rePROCESSed Spaces

ProActive Changes: Bergheim

REPROCESSED SPACES The Monopoly of displacement in the Rheinische Revier

Watch Me!

Verb To put a material or system that has been used through another industrial process; to change it so that it can be used again.

Convert, Reclaim, Recover, Salvage, Save

Noun The area around everything that exists, continuing in all directions.

Area, Capacity, Distance, Zone, Sphere,

Contents

Forewor d Chapter 01

Spaces + Intent Group Vision Rhinisches Revier Berghei m Introduction

2 3 5 Chapter 02

Themes + Theories Scatterin g

[Development-Induced] Displacement The Inadaptable Spaces

L i n k a n d I n t e g r a t e, T h e C o n c e p t

8 10 10 11

Chapter 03

Process + Proposal The B ackbone Process of Displacement

16 17 Chapter 04

Case Study + Conclusions H y p o t h e t i c a l s, I n t r o d u c t i o n Keyenberg Analysis Manheim - Kerpen Analysis Typologies and Spaces Actors and Interviews ToolKit Conceptualised design Conclusions

References Biography

19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

Foreword

Fig. 1. “Alle Dörfer Bleiben” demonstration in a plaza in Bonn, June 21 2020.

When I first arrived in Germany, on my car ride from Cologne to Aachen, I saw the open cast mines in its vastness. The sight was of an extraordinarily large, man-made, crater in the ground.

Its colours of brown and grey starkly contrasting the usually green landscape. As I was told of the coal mining activities in this industrial region, I found myself wondering how much the landscape and nature had been affected. The fight for the Hambacher forest was a topic I’d heard about before, but my head didn’t wrap around the size and reach a mining expedition can encompass.

Over the past year, my knowledge of the sociopolitical struggle increased. Furthermore, I was able to gain insight into the intricate clashes between the actors. Symbols and slogans used by activists to show their fight; such as “Hambi bleibt” and “Stopp RWE, Stopp Kohle” were identifiable in their colours and designs.

And although this specific fight is about and for the area known as the Rheinische Revier (a sprawled industrial land between Cologne and Aachen), the conversation it brings forth is one for the entire state of the NRW, as well as the Nation as a whole.

This conversation spewed out into my public sphere as well.

While living in Aachen, a mere walk through the city allows one to come across many of what I would call Window Protests.

Students and Residents put up posters demonstrating various social, organisational and industrial ventures against their windows for the street goers to see; from their struggles to close down Tihange and Doel - a nuclear power plant on the borders of Belgium; to their dissent on Fracking activities in Germany; to showing support for political and social parties.

Therefore, it was not long before I came across the Yellow X, a simple sign expressing solidarity with the displaced people of the Rheinische Revier, and contempt for RWE’s actions and power in the region. (“Aufruf,” 2020) It took me aback, as someone who considers herself a planner and designer, my mind never thought of the villages that must have existed and succumbed to the economic activity in that region.

In fact, over 20,000 persons have been displaced in the Rheinische Revier and resettled within or without the area. How does one deal with this fact? As I saw, many deal with this by standing up for the injustice and stating publicly their disgust with the actions taking place. In my reality, however, the story is not as easy as saying that there is a major corporation that bullies little villagers into moving. The real story splits into many chapters. How is this legal, and what degree of control does RWE have? Are we at the brink of ideological changes to the idea of displacement, and is

this why we see dissent starting? How does the state handle or get involved in the process of displacement? What do the actual villagers go through when moving?

In response, while RWE’s power over the years has been pulled back by politicians and the state, they still own coal rich lands and have the right to coal mining and displacing people as long as they can prove that it is necessary (that it provides for a common good) and that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.

Furthermore, the fight against displacement took off in the 80s, and as ideologies about displacement are changing, the legal aspects allowing and about the forced movements of people are not catching up as quickly.

In reality, Germany does not have all-encompassing laws and regulations on the aftereffects experienced by the people. The law gives clear guidelines reflecting under which conditions development induced displacement can happen, yet no real approach to what companies should cover; other than monetary incentives and space for living. (Gesetze und Verordnungen | Landesrecht NRW, 1989) After reading and exploring more on the legal and ideological aspects of displacement in Germany, I geared my project and this booklet to focus on the villager’s experiences as the displaced members - From the process they are put through when being displaced, to their reactions and testimonies on their situation. I wanted to critically look at what is the end product of a resettled area as they will continue to happen for at least the next 10 years, and how this could be approached differently.

Furthermore, while the solutions provided would be directed to the Bergheim region specifically, it should act as a preliminary critique to Germany’s equipped resettlement processes, as this is not a problem confined to the Rheinische Revier, but also spanning across to the east coal mining locations of the country.

This book is split into 3 parts. You will first be introduced to the general aspects of the Rheinische Revier and it’s planned future, as well as a new perspective and a vision proposal.

Next is understanding the spatial qualities and theories affecting the Bergheim region as a whole, with a specific look at the built environment of RWE-Designed Resettlement neighbourhoods.

And Finally, A study of the process equipped by RWE and a proposal of a new one will follow. Additionally, a hypothetical case study on the inner workings of this new model process is used in this chapter.

2

01

Spaces + Intent

Group Vision

Spaces + Intent

INTRODUCTION Transformaton of the “Rheinische Revier” region need to design collaborative spaces for and by the inhabitants themselves. This new concept is intended to offer all citizens the opportunity to change their living space in such a way that it offers them the highest possible quality of life and meets their needs. In doing so, the energy image of the Rhenish district is to be preserved and implemented in the form of renewable energies and renewable activities. People should be able to create a sustainable city worth living in by means of platforms and concepts provided.

Furthermore, cohesion and sense of community, which was earlier lacking could arise from such initiatives.

The “Rheinische Revier” has been in the midst of planning and structural changes. The core identity of being an industrial, coal procuring space, is morphing and coming to an end. For many, this is the beginning of a new future, and conversations for what this future may be.

The traditional approaches in the area have been handled in top-down hierarchical scenarios.

We see this manifested in monopolies, such as RWE’s control in the region. The existing structure allowed for the Rheinische Revier to become a globalised and specialised region of energy. Yet how does this top-down method continue to work, when the “top” or authorities section is the one to be removed?

When looking towards theories of resilient cities and the city of the future there is a push for localised qualities of lifestyles, economies and technologies. Ultimately working as a vibrant yet dense village, with complex mixtures of spaces and inputs from it’s people.

Therefore, future structures for change in the

4

3

Group Focus

PROACTIVE CHANGES

Spaces + Intent

Smart Energy Network

4

Rheinisches Revier

Spaces + Intent

7/19/2020

News - Future Agency Rheinisches Revier GmbH

Future agency Rheinisches Revier GmbH

news

7/19/2020

DAZWISCHEN - Future-oriented structural change in the Rheinische Revier - Zukunftsagentur Rheinisches Revier GmbH

Future agency Rheinisches Revier GmbH

DAZWISCHEN - Futureoriented structural change in the Rheinische Revier

Newsletter "Rheinisches Revier"

Figures 2 - 6 provide a quick look into the news cycle of the region.

This may come across as a series expressing new horizons for the region. Since the 50s the area has been all encompassed by RWE’s activities, and the energy market as a whole. For the first time this is being phased out; which opens the conversation of a transformed and improved future.

From the Job market to questions of reusing the industrial buildings, the multitude of new situations to deal with can be overwhelming.

However, this is also a opportunity for the region to redevelop itself and it’s outlook to the world.

Yet I would argue that the focus has been at a larger scale (as it is a major aspect of the region that is to be changed), and one only hears of the day to day person when discussing the loss of jobs from this economical change.

