This pressure washer features an easy, convenient two-piece lance and gun assembly. The lance design is also extended for better accuracy in tall applications.
Easy Start Pump System
The Easy Start Pump System features a pressure relief valve, allowing users to start the unit without any back pressure from the pump. It enables quick, easy starting with no hard cord pulls.
Stainless Steel High Pressure & Brass Detergent Nozzles
This pressure washer includes stainless steel nozzles for use with high-pressure water and a brass nozzle for use with detergent. These premium nozzles are designed to resist corrosion and wear.
Easy-Access Inlet & Outlet Water Connections
Both inlet (water coming into the pump) and outlet (water going from the pump to the gun) connections are easy to access for faster setup.
Anti-Vibration System
This pressure washer features a STIHL-engineered four-point vibration isolation system. This reduces pump vibration during use for increased unit longevity.
Strong cleaning performance with comfortable operation
With the STIHL RB 400 gas high-pressure cleaner, you can thoroughly and conveniently clean surfaces and objects around the house and in the garden. Designed for domestic use, the cleaner features a powerful 4.8 kW (6.5 hp) gas engine that can generate a maximum working pressure of 185 bar.
The high-pressure cleaner can be started easily and effortlessly. The STIHL RB 400 takes in the right cleaning agent for your application from external containers. And when you need to take a break, the machine is also equipped with a convenient holder and parking position for the spray lance.
After use, you can store the high-pressure nozzles and the high-pressure hose on your RB 400 using the practical storage features. Thanks to the folding guide bar, the high-pressure cleaner is also easy to store and transport.
With a wide range of accessories, such as various nozzles and surface cleaners, you can even more effectively adapt the STIHL RB 400 to your specific cleaning task.
Without fuel.
By Mike Jiggens
Designing golf for inclusiveness
Back in the spring, I attended an online presentation – it was simulcast both online and in-person – by Christine Fraser, a Canadian golf course architect who spoke about how innovative design can shape a more sustainable and inclusive future for the golf industry.
The Guelph Turfgrass Institute-sponsored presentation was an opportunity to showcase women in turf which was what I found intriguing in the first place and what inspired me to take it in.
Fraser addressed the fact that women are still a minority in the world of turf and grounds maintenance professionals. The number of female superintendents working at Canadian golf courses is on the rise but is still a small percentage of the total. As far as architects go, I don’t think I can come up with the name of another woman in Canada employed in that capacity. Perhaps there are more, but none of which I’m aware.
Golf’s rise and fall and subsequent post-COVID rise underscores the need to keep the game’s foot on the gas if it is to continue to prosper. Innovative design is something that can help golf move forward, and Fraser made several valid points.
She acknowledged that golf has always been viewed by the
masses as an elite sport, thereby making it non-inclusive. It’s the private country clubs that have perpetuated that image, but that’s not necessarily the case in general terms.
There is a slew of municipal courses in Canada and several more “mom and pop” courses that cater to beginning golfers, high handicappers, seniors and those who simply want to get a quick round in.
Simple design ideas can bring new golfers into the game and retain those entering their twilight years
These are the courses where design features can go a long way toward making the game less penalizing, more accessible and more fun to play.
Fraser noted that her university thesis explored the ways the game could increase golfer participation during a time when golf was in decline. She learned the main reasons were because golf was seen as too difficult, too expensive and too time-consuming. Perhaps there were design aspects that could address those perceptions, she reasoned.
Senior golfers and those with disabilities can better access golf courses if they didn’t have to climb steep slopes to tee off or
have to step over curbs along cart paths or try to determine where flagsticks are positioned if their colour contrasts challenge those with vision impairments.
“If you can allow someone to feel comfortable during their round of golf and want to come back and play again, then that’s probably more important than playing in four hours and nine minutes,” she said.
Simple design ideas can bring new golfers into the game and retain those entering their twilight years who can no longer manage longer layouts that feature significant elevation changes and other challenges.
Skilled golfers in the prime of their lives have plenty of options where length, green speeds and a vast array of hazards are of little concern. There are also courses where beginners, those with disabilities and seniors can play with equal enjoyment without being pressed for time and money.
To keep the game moving forward, golf design doesn’t have to cater solely to the elite golfer. There is a market out there for everyone else. Young golfers, who represent the future of the game, can play a season at certain courses for less than what it costs to play minor hockey or participate in figure skating or gymnastics.
Look for Fraser’s story in this issue.
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Study links disease with living close to golf courses
A recent study has determined there is a correlation between the development of Parkinson’s disease and living near a golf course.
The study conducted by the JAMA Network Open has found that people living within a mile of a golf course have a 126 per cent higher risk of developing the disease.
The study links Parkinson’s with pesticide products used on golf courses.
The study was conducted in the United States where certain products are approved yet are banned in Canada.
Controversial rodent control method paused in Winnipeg
Winnipeg has paused plans to use a sulphur gas known as “Giant Destroyer” to control ground squirrels populating the city’s sports fields.
The city is awaiting word from the Manitoba government regarding Winnipeg’s pesticide use permit. The plan has been to use the pesticide gas to kill the rodents in their burrows and then filling the holes with soils.
The plan has come under fire, however, from animal advocacy groups.
B.C. landscaper hires those recovering from addications
People in addictions recovery are being hired by a new landscaping company in Victoria, B.C.
Your Place, which started business in March, has already hired two men as technicians who had completed a nine-month recovery program.
The landscaping company is affiliated with Our Place Society, a charity that helps people with addictions.
126%
Percentage of higher risk of developing the disease Number of customers serviced by company
OPEI offers sound advice for first-time visitors to Equip Expo
For the landscapers, dealers, contractors, hardscape experts, and outdoor power equipment manufacturers attending Equip Exposition for the first time, it’s advised to go into the event with a plan.
“Do your homework and make a schedule,” Kris Kiser, president & CEO of the Outdoor Power Equipment Institute (OPEI), which owns and manages Equip Exposition, the international landscape, outdoor living, and equipment exposition, advises. “Download the app ahead of time, book your hotel room now, and be sure to wear comfortable shoes.”
The show, which boasts more than a million square feet of exhibit space, was held last Oct. 21-24 at the Kentucky Exposition Center (KEC) and drew more than 28,500 people.
Equip offers these tips to help first-time attendees to plan for the best experience possible:
Before the show
1. Register now. If you’re registered, you will receive Equip’s regular emails about everything going on at the show. Sign up at EquipExposition.com for $30 before prices double to $60 on Sept. 5.
