M.Arch Design Thesis Research

7043AAD RESEARCH FOR DESIGN: DESIGN THESIS PREPARATION CULTURE AS A LUXURY

SUBMITTED BY: ANJALI KIZHAKKE VELLATT STUDENT ID - 12872938 SEPT 2022 BATCH

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INTRODUCTION & RECAP

REFLECTIONS

CONTEXTUALIZING

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Recap of “Cultural Context Investigation” 1.3 Key themes and derived focus lenses

2.1 Walking along Lea Valley 2.2 East London in time line 2.3 Gentrification in East london 2.4 Intutive collages

3.1 Contextual understandings 3.2 Olympic catalyst 3.3 Powers of LLDC

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THESIS FORMULATION

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

4.1 Thesis statement 4.2 Thesis question 4.3 LLDC Promises 4.4 Site selection 4.5 Speculative Offering 4.6 Architectural interpretation 4.7 Contextual offering

5.1 Exploration through drawing matter Archives 5.2 Speculative Offering Attempt 1 5.3 Speculative Offering Attempt 2 5.4 National statistics on the creative industries 5.5 Boater Census Survey 2022

6.1 References

REBIRTH FROM THE

REMNANTS OF LEA A manifestation of what can be done with what is left, for the people who are being left out

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION & RECAP What understandings were created by exploring culture as a luxury, about Gentrification?

INTRODUCTION

KEY THEMES & DERIVED FOCUS LENSES

The thesis research is a continuation of the Essay on “Gentrification: An Urban Choreography” produced for the previous module “Cultural Context”, to understand “Culture as a Luxury”. Further, the public luxury with regards to the context based on Gentrification as a theme is explored in this module, to derive a thesis concept and strategy for design.

Theme 1: Three key characters: clear cultural displacement, class change, and

change in housing stock. Attention to its locals and their significant backgrounds is clearly lacking.

Focus lens: Regionalism/ Ambiguity

RECAP OF “CULTURAL CONTEXT INVESTIGATION”

Stages of gentrification (Author’s own)

Gentrification: An Urban Choreography: Gentrification, which involves an investment-based displacement of the initial residents from urban neighbourhoods is a process that changes the essential character and flavour of the neighbourhood (Vigdor et al., 2002). This alters the cultural essence of the area, making the authenticity of the place, a luxury in itself. The critical review intended to think of a possibility to design without the thought of gentrification as an inevitable consequence and thus create an opinion on public luxury.

Eco-gentrification collage (Author’s own)

Theme 2: While the reduced percentage of green spaces is attributed to gentrification, a potential inequality in green space provisions tends to attract gentrification.

While it is also argued to be an approach of economic revitalization, especially by the capitalists, it turns out to have a negative aftermath when it is done on a false assumption that the area is not economically vital.

Focus lens: Scale/ Misappropriation

Illustration showing changes to be incorporated in design process to avoid gentrification (Author’s own)

Theme 3: The over-employment of different features - physical, economic, or social resulting in ‘disneyfication’ of spaces tends to redefine luxury and thus become a factor of gentrification. This needs to be monitored to ensure luxury for all, rather than some.

Focus lens: Layering/narrative

Imaages of High Line, Paris, as used in “Cultural Context Essay” (Source: Google images)

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CHAPTER 2

REFLECTIONS What is gentrification and hence the public luxury in the context of East London? Who are the most vulnerable?

WALKING ALONG LEA VALLEY

Black horse road - Across reservoir with development along other side - industrial road with higher speed limits, no cycle path and lower demographics, that has changed with introduction of housing and public infrastructure - Were marshes and hence river needed to be navigated to make construction possible and it used to be a connection point colonisation of nature lost

Filter beds - crowd funded project to buy them and turn them into natural swimming pool and forest school for children Have a unique pattern

East London Culture: East London’s culture is a dynamic blend of tradition and modernity, with a focus on creativity, diversity, and community. Its unique character is shaped by its history and the people who call it home, making it a vibrant and exciting part of London.

It has a long history of immigration, resulting in a vibrant melting pot of cultures.

The influence of artists and creatives can be seen in the street art and murals that adorn many walls in the region. A thriving music scene, a diverse culinary scene, and fashion-forward and eclectic style retain a strong sense of community, through grassroots initiatives.

Introduction to Lea Valley: The River Lea, spanning approximately 46 miles, serves as a defining natural boundary between East London and the rest of the city, influencing political boundaries and development patterns. In order to reach the River Thames, the River Lea meanders from its source at Houghton Regis in a south-easterly direction towards Hertford.

Old En g infras ine house an ind tru ustria to pub cture at V l ic lic or civic in torian time Glorifi ed civ frastr u ic infr earlie astruc cture. r with ture detail materi ing a imagin ls with a re and ligiou ation s and c - chim art n to bird ey has been manship habita turned activit t - c om y introd involving b munity uced - fishin iodiversity g alon g rive r

Saw tooth roofs in warehouses now seen in apartments to give a false feel of warehouse living - an industrial reference - Shift from industrial area to leisure spaces and for its green infrastructure

Density of housing on - acce de ss to gree pendent n transpor t node, am space, enities and appr oved if in line with Section 106

Wetlands

Investmen t in afford housing - 25% from able and 75% customer from deve loper. Ren is in addi tion to it t

Engine House Rive r lock Lea na imp system vigated orta . lea with rare n biod t nestin valley is g sp iver sity. ace an Wet with l use ands a n d befo to be o d mars he p re th ese en to p s - not u dev Frie elop blic nds men on F of w ts a in th ceboo etlands k-s e ar tudie a group ea s sp Cop ecie p s bas ermill ed p tow e owe r ge r 1564 nera tion water

Houseboats - laws to anchor in canal - Have to move boat every two days or pay marina for permanent anchoring adapted - cafes and shops on some - a slow lane of London - some sell coal and transport.

So there are certain infrastructure developed around boats.

Stanford Hill - Jewish area - a cattle grazing, foraging. Here it’s owned by canal and river trust and hence a little more activity happening in these swamp lands. Project of how to repopulate the area with biodiversity by softening the edges to convert it to marsh lands gradually are thought of here. Roads are concrete barriers ploughing between marshlands and wetlands.

Haringey Henge - Nature’s throne PAGANISM? made from pieces collected from the filter bed. now part of the reserve

Copper Mill Tower

Reservoirs with islands

Marina Springfield

Hackney Marshes

Nature’s throne

Remnant Conversions Hackney Wick - center of gentrification industrial and cheaper with a lots of crime and hence a dodgy area. Now gentrified and center for arts, culture and has been influenced a lot by Olympics intervention.