7/19/2020

We would be happy to inform you about activities around the Rheinische Revier. Here it goes to

Braunkohlekraftwerke im Abschiedsmodus - Wie der Kohleausstieg gelinge

registration

DAZWISCHEN - Future-oriented structural change Home page background How to get out of coal in the Rheinische Revier

Sear

Sunday, July 19th , 2020

07/19/2020

Lignite power plants in farewell mode

How to get out of coal Negotiations to phase out the coal dragged on for years. Now the

Summary

schedule is set until the final exit in 2038: at the end of the year, the first

in the Rhenish lignite mining area will be shut down. The The research project DAZWISCHEN researches the spatialpower effectsplant and changes in structural change on the functional interdependencies of the entire area with the surrounding large will citieshave suchto aschange Aachen and lignite regions - in Cologne the westasand east. well as within the Rhenish area. Against the background of these structural changes, the strengths in spatial and

Hear our contributi Dlf

By Bastian Brandau and Moritz Küpper

economic terms are rst identi ed together with the players in the region. This is followed by a systematization of room requirements, room talents and room resistance (room information system). DAZWISCHEN wants to promote regional cooperation in real laboratories and sees itself as an adaptation laboratory for the upcoming structural changes as well as a generator for balanced perspectives and development strategies in the extended

The RWE power plant in Frimmersdorf

region.

Photo: © RWE Power AG

operational development goals In view of possible inequalities in living conditions and the quality of public services, the focus of the research

06.07.2020

work is on the regional distribution of residential, commercial and traf c areas.

Project results and collected information are brought into a room information system.

The labor market in the face of structural change - the team of experts at the employment agency is analyzing the situation in the Rhine region

As part of the project, practical solutions are also being developed to reduce land use competition between settlement areas and open spaces. partner 7/19/2020

Streit um Kiesabbau im Rhein-Erft-Kreis - Rheinland - Nachrichten - WDR

TU Dortmund (network coordination)

RWTH Aachen The Hambacher Forest, billions and structural change

7/19/2020

infas - Institute for Applied Social Science GmbH City of Düren

The Bundestag and Bundesrat have decided to phase out coal in Germany by 2038 at the

Dieser Artikel wurde ausgedruckt unter der Adresse: https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/rheinland/geplanter-Kiesabbau-in-Elsdorf-undlatest (picture alliance / Federico Gambarini / dpa)

Euskirchen district Bergheim-100.html

Zukunftsagentur Rheinisches Revier (associated partner)

A few days ago, the Institute for Labor Market and Occupational Research (IAB) published a report on the

running time

Rheinische Revier. It presents current gures on employment in the economic sectors of the Rheinische

region / generation.

Brown coal Revier that are involved in lignite-based electricity In order to consider the regionally

MORE ON TH

Vor Peter Reißdorf blinken die Bildschirme. Noch. „Das da links ist ein Dispute over gravel mining in the Rhein-Erft district

Coal phase-o [https://www. letzten-ende ein.697.de.h

Research and development phase (01.02.2020 to 31.01.2023), which can be followed Das by a two-year Hauptnassentschlacker. ist quasi eine riesige Kratzerkette, die – im Prinzip – aus

differentiated importance of the industries relevant to lignite-based electricity generation, evaluations are also carried out for the individual districts of the Rhenish District.

NRW and the coal exit

implementation phase.

dem Kessel die Asche herausfördert. Und das dann nachher hier in der Mitte.“ – „Da

advancement

sieht man das Feuer im Kessel.“ – „Ja, da sehen Sie ein bisschen das Feuer.“ Der 56-

"In the end, th law"

Jährige steht im Kontrollraum für die Blöcke C und D im Braunkohlekraftwerk

2.36 million euros from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research as part of the "Stadt-Land-Plus" funding program for the research Over and development phase 90 hectares

JULY 2, 2020 AT 8:35 AM | Lesedauer: 3 minutes

mining for the job market in the Rhenish mining area.

Liese (CDU) out [https://www. cdu-zum-deu vorbild-fuer-a dram:article_

of gravel pit planned 114 mb – das ist die Netto-Leistung. Das sind dann hier die Bilder, mit denen wir Resistance from ElsdorfP:and Bergheim Big burden for residentsarbeiten. fearedDa ist auch diese Melde-Anlage, die Sie1/2hier sehen, mit den gelben und roten https://www.rheinisches-revier.de/themen/dazwischen-zukunftsorientierter-strukturwandel-im-rheinischen-revier

"Hambi", billions and structural change

"The lignite industries of the Rhenish mining area and the open-cast mining circles" - this somewhat bulky title hides many sober facts and tables as well as exciting insights into the consequences of the exit from lignite

Niederaußem in Bergheim bei Köln. „Da sehen Sie dann unsere Leistung. Brutto: 130.

Meldungen. Und hier haben wir unsere Temperaturüberwachung und so weiter.

surrounding a proposed gravel pit. It is to be built on In the Rhein-Erft there is controversy Behälter. Mühlen.

Alles drauf.

Kurven.“ the A61 between Bergheim and Elsdorf. Both cities have announced resistance. They fear that residents will suffer from dust and noise in the coming decades.

The IAB group of experts certi es that the Rheinische Revier is well placed to cope with structural change:

other countrie

Environment [https://www. ueber-kohlea der.1008.de. dram:article_

Reißdorf blickt durch den Raum. Als er vor 27 Jahren hier anfing, blinkte noch gar

"Due to the overall robust economic and demographic development, due to its diversi ed economic structure

nichts. „Überhaupt gar keine.

Wir haben hier alte Knöpfe It is about an agricultural area, the Bildschirme? size of about 130 soccer fields.

It is located just a gehabt. few Richtig dickebetween Knöpfe.“ Reißdorfs Blick wird ein wenig „Also, wenn man da mal ein kilometers from the lignite mine, the Elsdorfer district of nostalgisch: Widdendorf and Bergheim-Thorr. According towenig the Rhein-Erft-Kreis, a company from Jülich wantsKraftwerke to mine hier, es zurückblickt: Dieses Kraftwerk hier, aber auch die anderen sand and gravel in the coming decades. excavation procedure with the gearbeitet. designation gab ja auch malFor ein the Kraftwerk Fortuna, da haben Generationen Mein Opa, "Widdendorf I", a preliminary der decision had been requested, according a notice from hat schon im Kraftwerk Fortuna gearbeitet, mein to Vater selber hier als the Elektriker district administration. Both in Elsdorf and in Bergheim, however, the dismantling plans are und ich selber jetzt. Also, da hängen Generationen ja daran. RWE war und ist immer rejected.

and due to the integration with other economically dynamic economic regions, the Rhenish mining area and the open-cast mining areas are likely to be able to compensate well for the consequences of the coal phase-out, even if it is there earlier than in -whose areas should take place. The regulations of the coal exit law offer good framework conditions for this. "

"The coal com down"

Miners witho [https://www. ohne-kohle-d selbst.976.de dram:article_

noch ein guter Arbeitgeber. Muss man wirklich so sagen. Und hier wird was in der

has to save it

Region fehlen – so sehe ich das persönlich.“

Cities fear "Swiss cheese" https://www.rheinisches-revier.de/nachrichten/der-arbeitsmarkt-im-strukturwandel-expertenteam-der-agentur-fuer-arbeit-analysiert-die-situation-d…

1/2

Coal exit from [https://www.

im-bundesta Elsdorf and Bergheim see the planned gravel quarrying, especially in their urban development. “A third of our city area is in the Garzweiler opencast mine, which we have https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/braunkohlekraftwerke-im-abschiedsmodus-wie-der.724.de.html?dram:article_id=480852 done well for decades. But where should we be able to develop Elsdorf when our city area will soon look like Swiss cheese, " said Elsdorf Mayor Andreas Heller. There is also protest from Bergheim. " It is an impertinence to even think about something like this, " complains Herrmann-Josef Falterbaum, member of the city council of Bergheim, because a new housing development is to be built in the south of Bergheim. "Who wants to move here when gravel and sand are being excavated on a large scale next door?", adds HerrmannJosef Falterbaum, who fears that all residents will be exposed to dust and noise.

Rhein-Erft Kreis sees hardly any room for maneuver But the Rhein-Erft-Kreis hardly gives hope to the affected communities. The project is Felled trees lie in the Hambacher Forest, while a lignite excavator can be seen in the open-cast subject to approval if the cities do not have to oppose the building planning law, according to the district administration in Bergheim. A preliminary request from Jülich has now been mine in the background. Photo: dpa / Marius Becker

Fig. 2 - 6. Snapshots from the local newspapers, dated 2019-2020.

received by the authority. If the decision was positive, the entrepreneur could submit detailed plans, which would then be examined with a view to protecting species, noise, nature, monuments and immission, the district says - and only after all questions have KERPEN / ESSEN. It was about “Hambi”, jobs and a lot of money.