On Oct. 20, the price doubles again. Don’t get stuck paying full price ($120) onsite.
2. Add education, certification classes, and training to your registration before sessions sell out. Explore ways to grow your businesses, address common problems, and develop employees. Other sessions will cover irrigation, pesticide management, tree and shrub pruning, outdoor lighting and more. Select classes, including the popular From Worker to Leader course, are available in Spanish.
3. Book travel arrangements and hotel reservations. Last year, the show sold out the city’s hotels (some are on a complimentary shuttle route) and attendees booked 32,000 rooms.
4. Bring your teammates from your company (if you are a landscaper) or your contractor customers (if you are a dealer). Equip is a fantastic team building opportunity, through shared educational experiences and testing new equipment to having fun at concerts with one another. This makes acting on new knowledge and ideas when home easier.
5. Determine the top three business
problems you are trying to solve. Look at the speakers, exhibits, and education offerings and identify the ones that will help you the most.
6. Download the Equip Expo app, sponsored by CASE Construction Equipment. The app is your event guide. It works with any Android or iPhone. Find the event schedule with start times for sessions and maps for the entire facility, where the biggest giveaways are held, and more. Favorite events or locations to build a custom schedule.
7. Plan your route. Many attendees drive to the show so it’s important to map the route from your hotel to the Kentucky Exposition Center and other venues and look at available shuttles or rideshares.
At the show
1. Don’t get stuck in traffic. For ease of
entry, don’t use the main gate at the show’s rush hour. If you are coming later than 10 a.m., use Crittenden Drive gate or the Preston Highway gate and park on the North side, which is the best way to enter the KEC. Leave via a similar route to avoid any bottlenecks at the main gate. Parking at the KEC during the show is free!
2. Start your day in the West Wing. Ride shares and shuttles will drop off at the West Wing and there will be food options available.
3. Avoid lines for badge pickup. Print your badge at the Welcome Reception, sponsored by Caterpillar, at Churchill Downs’ First Turn Club or in the North Wing at the Kentucky Exposition Center. More locations are scattered throughout Louisville hotels, the airport, and the KEC.
4. Talk with others. Equip is a city-wide
event. People in your hotel elevator and restaurant are likely attendees. Take time to meet people as you navigate the halls, stand in line, or grab a bite to eat.
After the show
1. Follow up with the people you met at Equip. Swap ideas and remind each other to do “that thing you said you would do” when you returned home.
2. Put new ideas you picked up at the show into action. Take that leap, do the “new thing,” roll out better pricing, marketing, services, and more.
3. Register for next year’s show.
Municipalities praise robotics
Hamilton, Waterloo parks directors say autonomous mowers, line painters have significantly benefited their operations
By Mike Jiggens
More and more Canadian municipalities are adding robotic and autonomous equipment to their fleets, understanding their ability to free up staff to undertake other tasks, to ensure greater precision, to save money on fuel and to leave a friendlier footprint on the environment.
A pair of southern Ontario municipalities have added autonomous equipment in recent years to their inventory for mowing and painting their sports fields. Their respective parks directors shared the merits of robotic equipment with their peers in February at the Ontario Turfgrass Symposium in Guelph.
Rory Doucette, currently president of Sports Turf Canada and who recently became manager of parks for the City of Hamilton after having previously served in the same capacity in the City of Brantford, said there are several considerations to be made before purchasing autonomous equipment, including field
size, cutting precision, mowing height adjustability and terrain.
“Choose a mower designed to handle the size of your turf efficiently, whether it’s small fields, multiacre sports complexes, golf courses or anything else,” he said. “You’ve got to make sure you have the battery power and the life for it and to make sure it can do it in the time frame you’re setting out for it.”
Autonomous mowers must be able to cut fields used for specific sports at their preferred mowing heights, he added.
Terry Henderson, supervisor of parks east for the City of Waterloo, said the municipality looked at various autonomous units to determine what best fit its needs, and opted for an Echo mower which cuts between three and four acres in a day and a half.
One of its biggest advantages, he noted, was the ability to adjust the cutting height on the fly.
“It’s all done on my phone,” he said. “I can see where it is, how much it’s cut and what it’s doing.”
A phone app allows him to monitor the model’s five cutting heads to ensure all are working.
“It basically gives you a full diagnostic of what’s going on with your robot in real time,” Henderson said.
The app allows cutting heights to be adjusted, provides information about the remaining life of the blades and features other valuable options.
Timing mowing periods
Mowers can operate based on the playing time of fields’ user groups. If
a group has finished playing at 11 p.m., mowing can begin immediately afterward until 6 a.m. when the units can shut themselves off and park until they’re needed again.
Henderson said the city’s units will cut for two hours, charge for an hour, cut for two more hours, and charge again for another hour. In the event something goes awry, his phone will be alerted, and the app will tell him what has happened.
Doucette said battery life and charging requirements are key considerations to be made prior to purchasing as well as smart features, connectivity and the cost versus long-term savings.
If a municipality wishes to add an autonomous line painter to its fleet, the unit’s ability to ensure accuracy and precision are foremost considerations, he noted, adding the purchase price and maintenance costs must also be factored in.
“If you’re in a position to be purchasing one of these, these are factors to have to consider and look at long term when making a purchase,” Doucette said.
Henderson said robotic painters allow paint crews to become one person. They eliminate the need to measure everything out beforehand and can paint a field in 20 minutes. Their accuracy for painting lines for specific sports, such as soccer or field hockey, are “dead on.”
As autonomous equipment ages, software and hardware upgrades will be necessary to ensure their reliability, but the cost is a fraction of the purchase of newer units,
Robotic line painters can paint lines on sports fields that are “dead on,” says Waterloo’s Terry Henderson.
Henderson said. The upgrades will bring the unit up to date, he added.
Autonomous equipment has built-in GPS tracking, allowing their whereabouts to be readily determined in the event of theft.
Doucette said the advantages of both autonomous mowing and painting include labour savings, consistency and precision. He said Brantford realized a reduction of 4,000 litres of paint because of the autonomous painter’s efficiency over manual operation.
Autonomous equipment “” Henderson said.
Once grass breaks out of dormancy in the spring and is initially knocked down, an autonomous mower can be sent out regularly to “cut and cut and cut,” he said.
Mowers have 24/7 capability, and grass should never be allowed to grow long enough for it to become an issue.