Densification around river edge. Existing artists, studios and industries along with new breweries and beer making. buying power exhibited. now in a transitional phase with all these new developments.

Tottenham Hale Wharf

Observations during site visit (Orange notes) and understandings from reading “Ground control” by Anna Minton (Yellow notes) along with site photographs (author’s own), to picturize gentrification in East london

Display of Art

UCL buildings

fers re een ture truc istory s ken s d ne trial h ta ndo me Aba g indus es - So e reuse g iv encin the ed r adapt me g o o alon local f cted - S ED TO y E O e up b e negl ion - N AGE T it M m l - So r demo AY HO P o / f VE up SER CON IGE T HER

Remnants of Terrace houses

UCL developments Queen Elizabeth park Bromley by Bow gas works

Historically, London was situated to the west of the river, but the Industrial Revolution transformed the area to the east into a thriving hub for transportation and industry. A key route for the movement of commodities and services that became the city’s lifeblood was the River Lea. As factories and tightly packed worker housing sprung up along the riverbanks, East London became a pioneering center for innovation. The decline of industry left a legacy of vacant factories and economic struggles, but the region’s pioneering spirit endures, giving rise to celebrated artists and creators, despite its historically challenging urban fabric.

Neve Tzedek Tower

Westfield shopping center

Olympic stadium Aquatic Center Aquatic centre Design district encomposes different styles and forms of structures to accommodate artists’ workspaces - Is it justified to have them her, while hackney is the center for makers?

IFS Cloud Royal Dock

City Island - Tilted arangements of huge building blocks of different colours, enclosing a shared open space - Spatial quality?

City Island

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East india docks - only a small portion left . The abandoned water body converted to a marsh to support biodiversity and cope the lack of open spaces along lower lea valley.

There are proposed landscape interventions to revive and improve biodiversity here.

Design District

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Developemt scale changed from low rise in 80s to hig rise as ground price and opportunity is more. Car free developments because of this, ultra low emission zone achieved.

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East india Dock

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A LUXURY FOR EAST LONDON 04

EAST LONDON IN TIME LINE

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LATTICES OF GENTRIFICATION

OLYMPIC CATALYST

WHO SHOULD THE INTERVENTION BE FOR?

An external event that brought in global attention to the area, attracting foreign investments and initiating the ‘cleansing’

APPROACH

GENTRIFICATION IN EAST LONDON INCLUSION •To lessen the social, economic, and political disparities •To improve the sense of safety and belonging for better productivity •To create opportunities, ensure uniqueness, and respect diversity

An abode for the gentrified, and a place for the rest of the community to learn and appreciate East London - PARALLEL THIRD WAVE The rundown spaces given for letting, but have higher rents, creating a rent gap based gentrification, and the owners capitalize on that rent gap

Globalization and financialized global markets began as the higher earning class, which only comprised about 5% in the beginning and that had expanded after the 1980s, came into these areas. They could buy what was already gentrified as their second home.

Once these are rented, a change in shops, utilities, and economic aspects comes.

Localized phenomenon

LIVE-WORK-EDUCATE •A model by the secondary communities to convey more about themselves and the pioneers to the climax communities •To contribute to self-sufficiency

Taken up by middle-class or lower-middleclass people for low prices.

They improve them with ‘sweat equity’ and low budgets. These are used by themselves or sold or rented to gain profits Based on tenural transfer Localized phenomenon

Extremely rundown or abandoned properties seen

3RD WAVE

2ND WAVE

1ST WAVE

PATHOLOGIES

REVIVAL & CIRCULAR ECONOMY •To develop an enduring relationship between people and nature •To better utilize materialistic and social resources available in the neighbourhood •To ensure the sustainable existence of the communities

ADAPTABILITY •To ensure participation and equity •To allow change and growth organically to tackle external pressures •Efficiency •Can help tackle or compensate certain deficiencies and needs

Hackney Power Station and Lea navigation, Millfields 1950-69. Showing barges unloading at Hackney Power Station, near Millfields Park in Clapton, now a recycling centre (Google images.n.d).

Two stretches of canal here are threatened with restriction under “Safety Zones”, where previously widebeam barges have moored for access. Now no more mooring allowed (Google images.n.d)

“The town’s original retail hub may still be Westfield’s ugly sister, but a superficial makeover means these days it’s seducing more shoppers than ever.” (Clack, D. 2013)

The area transformed as they stripped away old material whilst restoring some existing structure and injected more greenery into the area. (Greig, R. 2013, Fridge Mountain)

WHO ARE AFFECTED THE MOST?

Maker communities and Boat dwellers (Affordability perspective)

PERSPECTIVE OF GENTRIFICATION IN EAST LONDON?

The current lattice of gentrification isn’t positive, due to its advocacy of economic revitalization being dependent on the wrong assumption that there is a lack of economic vitality here.

PIONEERS 06

COLLAGE 1

INTUTIVE COLLAGES

COLLAGE 2

Pathology: Mooring ban, Housing (Live-work spaces), Degenerative spaces Collage 1: Key Words: Culture, Misappropriation, Ambiguity and Layering The idea of diverse expressions of individuals and their identity as a community, an observation from the site visits, was the point I started from for the collage.

Thus, expressing culture as a luxury. The right end portrays windows of diversity – age, gender, ethnicity, and activities. And it bleeds to the left-hand side as a person moves through it into the wider society and nature – A change in scenery and culture. The buildings from the artist’s district in the heart of London have been collaged into the landscape of Hackney to showcase where it should have belonged and the boats fit into the context depicting regionalism that’s being pushed out by mooring bans. The materiality represents the need to utilize and merge with the existing style of the neighbourhood. Coexistence is thought of.

Collage 2: Key Words: Change, Moment, Layering As a continuation of thought from the initial collage and dynamics of the area considered for the project, the idea of ambiguity was explored more in the second one. Ambiguous spaces are crafted by users to suit change. A constant change in moments is depicted through the arched pathway highlighted in the collage, achieved through the layering of activities on either side of it. Culture is inherent, that is what the main character in the frame is walking towards.

An understanding of architectural interpretation of layering of programs as an attempt to create curated disorder.

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CHAPTER 3

CONTEXTUALIZING What are the understandings created through the exploration of different aspects of gentrification?

FINDINGS:

Wooded lakes Made up of a number of lakes encircled by forests that were formerly gravel mines.