But nowcan the law be given . been answered approval The gravel pit could develop into a gold mine for the Jülich company. Because building be preserved.

Butgravel are used desperately in industry - not only in NRW, but for the coal phase-out exists. The Hambacher Forest should materials such as sand and worldwide.

there is still a lot of criticism.

BY CLAUS HAFFERT AND ELKE SILBERER

Status: 15.10.2019, 17:43 https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/rheinland/geplanter-Kiesabbau-in-Elsdorf-und-Bergheim-100.html

grumbling in between was unmistakable - but this Friday the Bundestag and Bundesrat want to pass central laws on the coal phase-out. Specifically, it is about a law with the roadmap for the exit from climate-damaging coal-fired power generation and a law to strengthen the economic structure in the areas. What do the laws bring for North Rhine-Westphalia? https://www.aachener-zeitung.de/nrw-region/braunkohle/der-hambacher-forst-milliarden-und-strukturwandel_aid-51978003

Fig. 7. Concept for renewable energy, reusing opencast mine site by ReinRevierWende

However, there is no denying that the opencast mines craters in the ground need to be looked at as a significant zone in the area. For the longest time they was the producer and provider of economic activities and jobs, as well the identifiable landmarks.

Two of the three major opencast mines are located in the periphery of the bergheim district. Re-cultivation projects for the older open spaces have turned them to agricultural zones; in comparison, the idea of filling them with water brings up questions of tourism opportunities instead.

As shown in Figure 7 and 8, municipalities are attempting to look to a future where these areas attract new lifestyles; yet these utopian ideas are far disconnected from the reality of the space.

1/4

THE FUTURE

For many in the Rhenish lignite mining area, it was taking too long, and the impatient

1/5

Fig. 8. Touristic hub along man-made lake, render by HH Vision

To some degree, it could be considered ironic that the people of those lands were displaced and resettled far away that they themselves would not end up spatially benefiting from it’s recultivation. It’s also quite interesting to notice that these renders show a completely new perspective and not in contact with existing activity nodes in the area, which makes one wonder, what happens to those who are in the vicinity?

Furthermore, these plans are expected to take somewhere between 80 to 100 years until it’s completed and benefits can be reaped; and it’s unclear yet how the rest of the region would be preparing for this outcome.

* News paper articles were translated to English using Google’s on site translation tool.

5

Rheinisches Revier

Spaces + Intent

Fig. 9. Google Earth capture of the region

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Mönchengladbach

OVERALL ANALYSIS

BERGHEIM

COLOGNE

Existing Settlements

Cologne

New settlements Train Station -

High Capacity (50.000 riders) Medium Capacity (Suburbia, 10.000) Low Capacity (local trains only)

Train Tracks

Planned Resettlements

RWE Operations

Wind Turbine Farms

Water Flooding risk zones

Forestry

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

AACHEN

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

JULICH

ERFTSTADT

DUREN

Bergheim Cologne

Jülich

Eschweiler

Düren

Agriculture land

Erftstadt

Water (River, lake ..etc)

Economic Hub

5 km

Fig.10. Site Analysis of the Rheinische Revier.

[Google Earth], [Openstreet maps], [RWE download centre (accessed 3.05.2020)], [R. Krupp, Auswirkungen der Grundwasserhaltung im Rheinischen Braunkohlenrevier auf die Topographie und die Grundwasserstände, sowie daraus resultierende Konsequenzen für Bebauung, landwirtschaftliche Flächen, Infrastruktur und Umwelt],

Neighbouring the Ruhr region, The Rheinisches Revier tells the same story of fragmentation and polycentric nodes of activities.

This area, however, has a history closely connected to coal mining expeditions. What was once shallow surface mining due to coal easily sticking out of the ground (Kleinebeckel, 1986) has over the years turned into Large opencast lignite mining fields that are visible from far away satellite images with the help of modern technology.

This economic activity has been a driving identity in the area and has shaped other opportunities as well as liveable spaces in the region. With industry parks dotting the area, and specialisation of jobs geared towards the energy market, the Rheinische Revier has a unique mixture of village life, Industrialisation, and upcoming urban centres.

Due to completely conflicting built environments and a diverse concentration of people from one place to another, as well as economic importance, driving through the area can make a person feel like they’re crossing multiple cultures and municipalities. It has also affected the ability for spaces to coexist with the differences in their versatility. Note that when expressing movement through this space, it’s more common for one to say Driving or passing through by train. The scattered village life has been dependant on the automobile for movement, and this acts like a self fulfilling circle of fragmentation requiring the use of automobiles, and automobile dependency allowing fragmentation to continue.

Amal, Lea & Stephi

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Amal, Lea & Stephi

The great importance of this space does not only lie in it’s opencast mines and it’s economic change, but also it’s position as a connector between the two larger cities of Aachen (Southwest) and Cologne (North-east).

The opportunities for being placed between two well established city quarters means that living opportunities as well as transport opportunities are abundant. However, this opportunity seems to be lacking in a push for it to grow into a strength. Populations throughout the area are generally stagnating or growing at a very slow rate. Furthermore, the area (due to it’s village lifestyle) is also becoming much older in average age.

The space has also suffered from cultural clashes with local dissent over Refugees moving into abandoned villages, and a larger quota of foreigners moving to the area (Hamann, 2015).

While social mixing would be necessary for a more resilient area, the trauma and hurt from locals being asked to leave their homes for lignite mining then temporarily having “others” come in was one that many locals reacted badly to. The inclusion of newcomers is therefore not taken in an integrative manner, but instead on what would be the easier organisation tactic.

There is a real need for studying these different themes, of stagnation, fragmentation and social mixing within the built environment of the Rheinisches Revier and find solutions that manifest in the physical realm as well as the planning and ideological ones.

6

Bergheim Focus

Bergheim, although increasing in population and age mixing over the pasts few years (ZENSUS2011 - Zensusatlas, 2011), has seen rough times in terms of development and growth. For a long time, RWE’s mining activities has made the area an unattractive space to live. Many feared the reach of RWE’s control and what village would be removed next; as usually, villagers were not told of the move except for 10 years before moving. In reaction, we see state level development sticking to the bigger urban centres (shown in Fig. 12 in green), while the newer RWE built resettlement quarters (shown in purple in Fig. 12) as well as other smaller villages having no input over the last 10 years (Kreisstadt Bergheim, 2020) Furthermore, in terms of this area being a connector, it does not benefit from the Aachen-Cologne path as it is out of the direct way. Instead, we see reports of the train stations of Bergheim suffering as the worst ranked train station in the whole Rheinerft region. (Rheinische Anzeigen blaetter, 2020) The disconnected village structures and bad transportation in between really create degrees of separation between lifestyles, cultures and centres. Furthermore, just because coal mining is being phased out, this does not mean that mining in total is removed from the space. In fact gravel mining and mineral mining is still happening; not in the large scale such as the

Spaces + Intent

RWE footprint, but still enough to make a change in the built environment. For example, as late as October 2019 there were discussions on whether or not a gravel pit should be excavated between Elsdorf and Bergheim centre which would take out most of the agriculture field separating the two towns (Area highlighted in Fig.15 in peach) The plan never took root, and was dropped only recently, yet ultimately, this is not expected to be the end of mining activities.

However, with the time of re-cultivation upon us, the area is in direct contact with these “Nature Hubs” (the upcoming lakes and forest recovery) that are to be created, and to some degree benefit from the possible Industrial Tourist market that visit the area. Figure 14 shows in reality how the Bergheim area is a series of villages de-marked in a corridor between two of what could (and is expected to be) leisure spaces.

In the end, with it’s plans for the future, issues we will be looking into is that of; Fragmentation and Scattering, Displacement of inhabitants and The new use of inadaptable typologies, And through the collection of these arrive at a concept and process that is flexible to be used to answer pressing issues in the Bergheim area.