“Grass that is too long shouldn’t happen if it’s operating efficiently,” Doucette said.
Henderson said mowing issues might occur during extremely wet conditions, noting a mower once got stuck in a muddy spot on a sports field. An alert was sent to his phone, the unit was pushed out of the mud, and the spot on the field was repaired.
Because autonomous mowers are lighter than tractors, “these do work and operated better in wet conditions than a traditional mower would,” he said.
If conditions become so wet that robotic mowers are sidelined for a few days, allowing grass to grow longer, traditional mowing methods can be adopted to knock
Autonomous equipment
‘never complains, never takes a break, and does what you tell it to do’
back growth before resuming with autonomous mowing.
What if fields are too wet?
If fields are too wet or if it has started to rain after deployment, the mowers’ moisture sensors will instruct the unit to return to its home base.
Doucette said robotic mowers won’t be sent out first thing in the spring if grass is upwards of eight inches in length. If grass should reach a significant height, it will be knocked back accordingly, clippings will be collected and then the autonomous mower can be sent out to maintain a consistent height.
He suggested autonomous mowers be used on Class A sports fields that are fenced in, secure and lit and which see higher-calibre play.
Henderson said the mower’s cutting blades are like small razor blades which are cheap and can be replaced every couple of weeks. If an obstacle is in its path, the mower will sense it and move around it. All heads are floating and will respond accordingly to any undulations to prevent scalping.
Doucette warned the initial purchase
price of an autonomous unit is high and there could be connectivity issues in areas with poor cellular service. There is training involved to allow staff to oversee their operation, but blades can easily be changed out and the functions of the app can be figured out within a couple of hours.
“The idea isn’t to replace people,” Doucette said of autonomous equipment.”
Municipalities operate lean and often with just bare bones.
“To do anything extra is a huge deal and takes massive amounts of effort from people
to exceed and go beyond,” Doucette said. “The idea is to take some of the mundane tasks out.”
While a robot is cutting grass, an individual can focus on other tasks to improve service levels.
Henderson said the human factor is still necessary for robots to be maintained, operated, set up and controlled.
Before robotic equipment is purchased, parks directors should speak with their staff to assure them that their jobs aren’t in jeopardy, Doucette said.
Feedback from user groups over the quality of sports fields after being cut or painted autonomously has been positive, both Henderson and Doucette said.
Henderson said his local cricket group wanted turf mowed as short as possible. The group was pleased with the quality of the playing surface and appreciated that there were no clippings left on the field.
“It mulched everything so fine and cut so often that the quality of turf has actually increased instead of cutting every three days or five days for your high-end sports fields and taking off more than you’re supposed to,” he said. “This thing takes off minute amounts.”
Doucette said soccer groups in Brantford praised the quality of field painting and how straight and consistent the lines turned out.
Guided by GPS, autonomous line painters can paint a sports field with absolute precision.
Advancements in turf varieties
Reducing inputs without compromising quality.
By Dr. Kyley Dickson, edited by Dr. Sara Stricker
As climate patterns shift and environmental pressures intensify, the turfgrass industry is undergoing a quiet but transformative revolution. Across research labs, university test plots, and elite sports venues, scientists and turf managers are working hand in hand to breed, evaluate, and implement grass varieties that can thrive in a world demanding less water, fewer chemicals, and greater resilience. Canadian turf professionals are already responding to evolving weather norms. In recent years, shifting precipitation pat-
terns – particularly in southern regions like Ontario and Quebec – have brought more frequent rain events that challenge conventional turf systems. Well-maintained turfgrass, however, plays a vital role in water management, acting like a sponge that absorbs significant rainfall before runoff occurs. At the same time, climate data reveals steady warming across the country, especially in the northwest provinces. As optimal turfgrass growth tends to occur between 15 and 40 degrees Celsius, these temperature shifts may open doors to new species and cultivars suited to previously marginal zones.
From sports fields to lawns and everything in between, a dense and healthy turf canopy remains the most effective defence against pests and disease. As chemical use becomes more restricted, the industry is seeing encouraging advances in integrated pest management and biological controls, offering alternatives that support both turf health and environmental sustainability. Many turf managers are also facing reduced water-taking permits and fertilizer restrictions, leading to a need for turf varieties that can thrive with reduced chemical, fertilizer, and water inputs. Yearly soil testing is essen-
Creeping bentgrass trial at the Guelph Turfgrass Institute in May 2025.
tial to catch emerging deficiencies early, and even under low-fertility strategies, a targeted fertilization plan remains key to supporting vigorous, resilient turf. Reduced inputs do not have to mean reduced performance. The Alliance for Low Input Sustainable Turf (A-LIST) is driving innovation in sustainable turfgrass breeding. This research-based initiative evaluates and certifies turf varieties that can excel with fewer resources. A-LIST-approved cultivars are selected based on superior drought tolerance, disease resistance, and reduced fertilizer needs – all while maintaining the quality, appearance, and performance expected in professional settings. These selections are not only practical, but they’re also rigorously trialed against standard grasses to ensure their resilience under real-world conditions.
Since its founding more than a decade ago, A-LIST has grown into a collaborative network of forward-thinking seed companies, researchers, and turf professionals committed to transforming the way turfgrass is selected and managed. Member companies, including Barenbrug, DLF, Landmark Seed Com-
Reduced inputs do not have to mean reduced performance
pany, Lebanon Turf, and Mountain View Seeds, are united by a shared goal: to bring to market turfgrass varieties that meet rigorous sustainability standards without compromising performance. By funding research trials across diverse geographic regions and partnering with universities and independent scientists, A-LIST has created a robust evaluation process that ensures only the most environmentally efficient cultivars earn approval. These efforts are helping turf managers meet increasing demands for resource conservation, while also promoting best practices grounded in data and real-world performance.
Trials across North America, from the east to west coast of the U.S. and locations in Canada, are putting A-LIST varieties to the test. Researchers are simulating drought periods followed by recovery phases to measure water-use efficiency and resilience, exposing areas where further improvement in drought tolerance is still needed. These efforts are already influencing global events: A-LIST turf will be seen on fields in the 2026 World Cup, where consistent performance across vastly different climate zones will be a critical challenge. The emphasis on sustainability, paired with elite playability, is helping set a new global standard.