•Lea river acting as a physical boundary and creating a natural green corridor -OPPORTUNITY •LLDC boundary forms a separate urban area, isolating it from the rest of the surrounding - WEAKNESS

Forest and green belt Characterised by the remains of scattered industry mixed with Green Belt farmland and woods

Suburban infrastructural: Larger, higher bunded reservoirs and more enclosed, residential and commercial urban layouts.

Urban wild

Characterised by a naturalistic reservoir and filter bed location, a marsh, and fine, moderately permeable urban grain that forms the valley’s facade.

Leisure marsh Between the meandering old River Lea and the Hackney Cut of the River Lee Navigation, the made-ground of Hackney Marshes offers a large, flat recreation area.

Olympic Park The tidal industrial The tidal river is the focal point of the creation of the Lea River Park, which connects the East India Dock Basin, Bromley-by-Bow Gas Works, Abbey Mills, and Three Mills.

Elevated man-made islands divided by the Bow Back River’s meanders. Around the Old River Lea, a new biodiverse park is being created in preparation for the 2012 London Olympics.

Image and details Credit_ Upper Lee Valley Landscape Strategy February 2010, Witherford Watson Mann Architects Jonathan Cook Landscape Ar-

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•Industrial and residential nodes indicate concentration of residential or industrial uses •Industrial front denotes predominantly industrial frontage along the Lea

FINDINGS (SOCIAL MAPPING):

KEY

•Industrial concentration in the mid-region, many of them are abandoned or converted for residential or commercial uses as well - OPPORTUNITY OF MATERIAL SOURCING •Most of the dense residential developments are gated communities or luxury apartment complexes, leading to rising rents and displacement in the areas.

Majority area around Olympic Park - WEAKNESS •Lesser open spaces towards lower part of Lea, with clear evidence of urban sprawl - THREAT • High concentration of open spaces along upper Lea, and a visible green corridor, as opposed to rest of London city - STRENGTH

•Creative Enterprise Zones - Designated areas of London

FINDINGS (CULTURAL MAPPING): •London is recognized for arts and culture, globally.

Our theatres, music venues, museums, and galleries are renowned across the world. Our creative industries are vital to London’s success and the recording studios, rehearsal spaces, and artists’ workspaces are the engine room that is responsible for generating £52billion per year” (Cultural Infrastructure Map – London Datastore, n.d.).- STRENGTH •Clear evidence of development posing a threat to heritage in East London, especially along the lower Lea Valley - THREAT •Lack of outdoor spaces for cultural uses, which interferes with community engagement and enhancement - WEAKNESS •The concentration of maker communities, especially along industrial nodes, shows their involvement in adaptive reuse & urban mining of the spaces, sustainable strategy - OPPORTUNITY

where artists and creative businesses are supported for permanent affordable live-work spaces, career pathways and opportunities, and community engagement through Local plan interventions •Artists’ & creative workspaces - Sites with buildings that provide workspace either solely for artists or a mixture of artists and other creative industries tenants. Activity in this context is not driven by commercial gain (although they are by no means prohibited from having this). The approach to the production of art is driven by the artist, not the client.

•Live-Work Artists’ Workspace - A building that proves to be both accommodation and workspace combined or tethered workspace for artists and creatives.

•Maker space - Buildings the provide communal studio space/s with shared technical/production facilities for artists and makers to make use of collectively.

•Outdoor spaces for cultural use - Spaces used for cultural activities by the communities •Listed buildings - It is of special architectural or historic interest and considered to be of national importance and therefore worth protecting •Heritage at risk - A list of the heritage sites most at risk and most in need of rescuing from vacancy, neglect, decay and inappropriate development. These include listed buildings, conservation areas, designated parks, and gardens and ancient monuments

Info Source: Cultural Infrastructure Map 2023 – London Datastore. (n.d.). https://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/cultural-infrastructure-map-2023

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KEY:

FINDINGS:

The data from the Gentrification index for small areas in London (2010-2016) has been used for the mapping

•There is more floating population along river Lea than in Thames. 58% of these people are using it as their primary home, mostly mortgage or shared ownership. A vibrant community with its on lifestyle, art, and keeping river Lea alive as a means of transportation - OPPORTUNITY •This community is less interested in permanent mooring but needs options to stay longer if required, on an affordable scale (maintenance or medical needs etc). Plans by British Waterways to divide the River Lea into ‘neighbourhoods’ and starting to charge them up to 40GBP/day in one area for more than 2 weeks is hard on them - WEAKNESS •Olympic area has strict rules of no mooring, an action of ‘cleansing’ has been the reason for lesser mooring points in the lower Lea Valley, causing high traffic in other parts of the river - THREAT •Lesser supporting facilities, compared to mooring densities and the population on boats. Absence of electricity and sanitary stations along this stretch WEAKNESS •A great increase in the population of floating communities due to affordability •Majority of the people prefer fully functional offside or small basin mooring to marinas, as it gives them opportunity to bond - STRENGTH •There have been reports of increasing crimes towards these communities, especially in their absence, which is due to the fact that most of the mooring sites now being used are not politically assigned and hence lack security cameras, proper street lights, or natural surveillance - THREAT

•Becoming vulnerable to developmental pressures has a value of gentrification between 0.44 - 0.52 •Moderately vulnerable to developmental pressures has a value of gentrification between 0.52 - 0.64 •Highly vulnerable to developmental pressures has a value of gentrification between 0.64 - 0.72+

FINDINGS: •Developmental pressures can be seen mostly in the lower part of Lea, in and around Olympic Park, near the dock and earlier industrial nodes. Which helps identify the catalysts of gentrification - THREAT •This highlights the difference in the amount of green spaces being attributed to urban sprawl - WEAKNESS •There are still many regions that are not fully gentrified and hence offer a platform for intervention - OPPORTUNITY •The existing contributions of the gentrified areas can be utilized for the lesser gentrified areas, to control excessive developments, and offer more open spaces and outdoor community venues. Thus, converting it into a strength - STRENGTH

Info Source: (Mooring Overnight - Lee Navigation -, n.d.)

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POSSIBLE MATERIALS THAT CAN BE COLLECTED (Images from google)

Super-imposing maps to study the overlapping factors to trace an area of interest

Olympic regeneration area chosen for potential site. Reasons being: - Proximity to many maker spaces - Lacking of mooring spaces - High vulnerability to developmental pressures - This area lies between the urban sprawl along lower Lea and green upper Lea valley.

