Rethink, Restart, Recover, Resilient

RETHINK. RESTART. RECOVER. RESILIENT.

Pandemics and cities: A data-driven communication platform for spatially just planning in the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area.

Transforming City Regions Chair and Institute of Urban Design and European Urbanism Integrated Project III: Networked urban systems in Europe RWTH Aachen | WiSem 20/21 Professors/ Supervisors: Dipl.-Ing. Prof. Christa Reicher Prof. Dr. Jakob Beetz Dr. ir. Ceren Sezer Authors: B.Sc. Amal Al Balushi B.Sc. Eva Hoppmanns M.Sc. RWTH Vanessa Kucharski B.Sc. Lea Schwab

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

4

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

ACCESS

Crisis

welcome

Social

Urban

PO

ST -PA

ND

AMI

C: R E

THINKING THE AMSTERDAM

RO MET

.R E

S PAT

GI

ON

IAL

J

T US

IC

E

Environmental

Political

Economical

Figure 1. Studied themes within the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region -Author´s graphics.

ABSTRACT

This project presents an interactive, data-driven, online platform as a response to spatial injustices illuminated by the COVID-19 pandemic – with a focus on the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area.

The report analyses the region (pre-pandemic and currently) before proposing the platform as a tool to aid future developments.

The lockdowns were used as indicators of spatial injustices - in terms of the unequal accessibility to open spaces and essential needs. As lockdown regulations were top-down enactments influenced by virus rates, AMA created blanket policies for entire districts regardless of locational conditions. Examples of participation or local involvement in decision-making were not included during the pandemic, and clear communication possibilities between communities and authorities are lacking as the crisis continues. Our platform, named Access, can help residents understand the policies that affect their actions, offers them alternative activities and spaces, and provides means to discuss the adequacy of their public sphere. The data could reveal locational key-issues residents‘ experience and influence the municipality‘s actions. Spatial changes are ultimately reinstated to the platform, providing a transparent view of how AMA residents and authorities interact, use, and change their space during a crisis.

KEY WORDS Crisis Management, COVID-19, Spatial Justice, Amsterdam Metropolitan Area, Participation tool, Online-Platforms.

TAKEAWAY FOR PRACTICE We discuss recovery phase initiation sequences in the case of the COVID-19 Pandemic, and advertise a new approach not yet attempted by municipalities, based on data and participation. Therefore, it can aid planners, city changemakers and authorities in policing of the pandemic and finding alternative processes. The focus is on the AMA region; however, it can benefit other regions in the world - specifically former touristic hubs - when applied with the right indicators.

5

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION

- REPORT OUTLINE

- SPATIAL JUSTICE

- METHODOLOGY BOOK 1 | MULTI-LAYER CROSS-DOMAIN DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION FOR THE AMA.

2. ANALYSIS

- AMA GENERAL ANALYSIS

- MODELS AND STRATEGIES, A REVIEW - URBAN COMPOSITION, MIGRATION, AND DENSITY

- SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

- HOUSING - TOURISM

- TOURISM ZOOM-INS: AMA CASE STUDIES

- COVID-19

- SWOT & ANALYSIS CONCLUSION

- A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

3. VISION

BOOK 2 | THE ACCESS PLATFORM

4. DESIGN

- INTRODUCTION - USER GROUPS - BPMN

- BPMN: CASE STUDY INGA

- LONG-TERM TRANSFORMATIONS

5. CONCLUSION

6. APPENDIX

PANDEMICS AND CITIES: A DATA-DRIVEN COMMUNICATION PLATFORM FOR SPATIALLY JUST PLANNING IN THE AMSTERDAM METROPOLITAN AREA.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

10

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

1.INTRODUCTION

11

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

THE JUST RESTART OF AMSTERDAM

STRATEGY

PA IC EM ND

DATA & THEORETICAL

TOURISM

HOUSING

RD

AM

ME

TR O. R

EGIO N

ANALYSIS

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS

E ST AM

Diversity

Equity

SOCIAL & SPATIAL JUSTICE Figure 2. Topics Concept – Author’s graphics.

12

Democracy

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Like the rest of the world, the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (AMA) is experiencing unprecedented disruptions to general life in our time. As the Coronavirus pandemic of 2019 hit, entire lifestyles and spaces have changed. Cities have seen their regions react to lockdowns, as activity hubs have had to stop. Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, and once a swarming touristic centre, has gone through three lockdowns within a year. This study investigates Amsterdam as the previous “poster child” of spatial justice and assesses the corresponding issues highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions. Approaches to spatial justice on a global level call for ‘inclusive, safe and accessible’ cities (UN General Assembly, 2016) as well as encouraging interaction across social, cultural, and economic boundaries (Sezer and Niksic, 2017). Choices of movements and activities are the basis of restrictions in the COVID-19- climate, and one that has been protested by the inhabitants within the area.

In a time when the near future is uncertain, traditional economic success and growth within cities is not as easily achievable, and local voices are not included in decision making, we question the approaches necessary to continue development and planning in a just way within the AMA region. Further, we question the possibility of a just restart of a city, and what tools can be used to aid this.

Although many studies on crisis management have been conducted over the years, the COVID-19 pandemic has new challenges due to it’s spread, scale and speed (Moon, 2020). Countries are already coming up with plans to restart and recover, idealizing what the “post-pandemic” scenario would be, and what steps to take to achieve this. Furthermore, there is a need to become resilient against future crises. This pandemic, one that is unique to our time, is not expected to be the last. Studies suggest that we are looking forward to more pandemics as warranted by climate change and other factors (Dodds, 2019; Chin et al., 2020).

It is also not expected to be the last economic crisis that the world and Amsterdam would experience. Lockdowns, the main approach of handling the COVID-19 pandemic spread, have also shown the injustice in accessibility, as people must travel great distances to search for open spaces or essential provisions. The policies enacted on the people have also led to legal confusions, such as questioning the legality of setting a curfew (Daventry,

2021), and public confusion, with online public forums flooding with “What am I allowed to do?” or “When do I have to quarantine?”. Accessibility to services, spaces and informed choices is therefore taken as indicators to assess the AMA in this project.

We propose learning and acting on the situation that is upon us now through testing tools that may help us evaluate the current spaces that are failing, and discussing changes needed amidst a crisis. We emphasise the need for participation and inclusivity to still be an influencing factor in the spatial change in balance with the strong leadership of dire times; as it is the day-to-day persons that are going to have to pick up the pieces, help rebuild and open cities. The report works on the hypothesis that our spatial scenario can be heavily influenced by actions taken during the pandemic and leading up to the future “back to normal” situation. Certain actions and preparations to “start-up” normal life again need to begin now for a quick recovery. We focus on the question of how to overcome a pandemic in a spatially just way and recover as soon as possible.

1.1. REPORT OUTLINE

This report begins with a theoretical background of our stance on spatial justice, its relation to the AMA. The report is then organized into two sections: • Section 1, Multi-Layer cross-domain data analysis and visualization for the AMA. The AMA is here introduced, along with its visions for the future. The first section analyses extensive data to provide an image of the AMA pre-COVID-19, and currently.

• Section 2, The ACCESS Platform.

An online tool is designed and promoted to achieve changes that are necessary according to section 1’s findings.

The report concludes on the realism of the project, its limitations and possible impact. We finally propose open questions that could lead to other designs or research.

13

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

1.2. SPATIAL JUSTICE

In the last decades, a movement towards social justice, dealing with topics of economical, racial, and environmental justice occurred and set the base for a theory of spatial justice. Deindustrialization and globalization lead policy making and planning towards economic growth, increasing competitiveness along with a rise of property values, tourism, and business developments.

Along with this, the support of development projects prevail the provision of a fair distribution of urban quality (Fainstein, 2010).

Studies and literature suggest existing inequalities continue to increase (Sezer and Niksic, 2017).

Due to the financial crisis in the ’70s, along with global trade practices and an economic transition, a shift towards neoliberal Darwinism occurred and led to an increase of justice movements (Bromberg, A; Morrow, G & Pfeiffer, 2007). In 1971, John Rawls already composed a paradigm of universal justice. He defines that everyone should have equal rights of basic liberties within a total system ensured by liberty for everyone and that social and economic inequalities should primarily support the least advantaged people in a society (Bromberg, A; Morrow, G & Pfeiffer, 2007).

Other crises along the years helped underline the debate for spatial justice, from the 2008 crisis to the current pandemic.

Advocates of justice theory started to tackle the missing spatial components of Rawl’s theory. The focus shifted to new insights about the importance of space by understanding how injustice is produced by the socially, experienced and contested on shifting social, political, economic, and geographical shaped space.

Furthermore, the task of how to tackle social and spatial differences and how to establish justice in society evolved (Bromberg, A; Morrow, G & Pfeiffer, 2007). Academics have also described justice not as an abstract term, but as a shared responsibility of actors in the socio-spatial system and connect spatial justice directly to the public realm:

“HOW WE DEFINE PUBLIC SPACE IS INTIMATELY CONNECTED WITH IDEAS ABOUT WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN, THE NATURE OF SOCIETY, AND THE KIND OF POLITICAL COMMUNITY WE WANT.” - (Deutsche, 1996) Another expert in the field of spatial justice is Susan Fainstein, who established a theory of spatial justice (2010). Fainstein defines justice as encompassing diversity, democracy and equity and uses these three factors to evaluate to which degree a city can be just.

1. Diversity is the harmonious existence and mix of people, 14

services, and places.

2. Democracy is the ability of participating and being represented in space and planning.

3. Equity is the fair share or allocation of resources to citizens.

Fainstein (2010) argues that urban decision-makers need “to make justice a principal part in urban policies” and criticises capitalist investment strategies towards profitable financing instead of quality planning. Therefore, a structural transformation, as part of a broader national and international movement would add to restructuring capitalism into a more human system (Fainstein, 2010). Nevertheless, Fainstein draws attention to the fact that an ideal solution cannot be found. Spatial justice is therefore evolving and needs to be considered a process too.

Adding on Fainstein’s theory of justice in current days, Sophie Watson (2019) points to the temporary time constraints on solutions tackling inequality or differences in urban space. These issues are constituted in an imbalance of power relations and need to be addressed by the production of new patterns and distributions in time (Watson, 2019).

In the present context, spatial justice is not a theory anymore.

After evolving to a movement like ‘the right to the city’ in the last decades, actions have been taken to a political level on a global scale. The 2016 UN-Habitat Conference integrates equity as an issue of social justice to its agenda, linking it to access to the public sphere and connecting it to physical space and urban planning (UN General Assembly, 2016). Further, the UN-Habitat’s New Urban Agenda acknowledges the provision of adequate public space as a booster of sustainable cities.

In this regard, Niksic and Sezer (2017) imply that public space accessibility, quality and provisions can be used to measure the urban justice of a city. They identify public space as a vibrant core, and the site of sociability and spontaneity - spaces that connect diverse neighbourhoods and people, provide equal access to its populations, and can turn into places of communication, interaction, and participation in urban life. Indicators of the public space included demographics, aesthetics, and design, as well as cultural/communal norms (like who is “invited” to the area and who not). However, public spaces are shrinking, limited, and becoming increasingly privately owned. In pandemics especially, their accessibility is tested and policed.

1.2.1 SPATIAL JUSTICE AND AMSTERDAM

Amsterdam has been written about a lot concerning its spatial justice and it was often considered as a good example in Europe and the world (Fainstein, 2009; Gilderbloom, Hanka and Lasley, 2009; Marcuse et al., 2009). This is proved on multiple indicators, such as its provision of freedom, lack of segregation,

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Spatial justice theory “The Just City”, 2010 by Susan Fainstein “Spatial Justice in the City”, 2020 by Sophie Watson

SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC FACTORS

DIVERSITY DEMOCRACY EQUITY

GEOGRAPHICAL SHAPED SPACES

SOCIAL COMPONENTS

THEORY

SPATIAL COMPONENTS

everyone has a right to the city: Accessibility of urban spaces focus shift on spatial component: social and spatial differences

SPATIAL JUSTICE

Post Covid-19 Manifesto > Degrowth model?

planning should foster the redistribution of resources

universal justice theory

by John Rawls Neoliberal Darwinism evolving movements: „the right to the city“ Deindustrialization + Globalization: - economic growth - increasing competitveness - unequal power relations + capitalist mode of production

financial crisis in the 1970s Following Crisis

Figure 3. Spatial justice concept, content analysis, and interconnections – Author’s graphics.

progressiveness, and neoliberal assessments. It has regularly been called the ideal city with justice and equality, as Fainstein stated in 1999:

“AMSTERDAM OFFERS THE BEST AVAILABLE MODEL OF A RELATIVELY EGALITARIAN, DIVERSE, DEMOCRATIC CITY, WITH A STRONG COMMITMENT TO ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION” - (Fainstein, 1999).