Closer to home, the Guelph Turfgrass Institute is playing a central role in this movement. In fall 2024, the Institute seeded a creeping bentgrass cultivar trial at green height to evaluate A-LIST selections under low-input golf course conditions, focusing on key at-
Another look at the GTI’s creeping bentgrass A-LIST trial.
tributes like disease resistance, density, colour, and overall turf quality. This spring, a Kentucky bluegrass trial was added, aimed at assessing A-LIST varieties for their performance under sustainable management. These trials not only support the broader industry shift but also offer valuable insights for turf managers across Canada.
The future of turfgrass management rests on three guiding principles: monitor and adapt to changing conditions; evaluate and invest in new, resilient turf varieties; and think long-term about environmental stewardship and resource efficiency. Turfgrass that thrives with minimal inputs is no longer a hopeful concept – it’s a reality being proven on fields and fairways across North America. Sustainability isn’t just a trend! It’s the foundation of the turf industry’s next chapter. With continued innovation, collaboration, and commitment, turf professionals are poised to shape greener, more resilient land-
scapes for generations to come.
This article is based on Dr. Kyley Dickson’s presentation at the 2025 Ontario Turfgrass Symposium. The 2026 Ontario Turfgrass Symposium will be held Feb 18-19 at the University of Guelph. For more information, visit www. TurfSymposium.ca. Get connected with the Guelph Turfgrass Institute by signing up to the newsletter at www.GuelphTurfgrass.ca or connecting on social media @GuelphTurf.
Dr. Kyley Dickson is the executive director of A-LIST, and is based in Knoxville, Tenn. Dr. Sara Stricker is the communications and outreach co-ordinator at the Guelph Turfgrass Institute.
Dr. Kyley Dickson spoke in February at the Ontario Turfgrass Symposium at the University of Guelph. Photo credit: Guelph Turfgrass Institute
38 years of netting experience and innovation in Canada!
Accessible golf is key to game ’ s growth, prosperity
Architect says simple design concepts can attract and retain golfers
By Mike Jiggens
The percentage of women in Canada employed as golf course superintendents remains slight, although it has been on the rise in recent years. The percentage of women who are golf course architects is even smaller, but one Canadian is leaving her mark in golf and is driven toward making the game more equitable, diverse and inclusive.
Christine Fraser, principal at Christine Fraser Design, shared her vision about how innovative design can shape a more sustainable and inclusive future for the golf industry during a recent presentation delivered simultaneously in-person at the Guelph Turfgrass Institute and online. The event was sponsored by the GTI.
Fraser was born with golf in her blood. Her grandparents turned a 120-acre corn field outside Kingston, Ont. in the 1970s into a small golf course which remains in operation today and is still owned by the family.
“They (her grandparents) wanted to build something that was sustainable and would stand the test of time,” she said. “This is bare bones golf. It’s in the middle of nowhere. They didn’t have any equip -
ment or expertise to move dirt when they were building it.”
The family-owned facility was the foundation from which Fraser learned what golf courses were all about. Growing up on a golf course, she said she learned the “language” of golf at a young age. She also developed the necessary skills to effectively play the game and was awarded a Division 1 scholarship at Stetson University in Florida. Playing the college circuit inspired her to consider how golf courses have
evolved, and her focus shifted from playing golf to designing golf.
Fraser said playing golf competitively at such an elite level ended up taking the fun out of the game for her.
“I put my clubs away when I graduated and didn’t touch them for years.”
Although her desire to continue playing was evaporating, she realized there was still a future for her in golf in the field of course architecture.
“There are a couple of ways to get into
Golf courses with significant elevation changes may not be conducive to bringing new golfers into the game.
golf architecture: the academic route or the construction route – hooking up with a contractor and building golf.”
She opted for the latter, but said it wasn’t to her liking. “But it was incredibly informative of learning those layers of how to build a golf course.”
A move to Scotland
Fraser eventually pursued the academic route, studying landscape architecture at the University of Guelph, and was awarded a scholarship through the Stanley Thompson Society, getting the chance to further her studies in Scotland. Her thesis explored ways to increase and encourage golfer participation at a time when golf was on the decline. She learned that the main reasons why golf was experiencing a setback was because the game was deemed too difficult, too expensive to play and took too much time to complete a round.
“That trip to Scotland was the missing piece to understand the barriers to entry that golf has – the barriers in golf architecture that could be addressed. The way that golf is viewed in Scotland is different. It’s more of a service than a business in a lot of ways.”
While studying at the University of Guelph, Fraser met a third-generation U.K. architect named Martin Hawtree who would become an important mentor to her in the ensuing years.
“We hit it off, and he offered me a job when I graduated.”
Fraser relocated to England to work for Hawtree who was acting as a consulting architect at the time for the Royal and Ancient Golf Club. Having access to various Open Championship venue golf courses influenced Fraser about the way she thinks about golf course design.
“I learned about accessible golf during
my thesis at Guelph in terms of the way we retain and recruit new golfers. Without that, none of us has a job.”
Fraser said everything begins with the entry points into golf and creating facilities that allow people to learn how to play the game.
Her time in Scotland taught her the merits of equitable golf, such as being able to play at the Old Course at Saint Andrews the day after the Open Championship.
“Anybody – no matter your skill, no matter your class, no matter your race, no matter your gender – is provided the same experience in an enjoyable and memorable way.”
Fraser said there are design strategies that can make golf more accessible for golfers with disabilities such as removing curbs from the entire length of cart paths and including tees that can be accessed without having to climb steps or which have steep
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slopes. Flags should have good contrast, she added, so that visually impaired golfers can navigate golf courses easier.
Because municipal golf courses cater to a broader spectrum of golfers of varying skill levels, they should be designed accordingly, Fraser said.
“Speaking as a woman, golf is not always super kind to us and considerate of us,” she said, noting that tee boxes should be situated in places that make golfers feel good and that all tees should be maintained to the same standard.
Meeting golfers’ needs
Courses that are 6,800 or more yards long don’t meet the needs of all golfers, she said, adding that those that occupy less land, use less water and less fertilizer while providing the golf experience many people want today have their place. She referred to her thesis, noting that the answer to recruiting and retaining golfers is to make the game more affordable, less difficult and less time-consuming.
“If you can allow someone to feel comfortable during their round of golf and want to come back and play again, then that’s probably more important than playing in four hours and nine minutes.”
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Although golf has opened doors to promote greater inclusiveness in many areas, some doors remain closed. Muirfield, which has been the host venue of the Open Championship 16 times, was in jeopardy of being refused its place on the circuit until it accepted women as members. The club was steadfast in its nowomen policy and said it would rather never host the Open again.