Identifying key factors in play in the selected region that contributed the most towards its change

Plastics from the river

Roofing materials

Cranes

SECTOR CHANGE

Brick

Wood

Glass

Windows & doors

Steel structural members

Stairs

OLYMPIC REGENERATION

RISING LIVING COST

NOT TO SCALE

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OLYMPIC CATALYST Adopted in July of 2015, the Legacy Corporation Local Plan serves as the legally mandated Development Plan for the Legacy Corporation region. Its start outlines the plan for expansion and modification inside the vicinity through the year 2031.

Additionally, it contains “site allocations,” which list important places for future growth along with the kinds of projects that belong there. The LLDC boundary incorporates areas that fall within four London Boroughs, namely Newham, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, and Waltham Forest.

Before the Olympics, the park was an industrial area and later became a place where all kinds of things happened it was diverse and had different types of businesses and people and freedom of movement between spaces. The advent of the Olympics changed a private space to a privately-owned public space, instead of going for the public interest. The Olympic Park area was used as a way to connect east London to the rest of London. A pragmatic approach to allow new neighbourhoods with thousands of homes, and the park to host the most significant collection of cultural and educational buildings. But in reality, the regeneration created various disconnects including spatial development/built space. Urban socio-spatial disconnect, stateled gentrification, and displacement.

1870

1950

1970

2007

The change in land use and enormous spread in the built environment through the ages in this region are observed in the maps that follow. Especially once London won the Olympic bid in 2005.

POWERS OF LLDC For the region around and encompassing Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, the London Legacy Development Corporation, formed in 2012 serves as the planning authority.

It performs all planning duties that would typically fall under the purview of a local planning authority, including approving or disapproving new developments, advising nearby developers, creating high-level development plans, and establishing local planning policy through the Local Plan. This implies that any planning request in that region—known as the Legacy Corporation planning boundary—must be made to them as opposed to the neighbourhood borough.

By the end of December 2024, the four surrounding boroughs of Newham, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, and Waltham Forest will regain control over town planning duties from the Legacy Corporation, as per the board’s agreement in February 2020.

21/7/2020

2010

2012

2023

2031 Olympic Legacy vision

credit_ Legacy Creation Strategy in Olympic Cities, Yawei Chen. (2015) (Maps of 1870,1950, 1970, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2031)

credit_ (Planning Authority, n.d.)

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“THE OTHER SIDE OF REGENERATION” The graffiti that was painted by local artists was removed and replaced with specially commissioned pieces from international artists. The concept was to ‘clean up’ places like Hackney Wick in time for the Olympics, but for many who live there it was the end of something beautiful that they adored (Wainwright, 2013).

Posters by Aqui Thami, 2018, printed in the UK. Museum no. E.668-2019. © Victoria and Albert Museum

“It might look like the area has changed for the better, but it hasn’t for most existing residents,” he added. “They’ve brought a new community in, and they’re the ones reaping the benefits. There’s no way me or my friends could rent any of the new housing, or afford to buy a shared-ownership home, despite the fact that we campaigned for the Olympics to come here. Instead, the legacy has just meant gentrification on an industrial scale.” Paul Amuzie (GUARDIAN, 2022)

East London is currently a hive of such acts of memory, documentation and resistance. Several artists have made it their mission to document the area and its occupants before it changes for ever. Frank Creber paints the energy and diversity of Bromley by Bow, Stratford City, Blackwall and Bow Creek, whilst Alan Williams does portraits and interviews with local residents, many of whose lives are being destroyed by 2012. Artists like Home and Oldfield Ford offer resistance in the form of subversion, whilst groups such as Space Jackers have acted more directly by, in 2008, driving an armoured personal carrier through the streets of East London, bearing flags emblazoned with ‘Free Hackney’. Photographer Stephen Gill has been documenting the fascinating minutiae of the area for years (“They Never Had Us in Mind”: Art and the 2012 Olympics – Tom Jeffreys, n.d.).

‘This is an important part of British culture which has been largely neglected by the authorities and the Arts Council. My work is less regimented than most of the more modern painters, but they’re subject to fashion as much as anybody and the market for what we do has certainly changed dramatically. It’s hugely significant to the boat people. It’s their art and I hate to see it being turned into a souvenir thing’ (Canal Art and Boat Painting, 2023) - Phil Speight (Thomond, 2019)

credit_ Newspaper clippings from google

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WHAT DO THE PEOPLE WANT? WHAT DEFINES AUTHENTICITY? Illustration based on BBC interviews, newspaper clips and social media posts of the community in and around LLDC boundary It would be a shame to turn it into heritage.

There is a danger that in a museum dedicated to how things are made, all the stuff that has been made becomes heritage and not the living part of this area. (Call-out for Two VARI Residencies: Championing Newham’s Histories of Making and Manufacture • V&a Blog, 2022)

East London is renowned for its multiculturalism, showcasing a blend of several ethnic groups and communities. Festivals, local gatherings, and cultural organisations all frequently showcase the area’s genuineness.

East London’s historical evolution, including its beginnings, expansion, and significant occasions contributes to its genuineness. The region’s character is shaped in part by its conserved sites, architecture, and historical relics.

It’s quite unique in my view, because this is the first time I’ve ever come across a regeneration where they are removing the entire community without making any new build provision replacement on the site. (BBC interview post olympics 2012)

Unbelievable. Couldn’t beilieve that they were going to force me and my home to build a university (BBC interview post olympics 2012)

We want affordable live-work spaces, skill enhancement trainings and our community as promised (BBC interview post olympics 2012)

Reactions was disappointment, obviously, very deep, disappointment, anger.

And also…

Uncertainty.

Obviously, if you’ve got kids and you’ve got grandchildren, you don’t want to be Miles in miles away from them. (BBC interview post olympics 2012)

With lots of galleries, street art, and creative spaces, East London is well-known for its thriving art scene.

Locally owned markets, stores, and enterprises are indicative of the distinct personality and inclinations of the town.

An area’s identity is frequently shaped by the degree of community involvement, grassroots projects, local activity, and a strong sense of belonging.

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CHAPTER 4

THESIS FORMULATION Where, how and why a conceptual intervention proposed?

THESIS STATEMENT This thesis aims at and believes in public luxury to be rebuilding society through harmoniously intertwining the displaced and vulnerable, who have been side stepped by those with money and power into the urban realm. This reestablishment of connections, avoiding stringent boundaries for events to unfold itself and organically grow out of requirement offers the luxury of adaptability and contextual narrative.

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Urban Mining: Derelict building that aren’t safe for adaptive reuse, those which are to be demolished, and recycling centres are sourced for materials.

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Researching the developmental pressures and communal implications of the same along Lea Valley brings attention to the Maker communities and floating boat communities as the ones most under pressure and in need of assistance.

