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LifeCycleAssessment forSustainableMining
Dr.ShahjadiHisanFarjana
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofMelbourne, Melbourne,VIC,Australia
Dr.M.A.ParvezMahmud
SchoolofEngineering,DeakinUniversity,Geelong,VIC,Australia
Dr.NazmulHuda
SchoolofEngineering,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,NSW,Australia
Elsevier
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Contents Prefaceix ListofAbbreviationsandSymbolsxi 1. IntroductiontoLifeCycleAssessment DefinitionofLifeCycleAssessment 1 ApplicationsofLCA 1 UseofEnvironmentalInformationfromLCAinDecision-making 2 LevelsofLCA 3 EssentialStepsofLifeCycleAssessment 3 GoalandScopeDefinition3 LifeCycleInventoryAnalysis6 LifeCycleImpactAssessment7 ResultsInterpretation9 AdvantagesandLimitationsofLCA 10 ImpactCategories 10 AcidificationPotential10 GlobalWarmingPotential11 OzoneDepletionPotential11 SmogCreationPotential11 EutrophicationPotential12 HumanToxicityPotential12 EcotoxicityPotential12 ParticulateMatterFormation13 2. LifeCycleAssessmentinMiningIndustries Introduction 15 AnalysisMethodology 17 GoalandScopeDefinitioninLCAofMining 18 LifeCycleInventoryAnalysis 19 LifeCycleImpactAssessmentMethods 20 ResultsAnalysisbasedonMetalMiningIndustries 23 LCAinAluminiumMining25 LCAinCoalMining27 LCAinCopperMining29 LCAinFerroalloyMining31 LCAinGoldMining32 v
LCAinIronMining34 LCAinNickelMining35 LCAinRare-EarthElementsMining36 LCAinStainlessSteelMining37 LCAinUraniumMining39 LCAinZincMining40 LCAStudiesofOtherMetals 41 Discussion 44 Conclusion 52 References 54 3. LifecycleAssessmentofIlmeniteandRutileProduction inAustralia Introduction 61 Ilmenite RutileMiningandProcessing 62 LifeCycleAssessmentMethodology 63 GoalandScopeDefinition64 LifeCycleInventoryAnalysis64 LifeCycleImpactAssessment66 ComparativeImpactAssessmentResultsusingILCDMethod67 ComparativeImpactAssessmentResultsfromCumulative EnergyDemandMethod71 SensitivityAnalysisofIlmeniteandRutileExtractionRoutes72 Conclusion 80 References 81 4. ComparativeLifeCycleAssessmentofUraniumExtraction Processes Introduction 85 UraniumMiningProcess86 SustainabilityChallengesofUraniumMining 87 MaterialsandMethod 89 GoalandScopeDefinition89 LifeCycleInventoryAnalysis93 LifeCycleImpactAnalysis95 ResultsInterpretationandDiscussion104 SensitivityAnalysis 109 Conclusion 109 References 111 5. LifeCycleAssessmentofCopper Gold Lead Silver ZincBeneficiationProcess Introduction 115 Copper-Gold-Lead-Silver-ZincBeneficationProcess 119 LifeCycleAssessment 120 vi Contents
ResultsfromtheLifeCycleAssessment 124 SensitivityAnalysisbasedonElectricityMixandEnergyMix 132 Discussion 134 LimitationsandFutureRecommendations 136 Conclusion 136 References 137 6. LifeCycleAssessmentofSolarProcessHeatingSystem IntegratedinMiningProcess Introduction 141 CaseStudyofLifeCycleAssessment 143 Case1:BaseCase150 Case2:FlatPlateCollector-basedSystem150 Case3:EvacuatedTubeCollector-basedSystem150 LCAResults:ImpactonHumanHealth 153 LCAResults:ImpactonEcosystemsQuality 154 LCAResults:ImpactonClimateChangeandResources 154 LCAResults:ImpactbasedonDamageCategories 154 Discussion 160 Conclusion 165 References 166 ListofFigures 169 ListofTables 171 Index 173 Contents vii
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Preface