Fraser accompanied Hawtree to a meeting in a section of the Muirfield clubhouse that was reserved exclusively for men. Club members asked “who the hell” she was, saying she didn’t belong there. Hawtree told the members it was important she attended the meeting, and suggested they meet elsewhere.
“Golf has moments like that. That’s part of the history of golf…part of the industry we’re in.”
Fraser said it’s “awful, upsetting and embarrassing,” and speaking up is the only way for golf to continue to evolve.
She noted that even such technological advances as artificial intelligence tend to stereotype women. At a recent presentation she attended, the speaker showed a computer-generated AI image of six individuals on a golf course – four of whom were men dressed in proper golf attire and two women dressed in crop tops and ripped jeans.
“That tells us a lot about how AI and our gender are stereotyped.”
Fraser said she would ultimately like to see a U.S. Women’s Open played at a golf course designed by a woman, constructed by a woman and shaped by a woman and where both the superintendent and head professional are both women.
“But that takes time.”
Fraser said golf courses that hire her services tend to have progressive views and think outside the box.
THE CUT THAT BUILT A REPUTATION.
Making the most of microbes in soil
There are active and passive strategies for biocontrol of pest insects.
By Mike Jiggens
Homeowners can face several setbacks to their lawns, including competition with dandelions, crabgrass and other weeds, not to mention the effects of drought. But, arguably, the most devastating impairment is the presence of white grubs which can result in sections of lawns torn to shreds by nocturnal animals seeking out and dining on the root-feeding insects.
The Ontario cosmetic pesticide ban outlawed several pest control products when it was enacted more than 15 years ago, and many lawn care professionals have since turned to biocontrol methods to win the war against grubs.
Dr. Katerina Jordan of the University of Guelph’s department of plant agriculture has recently been studying soil microorganisms. She told lawn care professionals in March at Nutrite’s 15th annual lawn care seminar day in Guelph how they can make the most out of microbes to control pest insects.
There are both active and passive strategies for biocontrol of pest insects. In an active approach, organisms are added to the site to antagonize the pest.
“It almost acts as a biopesticide,” she said.
A passive strategy involves dealing with what’s already at a site. It’s doing things that neither conserve nor enhance already-existing microbial populations at a site, Jordan said.
When adopting active strategies, it’s good to look at the different mechanisms available, she said, adding the approach is related primarily to insects and weeds because diseases aren’t a significant issue on home lawns.
Pest insects can be targeted by predator insects which feed on their quarry from the outside in. They are often the same size or larger than the target pest and can consume their prey in a short period of time.
Ladybug adults, for example, can ingest 50 aphids a day while ladybug larvae can ingest 200 to 300 per day. They aren’t particularly host specific.
Parasitoids
Parasitoids, or parasitic insects, feed on their prey from the inside
out. Their eggs are laid either in or on the target pest where they’ll hatch, and their larvae will feed on the insect. They are generally smaller than the target insect and are relatively host specific.
The parasitoid will kill just one specific pest. Once eggs have hatched, the larvae will move on to other target pests.
Jordan said this type of parasitoid isn’t something that would necessarily be applied, noting there are regulations involved with this biological control method.
The most common biocontrol methods are pathogens that work in a similar fashion to those which cause plant diseases. These include fungi, bacteria and nematodes that cause disease in insects. They can be developed and sold commercially, but often have a short shelf life.
Entomopathogenic nematodes are microscopic worm-like animals which differ from harmful nematodes. They have different mouth parts they use to attack insect larvae. They enter an insect through such orifices as the mouth, anus and breathing openings and have a symbiotic bacterium inside them.
“Once they enter the insect, they release a bacterium that is toxic
There are biocontrol methods for pest insects, such as white grubs, that have proven effective since the Ontario cosmetic pesticide ban was enacted.
to the insect and liquifies the cells that then creates a food source for the nematodes and bacteria alike,” Jordan said.
There are multiple species of entomopathogenic nematodes available which will kill its target pest within 24 hours and can potentially persist within the soil.
Jordan said there are new pests never seen before in Canada that have arrived in the country in recent years, such as the bluegrass billbug which is a damaging pest that has few control options.
Specific conditions must be in place for entomopathogenic nematodes to provide effective control. Jordan said lawns must be irrigated before and after applying the nematodes. The microbes are naturally aquatic and require a certain level of moisture. They can also be expensive.
“Not only is it the cost of the nematodes themselves, it’s also potentially the cost of the water to ensure that it works.”
To work effectively, nematodes must be applied when air temperatures range between 10 and 28 degrees Celsius and when the soil temperature is at least 10 degrees.
“You also want cloudy conditions,” Jordan said. “These nematodes are UV-sensitive, and you also need to water them in right away, not only to make sure they stay moist but because they don’t handle the UV well.”
It’s often recommended they be applied
at dusk which can be a challenge for lawn care professionals who tend to several lawns in a day and must schedule their applications at optimal times.
The timing of applications is critical to ensure the target pests are present, enabling the nematodes to survive. Target insects tend to be most vulnerable in their earliest stages of development.
Jordan warned there are pros and cons associated with entomopathogenic nematodes. They are approved for use in Ontario and have proven to be effective. They will also persist and reproduce in the soil as long as it remains moist.
On the downside, they are sensitive to ultra-violet light which makes the timing of application tricky. They require a high amount of water and are sensitive to temperature extremes and are also costly and have a shelf life of only about six weeks.
Naturally occurring fungus
Another biocontrol method Jordan noted is Beauveria bassiana which is a naturally occurring fungus that is effective against both hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults. Because it originates from Canada, it’s not invasive and has evolved within the northern climate.
The fungus meets the insect, releasing enzymes and producing spores that germin-
ate and penetrate the insect. Once inside the insect, the fungus produces toxic chemicals that kill the target pest.
Beauveria bassiana also has its pros and cons. It’s been able to achieve upwards of a 60 per cent reduction in chinch bug populations and can be persistent in the soil under ideal conditions if the soil is kept moist, especially after being applied.
A key negative aspect is that if the fungus is around long enough, it can potentially kill beneficial organisms. It is sensitive to UV light and can take up to 14 days before the effects in pest populations are seen.