Nevertheless, in 2010 Susan Fainstein already defined gentrification and the weakening of the welfare system as Amsterdam’s evolving threats. Her conclusion at this time based on the slow decline of social housing units and a continuing in-migration of rich owner groups. According to Fainstein, market-orientated planning with the aim to create growth often pushes city mar-

keting, property developers and firms with the help of subsidies and regulatory relief. Regarding this, “tourist bubbles” and office-led developments are popular strategies. In Amsterdam, the worldwide pandemic has caused a tourism stop, as well as entire districts enclosing empty office buildings. Thus, former strategies should be questioned. This then also leads to a reconsideration of former political models.

Additionally, injustices are more visible in crisis and highlight the already existing inequalities and spatial imbalances. Uneven effects across factors like class, gender, race, age or geography make it harder to cope with a crisis (Scott, 2020, p.344).

The present COVID-19 crisis also shows incentives for people’s discontent on how the COVID-19 situation is faced by decision-makers, embodied through public protests and people speaking out (Deutsche Welle (dw), 2021). See Figure 4Figure 4 for protest topics since 2016.

Yet like Susan Fainstein and Sophie Watson illustrate – the bar of what is considered just will always rise and evolve.

The Amsterdam Metropolitan Region leaves open room for 15

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

PROTEST ALMERE AMSTERDAM

• parks (access & distribution) • N e i g h b o u h o o d plans • Refugee Support • HVV policy • Squatting • Flat sharing

• Transport Strike Pensions • Healthcare strike • Squatting • Teacher’s March Education • Farmer’s Protests

• Sound pollution Airport protest

• Prisoner’s riots

• Climate change Fridays for future

• George Floyd Racism protests

• Overtourism • Airbnb Protests • Take back the city

• Pro/Anti Lockdowns • Pro/Anti Masks • 1.5 metre challenging march • Anti Corona demonstration

• Climate change regulations • Fridays for Future • Builder’s March • Farmer’s Protest

• Mosque Athan Protest • Polish Abortion Laws • Zwarte Piet • Burka Ban

• Anti Lockdowns

• Extinction Rebellion Organization • Fridays for future

• George Floyd Racism protests

HAARLEM

Figure 4. Protests in 3 cities of the AMA. Taken from google search results of 2016 to 2020. Categorised into 6 themes of Urban space, Economic, Tourism, COVID-19, Pollution/Climate, and Society. [data collected 11.2020] – Author’s graphic.

conversation and progression. In this regard, this project will link the second section to viewed theories and highlight the geographic, economic, political, and social fields in connection to justice in the AMA.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

To assess the degree of injustice in the AMA, a literature review on spatial justice and its relation to the AMA was conducted. These findings helped conclude how a post-COVID-19 restart could look like. In this context, existing strategic, political, and spatial models are initially reflected upon when introducing the AMA. This review of models gives an idea of what the region was planning towards, and how these plans have coped with the current pandemic.

Open-source data and public authority information in tabular and written form is gathered next. To organize the data, a thematic and chronological framework is set up to analyse the former development and the current state of 16

Amsterdam. The analysis is especially looking at the present developments in connection to the COVID-19 crisis and the former Great financial crisis (GFC) in 2008. By reviewing the former circumstances evolving from the GFC, a learning process is captured, and new conclusions are presumed. In the frame of the reviewed justice theory, the analysis is structured into four topics: • • • •

Socio-economic status Housing Tourism COVID-19

These four topics and existent data related to them is heavily analysed, rearranged and projected in the first section of this book. The scope of this analysis and the methods used to reach conclusions on spatial statistics could be a project on its own. It is however interlinked to the second section, as all its findings are funnelled into coming up with

Answering missing questions of existing models What model would prepare for future “stops”/Pandemics?

How to use the situation of a pandemic in a profitable manner?

Local Perspective to European Perspective, comparable scenarios & issues

How and in which way should the AMA develop in the future?

ZOOM-IN

What areas have experienced spatial injustice?

How is spatial justice already working out in the AMA?

Which models & policies are useful / should be reconsidered?

DESIGN

VISION

ANALYSIS

socio-economic status housing tourism Covid-19

EVALUATION

MODELS & POLICES

Spatial Justice theory and its relation to the AMA

Current future development models: What do they ask for?

Which scale do they work in?

How do they react to crisis?

Which current issues do they tackle?

Data Collection

SWOT

DATA

Research Question: Pandemics & Cities What would the post-corona restart of a region look like?

How can it contribute to an increase of spatial justice?

THEORY

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Local Insights in exemplary neighbourhoods

Figure 5. Methodology Scheme – Author’s graphics.

a solution for the area.

The data analysis is visualized by the geographic information system QGIS. Findings are overlaid with the spatial structure of the AMA to be represented in a spatial context.

Additional information is presented through diagrams, graphs, and pictograms. Next to the statistics, also information and facts about the political circumstances and policy structure in the AMA are considered and connected to the elaborated maps.

A SWOT analysis is transferred to summarize the spatial findings and a general vision for the Amsterdam Region is enhanced. The review of four exemplary districts in the AMA is captured to get a more detailed insight into the spatial situation on a local scale. These findings are then used to approach the design of this project, which officially begins the second section of this book.

The design includes an application Add-On which serves as a communication platform between existing municipal and touristic websites and applications. It is based on a Busi-

ness Process Model and Notation (BPMN) to organize and combine data collection and communication processes. To explain the structure of such a model and its implementation, exemplary scenarios are used. The examples, along with the explanation of the tool will be visualized through illustrations and a video. Additionally, a short brochure will be provided to inform readers of the developed communication and data collection platform as a pitch.

17

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

18

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

BOOK 1 MULTI-LAYER CROSS-DOMAIN DATA ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION FOR THE AMA

19

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

20

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

2.ANALYSIS

21

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

22

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 6. The AMA subregions. Data: (www.openstreetmaps.org) – Author’s graphics.

Around 2.5 million people (14% of the Dutch population) live in the AMA. It is an economically strong region with an abundance of businesses and jobs. As an internationally well-known region, it became an important touristic centre with 26 million overnight stays per year (metropool regio Amsterdam, 2019). The AMA comprises 32 municipalities and 7 subregions that is interconnected and comprised of many urban qualities (as shown in Figure 6, Figure 7, and Figure 8) Today, the AMA is ethnically and socially more diverse than ever (Savini et al., 2016). The following analysis will prove the existence of economic and cultural asymmetries within the region. These were especially noticeable during crises like the Great Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008 and the current COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 is a new crisis, whose effects are noticeable on the economic and social systems. To understand the general situation in the AMA, independent from the current pandemic, a deeper look into the general situation and relevant regional policies is necessary. The following analysis focuses on the socio-economic status and housing developments, which are, besides other factors, influenced by the tourism sector. The current COVID-19 pandemic, related infection data and restrictions, affects all soci-

al and economic scopes of the AMA. Pre-COVID-19 pandemic, tourism was the biggest economic sector. Tourism in the AMA was a governmental strategy to overcome the GFC in 2008 (The guardian, 2017). It was considered a successful industry when looked at from an economic standpoint.

Like many other European cities, Amsterdam was not resilient to the GFC. Earlier urban policies (before 2008) were often built on growing urban economies and raising real-estate markets (Rydin, 2013). The GFC hit the Dutch and Amsterdam economy and showed the boundaries of this assumption. Other than the tourism tactic, to recover quickly from the crisis, strategies like liberalization of the housing market were used (Hochstenbach and Ronald, 2020) It can be argued that such indicators of economic strengthening are a neoliberal approach - which increases inequalities as well as decreases the characteristics of a welfare state (Purcell, 2008). Tourism, what was once a crisis strategy, has generated its own crisis. Overtourism, a newly coined term (Dodds and Butler, 2019), has caused many threats to the city and their citizens. People have been driven out of their city, as tourism took over the centre and kept growing. Adding to the issue, increasing 23

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 7. Urban structures. Data: (www.openstreetmaps.org) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 8. Mobility and Connectivity. Data: (www.openstreetmaps.org) – Author’s graphics.

24

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

rents, state-led gentrification and supporting homeownership have changed the balance between social, middle and high-end housing segments, impacting “the city’s social geography” (Savini et al., 2016). The discourse on overtourism is quite complex, though not just a contemporary phenomenon (Capocchi et al., 2020). It has been globally and locally prominent in the last few years, as its outcomes have exploited humans and nature. Access to many open areas and leisure activities have been taken over, disproportionately used by tourists and discriminating on locals. Since 2015 overtourism protests began and the AMA government set up policies to handle upcoming social disparities.

Current policies are claiming more liberal discourses of entrepreneurialism and urban change (Savini et al., 2016).

Overpowering the threat of overtourism, COVID-19 created a “point-zero” scenario, in which all normalcy has “stopped”. Entire quarters of the AMA are devoid of any activities, and spots in which access to open spaces and greenery is non-existent (see chapter COVID-19). COVID-19 can be a silver lining in the sense that it brought the city to a point where it can evaluate its assets and put in strategies to open, distribute, and handle tourism better in the future.

2.1.1 MODELS AND STRATEGIES, A REVIEW

As this report looks at the AMA and what tactics could be put in place to improve/alter the future landscape, it is important to set it apart from alternatives already affecting or discussed in the region. In this segment, we focused on eleven different visions, strategies and models connected to the AMA (referred to as visionary elements in this report). We were interested in analysing their approach (or lack thereof) to handling crises. Those studied ranged from local to global scales and handled broad to specific topics. The AMA is a region of multitudes of visionary elements, varying in focus themes and ideals. It is unsurprising given the size of the area, and the history of planning altering the urban space.

Visionary elements help us get a glimpse of the direction urban lifestyles wish to move towards. They are defined as the desirable states of the future that are in place to reduce risks through foresight and increase capacities of responding to events (Costanza, 2000; Fuerth, 2009). They are essentially and an outcome of anticipatory governance (Hagen, 2019). They also help us understand what is currently seen as an asset, and what needs to change.

Erik Olin Wright (2010, 2013) conceptualised real utopias in his writings; ideals grounded in real potentials that have accessible waystations. Cities and their visions for the future work in this way. They can become grounds of idealistic approaches and aim to realise the utopias they envision.

Due to the utopic approach explained, some may argue that visionary elements are not always grounded in current realities, and their abstract natures are hard to follow. However, ultimately, they are guides that help us understand collective thinking and directions of growth. There is even further discourse on the effectivity of visionary elements to help crises, as many changes and outlooks were put in place past the 2008 crisis, yet it did not stop another one from happening nor being drastically less detrimental (Hagen, 2019).

The events of this last year have challenged the limitations and need of visionary elements or anticipatory governances. The pandemic situation aids criticisms that foresight and anticipatory governance overstates our capacity of understanding and changing “destinies”. However, the alternative to this would be practicing governance while being blind to the long-term implications of decisions taken (Fuerth, 2009).

The visionary elements of AMA studied were chosen based on the ease of accessibility to information using academic papers, organisation websites, and governmental reports. The visionary elements included were 1) the Amsterdam doughnut model, 2) Amsterdam circular model, 3) The planning for post corona manifesto, 4) the poldermodel, 5) the city in balance, 6) Amsterdam Smart city, and 7) the structural vision of Amsterdam, 8) Holland City Strategy, 9) Housing Act Distribution Strategy, 10) Perspective Destination strategy, and the 11) VINEX model.

In this segment, we elaborate on 4 models that are the most contemporary.

Figure 9. Amsterdam Doughnut Model by Kate Raworth. (Amsterdam.nl, 2020)

A | AMSTERDAM DOUGHNUT MODEL (2020) The original Doughnut economic model , developed by Kate Raworth in 2012, is a framework for sustainable development that looks into planetary and communal boundaries (Raworth, 2013, 25

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

2017). These boundaries are described as the Environmental ceiling and Social foundations of the doughnut shaped model graphic. Cities and countries can be assessed on the model based on their level of good or bad actions against planetary topics, such as air, water, and land, as well as social topics, such as political voice, social equity, and housing.

As of 2020, Raworth and her team have been working with the government to create a strategic approach to the doughnut model for the case of Amsterdam. The model questions the capability of a city to be a home for thriving people, while respecting the wellbeing of everyone and the planet (Doughnut economics action lab, 2020; Raworth, 2020).