The notion of developing programs that let individuals contribute what they can. An exchange, of resources from somebody with an abundance of capital to someone who doesn’t have it, such as time, money, or knowledge for the successful interpretation of a self-sustaining community as a paradigm to tackle gentrification is intended to be explored. Underlining my inferences from the “Cultural Context” essay and thesis research, putting together such a tangible intervention can ignite a sense of identity and permanence for the culturally displaced.

Diving into the above-said approach, an exploration of the Lea Valley as a source for urban mining will help tackle the contexts of affordability, community resource pooling, and opportunity generation, as a green intercession. The prevailing strategy of Maker communities in and around the area to inhabit derelict industrial structures and assign new uses for the same, through integration of culture, art, and performance, has been the inspiration for this methodology.

Remobilize Lea for transport: The boats can help carry the materials for construction and creating employment for locals.

Wider impact: The boat dwellers help propogate and educate East London about this sutainable village, and art and crafts of the area. They also become participants in collecting the plastic waste along the canal, delivering it to the makers who turn them into art. Helping revive Lea ecologically.

Self-sufficiency: The community producing their on food, and having a barter system in place (primary), in addition to money (secondary) that helps them save their earnings in cash to an extent, creating space for economic stability.

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THESIS QUESTION Can spaces that offer refuge to displaced and marginalized populations be designed to withstand the effects of gentrification by deftly integrating them into the existing cultural fabric? Can this orchestrated community and remnants of River Lea be given a second chance?

Sustainable village: Reduce-reuse-recycle based construction to preserve history in a new form. Unconventional and adaptable live-work spaces to accommodate diverse uses and individuals.

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Public Realm: Where the boat dwellers and makers meet for communal activities, exhibit their works, and share their knowledge.

Illustration shows strategies for social, economical and physical co-existence for the project (I acknowledge the use of Photoshop AI has been used to generate some individual elements)

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Figure 1 Legend

LLDC PROMISES

LLDC Sub Area 2 LLDC Sub Area 1 LLDC Sub Area 3 LLDC Sub Area 4 Local Centre River

The initial community consultations to gain support from East Londoners were conducted by the Wellcome Trust, in association with TELCO (The East London Communities Organisation). It comes after a protracted campaign that began in 2004, when Telco drafted its “ethical charter,” which the Olympics organizers have since signed, demanding a guaranteed “living wage” minimum for jobs, currently 7.85 GBP an hour, as well as access to affordable housing, health and educational opportunities, and skill enhancement trainings(Telco Rally Kids for 2012 Olympics Southbank “Demo,” 2011).

Green Space Employment designations Neighbourhood Centre

But as the powers shifted to LLDC, local interests and promises offered by the bid were neglected, by the claim that the initial agreement was between the people and Wellcome Trust, and not with LLDC. This saw an increasing privatization of the public spaces, relocating the local to Waltham or Newham, resulting in regions of Hackney Wick, Fish island, South of Olympic Park, Stratford, Three Mills and Bromley-by-Bow to have a lack of social housing and fragmentation of long built communal relationships. This was made possible through compulsory purchase order and failure of the ‘Trickle-down’ policy, an observation made in the book ”Ground control fear and happiness in the Twenty-first-century city” (Minton, 2012).

Figure 2 Legend Sub Area 2 Sub Area 1 Sub Area 3 Sub Area 4 River

SITE SELECTION •The site falls within the LLDC boundary, currently up for proposals providing protected freight rail head facilities. Opportunity for intensification, consolidation and development of rail freight, transport and associated industrial uses has been identified by LLDC, for an element of release of land at Bow East for alternative uses over long-term. But this has been a public land previously used for industrial purpose. - ‘Taking back what is theirs’ •Interventions for the community here - ‘Reminiscent of the broken promises’ •Lies between southern urban sprawl and upper green corridor - ‘Wall of locals stopping gentrification’ •Opportunity to grow on to the neighbouring sites as a green corridor - ‘Reclaiming public spaces, and an indicator of the extend of gentrification’ •The olympics 2012 saw a change in route of the marathons’ to protect the image of London portrayed to the world (Minton, 2012) - ‘Middle class should also be represented right and center’

Predominantly residential neighbourhood Predominantly commercial neighbourhood Predominantly industrial neighbourhood Olympic Park CHOSEN SITE Studios & offices built uses Residential built uses Commerial or educational built uses Transporation built use

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500

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FIGURE 1

Industrial built uses

FIGURE 2 16

Legend Site boundary Central Line subway route 8

10

Elizabeth Line heavy rail route 3

DLR tram route

9

Freight tracks into the site 3

Vehicular route Pedestrian route

1

Arial view of context

4

Arial view of site

6

Site main entry

8

Site boundary

2

Under pass near site entry

3

Greenway path

Vehicular & pedestrian bridges Pedestrian bridge to olympic stadium Under pass Area of site enclosed by fencing 6

2 River Lea

SCALE 1:2000

7

- Site allocation name = Bow Goods Yards (Bow East and West) - Site area = 14.11 ha (Area of site enclosed by fencing) - Flood Zone: 1-3 Current use = The area is used for aggregates and concrete batching, with related railhead and road infrastructure.

- Proposed use of site by LLDC = Strategic Industrial Land providing protected freight rail head facilities, appropriate for bulk freight and other uses. There is the opportunity for intensification, consolidation and development of rail freight, transport and associated industrial uses.

- The part of the site not enclosed by the fencing falls under metropolitan open space as per the Local plan and hence shouldn’t be disturbed.

- Cross-reference to LLDC policies: B.2; BN.5; 4.4, and London Plan policy: SD.6, the area has a potential to be a district centre, with a mix of retail, employment, community uses, a primary school, open space.

5

Closest entry to Olympic stadium

7

9

Green way

River edge

10 Green way 17

SPECULATIVE OFFERING (ATTEMPT 3) Based on my exploration points and initial idea, the offering aims to represent: preserving history in newly built structures (represented by a mix of structural elements), customization of built spaces by the community (represented through different colours of built parts), creation of a possibility of vertical and horizontal expansions of interest (represented through communal landscapes). The mix of architectural elements represents the strategy of urban mining, and dwelling with nature, an opportunity to re-bond thus generating an authentic character.

ARCHITECTURAL INTERPRETATION

01

The existing abandoned cranes have been brought back to their original function, to help move materials and supplies that can be brought through the River Lea. The existing freight tracks on the site are utilized for movement and integrated into the landscape.

03

Drawing inspiration from the precedent ‘Elemental, Chile’, a flexible livework development crafted by the community is thought of. The urban mined material is customized to fit into a framework of common spaces, thereby creating a platform for changes in the future.