Endophyte grasses
Endophytically enhanced turfgrasses have helped deter pest insects. An endophyte is an endosymbiont, such as a bacterium or fungus, which lives within the plant yet doesn’t cause apparent disease. They are a non-pathogenic fungi that have a symbiotic relationship with certain species of turfgrass, including tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. They are host-specific and seed-transmitted.
“They release a toxin that will deter feeding by insects,” Jordan said.
The advantage of endophytic grasses is that they’re easy to obtain and will deter insect feeding with what appears to be no negative impact on the grass.
Keeping young, new workers safe
More than half of serious injuries occur during first six months of employment. By Alexandra
Skinner
Each summer, landscape and grounds maintenance companies ramp up for the busy season by hiring large numbers of staff – many of whom are young workers. While workers of all ages can be injured on the job, young and new workers are at increased risk, with young males experiencing significantly higher injury rates than the overall workforce.
Who are ‘young’ and ‘new’ workers?
In British Columbia, a young worker is anyone under age 25. A new worker can be any age – someone new to a job, a worksite, or facing unfamiliar hazards.
“We see a spike in injuries among young males in physical summer jobs, especially those aged 18 to 24 who are just out of high school or in university,” Robin Schooley, Industry and program specialist with WorkSafeBC, said. “These workers are often eager to prove themselves. They may hesitate to speak up – even when they feel unsafe – because they don’t want to seem inexperienced or let their team down.”
Given the physical demands, specialized equipment, and potential hazards involved in grounds maintenance and landscaping, it’s essential for employers to recognize the risks – and their responsibility to keep every worker safe.
“Whether someone is on site for a single shift or the whole season, they need clear orientation, hands-on training, and consistent supervision from day one,” Schooley said. “It’s the most effective way to prevent injuries and make sure every worker can do the job safely.”
High risk, low experience: The new worker equation
In B.C., more than half of all serious workplace injuries happen within the first six months on the job – a critical period when workers are still adjusting to the physical demands and safety expectations of their roles. New workers may not yet be familiar with these expectations, which increases their risk of injury.
Common reasons why workers are injured include:
• Inexperience
• Lack of adequate training or orientation
• Unfamiliarity with safety protocols
• Limited understanding of their rights
• Assignment to riskier tasks
• Hesitation to ask questions or raise concerns
Injury trends in landscaping
Between 2020 and 2024, WorkSafeBC accepted 554 claims from young workers in the landscaping industry, with 56 of those considered serious injuries. Young workers account for more than 15 per cent of serious injuries in the sector.
The five most common injury claims for young workers in landscaping are:
• Strains
• Lacerations
• Back strain
• Contusions
• Concussions
“We see overexertion from lifting heavy items like bags of seed or fuel cans, struckby incidents from falling limbs, tools or
Young and new workers in landscaping and grounds maintenance are more prone to jobsite injuries than those more experienced.
debris, and slips, trips and falls – especially in bad weather,” Schooley said. “Lack of proper protective equipment is also an issue, and repetitive strain injuries can come from tasks like weeding or working on hands and knees.”
Landscaping and grounds work often involves operating machinery such as rideon lawnmowers, push mowers, string trimmers, and chainsaws. Some workers may also mix chemicals or work on ladders, all of which bring their own set of hazards and require proper instruction.
And with increasingly hot summers, working outdoors in the high temperatures can be hazardous as well.
“These workers are at risk of heat stress injuries,” Schooley added. “Many workers don’t stop to cool down unless told to, so supervisors should encourage workers to seek shade, take proper breaks, and stay hydrated.”
Setting new and young workers up for success
Employers can reduce the risk of injury by giving new and young workers clear, effective training and orientation so they understand how to safely do their jobs and what’s expected of them.
Here are some practical ways employers can set new and young workers up for success:
• Use engaging training approaches, like simulations, interactive media, and hands-on demonstrations and practices.
• Develop a mentorship program, pairing young or new workers with more experienced workers.
• Encourage young workers to ask questions of their mentors, supervisors, managers and co-workers.
A strong orientation program should include:
• A tour of the site
• Introduction to common hazards
• Demonstration of proper equipment use
• Clear instructions and regular checkins to ensure instructions are being followed
• Modelling of safety practices by supervisors
• Direction on whom a worker should talk to about safety questions or concerns
Reinforce training with active supervision
A worker’s initial training is only the first step.
“Training and orientation need to be reinforced with good supervision,” Schooley said. “Some new and young workers are asked to use complex equipment, do strenuous labour or work alone. So handson, proactive supervision is critical.”
Supervisors should step in immediately if they notice a worker performing a task unsafely. They should stop the work, demonstrate the correct, safe way to proceed, and then observe the worker as they complete the task to ensure understanding.
If something feels unsafe, workers should stop, ask a colleague for help, and report the concern to a supervisor without hesitation. Employers must create a culture where speaking up about safety is encouraged and acted on promptly.
“This is especially important for young and new workers, who need to hear this message clearly and often,” Schooley said.
Everyday actions that strengthen safety culture
A strong culture of safety empowers young and new workers to raise concerns, ask questions, and actively participate in keeping the workplace safe.
Employers can help build this kind of culture by taking simple, consistent steps that make safety a visible, everyday priority:
• Conduct a brief safety meeting or crew talk every morning and invite workers to share any safety concerns
• Review joint health and safety committee (JOHS) action items as a team
• Involve workers in risk assessments and JOHS committees
• Provide ongoing training and supervision for new and young workers
• Encourage reporting of near misses and invite workers to contribute ideas
to prevent similar near-miss incidents.
Safety today builds tomorrow’s workforce
“Many young workers enjoy landscaping and grounds maintenance jobs because they get to work outdoors and the pay is decent,” Schooley said. “But if they don’t fully understand the risks – especially when using equipment or working alone – it can put them in harm’s way. Young and new workers may hesitate to speak up, which adds to their vulnerability.”
When employers lead with safety, it builds confidence and encourages open communication.
Young and new workers bring energy, enthusiasm, and a fresh perspective to every jobsite. For more information, visit worksafebc.com
Alexandra Skinner is manager, government and media relations at WorkSafeBC.
Going electric maintaining parks
Is electric heavy equipment a practical choice for turf and parks maintenance? By Lars Arnold
What if I could eliminate diesel fumes and reduce noise on my jobs? What if I could meet environmental regulations without slowing down my crew? And what if I could get it all done while saving money down the road?