The idea is to meet the basic needs of citizens in a sustainable resource use way. This process is done in citizen-initiated transformations, and results are put through the doughnut review. In this way, all actions are reflected upon and evolving when necessary.

Interconnected views on the city and workshops are necessary for the strategy to come to life. However, due to the pandemic, this step has not been able to sufficiently occur. In turn, current processes are on hold. The model expects stakeholders to reflect on the city, together, find values and assess necessary changes. Raworth names this the “city selfie”. The stakeholders are part of an association, known as the Amsterdam Donut Coalition.

They are made up of authoritative participants, as well as locals and academics.

Figure 10. Circular Economy Concept of Amsterdam (Amsterdam.nl, 2020)

B | AMSTERDAM 2020-2025 CIRCULAR ECONOMY MODEL & SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY Closely connected to the concept of the Doughnut City, Amsterdam’s circular model is sometimes used interchangeably with that previously described. This is a 5-year approach by the spatial planning and sustainability council of the city, aimed at pushing for more circular processes, of reusing, refurbishing, recycling...etc. The model works in connection with other strategies to help monitor growth and action, conceive an implementation programme, strategize steps, and fulfil criteria of the doughnut model (Amsterdam.nl, 2020).

26

The initiators of this model explain that circular economy concepts fit Amsterdam, as studies show that inhabitants buy second hand products yearly, recycle and are aware/interested in their actions on a planetary level, especially in regards to waste.

Placing this ideology as the backbone of future development, as well as the evaluation of existing developments, would therefore lead to self-reliance - which the model defines as resilience. This model was furthermore rolled out during the start of the pandemic. It is advertised as fit for the current situation and expected to aid the pandemic recovery - as locally producing and consuming is supposed to create more jobs and lead to an easier recovery and resilience (self-reliance) over time (Daniel Boffey, 2020; van Doorninck, 2020b).

To achieve self-reliance, online and offline broad citizen participation is encouraged. Surveying and understanding what locals wish to act upon in spatial terms.

According to an interview with Marieke van Doorninck, the Councillor for Spatial Planning and Sustainability for the city since 2018, there are already around 200 programs in the implementation phase. These range from “smaller” projects, like collecting leftover latex paint, to “larger” regulatory projects, like introducing policies and systems to record construction compositions of buildings for easier future reusing (van Doorninck, 2020a). The projects are run by both organisations and local initiatives; with the example of a resident providing others with thick and well insulated curtains to help energy efficiency within homes. The model focuses on three main pillars to tackle: Food, Construction and Consumer goods. And although concrete examples of how to do this are underway and ever evolving, limitations still exist when attempting circular economies in an economically globalised region.

“Amsterdam can’t do it on its own.

We need the Dutch government and the European Union to truly move forward.” - (van Doorninck, 2020a) C | PLANNING FOR POST CORONA: A MANIFESTO FOR THE NETHERLANDS (2020) A group of academics in the Netherlands came together to develop and write a manifesto on post-corona recovery schemes based on degrowth principles. The initiative gained popularity, hitting Dutch mainstream news, and a petition to support the manifesto was started. With an expiry date set for July 2020, the petition has gained over 4000 signatures in under nine months, and with the help of MPs, is an-route to be discussed with the Dutch parliament (Buscher, Koster and Spierenburg, 2020; Degrowth.info, 2020).

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

MODELS TOPICS (DRAFT 1)

TO BE REDISTRIBUTED

16.11

Economic / Developments spatial develop.

benefit tax and

Visitor

distrobution. and

Dispers. of

visitors, regulat

e models

crowd control

spatio

methods, incom e Events

Social

Policy

shment

energy intro., Tr

Clean

ansport refurbi

Energy uses

Individ,

Smart Cities Initiative

e

City in Balance

cultural chang

Doughnut 2040 Structural Vision Amsterdam

Energy / Climate

Holland City Strategy Perspective Destination Degrowth Principles

Figure 11. Visionary elements topics analysis according to 4 common themes of Development, Climate, Social and Policy; that are present (to some degree) in all models. – Author’s graphics.

MODELS TOPICS ACCORDING TO SCHEMATIC THEMES (DRAFT 1)

TO BE REDISTRIBUTED

16.11

Poverty

edistr kr

Ec o mic fr no

.

ew am or

De b

ance w o rk

i

tic al voi

Fre

ce

e

State A

De

tion. lla

to educ

Pol

Mo v o e fr m

.

a m e nd

tC

I nco

velop.

MR

m ris

Distrib

ed t o u ut

Covid/Economical Crisis

Tourism els

is rt D tan

ce e n

ce Trav

t a nd p

S ho

Bal

an

pl

onmen vir

Live

ev

s

nation s ti

elopm

tions

g

ca

e ctiv Lo

housin y,

mptio

na

av

Ne w Perspe

equit ial

. Co n

su

el. red

S oc

uc

e abl de

d tinue d

.

Co n

Smart Cities Initiative City in Balance

nd t r

Doughnut 2040 Structural Vision Amsterdam

Housing

Holland City Strategy Perspective Destination Degrowth Principles

Figure 12. Visionary Elements tasks distributed according to the thematic topics of this report (Socioeconomic statuses, Tourism, COVID-19, and Housing) – Author’s graphics.

27

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Their goals of sustainability, equality and diverse society are expected to be achievable through means of policy shifts in this model. The manifesto - described by the writers as an effective way of raising the profile of neglected ideas - provides five proposals. They further state these proposals aim for a radically more sustainable and equal situation to be developed. The manifesto airs a distaste for the economic development model that has been dominant in the Netherlands and globally, and the growing inequalities. The writers see a weakness in the demand for ever growing circulation of goods and people, and the ecological issues and inequality increases that are an outcome of this.

The proposals included are: i | Moving away from development focused GDP growth.

Finding critical public sectors that need investment to grow, and the sectors that need to degrow due to their unsustainability or aiding of excessive consumption. ii | An economic framework focused on redistribution.

Establishing basic income in social policy systems and progressive taxation. Further, recognizing essential public services as intrinsic values of societies. iii | Agricultural transformation towards regenerative agriculture.

Biodiversity conservation, sustainable, local food production iv | Reduction of consumption and travel.

Basic, necessary, sustainable, and satisfying consumption and travel. v | Debt cancellation especially for workers and small business owners.

The writers state that the proposed changes can be implemented currently, and its effects would be felt as soon as the COVID-19 crisis subsides. The new prospects, in this case, is a one-time mass implementation, and no evolving concepts are included for the future. This measure, though, is advertised as a proactive means to ensure a less severe future crisis.

D | CITY IN BALANCE MODEL AND PERSPECTIVE DESTINATION STRATEGY (2015) Advertised to achieve equilibrium between quality of life and hospitality, the city in balance model works with six main goals: less nuisance, attractive mixed-use developments, more space on the streets and canals, better financial balance in visitor economy, sustainable recreation and facilities, and dispersing visitors (See Appendix 1). In practice, the goals set by this model have brought about a stream of regulations - from imposing curfews on water related activities, regulations on alcohol and where to drink it, or restricting areas of tourism accommodations.

Like previous models, this one also incorporates cross communication and cooperation between locals and authorities. These six goals are largely reactive to the overtourism and crowding Amsterdam as a city experienced. In fact, the Amsterdam municipality identified tourism sector issues as the motivator for 28

change.

“TOURISM IS A FUNDAMENTAL PART OF AMSTERDAM’S INTERNATIONAL CHARACTER AND WE MUST CONTINUE TO CHERISH THAT. BUT AT THE SAME TIME, THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF TOURISM, SUCH AS EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME FOR THE CITY, ARE INCREASINGLY BEING OVERSHADOWED BY THEIR NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES.” - (Coalitieakkoord groenlinks, 2018).

The publications by the City in Balance group emphasise that the model is not meant to stop visitors, nor that they expect the overall growth of the tourism sector and the city to stop or reduce; however, they intend to put the residents quality of life first (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019) Rather than operating as its own entity, the model instead is implemented in varying policy portfolios, working with multiple partners and council members on municipal levels to create minor regulatory changes that bring about an alternative touristic reality. This approach can be seen in the “Perspective destination” strategy. Influenced by the City in balance model, this strategy searches for alternative areas to push crowds towards, and places regulations in place that in the long run would enhance touristic industries to start up (like hotels, tours and restaurants).

The City in balance project was initially conceived in 2015, and it’s latest version and strategies are planned for 2022 (Daamen et al., 2016; Gemeente Amsterdam, 2019; Amsterdam city, 2020). However, a reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic and the complete stop to the tourism sector, and where does the city in balance ideologies lay, have yet to be presented.

A content analysis was conducted on all eleven visionary elements, identifying four dominating areas of approach: Development, policy, social and environmental based. The content findings were then placed according to these axes in Figure 11, providing areas of overlapping strategies, and areas of focused change.

As will be explained in the next segments, the project also has four focus points of tourism, housing, socio-economic statuses and pandemic and their relation to spatial justice. Thus, specific tasks relating to these focus points were further mapped out with the new axes and projected in Figure 12. This helps identify theories and processes already in place, and areas for impro-

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

vements.

In reviewing the visionary elements, we find that none were prepared for such a magnitude of a pandemic. In fact, systems in place to continue open communication and information were lacking. It was not easily accessible, finding information on current statuses. It must be stated that such a freak situation is not usually expected by planners - however, the learning curve from the current pandemic is to be wary of such extreme case scenarios, and adapt to such possibilities, achieving resilience.

Hence, new models are needed in the AMA, and globally, to deal with current challenges and to continue improving previous challenges. Fuerth S. Leon’s (the former national security adviser to Al Gore) work on anticipatory governance identifies the dynamics of sights for the future (Fuerth, 2009). Namely Top-sight, insight, hindsight, foresight, and vision. This process states that approaches on future should have multiple awareness; on the supra system of how all parts work and fit together; knowledge on own purposes, wants and biases; of part forces that carry into the present and possible future; on the several existing streams of knowledge and how to integrate them, and finally on the image of the future that is wanted.

Fuerth identifies the key need for Foresight when one is creating a model for future, and the difference between this and end goal of a Vision. Vision is described as a fixed image of the future, intolerant to alternative conceptions, and is a prediction of what could be. Foresight, on the other hand, are conditional assumptions that are reflective and based on informed choices, that estimates multiple possible future outcomes. In this case, alternative conceptions are the resource that help guide it, and make it resilient to alternatives.

29

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 13. Population Density (2020). Data: (www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/admin/NL32__noord_holland) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 14. Population growth since (2001)- Data: (www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/admin/NL32__noord_holland) – Author’s graphics.

30

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 15. Migration out of Amsterdam. Data: ( https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/ Figure 16. Ethnic population distribution. Data: (https://regiomonitor-uva.i-mapnews/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration) ping.com/) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 17. Foreign Migration. Data: ( https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/ Figure 18. Net domestic migration. Data: ( https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/ amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration) news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration)

2.1.2 DENSITY AND (DOMESTIC) MIGRATION

Figure 13 and Figure 14 show the population density in 2020 and the population growth of the last 20 years. Haarlem, the city centre and Bijlmermeer have the highest density, while city centre is growing the most since 2001. Also growing are the newly constructed quarters on the raised-up islands like Almere and Ijburg.

Related to the issue of overtourism, (domestic) migration can be analysed. A large outflow of people from the city centre to the AMA is visible. These are mostly families and older people as visualised in Figure 15. On the other hand, an inflow of people from other Dutch cities, especially through young and international people, leads to a growing population in the city centre (CBS, 2017). Figure 15 to Figure 16 display the intricacies within migration.

Analysing the ethnic distribution in the AMA points out that the ratio of Dutch, Western and non-Western people is similarly distributed. Figure 16 shows that in 2019, there is a higher amount of Dutch people in the outskirts compared to a higher percentage of migrants in the city centre, Bijlmermeer and a belt around the city centre. The changes in ethnic populations are examined in Appendix 3 to Appendix 6, based on western and non-western categorisations.

31

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

32

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 19. Welfare recipients and housing associations in 2017. Data: (maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) & Regiomonitor 2020 – Author’s graphics.

2.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

Assessing the socio-economic status of the AMA is important as it reveals the disadvantaged groups and districts within an urban society. As socioeconomic statuses can include many factors, this analysis focuses on two main spheres: shelter and income.

Top-down actions that have affected these spheres are also assessed. This includes data on the welfare system, housing associations, unemployment, distribution and types of households, income data and its related policies.