Fig. 12 State level development

Fig. 13 Train tracks and stations

Fig. 14 Nature attractions

2km Fig 15. Site Analysis of the Rheinische Revier.

7

02

Themes + Theories

Scattering

Fig. 16 Bedburg Old Centre

Themes + Theories

Fig. 17. Neiderdraussem Neighbourhood behind the power plant

Fig. 18. Re-cultivation of Fortuna, Forest making

Fig. 19. Re-cultivation of Fortuna, Agriculture land

Fig. 20. Transport hub construction, Bergheim centre

Fig. 22. Disconnected hubs and identities of Bergheim.

While scattering, also known as fragmentation, is a phenomena studied by many planners (Gandy, 2008; Jaeger et al., 2007), the Bergheim area suffers from such issues that arise from this. As the area, like the rest of the Ruhr Region, works with polycentric nodes, these nodes do not come into integrating with one another. Furthermore, they are in most cases unable to self sustain in the Bergheim area. Zoning of areas that are “industrial hubs” and areas that are “shopping hubs” means that one resident living in the south of the area and comes from an old person’s village with no commodities but housing estates is unable to go to the bakery for a bread without getting in a car and driving 5 minutes.

It also means that While we have identified future opportunities

2km

Fig. 21. Manheim Alt demolition for Coal mining

for the area (such as the lakes, nature spots, and reused industry zones) these opportunities would not have the possibility to work and grow together or effectively throughout the region.

Furthermore the disconnected centres also miss out on having access to a larger group of people or the general region. Social mixing can effectively lead to economic mixing too.

Having different identities in each village can also be a selling point of the region, where one can within one hour move from historical castles to industrial megaliths to tranquil greenery.

However, this is currently not used or planned as a selling point; instead, it’s that you can take the bad public transportation for 1 hour and hardly see half of what Bergheim has to offer.

8

Scattering

Themes + Theories

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Yet, this scattering is not a phenomena of today for this region as a whole. Maps, such as Fig. 23 dating back to the late 1800s show us that this was almost always the case with this region. (Meßtischblatt 5005 : Bergheim, 1895) In dark purple are the original villages that existed then. The villages grew and engulfed one another over the many years (shown in light purple in figure 23).

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

RWE Fortuna Open pit mines

However, as the area remained largely for agriculture and coal collections, it’s scattering nature was preserved.

What further aided and abetted to this way of planning was the Open pit mines. As they grew and took over village sites, the resettling of the people was also dotted throughout the area in scattered fashions.

RWE Hambach Open pit mines

Fig. 23. Scattering and Merging historically , map from 1870 PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

The In-between is the main space in which this project proposes some action. They are strips of land creating space from one village structure to another. The in between can range from 5 km to 18 km; yet they are mostly open green fields with or without some sort of path cutting through them.

In discussions with villagers, this is something they associate with being on the countryside - the green accessibility.

Yet many spoke of the accessible greenery (forests, water ponds, and overgrown natural paths). Therefore the design should be sensitive enough to understand the need for green breaks, and the need for nature integration in order to keep this countryside perspective.

Fig. 24 - 27. An 8km walk from Manheim neu to Kerpen

9

Development-induced displacement

TANNEK

ETZWEILER

Themes + Theories

LITCH-STEINSTRASS

GESOLEI

Fig. 28 above has 4203 known displaced persons. (RWE Power, 2019). Interestingly enough, Gesolei was an RWE designed village with a collection of Etzweiler and Elsdorf residents who were to be resettled in the 1920s. In the course of 100 years, a village was resettled twice from two different spaces.

Other than marvelling at the inanity of this, it brings up questions of who and how are people resettled in Germany. There are four common models of resettling as shown in Fig. 29. ranging from more individualistic approaches to groupings. In the case of a resettling occurring, RWE approaches the villagers and gives them the option to select their preferred method.

In the Rheinische Revier, type 3 and 4 - Collective Relocation and Consolidating Relocation - are the most commonly selected and used. These models are also identified as the most successful ones, in terms of residents satisfaction in the end. (Ess, 2019) Moving villages together allows them to keep their support structures to some degree, and not feel too alone in the process. Especially for the elderly, moving as a group is considered less traumatic and more easily manageable for those in question. (Terminski, 2012)

Fig. 28. View of the Hambach open pit mining with estimated points of where the displaced villages would have been.

Fig. 29. Excerpt from research on german relocations showing common types of resettling groupings. (Ess, 2019)

reason resettled neighbourhoods tend to largely become an elderly village.

While discussing the monetary incentives, an outcome of displacement in Germany is that reimbursements are more than enough to usually raise a household from it’s economic status to a higher one. It’s not to say that companies do not give people Data also shows that the young adults are more likely to collect enough money to live; yet the promise of “Moving a Village” is cash incentives from the companies before moving to bigger more complicated that monetary incentives. urban areas and completely different places. This may explain the 10

Development-induced displacement

Themes + Theories

“Where displaced people have minimal control over the circumstances that result in their displacement, the potential for negative impacts, including trauma, is high” - Owen & Kemp 2015

Displacement is acknowledged as an outcome of oppression, but the economic return is considered of higher value/impact

1950s

Currently

19th C

1970s

Displacement is seen as an inevitable condition of achieving certain economic success

Displacement is described as a Public Service/ Common Good, in which those giving up their commodities should be well compensated.

REFUGEES or INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (IDP) Refugees are granted a special legal status, while IDPs are not, making one protected in it’s resettlement Fig. 30 Time line of academic references to displacement

The time line above attempts to collect academic writings on displacement over the years. We can see that ideologies on the removal of people from their home specifically for economic or regional development have shifted in time. Early stages looked at displacement as a necessity, and concepts of reimbursements and to what degree were yet to be strongly identified.

However from the 50s onwards, ideas shifted in terms of the effects displacement can have on people, how to ease the situations, and whether or not development induced displacements are to be acceptable.

The current conversation in displacement is the rhetoric of differences of treatment for Refugees versus internally displaced persons. Over the years, Refugee processing and legal statuses have been further structurised by nations who are in the

responsible for these persons, that we see specific protections in place. Yet the same commodity is not given to those displaced within their own country; as the process of resettling is considered a private matter by the company doing the act and the person effected with the act.

The trauma of displacement and uncertainty is one that has been heavily studied, as has the conflict that arises when asking people to leave their residence. If the question is “Can there be displacement without conflict and bad aftereffects?” The answer, personally, would be simply no. This project attempts to look at the displacement question while being aware of this effects and creating provisions to deal with what we can identify as “bad” elements to the best capacity.

Fig. 31 a, b & c. Historical Maps Google Earth, showing Otzenrath going from a historical village (2003) to demolition process (2007) to excavation (2020). In the left corner of the final image, we can see the cycle getting completed with re-cultivation and farm lands taking over once more.

11

Development-induced displacement

Themes + Theories

Fig. 32. Modrath, an RWE Designed resettlement that was completed in 1950.

2km

Fig. 34. Map showing villages to be demolished and resettled (red) and those that have already been moved (purple)

Fig. 33. Manheim neu, an RWE Designed resettlement that was built in 2020.

Since the 50s, the Bergheim area has experienced the displacement of 8 different villages amassing around 11.000 inhabitants in total by counting those who agreed to move to the new spots (Mellgard, 2018). Looking at the process of displacement used

by RWE, it can come across as an individualised move per settlement, instead of having a larger picture or goal to aim for.

The placing of villages has been done in the same scattered manner as always. Instead, I would suggest using these movers in a manner than is integrated into the needs and existing built environment of the area.

when the only ones who get moved to the new location are the residents and homeowners. What once existed in the vibrant original old villages of Modrath and Manheim included bakeries, tailors, post offices, Kiosk, restaurants, doctors offices, schools, churches of over 100s of years, and much more.

When looking at the advertisements by RWE for displacing, the brochures include selling points like “Best practice designs” “Modern Materials and Houses” “We are going to move the village” (RWE Power, 2019)

The land in which displaced persons are moved to tend to be land that RWE chose and already has these design implementation ideas. This means that the displaced persons do not even get to choose areas in which they would like to start their new village.