These are the types of questions city parks departments, turf managers and landscapers are asking themselves as they explore better ways to maintain fields and green spaces. The emergence of electric construction equipment like compact excavators and wheel loaders offers a potentially promising answer. But is it truly a practical choice for everyday turf and parks maintenance?
Let’s weigh the benefits, address potential concerns and draw some insights from real-world applications.
The advantages of electric heavy equipment
Electric equipment offers a range of potential advantages that can significantly reshape turf and parks maintenance practices:
• Cleaner air and quieter operation: A compelling argument for transitioning to electric equipment lies in its elimination of harmful emissions and its dramatic reduction of noise pollution. This directly contributes to improved air quality for both the personnel maintaining these spaces and the public enjoying them, fostering a healthier environment for all. It also enables work in noise-sensitive areas like residential neighbourhoods or adjacent to hospitals. And quieter operation provides flexibility in scheduling maintenance activities, even allowing your crews to work at night.
• Potential for long-term cost savings: While the initial investment in electric equipment is typically higher than for diesel-powered equipment, there’s a strong potential for long-term cost savings. Electric machines are designed with fewer moving parts, which translates to reduced maintenance requirements. The need for oil changes, filter replacements and complex engine repairs is eliminated. Plus, the cost of electricity as a power source is often
lower and more stable than diesel fuel, potentially shielding your operations from fuel price volatility.
• Lower operating costs: With diesel equipment, operating time is defined by the engine runtime, and a lot of those hours are counted while the machine is idle. With electric, as soon as an operator stops working (e.g., a landscaper waiting for a pipe to be placed in a trench he just dug), the motors turn off and no operating hours are accumulated. So, when you think about it, jobs that can rack up 10,000 hours on a diesel machine might only add 6,000 or 7,000 hours to a comparable electric machine.
• Enhanced operational efficiency and versatility: A notable feature of electric machines is their ability to deliver instant torque – rapid, responsive power on demand. This power is complemented by precise control, enabling delicate manoeuvres and more accurate execution of tasks. For example, an electric compact excavator could be used for precise digging of an irrigation trench, while an electric compact wheel loader can efficiently handle material loading and
Heavy electric equipment has a range of advantages that can reshape turf and parks maintenance practices
grading tasks.
While many parks departments have already turned to electric for smaller power equipment like mowers, blowers, handheld compactors and so on, larger electric heavy equipment has experienced a slower adoption rate. The interest in quiet, emissions-free technology for construction machines has ticked up. The benefits simply can’t be realized with diesel-powered equipment alone.
Common concerns to consider
Electric obviously has its benefits, but there are a few more factors to consider before making the shift:
• Charging infrastructure and logistics: A key consideration is the availability and practicality of charging infrastructure. However, there are lots of charging options available to accommodate different operational needs. Standard AC charging
can be utilized at depots for overnight charging, while DC fast chargers can provide quicker on-site charging – over lunch, for example. Additionally, portable and off-grid charging solutions are emerging, offering increased flexibility for remote operations. Effective charging management is crucial, and a variety of solutions are available to make it feasible.
• Performance compared to diesel: A frequent concern is how electric construction equipment compares to similar diesel counterparts in terms of performance. Electric machines typically offer comparable or even superior performance. The instant torque from an electric motor provides a rapid and powerful response – and for many turf and park maintenance tasks, power and torque are crucial.
• Initial costs and financial incentives: The initial investment in electric equip-
ment is a relevant consideration. However, it’s important to evaluate the total cost of ownership, including potential long-term savings on fuel and maintenance. There are also incentives and grants available in many places that help offset the purchase price.
Evaluating electric options: A practical approach
Electric heavy equipment represents an evolving option for turf and parks maintenance. OEMs are beginning to embrace the demand for more sustainable heavy equipment solutions, and as they rework their lineups to offer electric alternatives, buyers have a ton of information available to help with their research.
Lars Arnold is the product manager for sustainable power at Volvo Construction Equipment.
25_003460_Turf_and_Rec_JUN_JUL_CN Mod: April 21, 2025 9:32 AM Print: 04/25/25 page 1 v2.5
Infield groomer produces ideal playing surfaces regardless of starting conditions
The Toro Field Pro 6040 infield groomer features commercial-grade construction, efficient operation with the innovative MultiTool, ergonomic operator comfort and versatility in attachment options. The dedicated platform produces a consistent, superior infield playing surface regardless of starting conditions.
The rugged chassis and commercial-grade components produce smooth playing surfaces for infields. The platform and controls provide easy operation and all-day comfort. Clear sightlines allow operators to accurately grade the field without straining to see what they’re doing.
The Field Pro 6040 MultiTool is an innovative design that includes an integrated MultiTool Box Grader and a MultiTool Adjustable Carrier to quickly and accurately grade, groom and perfect infields. When fitted with the optional laser grading system, the Field Pro 6040 will easily grade
infields for optimal playing conditions.
The MultiTool Box Grader is constructed of high-strength steel with a changeable wear edge. It can be fitted with an optional tool holder for implements such as an Edger, Root Cutter and Planer Blade.
The MultiTool Adjustable Carrier allows for coarse or fine scarifying with standard solid or spring tine toolbars, allowing operator adjustments from field to field depending on conditions. Hydraulically controlled depth and angle adjustment provide precise interaction, where needed, for desired results.
Dozens of Toro Sand Pro, Bullseye and third-party attachments easily make the Field Pro 6040 the preferred start-to-finish ballfield maintenance machine. Attachment options include a laser level system, drag mats, grooming brooms, tooth rakes and much more. Toro.com
Climate-controlled factory cab features in sub-compact tractor
KIOTI Tractor, a division of Daedong-USA, Inc., has launched the CS30 Series sub-compact tractor, featuring a factory-installed climate-controlled cab and high torque. The new series combines operator comfort, superior performance, and efficiency, resulting in a powerhouse machine designed to take on the toughest tasks.
The CS30 Series’ climate-controlled cab is equipped with heat and air conditioning, allowing for year-round operation in any weather condition. The premium seating improves operator comfort even during long workdays. The optional integrated AV system, which is equipped with smartphone mirroring, Bluetooth connectivity, and a rear-view camera, enables operators to stay connected and in control. Other features include ample storage space and reductions in noise and vibration for a smoother, quieter ride.
Ergonomically designed for an enhanced experience, the CS30 Series features an improved lever layout that allows for more intuitive, comfortable operation. Twin hydrostatic pedals make it easy to switch between forward and reverse movements, reducing fatigue during long workdays or repetitive tasks. The push-button four-wheel-drive, power steering, and tilt steering wheel further enhance machine operation.