The social structure of the Netherlands is influenced by its general political model, known as the Polder Model, which is rooted in the 1980s. It includes consensus-based policy as cooperation between employers’ organisations, labour unions, and the government. Together with neoliberal economic policies, it is related to the Dutch economic miracle in the late 1990s. In the 21st century, the success of the Polder Model has worn off and its advantage is questioned (Rossingh, 2003). During the emergence of the Polder’s tripartite cooperation, the central Dutch

government enacted subsidies aimed to attract new businesses and employment through all urban redevelopment projects in the deindustrialized cities. The ‘key projects’ (Sleutelprojecten) show that real estate values on neighbourhoods rose as a result of the political subsidies (Buitelaar, Raspe and Weterings, 2016, P.36) WELFARE RECIPIENTS AND HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS The following analysis concentrates on the welfare recipients and their connection to the general distribution of housing associations in the AMA in 2017. A closer look into the housing associations follows in chapter 2.3 (Housing).

As demonstrated in Figure 19, welfare recipients are situated in the entire area of the AMA with a ratio of 10 to 20%. An urban belt around the south-western city centre reveals a higher amount of welfare recipients up to 80% in certain neighbourhoods.

Almost all areas containing welfare recipients are covered by housing associations, while the oldest ones can be found in the city centre and the newest housing associations in the peripheral area of the AMA. Only the neighbourhood Wormerveer reveals a small number of housing associations covering the number of welfare recipients.

33

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 20. Single household statistics of 2010. Data: Regiomonitor 2020 – Author’s graphics.

Figure 21. Single household statistics of 2018. Data: Regiomonitor 2020 – Author’s graphics.

34

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

There is an interlinkage between the districts with a high amount of welfare recipients and Dutch politics from 2007. The government issued a national policy to strengthen deprived neighbourhoods (Krachtwijken) across the Netherlands. Nevertheless, an evaluation of the policy has shown that the inhabitant’s socio-economic improvement was not achieved, as e.g., the people’s income did not change. The policy’s place-based approaches have been criticized as the investments do too little to improve the people‘s general position (Buitelaar, Raspe and Weterings, 2016, p.25-26).

neighbourhood activities, discounts in health insurances and a “City Pass” with free entrances to cultural institutions (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2015). While the support for people with low income pointed out great ambitions, little information was found regarding stabilizing the middle class.

HOUSEHOLDS AND INCOME In the next step, the distribution and differentiation of households in the AMA are analysed. Their spatial placement is analysed after the GFC in the year 2010 and 2018. As seen in Figure 20 and Figure 21, the number of single-person households strongly increased from 2010 to 2018. A strong shift also happens regarding the residence of families as they moved to the south-western peripheral neighbourhoods over the years. The outskirts in the northern part in Purmerend show a decreasing ratio of families with kids while single and two-person households rise strongly. Interesting is also the shift of households defined as others. As in 2008, the number of shared households or large living groups is generally based in the Amsterdam city centre and its pleasant neighbourhoods on the southern side, this category disappeared until the year 2010. One reason for the changing household distribution in the AMA could be the effect of the previously named rising real estate values.

Figure 23. Income distribution by housing situation in 2018. Data: CBS Nederlands (www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisations/income-distribution) 2019.

UNEMPLOYMENT The following analysis gives an insight into the development of unemployment in the AMA after 2008. Even though the Netherlands are an economically strong European country, it suffered due to the GFC. Spatially the unemployment rates are located around the inner-city belt of the Amsterdam centre – this distinct change was stark in 2008 after the GFC (see, Appendix 2). This is further proofed in Figure 24. The growing rate of unemployment post GFC prompted the Dutch government to enact a fiscal stimulus package. The six billion Euro plan included a program to search for work for the unemployed. The fiscal policies also lead to a decrease in real wages and an increase in private investments which should be further considered (Ünal, 2015).

Figure 22. Income distribution by household composition in 2018. Data: CBS Nederlands (www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisations/income-distribution) 2019.

Relating to the household dispersion of the AMA, data about income is reviewed for the year 2018. Therefore, Figure 22 shows the high number of single persons earning less money than couples with children. The division of income per housing situation (Figure 23) points out a good economic position of private homeowners. In contrast, the middle class with tenants without rent benefit lie just slightly over tenants with rent benefits in terms of income. Adding to this, the city of Amsterdam provides more support for people with low income. With the 2015 “Plan to Attack on Poverty”, the municipality delivers participation vouchers through

Figure 24. Unemployment development of 1991 to 2012 (Statistics Netherlands, edited by Buitelaar et al. 2016).

35

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

36

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

since 1990

since 1990

2000 - 2008

increasing neoliberal tendencies

increasing neoliberal tendencies

1st phase of liberalization and marketization

since 2008

2017

2021

2nd phase of liberalization and marketization

Housing and Target Groups Regulations

New Housing Act

market-liberal cabinet: supporting EU regulations on open competition

2.3 HOUSING

The following analysis focuses on housing and related policies.

It is an important indicator of spatial justice, as it shows the accessibility to affordable accommodations for different income groups. Although Amsterdam had been famous for its high percentage of social housing in the past, our findings as well as published current studies show that housing in the centre of Amsterdam and other districts of the AMA is not affordable anymore for many inhabitants (Schilder and Scherpenisse, 2018).

Being an attractive city for companies, people from all over the world and tourists ultimately raises the pressure on a limited stock of houses. Further, demographic, and economic developments strengthen the higher demand for private renting (as discussed in the chapter on the socio-economic status) an increasing number of young adults living alone, partnering later and a higher number of migrants increase the needs for flexible living arrangements. Gentrification processes have caused an outflow of many households to the suburbs, increasing travel times for those wishing to experience city commodities (Vlist and Rietveld, 2007). Current Amsterdam housing policies try to strengthen a

fair distribution of social and medium-priced housing as well as a mixture of target groups.

Amsterdam is an extreme example of national state influence in the housing market, as the municipality owns 80% of the city’s land. A leasehold system allows the local government to pose requirements for renting like on the size and quality of dwellings, their locations and rent levels for a specific time, e.g. 50 years (Hochstenbach and Ronald, 2020). The state supports private rental growth through housing liberalization policies, especially since the Great Financial Crisis, and at the same time sets strict requirements for new constructions. A new Housing Act came into effect in January 2021. This policy, amongst others, tries to decrease the pressure on the housing market (City of Amsterdam, 2021).

LIBERAL MARKETIZATION Amsterdam and the Netherlands were famous for their large social housing and small private rental sector in the 20th century, as private renting had been displaced by social housing 37

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 26. Ownership types and distribution 2010. Data: (www.amsterdam.nl/en/housing/rental-prices/) – Author’s graphics.

by the state. Through the dominance of the social sector, rents in the private sector also remained low (Kemeny, 1995). This long-standing trend has been reversed since the 90ies (not only in the Netherlands but also in many other countries) and especially after the GFC in 2008 within two phases of regulated marketization. Since 1990, increasing neoliberal tendencies have perused. This does not mean deregulation of the housing market, but state regulation has moved from restricting towards supporting the market (Hochstenbach and Ronald, 2020). A first phase (beginning of the 21st century) of housing system liberalization promoted private homeownership and brought rents of social housing closer to market levels (van Kempen and Priemus, 2002). The second phase of housing market liberalization in the mid-2000s developed through a market-liberal cabinet (from 2010 onwards) supporting the EU regulations on open competition. To overcome the GFC, rent-regulated housing was made accessible for low-income groups only. New policies were implemented, which attempt to strengthen the market with more leeway (Elsinga, Haffner and Heijden, 2008).

The current developments show disparities on a local versus the national policy level: The conservative Dutch government further 38

pushes marketizations while the left-oriented local government of Amsterdam is calling for a re-regulation. Those different goals can be explained with a temporal shift between regional and national politics. Regional politics can react much faster to shortterm developments while national policies are always “for the next era” (Ollongren, 2019) DUTCH RENTING SYSTEMS To understand the policies of the second phase of regulated marketization, a deeper look into the Dutch renting system is necessary. There are two private renting options: The rent-regulation system regulates rents of social housing and private landlords.

Heights of rents are identified with a point scoring system, giving points for size, quality, local market demand and other characteristics of dwellings. The rent-regulated system only applies to a specific threshold of points (is equivalent to 710.68€); over this threshold, the rents have no restrictions and belong to the rent-liberalised system (I Amsterdam, 2021). In Amsterdam, the local market demand is very high. As it is a category of the rent-regulated point scoring system, many houses have enough points to be shifted to the free-market sector and therefore escape re-

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 27. Ownership types and distribution 2017. Data: (www.amsterdam.nl/en/housing/rental-prices/) – Author’s graphics.

gulations. To show an example of the regulated marketization after the GFC, the rent-liberalized percentage of housing has tripled from 4,8% to 15,4% between 2007 and 2019 in Amsterdam (Gemeente Amsterdam 2020). Figure 25 shows the increase of rent-liberalized housing per year of total new constructions.

Apart from a short decline between 2008 and 2011, the rent-regulated housing market is strongly growing in the last 20 years.

Figure 25. Rent liberalized housing constructions statistics from 2000 to 2017 (Van der Malen 2018)

DISTRIBUTION OF PROPERTY TYPES Looking at the development of property types (homeownership, corporations, and private rental) in the AMA from 2010 to 2017 (Figure 26 and Figure 27), a shift in the distribution is perceivable. Corporations mostly provide social housing; private rentals include rent-liberalized and rent-regulated dwelling. In 2010, with an already ongoing marketization on housing, the city centre of Amsterdam is dominated by corporations and private rentals.

Outer districts like Hoofdorp, situated in the south-east, primarily provided homeownership. However, Amsterdam Zuidoost (including Bijlmermeer) has over 60 %, one of the highest percentages of corporations. The map of property types in 2017 indicates a development towards more homeownership and fewer corporations (Figure 27). Owner-occupied dwellings increased from 12% in 1998 to 32% in 2017 (Hochstenbach and Ronald, 2020).

In 2017, the city centre is dominated by renting (especially liberalized renting) while the number of corporations also declined (Figure 28). This development can be explained with the already mentioned strategy of market liberalization. Traditionally, buying a home has been combined with occupancy. Homes have become a special class of commodity as stores of wealth and vehicles 39

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

homeownership

homeownership

cooperations

cooperations

rent liberalized rent regulated

short-term consequence of GFC

rent liberalized rent regulated

long-term consequence of GFC

Figure 28. Rent regulation types – Author’s graphics.

for further wealth accumulation. After the GFC, housing prices dropped and facilitated individual multi-property ownership (Kadi, Hochstenbach and Lennartz, 2020). Therefore, regular households and new actors were able to buy extra properties to rent as steady income (called buy-to-let) Since the crisis, more dwellings are transferred from owner-occupancy into rental tendencies. Regulations like property and related incomes do not need to be taxed, strengthened the increasing renting sector.

The buy-to-let share in Amsterdam is higher than in other Dutch cities (Leyshon and French, 2009).

HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS As mentioned before, Amsterdam has a long history traced back to the 20th century of social housing (Schilder and Scherpenisse, 2018). Figure 29 shows the percentage of housing associations, compared to the total number of houses. Haarlem and Bijlmermeer have a high percentage of housing associations. On the other hand, the city centre and newer constructions like Almere have lower percentages of housing associations. Strikingly, a belt around the city centre has high numbers of up to 80%.

40

Correlating to that, the construction dates of housing associations have been analysed. The belt around the city centre mainly consists of old constructions from before WWII. Also, Almere has many buildings from the 30s (Figure 31). The outskirts show evidence of constructions from the 80s and 90s, the phase where most housing associations were built. The newest buildings belonging to housing associations are located especially in the newly raised islands in the east of the city centre (see Figure 32 to Figure 37). In general, the construction of housing associations decreased in the last 20 years (Figure 38). Hochstenbach (2020) points out that there is a decrease of 30.000 social housing units between 2002 and 2017. The decreasing number of constructions of housing associations is not correlated to the demand for low-priced housing. As the following analysis of housing prices outlines, Amsterdam needs more affordable housing.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 29. Housing association percentage of all houses. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 30. Construction dates of housing associations. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

41

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

42

8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000

2010-20

2000-10

90-2000

1980-90

1970-80

1960-70

1950-60

1940-50

0

1930-40

1000 1920-30

To analyse the development of housing prices, the WOZ is compared. The WOZ value (Wet Waardering Onroerende Zaken) is a Dutch property valuation system, calculating the height of taxes people owe. Every year, the value of all real estate in Amsterdam is assessed according to the Valuation of Immovable Property Act (City of Amsterdam, 2019b) (Amsterdam: Property valuation).