It can also be detrimental to residents with family and friends in other villages as they could be moved far from their support groups.

Yet a trip to the displaced locations prove otherwise. The typologies and street designs and spaces have not changed from 1950 to today (Pictured in Fig. 32 and 33). The built environment created by RWE stick to a model of detached single family houses, with automobile oriented transportation within the area.

In addition, the public spaces residents once had also do not follow. Public space in the RWE designed neighbourhoods stick to two formats - A green graveyard at the edge of the new village or a small and lifeless playground that goes unused.

While parts of this compilation is from visiting the spaces, it is also from comments made by resettled persons in the region from settlements as old as in the 1950s. Yet such concerns have not seemed to be taken into account.

Furthermore, “moving the village” is an interesting terminology,

12

The Inadaptable Spaces

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Commercial

1.900 residents

1.100 residents

39

47

11+

3-4

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Building Time

Greenery/Agri

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

100+ years

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Stakeholders Involved

Residential Religious/Cultural/ Social Educational

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Streets Av. Population & Age

FAR 0.3

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Diversity

FAR 1.0

Manheim

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Density

NEU

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Typologies

Manheim

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Themes + Theories

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

ALT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

5 - 9 years PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

When looking at what the village lifestyle was comprised of before the move, we see such stark differences. The one type typology of Manheim Neu is not seen in any other living spaces throughout the area. I would go as far as to identify these as inadaptable structures, which is looked into more closely in the research taken in by Prof. Cozzolino, in which he identifies characteristics of the anti adaptive neighbourhoods. Low amount of stakeholder and designer involvements, larger and empty open spaces ... etc. (Cozzolino, 2019) When conducting this same study with two other RWE Resettled areas, we see that the new areas lack in diversity. The houses are built with the expectation of the residents and what fits their need in their private life. Modrath’s single family houses from 70 years ago still have not managed to break out housing only uses and evolve into something other.

Furthermore, the long straight streets create better car streetscapes than humane pathways. Each street ends up looking identical to the other.

For those willing to live in quiet suburban spaces with car dependencies and privacy, then this would be the perfect scenario. However, I would argue two points; one, that this lifestyle is unsustainable, Inadaptable to others in the long run,

and not resilient to changes and other needs. and two, that this lifestyle goes completely against the promise by RWE to the people of a modern and improved village.

I think a big problem with the process lies in the time frame it takes RWE to move a village of 1000+ inhabitants: an average of 7 years. This is what we could call a mass move. There’s no trial and errors, there’s no evaluating and fixing. These timing issues do allow room for flexibility in design, and does not take into account the complexity that exists and that could come to life in a reflectively grown space instead.

Finally, we look into the stakeholders involvement in design and development, as well as they roles in handling the space.

As stated before, the land as a whole is owned by RWE when the move happens, the state’s input in the development goes as far as agreeing that if fits local regulations of safety... Since the area is designed by RWE for residential use only, there aren’t any business owners of people putting money into the space or generating a need for regular outside users. And with the removal of all agricultural land from the village, farmers and spaces for organic growth do not exits. You wend up with a land owned by one company used for one activity and looked after by the same company.

13

Concept: Link & Integrate

With these backgrounds and themes in mind of: - Economical change and New attractions - Fragmentation and disconnected hubs - Inadaptable designs - Displacement in the region - Lack of an integrated vision and links.

- Car orientaited situation We come to the conclusion of an overall arching spatial vision.

The general idea is to focus on the spaces in-between the

Themes + Theories

existing villages and hubs, and find ways to link and integrate them to each other in a more inclusive manner. This, in some part, may include introducing new users and typologies such as the resettled people or new comers, in others it maybe to solve the inaccessibility experienced when walking through the greenery.

The idea is to always look at the space from two perspective 1) those moving to the void areas, and 2) those from the built up places wishing to connect with others.

Furthermore, the development and interactions with the area should work in close relation with the backgrounds and themes identified earlier.

While the first portion of this book focused on the general aspects to the Bergheim region, the next parts will focus specifically on displacement and how to fit a new process into this general vision.

2km Fig. 35. The proposed strip of linked integrated villages

14

Concept: Link & Integrate

Themes + Theories

THE IN-BETWEEN

able Walk s Core

e ased eawbl WaNlk Incre ss sity CHourbe Den

INTEGRATIVE MEASURES

WHO? In no particular order: Existing members of the built up area Pedestrians and Bikers Newcomers Young families The state Real estate developers Business owners Clubs/societies Activists Resettlers

Fig. 36. Graphic of concept inputs

WHAT? Walkable cores - Routes connecting one area to another, as well as providing incentives to move through on foot New Hubs - activities that support social mixing and livelihood Increase density - Only when necessary, to create a cohesive city-feel, and to solve low concentration problems.

Hybrid Spaces - A collection of activities and interactions integrate to be activated by various users.

WHERE?

HOW?

The main focus is in the voids, the inbetween. However, this is not to say that the problems present in the already existing built areas would be fixed by the application of new built spaces.. The idea is to create an integrative approach on the edges to allow the fixes to bleed into the existing areas and open up spaces for active change/ bring enough attention to these spaces that state or economically focused changes can occur within.

Multiple stakeholders - It is necessary to work with many inputs to find out how many interests can be identified in the area and honed to new levels Spaces for growth - Identify incremental ways of building up the space, for a multitude of benefits. Mainly, this would allow self evaluations that can fix upcoming issues, as well as open up ideas of spontaneous growth from those outside of the process.

15

03

Process + Proposal

Process Backbone

Process + Proposal

Fig. 37. The inputs guiding the displacement process changes

Built environment TESTIMONIES PROGRESSIVE PROCESS IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PROJECT APPRAISAL

and family life, the right to property, and the right to housing (Terminski 2015; Morel 2014; Penz et al. 2011).

In addition, the right to self-determination, which allows Indigenous peoples to choose their own development path, can be adversely impacted by land acquisition that requires Indigenous peoples to move away from their traditional lands and homes, which in turn affects their livelihoods, personal and spiritual attachments (Anaya 2004, 2005; de Schutter 2009; Hanna et al. 2014). From a legal and human rights perspective, expropriation and involuntary resettlement can only be justified when: (1) the project is in the public interest (substantiated by justification and as determined by established procedure); the principle of proportionality is satisfied Throughout this book, the (2) criticisms towards the processes (when the harmhas created is proportional to the benefits used by RWE to displace people been directed through that derive from the project); (3) when due the process has it’s physical outcomes, as discussed previously, and been observed adequate testimonies of residents that can be (affected found inpeople varioushave studies and access to legal advice the ability to challenge theto decision); activists websites. (Müseler, 2019)and These testimonies allude and (4) the affected people have been given full and fair uncertainties and confusions that come with the process set by compensation (that they are not worse off ) (Hoops et al.

RWE. 2015; United Nations 2014b; BverfG 2013).

The purpose of this paper is to outline the rights of Discussing these themes may give one an idea on the living project-affected peoples and discuss how human rights conditions you can expect to go through when being displaced, should be respected in resettlement procedures and and show us the reactions of current and former residents to their outcomes.

We specifically focus on the responsibilities of built spaces, their treatment, and the general feeling towards the private operators in project-induced displacement and scenario. resettlement. Private actors have a corporate responsibility to respect human rights, which encompasses many human Yet a third aspect I rights would like toand introduce the Humane principles standards. is Even where project propoquality that could benents attached to displacement.

In it’s have obtained legal rights over landlegality, (by government displacement has been contested as something that is against grant or market acquisition), any displaced families and human rights and dignity (Ploeghave & Vanclay, 2017; Terminski, communities human rights under international law 2012a, 2013). Specifically theberight a placeand of residence that as must fully to respected fulfilled byand project proandiscontractors (dearticles Schutterof2009).

In practice, the right to choice ofponents residence part of the Human in some if not all countries, meeting these international rights. obligations will likely require exceeding the specifications of the national legal context (United Nations 2011a).

And so, how does the existing process fare in it’s connection By drawing on a range of key international to the list of human rights?