Built to perform during tough jobs, the CS30 Series features a 1.2L KIOTI diesel engine, boasting 24.5 horsepower and torque at 51.63 lb.-ft. The engine delivers large power output while also minimizing fuel consumption.
The new sub-compact tractor is
designed with convenience and efficiency top of mind. The CS30 machine features mid and rear PTO, allowing operators to use multiple attachments simultaneously for increased versatility while working. For added convenience, the optional quick-connect systems simplify attaching and detaching implements – like loaders, backhoes, and mid-mowers.
The KIOTI Connect TMS system delivers real-time alerts and vehicle data, delivering machine updates in real-time. The illuminated digital instrument panel provides operators with critical information at a glance, including vehicle status, warnings, and TMS alerts. Kioti.com
Mean Green, a leading battery-powered, commercial-grade turf care manufacturer, and Generac Power Systems company, have introduced to its commer-
cial-grade electric mower lineup the Vanquish Autonomous. The commercial-electric stand-on autonomous mower delivers up to eight hours of all-electric runtime with a powerful 60-inch mulching rear discharge deck. The Vanquish Autonomous is designed to multiply output without multiplying headcount.
Now available for order at Mean Green dealers, Vanquish Autonomous features Greenzie self-driving technology for real-world commercial demands. With camera-based obstacle detection, live performance tracking, and a call-back feature to
return the mower to its starting position, it’s designed to be a smart, safe, and productive machine for a commercial mowing fleet. Users can also indicate keep-out zones to mark areas where the mower should not go.
The Vanquish Autonomous has an available 22kWh battery, which can mow continuously for up to eight hours. It also has the flexibility to switch between autonomous and manual operation. The Vanquish Autonomous is capable of speeds up to 11.5 mph, and the patented Heavy-duty Impulse Drive System provides top performance and reliability.
MeanGreenProducts.com
FOUNDATIONS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
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Health & Safety
By CCOHS
The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) promotes the total well being of workers in Canada by providing information, training, education, systems and solutions that support health and safety programs and injury and illness prevention. www.ccohs.ca
Risk assessments: A practical guide
A
risk assessment is more than a checklist – it’s a way to identify hazards before they catch you off guard, evaluate how likely and severe the risks from the hazards are, and decide what measures should be put in place to control the hazards. By following a clear set of steps, teams can zero in on staying safe, create a plan for changing weather or terrain, and build a worksite where safety is top of mind during every task.
The assessment team
No one knows the job better than the people who do it every day. Invite crew leads, workers, and any safety representatives to join your risk assessment team. Their dayto-day perspective can help you identify hidden hazards, such as loose gravel on a sloped path or the weak link where a harness might wear. They can also confirm if the precautions you plan are practical in the field. A team approach helps ensure nothing gets overlooked. What one person dismisses as “no big deal,” another might flag as a serious safety gap.
Where to start
Ideally, every role and process on your site should have its own risk assessment. But time and resources can be limited, so begin with the highest risk activities. Outdoor work often sees hazards spike when seasons change – think icy sidewalks in early winter or high temperatures and humidity during midsummer mowing or pruning. By focusing first on the jobs and times of year with the greatest danger, you can protect your crew when they need it most and build momentum for future safety projects.
Break down the job
Once you’ve picked an activity, map it out step by step. Take setting up a portable generator in a field, for example. From carrying the fuel can, to positioning the
exhaust away from work areas, each piece of the task should get reviewed. Splitting the work into small actions shines a light on where things could go wrong, like fuel spills, awkward lifting, or breathing in exhaust fumes.
Spot potential hazards
For every step in the task, ask first if someone could get hurt or sick doing it. Then, get more specific. Could someone get pinched or cut by a moving part? Might a sudden gust of wind tip over a ladder? Is the ground uneven enough to twist an ankle? Are there ticks in the area where work is being done? These prompts help identify anything that might cause harm, from chemical exposures when fuel spills to slips on muddy trails after rain.
Gauge risk levels
Not all hazards carry the same threat. A risk assessment lets you rate each one by how likely it is to happen and how severe the outcome could be. For instance, a chain saw kickback has a high chance of serious injury, while a small amount of dust kicked up during excavation might pose a mild respiratory irritation. Tools like a simple risk matrix help you decide which hazards demand immediate action and which ones can wait for longer term solutions.
Put controls in place
Your first goal is always to eliminate hazards, such as rerouting a pathway to avoid a steep drop. If that isn’t possible, try substitution – could you swap out a noisy, heavy generator for a quieter, lighter model? Next, consider engineering controls, perhaps providing cooled observation booths during summer months or erecting a windbreak near an exposed work area.
Administrative controls, like scheduling tasks for cooler parts of the day or rotating crew members to reduce fatigue, layer in human factors. Personal protective equipment, from thermal gloves in winter to high
visibility vests on foggy mornings, should be your last line of defence. Combining multiple measures offers the strongest protection.
Check that controls work
Using a dust-capturing table saw is only half the battle. You need to watch how those controls perform in real time. Regular check-ins let you see whether workers are using the local exhaust ventilation properly or if the new windbreak actually cuts wind chill. Encourage honest feedback. When a control feels bulky, uncomfortable, or gets in the way, it often goes unused. Tweak the solution until it fits the crew’s needs and truly lowers risk.
Share findings
Safety succeeds when the whole team understands the hazards and the steps you’ve taken to guard against them. Share your completed assessments in a way that’s easy to review on the go, whether that’s weatherproof laminated sheets in the toolbox or a quick post on your jobsite app. Make sure every crew member sees the controls in action, hears the “why” behind each one, and knows where to go for updates as conditions change.
Reassess and improve
A new piece of equipment, an unexpected weather pattern, or a fresh task can introduce risks you didn’t see before. Schedule regular reassessments, especially whenever work conditions shift significantly. This commitment to continuous improvement keeps safety front and centre and prevents yesterday’s controls from becoming today’s blind spots.
Risk assessments aren’t a onetime project but a continuous process that adapts with every job, season, and crew member. For outdoor teams, they’re your map to safer work. Be proactive and collaborative with risk management and watch safety, morale, and productivity improve together.
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The DPB-7700T delivers 850 CFM at up to 354 km/h, producing 36 Newtons of blowing force. It’s built for pros who need full workday performance and quiet operation.