Figure 39 to Figure 41 defines the development of WOZ between 2010 to 2017 (For a more detailed view on these years, see Appendix 8 to Appendix 13). In 2010, properties with low WOZ values were in the outskirts. Middle and high valued buildings were in the centre and south-western districts. The WOZ values of 2017 point out a development towards increasing prices in general. More detailed, the percentage of dwellings with a high value increased mostly in the city centre. Meanwhile, the percentage of middle-priced buildings declined in the outskirts. Looking at the development maps, a strong decline of up to -30% in low priced buildings is visible in the city centre and Haarlem (Figure 39). At the same time, the number of high-priced buildings is increasing up to +75% in central locations, between 2010 and 2017. The imbalance between price developments and demand are shown in Figure 42 and Figure 43, when surveying the international communities and defining how much people can afford to pay and how much they pay. Many people must pay unaffordable or unfavourable rents (Stichting ICAP and In Amsterdam, 2017).

Being already an attractive city for companies, international people and tourists, the pressure of the housing stock has

1910-20

HOUSING PRICES

1900-10

Figure 31. Construction dates of housing association and amount in Amsterdam, Almere, and Haarlem. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

also been intensified by Brexit. British companies and startups change their location to the Netherlands and especially Amsterdam. The increasing disparities between the needs and supply of affordable housing have been tackled in a Dutch Housing Agenda. On a national level, the agenda promotes the construction of new houses as well as better usage of the existing stock to tackle those issues in the long term (Ollongren, 2019). In terms of specific policies and plans, where new houses can be built, the Housing Agenda shifts the responsibility towards the municipalities and provinces. In Amsterdam, the 2017 municipal Housing Agenda stipulates that 40% of new constructions must be regulated rent and only 20% can belong to the upper-class segment (Gemeente Amsterdam 2017). Still, there is a lack of control over existing constructions. Local governments have not enough instruments to prevent landlords from raising rents when new tenants move in (Hochstenbach and Ronald, 2020). The new housing act of 2021 by the left local government of Amsterdam, is calling for more justice and re-regulation by hindering a market with touristic flat rentals like Airbnb. Within a participatory process, regulations like fixed mid-priced rentals for 20 years and strict holiday rental rules like a ban of vacation rentals in three areas of the city centre have been decided (City of Amsterdam, 2021). It is going to be uncertain whether these new policies effectively lead to increasing spatial justice in the housing sector.

Figure 38. Housing associations built per decade since 1900 to 2020. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 32. Construction dates of buildings in Bijlmermeer (1). Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 33. Construction dates of buildings in Bijlmermeer (2). Data: (www.maps. amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 34. Construction dates of buildings in Amsterdam city centre. Data: Figure 35. Construction dates of buildings in Haarlem. Data: (www.maps. (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics. amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 36. Construction dates of buildings in Ijburg. Data: (www.maps.amster- Figure 37. Construction dates of buildings in Slotermeer. Data: (www.maps. dam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics. amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

43

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 39. Low WOZ development 2010 – 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

FigFigure 40. Middle WOZ development 2010 to 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

44

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 41. High WOZ development 2019 to 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 42. Rent affordability survey – internationals. (Stitching ICAP Figure 43. Willingness to pay survey – internationals. (Stitching ICAP and In Amsterdam, 2017) and In Amsterdam, 2017)

45

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

46

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

2.4 TOURISM

Tourism is part of Amsterdam’s history, society, and culture. The balance and recreation from everyday life, getting to know new environments, peoples and cultures while visiting other places and making use of commercial supply and services is a strong part of many people´s life in the AMA. Over the past decades, the trend of travelling increased due to technical and infrastructural expansion and innovations, but also the type of tourism changed. What was previously rarely experienced travelling in short distances, is nowadays replaced by short-term national, international and global travels for low prices (Rodney Bolt, 2016).

In the Netherlands, the number of tourists has increased constantly in the past decades. As there were already 9,92 million visitors in 2009 with revenues of 8,65 billion Euros, the number increased in 2018 up to 18,78 million visitors and 21,89 billion income through tourism (laenderdaten.info, 2019; World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 2019). As the popularity and growth of the tourism industry were increasing, local and national governments developed and integrated tourism goals and promotions as the main pillar for the economic strategy. In this way Amsterdam became the Netherlands tourist hotspot and European´s eight most popular tourist destination for international tourists in 2016 (Stratila, 2016).

THE GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS (GFC) As previously explained, the strong increase of tourism was moreover reinforced by the global financial crisis (GFC) in 2008.

What has started as a local mortgage crisis in Anglo-American financialised heartland turned into a global recession, which effects could be measured much longer (Engelen and Musterd, 2010). Nevertheless, different places have been affected differently, depending on the economic structure, openness and linkage to the global economy, the global impact was extreme. The high increase of unemployment, a crash of the housing market, stress on the welfare state system, reduction of infrastructural developments ended up in segregation and injustices (Berkmen et al., 2012) (Berkmen, Gelos, Rennhack. An urgent need for action arose to create a new social and economic perspective

for the future. To keep the economic losses low, to offer new possibilities, and at the same time to develop and implement new strategies that work independently of the global financial market, tourism has been further developed. A huge industry has emerged that affects several social layers and offers many opportunities, as well as dependencies and threats. Besides new perspectives, job opportunities and the exchange of knowledge, tourism can also cause a drastic change in social, economic, and urban structures. Threats like loss of identity, drive out the residence, inequalities, as well as increased environmental stress, can occur. Nonetheless, the dependence and importance of the tourism industry have become an essential pillar of the global economy. In 2018 already 10,4% of the global GDP (gross domestic product) was accounted for by tourism. Worldwide, already 1,5 billion international tourist arrivals could be counted in 2019, still, it is expected to increase in the following years. This and the fact that one out of ten jobs worldwide, is directly related to the industry, illustrates the importance and dependency for social, as well as economic structures in the AMA (BMZ, 2019).

OVERTOURISM Even though tourism offers many opportunities, it can enrich or harm both sides. This is a matter of transfer and scale. Nevertheless, we can identify overtourism as a threat to urban life, it is accompanied by several impacts. Many metropolitan cities, like Budapest, Prague, Paris, Amsterdam and Warsaw are suffering from overtourism for years (Benakis, 2018). What was considered as a new perspective, has become an urban and social threat. Consequences as the inequality of spaces, stress on the housing market, tourism focus infrastructure and supply, as well as a loss of identity and dissatisfaction increased rapidly. Caused by many factors, the issues and threats assumed into a magnitude dimension. Now, experts are warning for overtourism and its long-term effects on the urban space, economy, environment, and society (cf. Tourism Advisory Department at KPMG). Therefore, new strategies and concepts have been developed by governments and associations on how to deal with overtourism in the future or how to prevent it. Cities adopt new laws and regulations, as well as implement new programs to manage the 47

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

situation. Awards such as `European capital of smart tourism´ create additional incentives to strengthen the accessibility, sustainability, digitalisation and the cultural heritage and creativity of cities, and at the same time promote them in a positive way (European Capital of Smart Tourism, 2020). In 2015 the United Nations published the `2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development´. This global framework sets 17 goals “to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and to fix climate change till 2030.” One direct or indirect potential to achieve this goal is to create sustainable tourism. Therefore, the goal of “decent work and economic growth”, “responsible consumption and production”, and “life below water” have been addressed (UNWTO, 2015b). This framework generates a unified strategy and base for further developments or concepts. As the urban, economic, environmental, and social consequences are extensive, overtourism needs to be tackled to prevent further increase or long-term damages. As the current pandemic and its regulations on preventing further spreading of infections last since March 2020, the tourism industry crashed globally. Travelling local, national, or international is no longer desired or allowed. Overtourism and its positive and negative effects are on pause. Nevertheless, this drastic situation also illustrates that tourism is a central point of our society and economy and must remain. Still, this pandemic creates the rare opportunity to rethink its potential and issues, create new strategies, and restart sustainable tourism.

TOURISM IN THE AMA In the case of Amsterdam, the constant increase in tourism in the past years has come to its limits and shows an extreme example of overtourism. Compared to the whole Netherlands, Amsterdam has the highest number of visitors. In 2018 already 19 million tourist arrivals had been accounted for in the city with only 850.000 inhabitants. Further, projections expect a constant increase of up to 29 million visitors in 2025 (Felix Schlagwein, 2019) Tourism sector 2016

2017

establishments

2018

2019

2020

lodging / overnight stays other catering industry passenger transport travel organization and mediation culture and recreation marinas, sailing schools recreational retail trade

employees

Figure 44. Tourism distribution sector. Data: (https://data.overheid.nl/dataset/yqu-eenokrruog) ECONOMY The drastic increase started after the GFC in 2008. Because of the strong and multidimensional dependency on the global eco48

nomy, the Netherlands, and its unique institutional configuration, had been hit hard by the crisis. As the country owned over 2/3 of the GDP outside the borders, it was hit twice. First, the crisis developed from the credit crunch in 2008, and second as the global slowdown occurred in 2009. The economic growth was decreasing, and the expected shrinkage of 4.75% by 2009 was also leading to an increasing unemployment rate. The financial recovery was uncertain by time and scope. As Amsterdam was and still is, the national financial centre, the city was highly affected.

The city council created a new program to promote tourism after the GFC, to generate new economic and independent upturn and to revitalise the city, as well as to get rid of the `dirty´ neighbourhoods. As 70% of the total employment was in the service sector, the city also used the chance to save jobs and create new opportunities. Tourism became an important economic pillar for the region and its inhabitants. Figure 44 illustrates the proportion of the different facilities and functions, which are operating in the tourism industry and their development from 2016 to 2020.

Further, in the Netherlands, one out of 13 jobs is directly or indirectly related to the tourism industry (CBS, 2017). The increase of tourism first had positive effects like new job opportunities, high income and taxes, which created a wealthy situation (Engelen and Musterd, 2010). But as the increase steadily rose, the urban and social structures, as well as the quality of living changed. The development became unlimited and uncontrollable.

The tourism industry is an essential part of Amsterdam’s economic system, although the high dependency can lead to the greatest danger, failure of the economic apparatus.

SOCIAL The positive, as well as negative effects, created inequalities in the AMA region. The extensive consequences like noise and waste pollution, imbalances of spaces, effects on the housing market and change of urban and infrastructural elements, as well as the monofunctional concentration of the tourism-based industry, created a dissatisfied overall picture. Still, many residents are employed directly or indirectly by the industry and depend on tourism. The strong focus on tourism and its needs transformed the former `city of freedom and possibilities´ into the suppression of `real´ neighbourhoods and residents (Bunger, 2019). Also, the high frequency and concentration of visitors on the weekend created a challenging situation, so residents escape from the city over the weekend. The social life in the neighbourhoods and communities had been restricted by tourism. Overtourism with all its effects has emerged. Moreover, this is an essential indicator of spatial and social in-justice. To draw attention and to fight for their rights, many civic initiatives, like “We live here” had been founded. (ILiveHere community centre, 2018) ENVIRONMENT Furthermore, the extent of tourism not only has an impact on

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 45. Distribution of people working in HORECA. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

the economic, urban, and social context of the city but also on the environmental conditions. The high amount and frequency of visitors are causing several issues. Even though the heavy traffic volume can be mitigated by the adequate public transport system, the traffic volume of people coming and leaving, either visitors or residents are extensive. Further, the mass of people causes a high increase in waste and noise pollution, which is not only a logistic challenge but also an environmental threat. Moreover, due to the issue of overtourism, the residence is moving and resettling somewhere else in the region, which is causing further land consumption and reduction of unused landscape areas.

URBAN The urban context is highly influenced and affected by tourism.

Several accompanying issues are visible in the AMA region.

The needed infrastructure and supply for the visitors took over the urban structures. The increase of private rented accommodation and supply for tourists created an artificial surrounding.

Residents of Amsterdam started to migrate to the surrounding cities like Haarlem or Almere, as the city is not liveable or af-

fordable anymore. This is causing the loss of the identity and character of the region. Caused by former promotion and the constant increase of new hotels and attractions, agglomeration areas were generated. Thereby, the highest density is generated in the centre of Amsterdam. Figure 46 illustrates the occurrence and location of several factors like attractions, accommodation, and supply to show incidence, the distribution, and the agglomeration of these factors within the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam. Besides the high concentration of all factors in the centre of Amsterdam, also the suburban area is highly dense. Smaller agglomeration spots in different scales are spread all over the region, which might be dependent on the urban setting. Further, single incidences without interconnection can be spotted within the area. The hotel accommodation density (Figure 47) and the increase of overnight stays in the AMA (Figure 48) show that even Amsterdam is the tourist centre of the region, the neighbouring districts are also strongly increasing and getting popular for visitors. That might have several causes. Still, this can also lead to imitated issues. The tourism industry is structured by those agglomeration areas in the region, the analysis of employment by tourism is shown in (Figure 45) illustrates that the distribution of 49

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 46. attraction, accommodation & supply distribution. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

employees is not related their places of work. The graphic shows high occurrences in the suburban areas, which might cause long travels and the emergence of parallel worlds of work and life, without or less interacting.

