IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) eISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399. Volume 8, Issue 1 Ver. IV (Oct. 2015), PP 1-14 www.iosrjournals.org www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
3D MODEL MAPPING (A CASE STUDY OF PART OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC MUBI , ADAMAWA STATE). AMINU ABDULWAHAB1, E.S. TARFAR2 GUNDIRI I. ABALIS3 RAJI M. OLAYINKA 4 Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, School of Environmental Studies, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, PMB 35, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Tel: +2348137954933 E-mail: Alaminu53@gmail.com ABSTRACT The demand for Three Dimensional (3D) geospatial data and modeling for urban environments continuously increases as GIS models and applications are changing from traditional 2D to actual 3D spatial representations. Virtual models provide an enriching interactive visual exploration of 3D Digital environments. The initial results of reconstructing Federal Polytechnic Mubi 3D virtual model and future research directions are presented. This project also presents the background of the campus and the initial preliminary outdoor field observation with GPS, Total station and the indoor modeling results were obtained using available software such as Google Sketch Up, AutoCAD 2009, Arcview 3.2a, Google earth and Global mapper 10.01. Initial reconstruction results of realistic buildings are given using the in-house developed software tool like Google Sketch Up 7.2. The terrain surfaces were developed using the Global Mapper and presented graphically. Recommendations were proffered regarding future planning and development in the institution. KEY WORDS: Dimension, 3-Dimensional, Virtual Model, Map, GPS, GIS INTRODUCTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION: 3D city models are increasingly used for the presentation, exploration, and evaluation of urban and architectural designs (e.g., Dรถllner et al. 2006, Kibria et al. 2009, Song et al. 2009, and Ross et al. 2009). Visualization capabilities and animation support of upcoming 3D geo-information technologies empower architects, urban planners, and authorities to visualize and analyses urban and architectural designs in the context of the existing situation. To make use of this possibility, a 3D city model has to be created. Real-time 3D visualization and interactive exploration of such models can support planning processes by providing multiple stakeholders such as decision-maker, architects, urban planners, authorities, citizens or investors with a three-dimensional model. It is argued that this method can help to identify design errors or conflicts of interest, to arbitrate conflicts, and for facilitating understanding. Moreover, it might offer a solution to make competing designs better comparable (Lange et al. 2004). . An important factor which is seldom mentioned is that the use of 3D city models might help to save money and time. Large urban regeneration projects for example, often have a long planning history. Environmental
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damages, conflicting interests, a large diversity of stakeholders, legal requirements, political interests and many other issues are factors that have to be obeyed, moderated and finally lead to planning decisions. Thereby, it is very usual that plans are continuously changed, reworked and updated and often several physical models on different planning scales are created during the planning process. Digital 3D plan representations in conjunction with 3D city models might reduce costs and effort spent on preparing high quality presentations, map-print outs and physical models (Kolbe et al (2003)), Kraak (2002), Gruber et al (1997), Marcus (2005), Zlatanova (2002). In summary, it is expected that the use of this technology can support communication and information process, which will lead to more transparency in planning process and also to better designs. 1.1 THE PROJECT AREA AND SCOPE The Federal Polytechnic Mubi is experiencing a rapid increase in development for the past two years, therefore, there is need to come up with an updated 3D model map which will help and assist the physical planners, architects and engineers to visualize the nature of the environment so that all future developments can be made in their proper perspective. This project is therefore limited to the developed and immediate area of the Federal Polytechnic Mubi which has been estimated to be approximately 305 hectares. 1.2 AIM, OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT The project is aim at producing a 3D model map of the area of Federal Polytechnic Mubi. Objectives: 1.
To recognize and strengthen the role of indigenous people and their community through the provision of mechanisms providing them with the know-how they need to manage their environment and resources sustainably, by applying ground method and remote sensing methods and approaches for 3D model map production. Significance:
1.
A 3D model is of great significant since such maps can depict the realistic view of the entire environment and can also depict the unutilized part of the area under study. 2.0 MATERIALS/METHODS
2.1 INSTRUMENT/MATERIALS USED SOFTWARE: - AutoCAD 2009: for digitizing, extrusion of buildings and other graphical manipulation. - Google Earth v 5.13533.1731: for digital Globe imagery acquisition. - Google sketch Up 7.1: for realistic and textual finishing of the model. - Surfer 8.0: for grid file generation on acquired field data. - Global Mapper 10.01: for DEM generation of the project area and for georeferencing/Digitizing. - Arcview 3.2a/ArcGIS: for visualization of the land uses within the federal polytechnic mubi.