02

A network of recreational and edible landscapes that improves communal engagement, supports self-sufficiency, enables sustainability, and ensures wellbeing. A key feature that could help segregate and integrate other components as required.

04

Marketplace, a traditional means of many public relations, to help achieve an economic component that utilizes the communal landscapes and the river fruitfully to ensure basic requirements in the locality.

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CONTEXTUAL OFFERING This visualization concludes the ideas to create an ‘urban village’, with its key residents being the displaced maker communities and boat dwellers. It envisions a unique spatial identity, for social interactions varying from play and recreation to work and congregation, thus encouraging a mixed community, through providing them the promised facilities.

Black & white Images Source: Google images

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POTENTIAL PRECEDENTS 1. AUROVILLE, PONDICHERRY

2. ELEMENTAL, CHILE

3. RESOURCE ROWS, COPENHAGEN

4. WASTE HOUSE AT UNIVERSITY OF BRIGHTON CAMPUS

An example of ‘bottom-up’ eco-village, relies on community- based decision making, diversity, and self-sufficiency. The 516 hectares have been zoned to have residential, industrial, cultural, and international peace zones. Planned as a universal town, it is a place of experimentation, continuous learning, and teaching, which they share with the world through various platforms and trainings. The interesting planning geometries, sustainable approaches, and strategies of its neighbourhood formation is a point of exploration considered.

The project aimed to settle the 100 families of the Quinta Monroy, in the same 5,000 sqm site that they had illegally occupied for the last 30 years, affordably.

A new style of social housing has been explored, with the flexibility that each house can grow at least twice is original form, without compromising ventilation, lighting and spatial needs. The set of design conditions through which the project has increased its value over time, its inherent flexibility and a partially self-funded and designed approach is sought to be understood through its study.

This project demonstrates a radical recycling approach, by cutting out bricks as panels from old abandoned buildings to be used in the new structure, there by approaching sustainability differently. Recycled bricks, waste wood, and recycled concrete beams can be seen used. This helps the facade to pay homage to the character and history of the area and reduces carbon footprint. This process of urban mining is thought of to be reference for the design phase.

The project involved hundreds of students and apprentices under the architect Duncan Baker-Brown. Wide variety of construction industry and household waste, including toothbrushes, old jeans, VHS tapes and bicycle inner tubes were used to craft this piece of work. This research facility and design workshop for the University of Brighton’s Faculty of Arts had carpet tiles clad walls that were insulated with junk. It was UK’s first permanent building to be constructed with rubbish. This versatile approach of conceiving the design is to be learned

Source: (Planning and Architecture | Auroville, n.d.)

Source: (Quinta Monroy / ELEMENTAL, 2008)

Source: (Giving Demolished Building Materials a New Life through Recycling, 2020)

Source: (Alyn Griffiths, 2014)

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SOME LEARNINGS FROM THE PRECEDENTS

SUMMARIZING Viewpoint: Throughout the exploration of the word ‘gentrification’ in the context research, a lot of planning flaws, power plays and shift in economics were noted. Addressing the same through architectural intervention was understood as being able to represent the displaced communities front and centre. Thus, the typologies were derived from the actual needs of the people, in a locality which they called their home. Reinstating luxury to be something that is created by equity.

Public Luxury: Authenticity is a dynamic quality crafted by the people, evolving through time.

Cultivating it into a new bare site needs intentional steps to creating a specific meaningful identity. To sought this identity, a need for referencing to its past and present was thought of hence an urban mining strategy. Fostering a creative community was also a conscious decision to tell a compelling story through a mix of materials, colours, diversity and inclusion.

Urban mining strategy:

Elemental, Chile

Apart from a means of respecting the local context in addressing the public luxury, the strategy is a key theme in supporting sustainability. Harvesting, reusing and recycling also calls for improvised skill sets and collaborations that can prove to be an employment generator. Proving to be a prototype of experimentations.

This also helps support affordable developments through a public-private hybrid investment.

End of Life: The project is thought of to be an experimental urban village to be an indicator of gentrification. The flexibility of its built grids could allow it to grow for more affordable spaces, or shrink as people gain economic prosperity, eventually converted to productive landscapes and a central structure of remembrance and learning.

Philosophical approach (Auroville -a Way Forward!, n.d.)

Opportunities in different waste materials (Waste House, n.d.)

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CHAPTER 5

APPENDIX What were the processes that helped organise the thoughts?

EXPLORATION THROUGH “DRAWING MATTER ARCHIVES”

EXPLORATION THROUGH “DRAWING MATTER ARCHIVES”

Drawing 1: “PAN SCROLL ZOOM 13: TATIANA BILBAO”

Drawing 2: “IMAGINAL CLOUD SPACES”

Introduction:

Introduction:

In the realm of urban development, Monterrey, like many Western developed cities, has adhered to a growth model that starkly segregates private and public spaces, often fostering a hostile divide. This approach to city planning has, unfortunately, hindered the formation of genuine communities, leaving ample room for consumerism to dominate our lifestyles. In response to this challenge, Tatiana Bilbao embarked on a quest for a fresh perspective on collective living, leading us to explore a novel approach to space creation—one that endeavors to promote a more inclusive and open mode of interaction (Tatiana Bilbao Estudio | Silica II - Roble 700, n.d.)

(Pan Scroll Zoom 13: Tatiana Bilbao, n.d.).

Discusses the Japanese folding-screen paintings known as Rakuchu Rakugai zu, which depict scenes in and around Kyoto during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These paintings use consistent aerial oblique projection to showcase a mythological vision of the city, blending famous landmarks with everyday urban life. It explores the idea of drawing as a means to tap into the imagination and consciousness, describing parallel projection as a non-perspectival and out-of-body representation of ‘space as it is known in the mind.’ These are“Scenes of Another Kyoto” as a drawing study of the Seiganji screens, focusing on uncovering hidden spaces within the original painting obscured by gold clouds. The act of drawing within these spaces disrupts the painting’s logic, exposes its framework, and forms a space of speculation. This approach allows for an embodied engagement with the painting’s imaginal qualities, revealing how drawing can inform new practices that explore the ‘in-between.’ (Imaginal Cloud Spaces, n.d.).

Understandings created: Alternative Approach to Collective Living: In response to these challenges, a new perspective on collective living was sought- reimagining living units as the foundational elements for fostering diverse social configurations and interactions among neighbors.

Spatial Design Philosophy: The design philosophy for the building departs from traditional floor-based divisions and corridors. Instead, the building is conceived as a series of interconnected spaces that facilitate various types of neighborly relationships.