PROGRESS The metropolitan region is already discussing the impact and effects of overtourism for years, as it is forcing out the residents and heavily affecting urban, as well as social life. Although it has a positive force on the economy, it is nowadays causing more issues for the city and its inhabitants. The debate on how to change and reinvent tourism in and around Amsterdam is very controversial, as the government is not only discussing tourism itself but also on what kind and frequency are manageable. The AMA already registered the strong concentration of increasing tourism in the centre of Amsterdam and reacted with a reduction and redistribution plan of tourists within the AMA. Still, this plan is not formulated yet. As tourism is necessary for the region and economy, the main questions are, “how much can be taken?” and “how to redistribute among the whole regions?”. To reduce the negative effects, the government implemented new regulations 50

and laws, like an overnight tax, Airbnb ban, prohibiting guided tours in specific areas and stop of new tourist-orientated shops.

To generate an overall strategy, which everyone benefits from and to create sustainable concepts, the Netherlands Board of Tourism & conventions (NBTC) had formulated the “perspective 2030” vision. The central achievements can be named by five priorities. Increasing sustainability, pushing forward accessibility, creating a hospitable sector, promoting `unknown´ destinations and balancing the benefits and burdens of the region (NBTC and Fronteer Agency, 2019). This program also illustrates that the strong tourism apparatus can not be changed by small implementations but need a focused program to create an overall strategy.

Due to the current pandemic, the tourism industry drastically stopped in Amsterdam. Nevertheless, this has also negative effects as increasing unemployment and decreasing income, it also provides a unique situation to create new concepts and ideas for justifiable and sustainable tourism.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 47. Hotel Accommodation density. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 48. Increase of Overnight stays in the AMA. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

51

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

2.4.1 TOURISM ZOOM-INS: AMA CASE STUDIES

Further, we analysed and evaluated the local perspective to create an insight of the region. As the city of Amsterdam has been focused on the previous analysis, we further concentrated on the area of Bijlmermeer, Haarlem and Almere. Therefore, we took attention to general information, accessibility and quality of open spaces, flows, tourism, the current crisis and health care and the citizens viewpoints. For this, we selected four areas in which an adequate amount of data could be collected for – and ones which as well had interesting points in other themes (see chapter SWOT)

Figure 49. Deconstruction until 2012 (Verlaan and Loerakker, 2014)

BIJLMERMEER The current pandemic hits hard on the whole AMA region. As Bijlmermeer is part of Amsterdam, the infection rate status is included by the city‘s information. The neighbourhood has good health infrastructure through hospitals, medical practice and hosts one of the seven corona test centres in the city. The area of Bijlmermeer is split into the centre and eastern part. In 2020, 54.727 residents have been counted, which is predicted to increase up to 68.218 by 2050. Further, the neighbourhood has an extensive history (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2017). It was developed as a planned city structure in the 1970´s, as part of the masterplan by Siegfried Nassuth. They created 9-15 story high building structures surrounded by green and with infrastructural access. Still, the high design quality resulted in high rents and no interest. Therefore, there had been several redesign processes with deconstruction and implementation of new living forms within the year, shown in Figure 49 to Figure 51.

Bijlmermeer´s building structures are surrounded by extensive green spaces like the Bijlmerweide or the Nelson Mandela park, or nearby greater green structures like the Gaaspperpark. Moreover, the area is structured by waterways like the weespertrekvaart kanal, which also creates the borders of the neighbourhood (Himelfarb, 2018). Still, it is well accessible by public transport, the area is not touristy. There are only a few accommodations placed along the main train line. The only tourist attraction can be architectural sights, the theatre and the stadium. The neighbourhood is mainly local based by people who work in the service sector, shown in Figure 52.

52

Figure 50. New constructions of 1992 until 2012 (Verlaan and Loerakker, 2014)

Figure 51. New developments (Verlaan and Loerakker, 2014)

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

the housing market. As the government is aware of the issues, the municipality wishes to strengthen development zones with affordable housing and small carbon-neutral apartments within the city. Further, they plan on local agreements concerning housing prices and will step up as an international community (Dutch News, 2021).

ALMERE

Figure 52. Job dristibutions (Gemeente Amstedam, 2017) Current developments like the reuse of the former prison building complex will transform the area into a 135.000qm liveable neighbourhood, with living, working and leisure activities (Barcode Architects, 2017). Still, the neighbourhood had some issues like bad reputation and is declared as a criminal hotspot (Crook, 2017). There are three groups of problems, the unfinished character of the area, liveability-problems and the housing market.

Since the 80´s there have been several protests about injustices like high rents, unemployment, demolition, prejudices and the current “Black Lives Matter” movement (NL times, 2020b).

HAARLEM The city of Haarlem is known as the Dutch flower-growing district. The city with 161.404 inhabitants (2019) has a density of 5030 inhabitants/km² and is famous for its historical centre from 1245. First, characterized by the textile industry, ship building and breweries, it was later defined by letter pressing. Moreover, Haarlem is represented as a good practice integration, as in 2015 Syrian refugees‘ arrival was well engaged (Visit Haarlem | Tourist Information). The wealth of open and green spaces, as well as water bodies and the proximity to the coast, create a liveable area. The well-developed infrastructure, cultural and historical sights, the proximity to Amsterdam and the historic city of Leiden, the cheese markets of Alkmaar, Rotterdam and Den Hague make Haarlem a tourist insider tip. Moreover, it offers a high number of accommodations and was multiple times awarded to Netherlands‘ best shopping address (Haarlem | I amsterdam). The current development plans show the proposed infrastructural linkage by the extension of the subway line (NL times, 2020a). Besides the current crisis, in which Haarlem is severely affected as the AMA , the city is also influenced by the stress on

The city of Almere is the fastest growing city in the Netherlands.

It is located 25 km to Amsterdam and 40 km to Utrecht. The province of Flevoland counts 208.000 inhabitants and was constructed in 1975 by diking the Ijsselmeer to provide housing for the rapidly growing population of Amsterdam. Mostly single people and couples living in the area with a very high percentage of homeownership. The latest developments had been Oosterwold and Ijland in the South-East. (NL Nierlande, 2011)

1976

1980

1984

1991 2000 2009 Figure 53. Almere growth. Data: (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 2006).

The area is surrounded by a 42 km coast, the Oostvaardersplassen nature park and provides many water bodies and canals.

Nevertheless, the area offers few hotels, many qualities and a modern mobility concept, high potential by the modern architecture, nature park, water activities and shopping facilities, it is not named as a touristic area (‘Almere Travel and City Guide’, 2014). Further, Almere gained some international intention for its planning policies: “most planned unplanned place around” (Municipality of Almere, 2002). The “Anti-city” approach created a sustainable urban environment, which grows in an ecological, socially and economically fashion. The poly-nuclear city proposed 60.000 new dwellings and 100.000 new job possibilities till 2030 by seven principles based on strong community participation and large-scale citizen involvement. (MVRDV - Almere 2030) Still, the Almere has the Flevo hospital and some smaller clinics, the current crisis also hits hard. In January 2021, the infection rate had a similar intensity as Amsterdam, though this has a higher density.

53

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

54

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

2.5 COVID-19

The Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is an airborne contagious disease that was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The spread of the disease worldwide has lead to an ongoing pandemic, prompting the World Health Organisation to declare a global health emergency by January 2020 (Velavan and Meyer, 2020). Preventative measures by multiple disease control organisations have included physical or social distancing, quarantining, using face mask coverings, hand washing and good ventilation.

The responses to the emergency have varied from country to country. Drastic lockdowns were first seen in China and Italy. On the other hand, targeted measures and approaches were used in South Korea and Israel. Within each case, legality and the ethics of handling the pandemic was questioned. Some countries began operating as algorithmic nations – using data mining, facial recognition… etc (Calzada, 2020a). The way in which to approach regulating a country, enforcing regulations, and controlling the outcomes of the pandemic – especially through the use of individual data – is a sensitive topic on it’s own (Watson and Nations, 2019; Calzada, 2020b).

Cross-country drawbacks have also been highlighted in this emergency state, as country borders are making a comeback.

The future of “global citizens” and the outcome of border controls are unclear. Particularly in the European union, many have enjoyed the ease of movement, travel and work across countries in the pre-COVID-19 era. Instead, we are now “pandemic citizens”, surrounded by old borders (Calzada, 2020c). Many EU countries enacted the Schengen Border codes, that allows for the

closing of borders and the restriction of freedom of movement in exceptional circumstances. It is intended to last for a period of two months, but, as experienced, many countries went over this (Jerónimo, 2020).

The need to open countries to open up has been discussed primarily from an economic standpoint. It is estimated that the numbers of jobs lost by April 2020 had already surpassed the total of the GFC (Coibion, Gorodnichenko and Weber, 2020). There has been a decline in working hours at a historically unprecedented rate. The job losses have also hit women workers more than men, and the younger generation more than older ones. (ILO Monitor, 2021) This sort of inequality is experienced in many other demographic and economic factors. While most economic classes have been affected by the pandemic in some way, low income and low skilled workers are estimated to be disproportionately affected.

These groups and their communities have also been associated with higher COVID-19 rates , with studies on New York’s poor and rich districts finding a positive rate change from 65% to 38% (Schmitt-Grohé, Teoh and Uribe, 2020). Anecdotal evidence on the effects of the pandemic has emerged, raising the concern that inequality in many countries should be expected to rise (Furceri et al., 2020).

55

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 54. COVID-19 Vaccines rollout in 7 north western EU countries. (Our wold in data, 2020)

Figure 55. COVID-19 Vaccines rollout in 7 North Wester EU countries - Weekly average. (Our wold in data, 2020)

As of 2021, multiple vaccines ranging in effectiveness and types have been created and used, with an end to the pandemic seeming more hopeful. When comparing eastern EU countries, the Dutch citizens were sureyed and found to be highly willing to get vaccinated (Neumann-Böhme et al., 2020). On the other hand, Figure 54 shows that the Netherlands currenty holds the lower hand in number of persons vaccinated, while Figure 55 shows the rate in which they are currently vaccinated on a weekly basis to be low as well.

Overall, the Netherlands has been highly affected by the COVID-19 outcomes, with around 10% of the population at one point infected (Roser et al., 2020). We find that although they experienced a high and detrimental first wave, not enough actions were put in place to calm down the second one (see Figure 56).

A third wave is approaching, and due to its delayed and subpar rolling out of vaccinations, it is unclear when the reach for herd immunity will be achieved. Vaccine production and increases has been also linked to economic growth – as stock markets soared (Chan et al., 2021; Kizys, Tzouvanas and Donadelli, 2021).

While the world attempts to recover and change the outcomes of this current pandemic, there are also calls to learn, change and prepare for the next pandemics to come. Suggestions range from focusing on rehauling he public health sector, strategizing regulation structures, effectively addressing misinformation and anti-vaccine rhetoric, and acknowledging environmental acts that risk future pandemics (Burton and Topol, 2021; Castrucci, Juliano and Inglesby, 2021; Hotez, 2021; Édes, 2021). The Netherlands is also raising these questions. Over the last 20 years, the country has experienced multiple outbreaks of diseases, from the 2007 Q fever, to 2012’s Mers.

The pandemic has also helped highlight issues in many parts of the world. In this report we focus on the AMA and the tourism aspect – but multiple other sectors have been disrupted. For example, in many counties of USA, lockdowns and home-office have drastically reduced vehicular traffic and noise which was previously an issue. How to sustain this, and take it into opening up policies has therefore been a dominating theme (Fishbane: coronavirus has shown us a world without traffic).

AMA COVID POLICIES

Figure 56. COVID-19 cases comparisons of France, Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. (Our wold in data (2020))

56

However, when, and how pandemic that is upon us will come to an end is disputed amongst experts and academics (with the earlier models expecting the end to be the beginning of 2021 and currently changing (Huang, Qiao and Tung, 2020; Luo, 2020, 2021)). In the case of the AMA, existing measures of how to “open up” after a lockdown exist. The AMA, like the rest of the country, dictates phases based on infections per 100,000 persons; labelled by Vigilant, Worrisome, Serious, Very Serious + Lock-down. This is calculated weekly and levels are applied accordingly to the regions. Figure 57 shows the steps to be taken after every phase.