HARDWARE:
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- HP Compaq 6720s with 1G RAM, 150G Hard disk and 4.00GHZ processor: for carrying out all the necessary manipulations. - HP Printer K7100: for map printing. - GPS Germin 12 channel (Hand held) and mobile 24 channel hand held GPS: for x, y, z (position determination). - TPS 400 total station: for control extension within the project area, and fixing of new building heights determination using Pythagoras theorem 2.2 METHOD OF DATA ACQUISITION The data used for this project work were obtained from two different sources: (1) The Primary data source and (2) The secondary data source 1.
Primary data source: This source comprises of the data acquired from the field by ground method, they include the x, y, z coordinate obtained from GPS receiver and the x, y, z coordinate or positions of points obtained from the TPS 400 total station.
2.
The secondary data source: these data source are mainly the relevant literatures, publications on 3D city models, and journals. The satellite image covering the project area was acquired from the internet using the Google Earth software and the type of the imagery is “world- wide high-resolution imagery� from digital globe, this image cover approximately 8.573sq km (3.31sq mil).
2.3 DATA PROCESSING This data processing aspect of this chapter has reviewed how the data were processed using both the GIS/ CAD Software packages. For a successful 3D model map of an area to be created, a base map has to be created. This base map depict the topography from which 3D model was developed. In order to create the base map and to incorporate the various data types in to the GIS, a computer system (PC) equipped with Google Earth, Surfer 8, Global mapper 10.01, AutoCAD 2009, Google Sketch up 7.1 and Arcview 3.2a were used and applied. 1.
Google Earth 5.1.3533 was used to capture the image of the project area and saved.
2.
Surfer 8 was launched and after inputting the collected data a grid file was created.
3.
The global mapper 10.01 was used in geo-referencing the acquired imagery and the on-screen digitization. It was also used to generate the digital terrain model (DTM) and the contour map of the study area.
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The AutoCAD 2009 software was launched and used to extrude the building heights and for further graphical manipulations of the data.
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The Google sketch UP 7.1 software was used for the textual representation and realistic visualization of the 3-d model map.
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The ArcGIS 9.3 software package was used to show the land-uses of the study area and also linking the spatial data with the attribute information related to the project.
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3.0 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSION 3.1 RESULTS All the data collected for the purpose of this project were processed and the following results in graphic form are represented and attached. 1.
3D model map of the study area was produced using both the AutoCAD 2009 and Google sketch UP 7.1 software packages. (Fig. 1)
2.
The digital elevation model was generated using both Global Mapper and Arcview 3.2 which gives the 3D view of the terrain. (Fig. 2)
3.
The overlay operation was carried out using the Arcview 3.2a software package, in this operation, two maps were supper-imposed i.e. the themes of base map (topo map) and the theme of the land-use map of the study area. (Fig. 3)
4.
The land-use map showing the current uses of land in Federal Polytechnic Mubi was produced using the Arcview 3.2a where by individual land was digitized out and an attribute table showing or defining the spatial and attribute created. (Fig. 4)
5.
The topographical map of the study area was created using both Global Mapper 10.01 and AutoCAD 2009, basically, the AutoCAD 2009 was used for the final editing of the topographical map of the study area due to its capability in graphical manipulation and presentation. In some literatures, the topographical map was referred to as the base map of the study area as shown in Fig. 5
6.
The vector data from the satellite imagery and field survey were added to the 3D model, this include old buildings, roads, trees etc.
3.2 ANALYSIS For this project work, the analysis of the result was carried out base on the objectives of the project and also the data and information available for the analysis. These analysis was carried out to determine how the land in federal polytechnic Mubi is been utilized (i.e. land use map) as shown in fig. 3 Furthermore, three different analyses were carried out for this project, these are as follows: Overlay Analysis, Topographical Analysis and The Dimensional model and spatial Analysis 3.2.1 OVERLAY ANALYSIS The overlay analysis deals mostly with the combination of several maps to form one single map. For this project, the overlay was carried out using the Global Mapper and Arcview. Fig. 6 shows how the whole topographical map or base map of the project area is been overlaid on the DTM. Based on this analysis, it shows that the buildings are concentrated at the higher part of the DTM and toward the southern part of the project area. The north eastern parts of the project area are open space, i.e. not built-up. It shows how the satellite image is been overlaid on the DTM, therefore forming the “digital ortho-photo� of the terrain. 3.2.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS This is a type of analysis that shows or tells the distribution of details (both natural and man-made features) on the surface of the earth. It gives information relating to the height of points below or
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above the mean sea level. (Fig.5). It also shows the generated contours at 1meter interval within the project area. The contour ranges from 560m-598m. 3.2.3 DIMENSIONAL MODEL AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS This analysis relate to how a very simple or complex sets of spatial relationship are allowed to be manipulated. Different complexity levels may lead to either simplified or very precise descriptions of the relationships between spatial objects. For some queries, the simplified relationships are sufficient. However, some complex spatial queries could be necessary when all the dimensional elements play a role, e.g. - Find all the land that has been used for residential purposes. - Find all the land that the area does not exceed 10,000 sq m - Find the lands that consume much space in the project area. In all cases, the dimensional model provides an appropriate answer to the questions. Fig. 7 shows some queries performed in the Arcview 3.2a database. 3.3 DISCUSSION The basic and primary results of our project is a 3D model of part of federal polytechnic mubi, encompassing buildings and covering an area of about 305 hectares. Into this base model, several urban and campus designs are integrated and visually analyzed. A comparison of the model and the photo of project area. It shows that the 3D model represents the campus-cape very well. Thus it is possible to visually access the impact of proposed urban design concepts. The result from the methodological point of view is the 3D digitized building geometries from satellite image with full area coverage is a good starting point to create the 3D model maps. In contrast to methods based solely on building footprints and average height information, this method allows to represent the building structure much better. The achieved 3D model map representation proved a good and reliable media (or geovirtual environment as it is called by Kibria et al. 2009) into which urban design proposals can be integrated during the planning process. During first presentations and meeting the quality and applicability of the model was rated very good by the involved stakeholders. However we found that it is not possible to control parameters such as field of view of the virtual camera in Google Sketch up 7.1. Thus it is very difficult to compare the image of the campus with the model, which would be a very helpful functionality in planning processes.