Enhancing Community Bonds: Emphasizes the importance of larger communal areas strategically placed within the vertical structure of the building to bridge the gap between units Integration with Urban Environment: The building’s design also prioritizes integration with the city by opening up to the urban environment through a central clustered patio- Residents feel part of the broader community.

Erasing the Public-Private Dichotomy: Blur the boundaries between public and private spaces. To create a sense of community by offering a range of scaled spaces, from the most private to the most public, within a single complex.

Understandings created: Idea of Ambiguity: Disrupts the painting’s logic, exposing its framework and creating a space for speculation.

Embodied Engagement: The act of drawing within the hidden spaces allows for an embodied engagement with the painting’s imaginal qualities.A means to reinterpret the original composition and explore the ‘in-between,’ the space between reality and imagination- Liminal spaces.

“Scenes of Another Kyoto”: Parallel projection is described as a unique way of representing space, emphasizing the idea of ‘space as it is known in the mind.’ Exposing its framework and creating a space for speculation - Individualistic narrative.

Source: (Drawing Matter, n.d.)

Source: (Drawing Matter, n.d.)

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SPECULATIVE OFFERING - ATTEMPT 1

SPECULATIVE OFFERING - ATTEMPT 2 At attempt to represent an elevated structure that allows possibilities to develop urban lanscape, with nature and people at its centre was done, with a free flowing public realm at the ground level for all.

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NATIONAL STATISTICS ON THE CREATIVE INDUSTRIES

BOATER CENSUS SURVEY 2022

Creative industries are defined by Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) to be as those industries ‘which have their origin in individual creativity, skill and talent and which have a potential for wealth and job creation through the generation and exploitation of intellectual property’ (UK Government 2021). It includes Advertising and marketing, Architecture, Crafts, Design and designer fashion, Film, TV, video, radio and photography, IT, software and computer services, Publishing, Museums, Galleries and Libraries, Music, performing and visual arts.

Findings: - The Creative Industries contributed 71.9% of the growth in DCMS Sector GVA since 2010. Thus establishing their influence and defining their clusters as an economically viable, including East London, thus confirming the false assumption for developments.

- A significant growth in their numbers, denoting an opportunity to utilize their artistic influence in re-esttablishing the authenticity of the area.

Challenges

Source: (Boater Census Survey 2022, n.d.)

Source: (DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (Provisional): Gross Value Added, 2021)

CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES

REFERENCES 1. Pan Scroll Zoom 13: Tatiana Bilbao. (n.d.). Drawingmatter.org. https://drawingmatter.org/pan-scroll-zoom-13-tatiana-bilbao/ 2. Tatiana Bilbao Estudio | Silica II - Roble 700. (n.d.). Tatiana Bilbao Estudio | Silica II - Roble 700. https://tatianabilbao.com/projects/silica-ii 3. Imaginal Cloud Spaces. (n.d.). Drawingmatter.org. Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://drawingmatter.org/imaginal-cloud-spaces/ 4. Map of London Boroughs. (n.d.). Google My Maps. Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=10af0mZD1dBEAY5G10mYrUJPjJ7rJmMQ&hl=en_US&ll=51.59935568527887%2C-0.00135106449272282&z=12 5. LOWER LEA VALLEY Strategic Planning Guidance. (2007). https://democracy.towerhamlets.gov.uk/documents/s5817/ 6. https://www.google.com/maps/@51.5774475,-0.0420999,15.04z?entry=ttu 7. Gentrification across London | London’s Poverty Profile. (n.d.). Trust for London. https://trustforlondon.org.uk/data/gentrification-across-london/ 8. Boat Yard - Lee Navigation -. (n.d.). UK Waterways Guide. Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.ukwaterwaysguide.co.uk/s/lee-navigation/all-branches/boatyard 9. Tottenham’s Future Consultation report appendices Soundings. (2014). https://www.haringey.gov.uk/sites/haringeygovuk/files/tottenhams_future_consultation_report_appendices_pdf_3mb.pdf 10. (n.d.). Leavalleygin.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://leavalleygin.com/the-lea-valley/# 11. ArcGIS Web Application. (n.d.). Www.arcgis.com. Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6e4c324fdcdd4c4488fbeb1f3031ecb9&extent=-30150.1469 12. APPENDIX A -BASELINE REPORT -28 -08 -2020 APPENDIX A -BASELINE REPORT -28 -08 -2020. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2023, from https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/Documents/Planning-and-building-control/Neighbourhood-Planning-Documents-March-2021/Leaside-Area-Action-Plan/6-Leaside-AAP-Movement-StudyBaseline-Report.pdf 13. Public Land Registry | Mayor of London. (n.d.). Apps.london.gov.uk. https://apps.london.gov.uk/public-land/ 14. Lee Valley Regional Park Landscape Character Assessment and Landscape Strategy Prepared by LUC. (2019). https://www.enfield.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_ file/0025/5947/cd-43-lvrp-landscape-character-assessment-part-1-improving-enfield.pdf 15. Upper Lee Valley Landscape Strategy February 2010 (2010).(n.d). Witherford Watson Mann Architects & Jonathan Cook Landscape Architects. https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2021-12/ke73-upper-lee-valley-landscape-strategy-part1.pdf 16. The London Plan 2021 (n.d.). https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_2021.pdf 17. Cultural Spaces Health Check | London City Hall. (2023, January 25). Www.london.gov.uk. https://www.london.gov.uk/programmes-strategies/arts-and-culture/ space-culture/cultural-infrastructure-plan-and-toolbox/research-and-guidance/what-do-we-know-about-londons-cultural-infrastructure/cultural-spaces-health-check 18. Ilbury, C. (2021). A tale of two cities: The discursive construction of “place” in gentrifying East London. Language in Society, 51(3), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/ s0047404521000130 19. Mike Seaborne’s Isle of Dogs, Then & Now | Spitalfields Life. (n.d.). Retrieved November 3, 2023, from https://spitalfieldslife.com/2016/11/08/mike-seabornes-isleof-dogs-then-now/ 20. Martijn. (2014, October 5). London 2012; Aerial photos Olympic Park 2003, 2008, 2010 & 2012. Architecture of the Games. https://architectureofthegames. net/2012-london/london-2012-aerial-photos-olympic-park-2003-2008-2010-2012/ 21. https://architectureofthegames.net/2012-london/london-2012-aerial-photos-olympic-park-2003-2008-2010-2012/ 22. mediauel. (2015, February 9). Stratford: what it was and what it has become…. THE CHANGING CULTURES and REPRESENTATIONS of EAST LONDON. https://mediauel.wordpress.com/2015/02/09/stratford-what-it-was-and-what-it-has-become/ 23. Feder, S. (2020, December 1). Gentrification disproportionately affects minorities. Stanford News. https://news.stanford.edu/2020/12/01/gentrification-disproportionately-affects-minorities/#:~:text=A%20new%20study%20by%20a 24. Call-out for two VARI Residencies: Championing Newham’s histories of making and manufacture • V&A Blog. (2022, May 19). V&a Blog. https://www.vam.ac.uk/ blog/museum-life/call-out-for-two-vari-residencies-championing-newhams-histories-of-making-and-manufacture