In the first months of the pandemic, the Netherlands was ill pre-

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 57. North Holland steps of opening. (International Welcome Centre North (IWCN), 2020)

pared, with not enough masks and PPE – nor sufficient hospital amenities. The AMA initially used soft measures, but as cases increased, multiple lockdowns were imposed within it’s various districts. These have experienced backlashes with protests that are anti-mask or anti-lockdown.

Unequal spatial distributions have also been part of the demonstrations. As social distancing measures have been used during the pandemic, sufficient spaces for public use that doesn’t infringe on the personal space needed is scrutinised (Nobajas et al., 2020).

INACCESSIBILITY AND INJUSTICE With such demands being protested, we aimed at mapping out functions residents can access during the pandemic restrictions.

Figure 58 shows the overall access to public spaces and elements. While the city centre enjoys a cluster of public spaces, smaller towns on the outskirts do not. It should be noted that the smaller towns tend to be surrounded by green farmland. However public spaces for inhabitants use are lacking.

According to the different steps of opening up the AMA, Figure 59 to Figure 63 show active amenities during this time. Each red

dot is has a radius of 500 metres (a 5-minute walk). The black dashed lines circle areas we label as “unhealthy”, and have a radius of 2,5 kilometres (a 12-minute Cycle trip).

As expected, the unhealthy areas reduce as the region continues to open up. However, a more significant finding is that some regions stay unhealthy until the last stages of opening up. These regions are therefore susceptible to larger travel times in comparison. Furthermore, as businesses have shit down, such unhealthy spot are likely to increase over time.

PARTICIPATION IN CRISIS Writings on Participation during the pandemic so far focus on tactics to herd communal mentality in social distancing and safe practices, or citizen volunteering in health-related centres (Chen et al., 2020; Moon, 2020). Proposals for participation in policy-making and spatial enactment is scarce.

While there is need for clear and quick decision making tactics to govern pandemic times (Castrucci, Juliano and Inglesby, 2021; Dawoud, 2021), Academics have acknowledged that insights and inputs from communities are valuable especially in crises.

Marston et. al (2020) argues that only together are we able to 57

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 58. Access to open public spaces (parks, playgrounds, benches, and gardens). Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www.geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics

innovate tailored solutions that can meet the needs of our diverse populations. They identify co-production & co-design, responsiveness and transparency as key ingredients for community participation amidst crises.

“IT IS CRUCIAL TO UNDERSTAND, FOR INSTANCE, THE ADDITIONAL NEEDS OF PARTICULAR GROUPS, AND THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF DIFFICULTIES CAUSED BY GOVERNMENT RESTRICTIONS” - (Marston, Renedo and Miles, 2020) The lack of participation has bled into the spatial sphere – as previous models discussed have had to stop community workshops…etc. Considering that our urban spaces and what we can do within them have drastically changed as an outcome of this pandemic, it is important to find alternatives to cope with this.

58

However, there is also a need for clear and quick decision making tactics to combat governing cities in times of pandemics.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 59. Stage 1 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www. geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics

Figure 60. Stage 2 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www. geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics

Figure 61. Stage 3 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www. Figure 62. Stage 4 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www. geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics

Figure 63. Stage 5 - activity nodes. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www. geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics

59

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

60

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

2.6 SWOT

To summarise and evaluate our analysis we created a SWOT plan, shown in Figure 64. This enables us to find the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the AMA region.

Furthermore, it helped us understand what interconnected qualities we should be aware of or try to tackle.

STRENGTHS We identified strengths like the wide range of natural qualities and conditions, that enables the implementation of several functions and usages. Further, the well-interconnected transport system creates an overall network and interlink of the neighbouring cities. The well-preserved cultural background and the welcoming culture create a vital and diverse region. Moreover, the AMA has a long history of housing associations and still shows evidence of a high percentage in comparison to other countries.

WEAKNESS Nevertheless, several different functions and usages are scattered in the region without thematic and strategic interaction. Each district is developing its strategy and program, parallel societies are increasing (See Figure 65). The high concentration of facilities and issues in Amsterdam is creating und unliveable surroundings for the residents. Moreover, there are imbalances between the need and provision of affordable housing and strongly increasing rents, mainly in Amsterdam, but also in the whole region.

This leads to the suppression of low-income groups to the outskirts. The governing systems and the implementation of planning

processes and developments are mainly top-down processes without interdisciplinary and participatory interaction.

OPPORTUNITIES However, the interaction of communities and districts could create an overall strategy to profit from the individual achievements and plans of the municipalities and to strengthen the region as a whole. The promotion of interconnection and redistribution by implementing highlights can balance the inequalities and strengthen the cooperation between municipalities. Further, the profit could be redistributed and used for social and neighbourhood care or projects, to revitalize the urban spaces and to increase the quality of living. The AMA is aware of the issues and threats caused by overtourism and its concentrated areas. They implemented new laws and regulations to avoid further increases and agglomeration areas. Therefore, they react with a reduction and redistribution plan within the AMA. Still, extra attention should be drawn to the place-based policy developments, while there are missing improvements and inequalities. Also, new policies, like the new housing act in 2021, focus on fair rents, redistribution of housing, and stricter rules for holiday rental, to make the city attractive for its residents. The long history of social housing provision creates also a good starting point to follow up. The pandemic can be seen as both, positive as well as a negative impact.

Still, the current crisis shows spatial injustices on individuals‘ opportunities based on their localities and highlights the correlations between the urban space and likelihood. Which creates an overall analysis of grievances, that need to be tackled.

61

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 64. A Spatial SWOT plan based on analysis findings – Author’s graphics

Figure 65. Spatial situations of the AMA. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl), Regiomonitor & (www.geofabrik.de) – Author’s graphics

62

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

THREATS Nevertheless, the current pandemic is also the greatest threat in terms of imbalances and injustices. The inaccessibility and unfair distribution of open spaces create an extensive and challenging situation for residents, which have a limited possibility of recreation. Further, the disparities between the needs and supply of affordable housing are a main threat in the AMA. The strong agglomerations and increasing tourism are forcing out the residents and are heavily affecting urban life. The doughnut of imbalances was generated, which is surrounding the city of Amsterdam. Thereby, the agglomeration areas also became the centre of issues, high unemployment, scattered structures, and low infrastructure created parallel societies within the region. The monofunctional and tourism-based urban development increased these issues and caused several more.

2.7 A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE OTHER CITIES, SIMILAR ISSUES Amsterdam is one of several European cities facing issues with overtourism, as previously stated. As we have placed the tourism issue in the forefront of our SWOT, and one that will be focused on in this study, we provide a view. Therefore, many of the findings (and solutions later proposed) may span across multiple broder. Decreasing prices for flights make short stays in long distances, as well as weekend party-tourism affordable to many people. Many cities have similar urban and social developments and threats, which are directly related to the exploding number of tourists in the last years. In 2019, Amsterdam was on place 10 of the European cities with most visitors, after other capitals like London, Paris, Rome, Berlin and Istanbul (Statista, 2020). Prague, which is also more visited than Amsterdam, had 6 billion foreign tourists in 2016 with a number of inhabitants of only 1,26 billion. The citizens are suffering strongly under the rising rents through increasing holiday rentals, increasing party tourism, disrespect of rest hours and noise pollution (Aschhoff, 2019). Cities like Prague are urgently searching for creative solutions against overtourism and for slower and sustainable kinds of tourism. Prague has come up with a touristic platform “Prague Cool Pass“ as digital expansion for their already existing “Prague Card” (Aschhoff, 2019). Being a gratis application, it promotes attractions in the surrounding areas of Prague to foster distribution of visitors from the city centre to the outskirts.

As overtourism is a relevant European and Global threat, governmental strategies are needed. International organizations like the European Commission, the OECD and World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) have reacted with plans. In its project “NextGenerationEU”, the European Commission publishes a

750€ billion temporary recovery instruments to help repair the immediate economic and social damage brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. It estimates the post-COVID-19 Europe will be greener, more digital, more resilient and better for the current and forthcoming challenges (European Commission, 2020)

“GOVERNMENTS NEED TO ALREADY CONSIDER THE LONGER-TERM IMPLICATIONS OF THE CRISIS [...]

AND PROMOTE THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION NEEDED TO BUILD A STRONGER, MORE SUSTAINABLE AND RESILIENT TOURISM ECONOMY. THE CRISIS IS AN OPPORTUNITY TO RETHINK TOURISM FOR THE FUTURE.”-(OECD, 2020) The OECD expects domestic tourism as a chance to recover quicker than international tourism. Domestic tourism offers the main chance for driving recovery in cities where the sector supports many jobs and businesses (OECD, 2020). Using COVID-19 as a restart point for a more sustainable development after the crisis, seems to be not well established in other European cities, apart from reopening strategies in phases. The UNWTO has published “Global Guidelines to Restart Tourism” in 2020, proposing several hygienic precautions as well as a promotion of digital communication. They recommend incentivizing domestic and eco-tourism in combination with a focus on nature, rural areas and culture (UN World Tourism Organisation, 2020). Just and sustainable tourism is also fostered in the several SDGs like 1.

No poverty, 3. Good health and wellbeing, 8. Decent work and economic growth, 11. Sustainable cities and communities 12.

Responsible consumption and production and 13. Climate action (UNWTO, 2015a).

63

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

64

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

3. VISION

65

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

socio-economic status

tourism & economics

Figure 66. Concept – Author’s graphics

As explained in this Analysis, the COVID-19 global pandemic crisis is affecting the main pillars of the world’s society and economy. The ongoing health crisis has reached a dimension that will have extensive and long-term impacts and consequences increasing the already existing issues of cities. Furthermore, the current situation also occurs and strengthens the important theoretical concept of the “Just City”. In Figure 66 we point out the effects felt in within our schematic themes during the different Crisis, and the future path aimed for the AMA to take.

“YOU NEVER WANT A SERIOUS CRISIS TO GO TO WASTE” - Emanuel Rahm (Wall Street Journal, 2008).

Using this rare situation as a foundation to create and implement new strategies for urban justice is the main aspect of this project.

A comprehensive strategy will be developed to strengthen potentials and relieve the pressure on spatial, economic, environmental and social issues. By this strategic linkage, the region can be supported and promoted as a whole.

DECENTRALISED MODEL We see the need for adequate support to be placed on Housing, Socio-economic issues, and Tourism, in a connection with one another. This is also meant to be done in a decentralised manner, as there has already been an imbalance of attention placed on the centre of Amsterdam while disregarding other areas. Figure 67. Identifies the two “rings” to work with. The outer ring of bottom up actions and inhabitant related approaches, and an inner ring of policies and regulatory bodies. All actions however, 66

should be looked at from the sustainability point of view of a next pandemic/crisis, and assess what should be put in place to help deal with this – or what percentage of affordable loss is accepted.

This can be done through theories and findings advanced within this study: such as advocating for self-reliance, data driven understanding of discrepancies and studying/discarding regulations that do not fit the future visions for the AMA. Finally, restarting was identified as a factor that should begin in the midst of the crisis with the knowledge we can gain from it so far. The maps presented in the analysis dictate the spaces that are largely unhealthy. In order to hone a more distributed tourism sector, these places will need to be activated to attract the basic tourist. Furthermore, waiting for the “post-COVID-19” is seen as unwise. First, it is still unknown when the pandemic would end, and second, some initiations need time to start up, and can benefit from early trial periods before normalcy returns.

REDISTRIBUTION OF AMA Our studies on the tourism industry, as well as the models for the future, repeatedly brought up the need for redistributions of tourism and services offered. With the tourism sector dwindling down to nothing, it’s no longer the tourists that need to be redistributed, but local tourism that also needs to be activated and catered for. Thus, we look to concepts such as slow tourism, and to the possible spaces that could accommodate the local that wishes to visit.

