of travel mainly directed in the short-medium range or in the close vicinity of the place of residence with an eye for “undertourism”—which will necessarily contrast with “overtourism”—that is a kind of tourism that will favour the lesser-known and lesser-crowded locations, open air activities and slow tourism. Seasonality will also change its face and the recovery of the tourism industry is likely to happen during the “low seasons.”27 The timing of the “recovery phase” is of fundamental importance: the faster it will be, the lower the risk of bankruptcy of companies in the tourism sector (usually small businesses and the ones most likely to suffer serious liquidity problems after the crisis). Nevertheless, it will be of uttermost importance to intervene, to preserve the “soul” of the cities and of the many touristic sites hit by the pandemic. Independent shops, local handicraft, cultural activities, small restaurants and agritourism have a risk of being swept away by the crisis. Therefore, it is in the interest of public administrations to ensure that those shades, colours and aromas are not lost. For this reason, it is necessary to guarantee funds for the facilities that will remain closed in the coming months, in order to enable them to modernize, grow, innovate and possibly re-enter the market in the next year. It would be a preferable solution instead of a definitive closure, which would entail loss of wealth and jobs, a scenario that Italy and many other countries must absolutely avoid, without forgetting that a reopening without guarantees would aggravate the already precarious conditions of the martyrized tourism sector.

Holger Haubold: The Cycling Economy and Coronavirus: Weathering the Crisis, Preparing for Sustainable Recovery. ECF. 20 April 2020. <https://ecf.com/news-and-events/news/cycling-economy-and-coronavirusweathering-crisis-preparing-sustainable > Accessed: 27 April 2020.

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Tobia Zevi: Turismo: competitività più feroce tra città, che fare? ISPI. Publication. 3 April 2020. <https://www. ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/turismo-competitivita-piu-feroce-tra-citta-che-fare-25642 > Accessed: 27 April 2020.

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27 Centro Studi Touring Club Italiano: Coronavirus: quali le conseguenze per il turismo in Italia? Touring Club Italiano. 6 April 2020. <https://www.touringclub.it/notizie-di-viaggio/coronavirus-quali-le-conseguenze-per-ilturismo-in-italia > Accessed: 27 April 2020.

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