As they do provide the people human rights they documents weYet outline with money or residence, coverand theinstruments, basic needs. in aa Human to Resettlement We hyper-critical look, weRights-Based can pinpointApproach a few rights that are not (HRBAR). well clarify andidentifying describe the relevant human rights and established or violated.

Since that the settlements human rights principles regarding resettlement procebuilt have a low standard of growth and lifestyles, as well as the dures and outcomes. We contrast the HRBAR against the forced movements disrupt work, education and social ties one requirements of the IFC Performance Standard 5 on Land may have, there are a few rights we can pinpoint, For examples, Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement (IFC 2012a), those underlined in red in fig. 38 considered the gold standard for private operators in resettlement practice (Reddy et al. 2015; Vanclay 2017), and make recommendations for how the IFC objec-

35

accepted as being generally agreed values and exist to ensure human dignity and the fulfilment of basic human needs. Human rights are characterized as being universal and inalienable (all people are entitled to them); indivisible (human rights all have equal status and cannot be ranked); and interdependent and inter-related (the realization of one right often depends on the realization of others) (HRBA Portal 2016a). Human rights become established by international law, and are articulated in international treaties and court rulings. Box 1 provides a listing of some of the human rights that are implicated in resettlement actions.

Human Rights, Human Dignity

Box 1. list of human rights that should be considered in resettlement actions (this is not an exhaustive listing of human rights potentially affected by resettlement.) right to an adequate standard of living and to continuous improvement in living conditions right to culture right to education right to food right to freedom from cruel inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment right to freedom of movement and choice of residence right to freedom of opinion and expression right to health and well-being right to housing right to information right to life right to participation right to peaceful assembly and association right to private and family life right to property right to religion right to remedy right to self determination right to water and sanitation right to work rights of the child the equal rights of women and men to the enjoyment of their human rights Fig. 38. Human Rights to think of when displacing (Ploeg & Vanclay, 2017)

From a human rights perspective, involuntary resettlement may constitute ‘forced eviction’. Forced eviction

16

Process of Displacement

With these driving forces in mind, we take a look at the RWE resettlement process. It’s fairly simple with 6 main steps, a majority of which are taken behind the scenes without the consult of those that would be displaced.

RWE figures out their movement in coal procurement in the area, and then purchases lands to move the settlements to. The residents are able to provide three main criteria that they want to be in their new space, yet this is not a guarantee that these criteria would be met. Next the Design of the new village is created by

Process + Proposal

the designers, which, as discussed earlier, ends up following the suburban styles and detached single family housings.

In it’s stead, I propose a 15 step new process that includes various other stakeholders, and intends to self evaluate regularly.

It also groups stakeholders according to different needs and characteristics in order to have a multi- tier input. While this portion includes all steps, including non-urban related (such as focus groups and therapy sessions) next we will look at those steps that pertain to helping us understand the physical needs.

RWE

PROPOSAL 1

Surveying and Observing existing lifestyles Open communications on RWE possible activities Joint selections on Area and Time frame of movements

1

Finalise which settlements needs to removed, and by when

2

2

Selection of new land for settlements

3

4

Inclusion of residents though 3 criteria submissions

3

Design of the new village

5

Evaluation of home owner’s houses, reimbursements and relocations discussed

4

Provisions of temporary activities/ Functions

5

Conservation of Spatial culture

6 7

Business plans & support for local enterprises Collaborations on village designs

8

Transparent reimbursement strategies

9

Children focused approaches

10

Elderly focused approaches

11

External (Newcomers) focused approaches Continuous surveying and data collection; changing what is necessary

12 6

Plot Selection happens in a joint manner; once finalised, resettlement begins

13 14 15

Incremental moving of homes accordingly Continuous surveying and data collection; changing what is necessary 25 year plan of over watch

RWE

The displaced

Businesses

Existing community (of new area)

Designers

State

Farmers

Caretakers

Third Party Experts

Activists

Historians

Therapists/Children councillors

Industries

Future/Interested residents

Consumers

Transport providers

Job providers

Young families

Fig. 38. A comparison of processes and stakeholder involvement 17

Process of Displacement

Process + Proposal

(Built Environment Focuses)

Analyse The process works heavily with understanding the lifestyle and inner workings of the existing people. Looking into their usual village life and opportunities they have on a day to day and year to year basis can help give a rounded up impression of what is necessary for the future

Approach Initial approaches have been proved to be difficult by previous designers and project workers of displacement processes. This step is carried out in support groups, in slow steps with points of open communication

TO W N

MEE TI N G

DISCU FEEDB SS ACK ON PLATF LINE ORM

FEED

Communicate Once an established communication with members and identities within the community is formed, communicating the design team’s approach and getting input on important aspects to take into account.

Generate Toolkit KT

The generation of the toolkit is then a mixture of the spatial analysis and discussions with the community of their wants and needs; as well as additions pertaining to the “General Concept/Vision” of the area identified earlier in this booklet. The toolkit is meant to be passed on to stakeholders to help place and identify points of interest within a specific region, as well as the incentives and wants to help activate it from their perspectives.

MAR O

SK

K

R PA

EVALUATIONS

KI

Senior Homes + ____

Collect Data Data collections are then run with the help of the toolkit. The hope with this is that individual and groups of stakeholders can understand each other’s idea for their future village, and correlate with one another or create hybrid spaces of mixed actions.

This is also a way for the designers to find out perspectives of the villagers towards distances, privacies, quiet and loud zones, and their individual placement in this system.

Create Scenarios INTEGRATED VILLAGE LIFE

!

NEW TYPOLOGIES

A

!

EVENT SPACE

B

Fig. 39. The steps of the new process that help designers understand the needs and wants of the people

C

!

With the input from the people, scenarios and concepts can be generated accordingly.

Yet this is not the end of this process, as these conceptual hybrid spaces can be fed back into the toolkit and run through a second or third round of data collection to find what combinations do and do not work according to various versions of stakeholders.

18

04

Case Study + Conclusions

Hypotheticals

Case Study + Conclusions

We will be looking at the Hypothetical situation where Keyenberg, a village set to be completely removed and resettled by 2030, would be included in the linking and integrating concept, and pass through the new and improved process of resettling persons.

KEYENBERG

Keyenberg residents have already started the negotiations with RWE on the land prices. And testimonies reported out of the Keyenberg situation shows that the same identified issues with the existing process to be a portion of concern for those to be displaced. (Müseler, 2019)

A Village to be removed in the northern part of the region, Population: Average Age Land Mass:

530 40 6.3 sqKm

In this case study, we will start with: Analysing the built environment and spaces of activities Compiling the Stakeholders characteristics Collecting data on the wants and needs of said stakeholders and finally producing a conceptualised model (a scenario).

Fig. 40. Keyenberg card

MANHEIM NEU

RWE Designed resettlement.

68% of original residents of Manheim moved to this location in 2020 Population: Average Age Land Mass:

1100 47 6.34 sqKm

KERPEN

Historical town, organically grown over time.

Population: Average Age Land Mass:

66000 32 113.9 sqKm Fig. 41. Manheim Neu and Kerpen card 19

Hypotheticals

Case Study + Conclusions

(A first look)

KEYENBERG

Fig. 42. Keyenberg Centre, festive design up for their yearly parade.

Fig. 43. Keyenberg Aerial image, Courtyard homes along the street with most commercial activities.

MANHEIM NEU

Fig. 44. Manheim Neu, detached single family home street. Sidewalks and streets are newly made with little space for trees.

Fig. 45. Pocket park in Manheim neu, with no greenery or things to do other than house watch?

KERPEN

Fig. 46. Walking along a commercial road at Kerpen on a weekday.

Fig. 47. Different sorts of streetscapes throughout the town of Kerpen

20

Analysis

Case Study + Conclusions

RWE MINING ACTIVITIES

Keyenberg Historic Village

ining M

Population: 500 Average Age: 40 FAR density: 1.1

In the small market place, farmers markets, sunday markets and yearly festivals are held.