Theterm‘sustainablemining’referstotheemploymentoftechnologiesandbest practicestoreducetheenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththemining, extractionandprocessingofminerals.Generally,environmentalimpactscaused bymininginvolvessoilerosion,acidminingdrainage,contaminationofwater resources,theformationofsinkholes,affectinghumanhealththroughcarcinogenicandnoncarcinogenicsubstances.Toavoidthesedetrimentaleffects, miningcompaniesshouldstrictlyadheretotheenvironmentalregulationsand codestoattaingovernmentpolicy.However,theseimpactscansignificantlybe reducedbyappropriatelyidentifyingandtakingmeasurestoreducethem.Life cycleassessment(LCA)isapowerfultooltoquantifyenvironmentalimpactsfor hotspotidentificationtopromotesustainableproductionsystemdesign.The applicabilityoftheknowledgeofLCAisverifiedthroughthisbook,which wouldbeextremelybeneficialforminingormanufacturingengineeringstudents orgraduates.Chapter1providesthebasicsofLCA.Chapter2systematically presentsthesurveyofexistingliteraturesonLCAofminingindustriesinrespect ofsustainability.Chapter3presentsthecasestudyofthelifecycleinventory development,systemsmodellingandanalysisofilmeniteandrutilemining processesinAustralia.Chapter4presentscomparativelifecycleimpactanalysis includingthematerialflowanalysisstartingfromthemodellingtoresults interpretationforthreedifferenttypesofuraniumextractionprocesses.Chapter5 showshowtoconducttheLCAofthebeneficiationprocessofgold silver lead zinc coppercombinedproductionprocess.Chapter6showstheanalysis ofthesolarprocessheatintegrationfeasibilityinminingindustriesbasedon LCA.ThisbookisoriginatedfromthePhDthesisconductedbytheleading authorDrShahjadiHisanFarjanadoneatMacquarieUniversity,Sydney, Australia.SpecialthankstothecoauthorsofthisbookandElsevierforpublishingthisbook.Wewouldalsoextendourthankstoourfamiliesfortheir support.
DrShahjadiHisanFarjana
DrM.A.ParvezMahmud
DrNazmulHuda
ix
ListofAbbreviationsand Symbols
AP Acidification
BqC-14eq. BqC-14equivalentsintotheairforionisingradiation
C₂H₃Cleq kgchloroethyleneequivalentsintotheair,forcarcinogensand noncarcinogens
CC Climatechange
CED Cumulativeenergydemand
CETEM Centerformineraltechnologydatabase
CML Centerformethodologicaldevelopment
CSIRO CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganization
CST Concentratedsolarthermaltechnology
CTUe Comparativetoxicunitforecosystems
CTUh Comparativetoxicunitforhumanhealth
DALY Disability-adjustedlifeyear
DNi Directnickelmethod
EDIP EnvironmentalDesignofIndustrialProducts
ETC Evacuatedtubecollector
EU Eutrophication
FEU Freshwatereutrophication
FFD Fossilfueldepletion
FPC Flatplatecollector
FWE Freshwaterecotoxicity
GER Grossenergyrequirements
GWP Globalwarmingpotential
HH Humanhealth
HPAL High-pressureacidleaching
HT Humantoxicity
IAI InternationalAluminumInstitute
ILCD InternationalReferenceLifeCycleDataSystem
IPCC IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
kBqU235eq
Adecayof1000U235nucleipersecond
kgCdeficit Kilogramsofcarbondeficit
KgC₂H₄ eq
kgCFC-11eq
kgCO2 eq
kgNeq
kgethyleneequivalentsintotheairforrespiratoryorganics
OzonedepletionpotentialOZDPkgCFC-11eq
Carbondioxideequivalent
Eutrophicationpotentialforairemissions
xi
kgNMVOCeq Nonmethanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOCs)equivalent units
kgO₃ eq. Akilogramofozoneequivalent