4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 4.1 CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this project work has been able to achieve its aim and objectives.
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By the use of GIS/CAD technology and field methods which at the end of the analysis revealed that the developed part of Federal Polytechnic Mubi is located at the higher part of the terrain. It was also observed that the 3D model maps provide an intuitive media for the visualization and comparison or physical planning or Campus master planning as well as for detailed studies. Software for the authorizing, management and visualization o0f the 3D model map such as the AutoCAD 2009 and the Google Sketch UP 7.1 provide powerful tools to support the utilization of the chosen approach. 4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS The 3D model map of the federal polytechnic Mubi was found to be more effective in terms of the method of data collection, processing and visualization than the tradition method of mapping. Therefore, it is recommended to implement the 3D model mapping in places where the development is been carried out on daily bases and the realistic view of the entire area or environment is needed. In order to implement the overall accuracy of 3D modeling, it is recommended to consider all the uncertainties of each operation that includes: input data, calculations, data source of 3D model mapping, building 3D model map, method of generating observation points, interpolation methods and software. Furthermore, studies should be carried out to solve these uncertainties. The models should if possible be published via the internet in a 3D environment for the general public to view and easily understand the true nature of the project area. Finally, we will like to recommend that the management should stick to proper land utilization so that the new developments should not be placed or concentrated in one side since the school has a very large landmass.
REFERENCES Autodesk (2009): Autodesk AutoCAD 2009. Online resources: http://www.autodesk.com DÓ§llner, J., Kolbe, H.K., Liecke, F., Sgouros, T., Teichman, K., (2006): The Virtual 3D city model of Berlin-managing, integrating and
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Communicating complex urban information. Gruber, M., M. Kofler and F. Leberl, (1997). Managing large 3D Urban Database contents Supporting Photo-texture and Levels of Details, in: Proceeding of the Ascona Workshop 97: Automatic Extraction of Man-Made Objects from Aerial and Space Images, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp. 377-386. Kibria, M.S., Zlatanova, S., Itard, L and Dorst M Van (2009): GeoVES as Tool to communicate urban projects: Requirements for Functionality and visualization. Kolbe, T. H. and G. Groger, (2003). Towards unified 3D city models. Proceedings of the ISPRS Comm. IV Joint Workshop on Challenges in Geospatial Analysis, Integration and Visualization II in Stuttgart. Kraak, M. J., (2002). Visual Exploration for Virtual Environment, In Fisher,P. and Unwin, D. (eds) Virtual Reality in Geography, New York: Taylor & Francis, pp. 58-67. Leberl, F. and M. Gruber (1996): Modeling a French village in the Alps, in: Proceedings of the 12th spring conference, Budmerice, Slovak Republic. Marcus, A., (2005). From 3D Geomodeling Systems towards 3D Geoscience Information Systems: Data Model, Query Functionality, and Data Management, Department of Geosciences, University Freighberg, Germany. Zlatanova, S., (2000). 3D for Urban Development, Thesis for Doctor of the Technical Science, Graz University of Technology.
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Fig.1 The 3D model
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Fig.2 The Digital Elevation model
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Fig.3 The Overlay Map
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Fig.4 The Land use Map
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Fig.5 Topographical Map
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Fig. 6 satellite image, land use map and topographical map all overlaid on
the DTM in 3D.
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Fig. 7 The query of the Residential Zoning in Yellow
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