25. Gentrification in South East London with Caitlin Colquhoun Live interview. (n.d.). Www.youtube.com. Retrieved November 7, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=pV95pedLa3U 26. Yawei Chen. (2015)“Legacy Creation Strategy in Olympic Cities”. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273298633_Legacy_Creation_Strategy_in_Olympic_Cities 27. Allies and Morrison - London’s Olympic Legacy. (n.d.). Allies and Morrison. https://www.alliesandmorrison.com/projects/londons-olympic-legacy 28. Juliet Davis. (2016), “The making and remaking of Hackney Wick 1870–2014: from urban edgeland to Olympic fringe”. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296623203_The_making_and_remaking_of_Hackney_Wick_1870-2014_from_urban_edgeland_to_Olympic_fringe 29. Wainwright, O. (2022, June 30). “A massive betrayal”: how London’s Olympic legacy was sold out. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/ jun/30/a-massive-betrayal-how-londons-olympic-legacy-was-sold-out 30. Olympic Park Case Study: Urban Regeneration | StudySmarter. (n.d.). StudySmarter UK. https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/geography/challenges-in-the-human-environment/olympic-park-case-study/ 31.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328848263_The_effects_of_the_London_2012_Olympics_and_related_urban_regeneration_on_physical_and_mental_ health_the_ORiEL_mixed-methods_evaluation_of_a_natural_experiment 32. CNN, K. M., for. (2016, September 6). Homelessness spikes in London Olympic area. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/15/world/olympic-legacy/index.html 33. Our history | Lee Valley Regional Park Authority. (n.d.). Leevalley. https://www.leevalleypark.org.uk/our-history#:~:text=The%20Lee%20was%20London 34. Wikipedia Contributors. (2020, January 9). East End of London. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End_of_London 35. https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2021-12/ke73-upper-lee-valley-landscape-strategy-part1.pdf 36. Boat, C. (2017, January 18). CRT survey asks: who are London’s boaters? Canal Boat. https://www.canalboat.co.uk/news/crt-survey-asks-who-are-londons-boaters-6270184/ 37. Boaters call for more security on River Lea towpath after surge in crime reports. (2018, October 31). Ham & High. https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/crime/21154918. boaters-call-security-river-lea-towpath-surge-crime-reports/ 38. nbtalondon. (2023, January 5). HISTORY OF THE RIVER LEA. National Bargee Travellers Association - London Branch. https://nbtalondon.co.uk/2023/01/05/history-of-the-river-lea/ 39.https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/media/document/1mH_2f7SP3HYxIkQ1zDALQ/38uzxdR2wkn2LkfK8QdAvlTCtz32B3Y2bNcAV9k_b_o/aHR0cHM6Ly9jcnRwcm9kY21zdWtzMDEuYmxvYi5jb3JlLndpbmRvd3MubmV0L2RvY3VtZW50Lw/0189aca9-7741-7b27-b25a-fdfa2bddb876.pdf 40. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a74f325e5274a3cb28687cc/201210_Legacy_Publication.pdf 41. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273298633_Legacy_Creation_Strategy_in_Olympic_Cities\ 42. River Lea boaters unite against British Waterways “crackdown.” (2011, March 9). Hackney Citizen. https://www.hackneycitizen.co.uk/2011/03/09/river-lea-boatersunite-against-british-waterways-crackdown/ 43. Thomond, C. (2019, August 12). Canal boat painting – in pictures. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2019/aug/12/canal-boatpainting-in-pictures 44. Telco rally kids for 2012 Olympics Southbank “demo.” (2011, April 6). East London Advertiser. https://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/news/20974205.telco-rallykids-2012-olympics-southbank-demo/ 45. Minton, A. (2012). Ground control fear and happiness in the Twenty-first-century city. Penguin.

46. Planning and Architecture | Auroville. (n.d.). Auroville.org. Retrieved November 17, 2023, from https://auroville.org/page/planning-and-architecture 47. Quinta Monroy / ELEMENTAL. (2008, December 31). ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/10775/quinta-monroy-elemental?ad_medium=office_landing&ad_ name=article 48. Giving Demolished Building Materials a New Life through Recycling. (2020, July 17). ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/943293/giving-demolished-building-materials-a-new-life-through-recycling 49. Alyn Griffiths. (2014, June 19). Waste House by BBM is “UK’s first permanent building made from rubbish.” Dezeen; Dezeen. https://www.dezeen.com/2014/06/19/ waste-house-by-bbm-architects-is-uks-first-permanent-building-made-from-rubbish/

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50. Waste House. (n.d.). Construction21.org. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://www.construction21.org/case-studies/h/waste-house.html 51. Auroville -a way forward! (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://vonzadow.de/sserpdrow/wp-content/uploads/AV-Broadsheet_190307_SpreadsScreen. pdf 52. Planning Authority. (n.d.). Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. https://www.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/planning-authority 53. Local Plan 2020 – 2036. (n.d.). Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. https://www.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/planning-authority/planning-policy/local-plan-2020-2036 54. AMR and Brownfield land register | Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park. (n.d.). Www.queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk. Retrieved November 21, 2023, from https://www. queenelizabetholympicpark.co.uk/planning-authority/planning-policy/brownfield-land-register 55. The following prompts were input into <Photoshop AI generative tool>: <Urban mining>

<Farming>

<Market>

<Village houses>

<Performing>

<Marina>

The output was altered using colour balance tool, editing out the backgrounds and cropping to suit my idea of illustration.

56. DCMS Economic Estimates 2019 (provisional): Gross Value Added. (2021, February 19). GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-gross-value-added/dcms-economic-estimates-2019-provisional-gross-value-added 57. Nesta. (2022, June 28). National Statistics on the Creative Industries. Creative Industries Policy & Evidence Centre. https://pec.ac.uk/news/national-statistics-on-the-creative-industries 58. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/refresh/media/original/48053-boater-census-survey-2022.pdf

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