kgPeq FreshwatereutrophicationkgPeq
kgPM2.5eq HumanHealthParticulate
KgPO₄ eq kgPO4 equivalentsintoaP-limitedwateraquaticeutrophication
kgSbeq Abioticdepletionequivalent
KgSO₂ eq kgSO2 equivalentsintotheairforacidification
KgTEGwater orsoil kgtriethyleneglycolequivalentsintothewaterforaquatic ecotoxicityandsoilforterrestrialecotoxicity
LCA Lifecycleassessment
LCA-Pro Lifecycleassessmentsoftwarename
LCI Lifecycleinventory
M2a Metresquaretimesyear
M2org.arable m 2 organicarablelandforlandoccupation
M3 H₂O Thevolumeofwatersupply
m3 watereq Volumeofwater
ME Marineeutrophication
MJHHV Higherheatingvalueinmegajoule
MJprimary Totallifecycleprimaryenergyuse
MJprimary nonrenewable
MJprimarynonrenewablefornonrenewableenergy
MJsurplus Characterisedfossilfuelprofile
molcHD eq Acidificationunits
molcNeq Terrestrialeutrophication
MT Megatonne
Non-CST Nonconcentratedsolarthermaltechnology
ODP Ozonedepletionpotential
PDF*m2*yr Potentiallydisappearedfractionofspeciesoveracertainareaover acertaintime
PMF Particulatematterformation
POCP Photo-oxidantcreationpotential
TAP Terrestrialacidification
Term Description
USGS USGeologicalSurveydatabase
WD Waterresourcedepletion
WMO WorldMeteorologicalOrganization
WSP Waterscarcitypotential
mPt Micropoints
xii ListofAbbreviationsandSymbols
IntroductiontoLifeCycle Assessment
DefinitionofLifeCycleAssessment
Lifecyclethinkingisthewayofthinkingoftheconsequencesintheenvironmental,economicandsocialeffectsofaproductthroughoutitsentirelife. Lifecycleassessment(LCA)isthesteady-state,global/regional,comprehensiveandquantitativeanalysisofenvironmentalorsocialimpactsofa product/process/systemofprocessesfromitsentirelifecyclefrombeginning toend whichmeanstheeffectsonecology,resourcesandhumanhealth.The lifecyclestagesincludealltherawmaterial,resourceandenergyconsumed throughthemanufacturingstagesincludingtherawmaterialsacquisition stage,processingstage,manufacturingstage,productlifephase,andwaste management/end-of-lifescenario.Atthesametime,transportationisinclusive ineverystep.However,theinclusionoflifecyclestagesshouldbedefinedby thesystemboundaryconsideredforaparticularstudy.Thesystemboundary canbecradle-to-gate,cradle-to-grave,gate-to-gate,orgate-to-grave.Itmight alsobecalledlifecycleanalysisorlifecyclethinking.Theconceptual frameworkdevelopedbasedonISO14040toISO14044helpstheenvironmentalmanagementandtechnologiststomeetthestandardsofsustainable developmentthroughlifecycleassessment.Amongthecriteriaofsustainable development,itrequiressubstantialimprovementontheeco-efficiencyand reducedgreenhousegasemissionsonhumanhealth,ecosystemsandresources.Eachmanufacturersorsuppliersisresponsibleforensuringsustainabilitythroughproductstewardship(ISO,2004).
ApplicationsofLCA
LCAisasustainabledecisionsupporttoolforproduct/processimprovementof acompany.Thedevelopmentcanbeondesign,manufacturing,usephase,or end-of-lifephaseofaproduct.Toensuresustainabilitythroughouttheentire supplychain,theupstreamordownstreammanufacturersshouldprovethat theirproductsmeetthejustifiedsustainabilitystandards.Fromthestakeholder’sperspective,itisanintegralpartofenvironmentalmanagement not
Chapter1
LifeCycleAssessmentforSustainableMining. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85451-1.00001-9 Copyright © 2021ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1