F

m

Hous

e

s ore t

s Mu eu

C

ultural

arketp M

B

e lac

akery

H

l/Spo oo

ighsch rt

s

tree gs t

pp ho in

Courtyard houses are the most common typology in this area, and something Keyenberg is known for.

p

ark

K

ten ar

inderg

Although there is a low number of inhabitants, the village has always been a collection point for education

Fig. 48. Analysis of Keyenberg

21

The

Built

&

The Void

Manheim Neu

kerpen

RWE Designed Resettlement Built 2020 Population: 1.100 Average Age: 47 FAR density: 0.3

Organically grown town First mentioned around year 800

An industrial warehouse sits north of this void, in which a large portion of Kerpeners work for. However, a connection or path by foot has never been established.

Instead, it is almost fortified by forestry.

l Ware

usrt nd ia

I

Case Study + Conclusions

Population: 66.000 Average Age: 32 FAR density: 1.3

use ho

Typologies of Kerpen tend to be of denser and communal fashions. Single family houses are rare, and even when they do exist, they are attached and spatially smaller than those of Manheim neu.

C

hurch

athaus

R

O S

The area acts more as a disconnected suburb of Kerpen

rt ou

ports c

The marketplace of Kerpen is a public space equipped for the town’s users.

There a space for spontenious acts throughout the year. It’s surroundings are a church, a mosque, the rathaus, a seniors home, and a few bars/restaurants

arketp M

e lac

The inbetween space is largely agricultural or Forestry. to some degree, this allows Manheim neu to feel like a village of its own, however, it does not benefit from Village lifestyle when it’s residents rely on Kerpen for all else other than sleeping.

dings uil

ffice b

H

l oo

ighsch

str en ip

e us

areho W

S

hoppin

S

Other than housing, the only non-residential spaces are the kidnergarten and a community house.

om gc p

tre...

C

y Cen nit

ommu

tre g s et

hoppin

lex..

park.. p

nd/gre

laygrou

Fig. 49. Analysis of Kerpen-Manheim area.

22

Typologies and Space

Case Study + Conclusions

U

cO

D

AR

Y RT

W

RO

Manheim Neu

ES

US

HO

ED

H AC

T

DE

PUBLIC

PRIVATE

Keyenberg

LE

NG

SI

M

FA

GH

HI

ps

e

ve

s

ti

s Fe

SE

RI

A AP

TS

N ME

RT

Y IL

Bike path

c pa

Kerpen

en

i tr

S

e

e

Gr

et

c la

P

k

r Ma

Fig. 50. Typologies isometrics

The public and private spheres of these three communities differ in typologies and urban elements. This process attempts to bridge a gap between those living in these variables of spaces. However, as Hybrid spaces are a portion of the desired outcome by this change of process, what is there to learn from these typologies and how would their hybrids be with mixtures in qualities?

Keyenberg: A city overrun with courtyard houses, these quarters provide adequate and private outdoor places for it’s residents while having the feel of a denser village life. The homes, although built in the 1900’s have seen good up keeping and modernisations of facades, added structures and extensions before the RWE mandated move.

As for it’s public space, one specific busy street is not existent nor dominant over another. Instead there area is dotted with spaces to be used during their Rifle Brotherhood festivities. The Market place outside of the church is the largest one with specific poles for the hanging of banners, yet smaller points to set up functions stick out onto the streetscapes.

Manheim Neu: In it’s private realm, the detached single family houses are abundant. These typologies offer larger rooms and indoor spaces than is usually seen, and are most often 1.5 stories high. They are also well equipped for cars and storage spaces.

The green strip that runs through the centre of the village acts as a bike connector for the village itself. It is also a calm space with seating elements and a small playground for the children.

Kerpen: As a larger town, kerpen has mostly multistory housing units.

Some are equipped with mixed use ground floor. Kerpen is surrounded by a ring of greenery, which means that the edge of the town is demarked and just as dense in it’s typologies as the centre.

In the centre of town there comes the shopping street and market place of the church. As discussed previously, this marketplace works with Sunday markets as well as it’s surrounding social clubs, centres and religious hubs.

23

Actors and Interviews

MANHEIM NEU RESIDENT

KERPEN RESIDENT

RETIREE

BARBER

62 Regular bbq with family (who live in the village), Has a motorbike to access nearby town, Misses the Yearly farmers festival.

38 Owns a salon in the centre of town, Is looking for someone new to train, and to expand the business to other locations.

KEYENBERG RESIDENT

NEWCOMER

Case Study + Conclusions

After analysing the provisions the residents are particularly used to in their existing lifestyles, learning more about the stakeholders personally in order to allow them the ability of envisioning themselves in the space comes next.

These characters that came out are based on people I spoke to on my 3 trips to Manheim neu and Kerpen and 1 trip to Keyenberg. Interviewing these persons were quite spontaneous with no real structure except for talking about the big open space and what could RWE have done differently about their Villages.

I took these talks into account when creating the toolkit and the first placements of activities suggestions in on the maps for conceptualizing.

Yet in order for my process to be put to the test, I asked for input from my flatmates and friends as to what they would assume these characters would need in the place. This interactive role playing also made us try to understand the residents in their most demanding need for their space.

FARMER

GRADUATE

41 Farm lands passed down through the last 4 generations are going to be excavated, Would like to stay in the same market.

Works part time as a on call fireman, has a dog.

25 Is starting a teaching job to Manheim Neu, and is thinking about moving to the region. During breaks, would take a rushed 12 minute walk to the nearby town for something to eat.

Fig. 51. Cue cards of stakeholders

24

ToolKit

Case Study + Conclusions

THE “RULES” - Follow the Pedestrian Shed (500 metre radius between activity nodes) - Provide spaces for existing lifestyles to thrive

TYPOLOGIES

The typologies section are possible buildings and spaces that relate to a specific need/activity/ opportunity.

SUGGESTIONS Multi-story house, sports complex, educational facility, Market place

NODES

Nodes relate to existing point of activities residents are familiar with and wish to be connected with, as well as ones that newcomers would like to interact with further.

SUGGESTIONS Barbers, shopping street, park, school, home...

INCENTIVES

Incentives can be seen as the hypothetical future nodes and typologies. These can go outside of the built environment and to other nonphysical incentives for spaces SUGGESTIONS Touristic attraction, better care of greenery, cultural heritage memorial, Bike tour signs, community bulletin board...

- more than 50% of stakeholders must agree on identities given to area.

- Discuss Which stakeholders are able to/would like to set up and move first - Node of Activities must be integrated into routes and paths created..

- The peripheries must include spaces for more than 3 stakeholder groups... +++ Fig. 52. The toolkit and it’s rules.

The toolkit then got developed by a combination of the earlier analysis and talks with stakeholders. In it’s categories I provided some suggestions and left others openly blank, where my friends and flatmates could intervene with “joker cards” of their own ideas.

Emphasising to each individual the need to follow the rules was easy, specifically when percentages and specific radiuses were involved, or strict guidelines of making sure to connect nodes to one another. However self-organising which stakeholders would be the ones to be heard and supported was one in which mediation was necessary.

25

Conceptualizing

Case Study + Conclusions

Fig. 53 & 54. The Kerpen - Manheim area with input.

ROUND ONE: Placements of typologies, nodes and incentives.

Although the demarked zone of growth was identified, the stakeholders actively noticed spaces out of this area that would be considered nodes, or spaces for future developments and incentives. There was also more likely chances for the newcomers and re settlers to create and be supported in their placement toolkit categories than other stakeholders in the test run.

This round is meant to act as a discussion tool between the stakeholders, and preliminary portrayal of their perspective on the space.

MARKET SPACE HIGH RISE BUILDINGS SPORTS CENTRE SENIORS HOME

CLEAN OUT THE FALLEN TREES MORE BUSINESSES TEMPORARY USE FOR FESTIVALS

FOREST WALKS SHOPPING FRIDAY COMMUNAL GATHERINGS..

ROUND TWO: Merging, hybrids and collections Through the talks between real stakeholders and the role players, a finalised collection of activities and identifying hybrid spots was created. Giving keywords identities to the different places and discussing why they should or should not work together helps one see the contradicting ad complimenting aspects of possible typologies, incentives and existing nodes.

BORDER AGRICULTURE EXPANSION

NATURE IN

COMMERCE BETWEEN NEIGHBOURHOOD FOREST ACTIVITIES EXPANSION

EDUCATION/ KIDS

QUIET ZONE Meuseum of Displacement

SPORTS ZONE SENIORS TEMPORARY ACTIVITIES

MARKET

Farmers market

TEMPORARY ACTIVITIES

FUTURE GROWTH THEY SHOULD

THE FARMERS FROM BEFORE ARE COMPLETELY LOST, AND THERE’S SO MUCH LAND HERE,

ACKNOWLEDGE US, YOU KNOW? LIKE COVER THAT UGLY WAREHOUSE AND INSTEAD PUT SOME SORT OF MUSEUM

ABOUT WHAT WE HAD.

I WOULD LIKE TO BE

CLOSE TO THE FOREST IN THE NEXT PLACE, SEE

WHY COULDN’T THEY BE INCLUDED?

BEHIND MY HOUSE? I’VE ALWAYS SEEN TREES, AND WE ALWAYS HAVE SOME THING HAPPENING THERE FOR THE KIDS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD.

THIS ONE ROAD OF SHOPS IS ALWAYS SO LOUD AND BUSY, WHY HAVE THEY STOPPED EXPANDING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, WE COULD REACH THE WAREHOUSES AND SERVED THEM BY NOW.

26

Conclusions

Case Study + Conclusions

DEVELOP INCREMENTALLY! 1. ROUTES 2. TEMPORARY ACTIVITIES 3. INTERGATIVE NODES 4 NEIGHBOURHOOD (ONE AT A TIME) 5. EVALUATE, REAPPLY TOOLS

Meuseum of Displacement

Market of Memories

Sports Complex

Farmers inclusions Education/ Kids

M a n h e i m N e u

K e r p e n Temporary Activities Future growth possibilities

Farmer’s Market

Senior’s quarters Mix

Greening Village feel Fig. 55. A conceptual map of wants.

CULTURE, MEMORIAL

PUBLIC, INTERGRATIVE

COMMERCE

ACTIVIE

RESIDENTIAL

Finally, we arrive at a first attempt conceptualizing the activities that could take place in between Manheim and Kerpen with the inclusion of Keyenberg. While some initiatives can be relatively easy to understand (such as the provision of a football field) the interesting discussion for me personally was the reasoning provided by the stakeholders for the attachment of one activity to another. The terminology “integrating” is something not forced, and needs to be handled as such.

The process initiated throughout this book includes various aspects that are extra-physical, and so can not easily reap results in the direct material landscape. Yet in order to get to this stage in which stakeholders can be brought together to discuss their future built space takes an entire process of approaching people, of finding the right communication methods and tools, and organising and evaluating the input received.

This project had focused on the procurement of wants and needs of the people in relation to a specific goal of a resilient sustainable future. The collaborative aspect of it allowed for deeper discussions on what these specific words, theories and ideas mean to the regular resident of the Rheinische Revier.

In the future growth of such a project, there is still a need to be a over arching hold of the legality and reality of such a process coming to life. With private companies in charge of the methods of displacement, such long processes that would increase the time line of a 7 year average to something over 15 years might not be easily adaptable to the business models. However, in converse, displacing should not be something easily served and carried out.

27

References

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Author Biography

AMAL

AL

BALUSHI

Amal al Balushi Transforming C U Ris aR Candidate I C U L of U the M European V I TMasters: A E 2 0 1 9 City Regions atworking RWTH-Aachen university Germany.

Previous A Hard and focused Academic who is in in the research, design, executionto this, she had completed her Amal bachelors Theprofessionally German developing University and evaluation of projects. has a keenin interest pro-of ficiency in the field of social urbanism and architecture.

With her current experience Technology (a sister university of RWTH-Aachen) in her native country in the academic field, she is aware of the formal and interpersonal skills required to of Oman, where studied Planning and Architectural Design. assist andshe initiate researchUrban and design.

REASEARCH INDEX PERSONAL

DATA

+

AMPS - Constructing an Urban Future

Walk as a researcher for GUtech; in which In the field, She has authored papers Where whileOmanis working Where Omanis Walk presentation paper (Peer-reviewed) 01.07.2018 T: ( + 9 she 6 8 ) has 9 7 6compiled 7 4 0 4 3 research on improving walkability in Arabian cities, with a specific focus + Tad the Journal - URBANIZING E: amal.albalushi@gutech.edu.om A multi-method approach towards walkable Cores in rapidly urbanizing on the Arabian Female pedestrians. Her later work included community activation schemes Cities 30.06.2018 Issuu.comand - Amalcollaborative Al Balushi 2017 designs, including the creation of a city game that was deployed in + Research Data collection, Wow-Ruwi. + WOMAN - Gender oriented spaces in Muslim cities: Muscat, A case study 11 neighbourhoods of Muscat. Her work has come alive in the real world, with 1 of the and design changes implemented L A N Ggaming U A G E results S C O - to A UbeT H O R O F R Eby A Sthe E AMuscat R C H PMunicipality R O P O S A L in S the neighbourhood of Al Hail by 2022*. + PDO CSR Proposal English (Mother Tongue) Arabic Completed Swahili (Fluent) German (A2 level)

+

IBRI: Tourism and Community Based Urban Development (06.05.2018) ‫اللغة العربية‬ + Muscat Municipality Project Proposal list of research Kiswahili index: Where Omanis Walk (WOW) (ongoing) Deutsch + LNG CSR Proposal AMPS - Constructing an Urban Future Al Ulyah: Sustainable Tourism and Resilient Urban Development (ongoing)

Where Omanis Walk presentation paper (Peer-reviewed) Abu Dhabi, 01.07.2018

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS P E R S+ O N A TAD L T Rthe A I Journal TS - URBANIZING Strong work ethicA

multi-method approach towards walkable Cores in rapidly urbanizing 2017 GERMAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, (GUTech) Halban Communicative and Social 30.06.2018 Cities BSc Urban planning and Architectural Design Four Years; Cumulative GPA 3.59 Self motivaing + Research Data collection and presentation, Wow-Ruwi, Self Published Creative + thinker City Gaming in Omani Neighbourhoods: An Arabian Woman’s role in placemaking RWTH-AACHEN, Germany International Exchange07.07.2019 semester - Bachelor Thesis Pays attention to details (Conference paper) Presented in GUtech, wohnen mittendrin, ein neues studentenquartier - B- Average.

Explorative + WOMAN - Gender oriented spaces in Muslim cities: Muscat, A case study -Lehrstuhl für Städtebau und Landesplanung Presented in CIEG II at ULisboa Portugal, 25.07.2019 2013 MUSCAT INTERNATIONAL Qurum Australia. 03.10.2019 Published by Monash University of Design inSCHOOL Melbourne A-LEVEL CERTIFICATES A level - Art, Business Studies, IT AS level - Mathematics.

Amal has a keen interest professionally developing proficiency in the field of social urbanism 2010 EDEXCEL IGCSE and architecture. She is currentlyMathematics, involved Art, in research projects on policies and built elements ICT, Business Studies, Biology, Studies, Arabic. to activate participation in the History, publicIslamic sphere ofEnglish, Oman.

This book is an extension of her that deny aWvoice O R Kand E Xcontrol P E R I Eof N the C E people to their space.

S O F Tinterest W A R E inS processes KILLS AutoCAD SketchUp Adobe Indesign/Photoshop/Illustrator Rhino Word/Excel/Powerpoint 3DS Max

2019 GUTECH, Jan - ongoing Research and Teaching assistant.

Head of Department - Gustavo De Siqueira Gustavo.desiqueira@gutech.edu.om 2018 GUTECH, 11 MONTHS Administrative and Teaching junior intern Internship Supervisor - Alexander Kader Alexander.kader@gutech.edu.om 2017 NEXUS DESIGN, 10 WEEKS Trainee Internship Supervisor - Manal Al Hajri Manal.amur@nexusdesignoman.com

BLOX DESIGN, 6 WEEKS Interior Architecture Intern Internship supervisor - Maitha Al Omeiri mo@bloxoman.com, +968 24651712

2016

FREELANCE WORK @INSTAMEOW_ART PAINTINGS on Instagram

* pre-corona estimates