Figure 68 introduces the product of ACCESS (to be elaborated in Section 2 of this book), a tool that in the long run is envisioned to help the seamless and health-conscious distribution of people out of the centre of Amsterdam and to other cities.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

ERSE URBAN S TRU TS DIV C RKE T U MA REPS IST REDISTRIBUTIO A R N TIC I

R TOU

OF ALL DISTRICT S B IONS S U OT L C TO R N EI ITED ACCESSABIL M M I L W N I T UP U Y PO T S N

ES

G TIN

TIM

ELIN

Decentralised REstart

RESILIENT ECON O MI ES

MU L

R E S TA R

HOUS

IN G DIES ASS BSI O SU DEREGULA T Y I O T C I N IAT N O NA L FM IO TIO TIO A NC PA R KE FU T TI

PERSON-BASED APPROACH

W NE

E CRISIS PLAN S

E

CTIV OA R P

ROUPS STAYS RESTR I CT IAL G C ION SO T R W O S P O P R

U K S S -LIF S C T I E N T BA NA LA AC TE NC

PLACE-BASED APPROACH

Figure 67. Decentralised Model – Author’s graphic

67

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

ACCESS

welcome

HAARLEM

AMSTERDAM

DEC Figure 68. Vision – Author’s graphics

68

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

BIJLMERMEER

CENTRALISED RESTART

ALMERE PANDEMIC TOURISM SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS HOUSING 69

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

70

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

BOOK 2 THE ACCESS PLATFORM

71

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

72

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

4. DESIGN

73

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

74

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

ACCESS

Book one provided a thesis for the decentralised restart model to be used in times of crisis. The model aims to generate a more sustainable and redistributed restart after the pandemic, as well as improve the current situation during the pandemic. It works with theories of Degrowth, Spatial Justice through accessibility, and data-driven choice making. It also heavily puts an emphasis on city stakeholder interactions and participation.

Models and visions of the future tend to influence multiple strategies and products. In this book, we look at the possible solutions as students with a background in urban planning, that are wishing to create a start-up in cooperation with existing authorities.

We attempt to provide one possible tool that is influenced by the model and can be fit to the AMA case.

4.1 A TOOL TO “START”

We propose an online communication platform that can also act as an add-on for existing online websites. There is an urgency for a participatory engine that can study people’s choices and activities during different stages of a lockdown as well as provide a space for communication and evaluation on the needs and

challenges faced. This problem is identified through the previous spatial analysis, and the performance of existing Visionary Elements (that workshops and participations have come to a halt).

The goals are activating the local individual to increase their confidence of choices by providing them with alternatives. Simultaneously, it provides municipalities and authorities with data on spaces that are used by locals throughout the time of a crisis. We argue that in tackling the spatial needs during a pandemic, we create a basis for alternative spaces to activate in the long-term towards sustainability, spatial justice and, in the case of AMA, redistribution of tourism.

We see a great opportunity for this multi-scale and integrative process happening on an online platform. This user-driven approach was chosen as online dependencies have been increasing in the Covid-19 times, and the shift to being more internet efficient has affected most people’s lives. Furthermore, in person workshops and meetings were not allowed for a majority of time throughout this crisis.

Amsterdam already has many existing platforms, like I Amsterdam, that we assess as inadequate for current conditions nor influencing the built and open spaces directly. They are also 75

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

RETHINK

EXSISTING PLATFORMS

RESTART

IMPLEMTATION

PLATFORM

ACCESS

RECOVER

RESILIENT

Figure 69. The platform process – Author’s graphics

76

I AM

IN YOUR

AMSTERDAM

POCKET

...

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

not integrative amongst different groups of users. Indications of this are the fact that they are advertised more for international tourists, and they do not have a detailed view of how Covid-19 affects people’s movements and accessibility. Data is held within individual platforms and not shared between planners, municipalities and public organizations.

scan the code of your location. In return, our platform receives the data of a new person in a place.

This can also be done for public areas such as parks and squares. Limitations on how long the QR code sign-in should be active, how to work with this within privacy limits, and how likely we are to receive this data/ rely on it needs to be tested out in the market.

Frequency gathering is something we see as a token element of our services, and the possibility of being useful in the long run/out of the COVID-19 pandemic-related decision making. For the idea of redistributing tourists, it can easily be incorporated into touristic hubs analysis. Providing this as an “add-on” that can be applied as a layer over other mapping softwares can help it’s promotion on touristic websites. It would grow into predicting future scenarios (Like how busy a museum is at a given moment) and providing averages ahead of time may also be beneficial in the long run.

WHAT WILL WE PRODUCE? •

•

AN INTERACTIVE BASEMAP The basemap is the AMA region provided as a compact and understandable map. It includes the built structure and natural terrain, as well as functions provided. Further, it is the platform in which other layers and actions are applied to.

The upcoming products are georeferenced and connected to the basemap.

The analysis presented in BOOK 1 is furthermore connected to the base map, as well as upcoming updates and new analysis handled. In short, it is meant to provide the current spatial State of Art that AMA edures. The interactivity comes through the use of products that place points and polygons to highlight what is necessary by its users (actively and passively).

•

Users can choose to layer certain conditions on their maps to give them other data that may alter or support their movements in the region. Other than the obvious COVID-19 cases layers, an example of a layer is the Protest spots.

This would help locals see where ongoing protests are being held, what kind of protests are they (marches, demonstration...etc), as well as their topics. This may help locals find the protests they wish to aid, and as well be aware of what is being demonstrated in their locality. This, coupled with the frequency counts, would also help activists be better prepared as well as inform us of protests that have become mainstream or a pressing issue.

REAL-TIME FREQUENCIES With the ongoing pandemic, many people don’t feel comfortable being in close proximity to others or in crowded spaces. This is also considered a health hazard in the current climate. Therefore, our real time frequency service is made to give people an impression of how crowded an area is.

This is expected to be possible through • locational datas: as users are asked if they’re willing to share their location with the platform. Such practices are already done by other companies (like google) who are able to constantly track. A softer approach is when each time someone uses our services to open or look at a map, it takes their location as a point.

• Gate counts: Supermarkets, for example, could opt to install gate counters and sensors that automatically tell our system how many customers are within their premises. This sort of marking is then shown to inhabitants to make an informed decision on where to go, and avoid unnecessary waiting times as well.

• QR-code sign in: with the onset of COVID-19, it has become common for businesses to ask their clients to “sign-in” and provide contact details. This is done so that public services can contact persons that were in close proximity to COVID-19 patients. Many have made the move from paper and pen to online systems. We aim to provide a further step of QR code sign ins, where our platform exchanges your contact details when you

ALTERNATIVE LAYERS

•

COVID REGULATIONS UPDATES In the current climate, regulations may be confused or hard to follow. Pedestrians find it hard to identify areas within their city in which masks are mandatory, regulations on how many people/households are able to gather in one spot, or what is permitted to stay open, and what is open. This layer acts as a guide to all these questions. Furthermore, from our locational analysis, and data gathered from the platform rollout, these correlations can be used to discuss with municipalities of regulatory changes that are needed. If one area is shown as inactive for a long period of time, there are areas in which activation and change should be considered.

This is seen as a connection to the “Alternative Layers” product, as it is something that in time will become redundant.

In its place, other regulations can be put up - such as no airbnb zones - and attached to the Alternative Layers product. The reason for providing it as a service on it’s own currently, is that the attention to be given to it is high, and 77

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

KNOWLEDGE BASE

USER

PLATFORM

ACCESS

welcome

Figure 70. Access – components – Author’s graphics

78

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

•

constant updates and clear data should be used.

PERSONALISED HOTSPOTS Related to frequency data gathering, our platform can also create activity plans based on user groups and demographics. We can push for sustainable but catered visitation trips to users. This is also seen as a way for visitors to be aware of all possible attractions and options to them in a region, especially ones they are interested in; ultimately boosting the possibility of overnight stays and slow tourism.

•

COMMUNICATION FORUMS As Online communication is a viable route in our current times, it should be a seamless provision. This communication is expected to happen on 4 grounds: • Rating: Visitors or inhabitants are able to rate different locations - from just liking or disliking, surveying, attaching photos of their issues/appreciations, and commenting on discussion boards.

• The public forum: a space in which all users can make geo-marked and non-geo-marked discussion rooms, find connections amongst their community and NGOs, and file petitions for changes they need.

• Workshops: Online workshops for participation on spatial topics that are advertised to users, covering wide ranges of topics. This is meant to provide an alternative for traditional in-person workshops

•

DATA CENTRE The platform can act as a “data-dump”. Amsterdam has many open-sourced and public data that is shared regularly, as proven through our analysis earlier. Our data would be shareable and public in order to allow academics, NGOs and government bodies to easily access and assess findings. This is in hopes that more evaluations are generated, and that the platform can be used to support other new Tools that may emerge.

•

NEWSLETTERS, PUBLICATIONS AND EVALUATIONS This data and its evaluations should not be left on a technical field. Monthly newsletters and publications are seen as a quick way to inform residents and governmental bodies of the conditions and findings of the platform. The newsletters would include: • Where are people going • What is being used • What ongoing projects exist - and which databases do they relate to • How have residents rated different areas • What discussions are popular, which online workshops are ongoing and what projects are underway, and which are coming soon or in discussion.

While these are snapshots of a moment, yearly or half-yearly publications will also be required to show overall evaluations over time. The evaluatory publications can also provide statistics of topics that have been covered, and actions that have been taken in the built space. Furthermore, they should include evaluations on the platform itself, and changed that would be done as of these findings.

The proposed platform integrates 5 main user groups: authorities, planner consultants, organisations, locals (e.g. local businesses), and (local, national and international) tourists. The idea is that locals are now using the traditionally “tourist” locations and are incentivised to distribute and “load-balance” among the available slots of the attractions. When data is gathered on their new movements, this information can help local governments with an insight on the type of spaces people are interested in, ideas of where future hubs can occur, and spaces that need additional input to be activated. Organizations and new initiatives can make use of the Access platform to promote their current programs.

The design, usability and user experience are designed as a low-threshold, inclusive experience for target groups that are less comfortable with mobile technology. The short-term goal of the products on the one hand is a quick recovery from the pandemic and on the other hand to provide improvements to people’s lives during the pandemic. With this product, we believe quick recovery can not happen without current inputs and changes.

Due to local lockdown regulations, openings and lockdown-liberalizations are possible in other districts and understanding for specific regulations is raised. In a long-term perspective, with the use of the application, nature-based, and sustainable tourism is fostered by the promotion of local attractions. It strengthens the communication between municipalities and offers a tool to publish and communicate about spatial master plans and policies. By fostering redistribution of spaces and tourism, spillover effects on increasing spatial justice to sectors like housing and socio-economic status are encompassed (Figure 71). Therefore the Add-on is a practical approach in the fight against overtourism.

The user groups of our platform are presented next. Then, for a more technical understanding of our interactive process, a Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN model) is produced. A hypothetical user named Inga is provided as a storyline to follow.

Finally, As exemplary districts, we use our focus areas of Almere, Bijlmermeer, Haarlem and the city centre. These locations are taken as they were case studies of Book 1.

79

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

I AMSTERDAM

ACCESS

EXSISTING PLATFORMS

LOCAL REGULATION

LOCALS

MUNICIPALITY

providing data on COVID19 infections

real-time data

FEATURES

frequency measuring

showing alternatives to go

accessability of open/ green spaces

Figure 71. How Access performs over time – Author’s graphics

80

information of current status/ regulation

promoting lockdown tourism

SHORT-TERM

local COVID19 restrictions

Presenting step program/ district

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

ACCESS

welcome

NEW MASTERPLAN

INTER-MUNICIPAL COMMUNICATION

Information of protest

masterplans based on frequency data

SUSTAINABLE + LOCAL TOURISM promotion of events + festivals

improvement of open spaces

receiving information

frequency measuring

redestribution of tourism communication with other municipalities

local tourism no more overtourism

LONG-TERM

81

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

USER

PLANNING CONSULTANT

(LOCAL) TOURIST

ACCESS

welcome

ORGANISATION

LOCAL (BUSINESS)

AUTHORITIES

Figure 72. Users of the platform – Author’s graphics

4.2 USER GROUPS

In developing a platform that serves as an interactive communication network, it is essential to first identify the actors and the user groups, as well as to define target groups to adjust and refine the program. In this, we can determine which actor is producer and consumer, or both. There are both active or passive users of the process and with varying tasks to take.

The offer, share, collection, usage and evaluation of information or data is an important person-based process that must be subjected by the data protection legislation.

A total of five different stakeholder groups can be defined. Each group can be subdivided into several sub-categories of users; ones that are part of the process, ones that are users of the product, or ones affected by it.

82

The main stakeholders are the authorities, planning consultants, organisations, locals and tourists (Figure 72). In the following, each actor group, their role and task in the process will be described.

Another user is the host of the Add-On, which we see as an independent user. However, this position can be executed by planning consultants or authorities. For the initial stages, we see ourselves as the host - organising the data to be shown and creating the base analysis that runs the entire system.

Hosting Access means providing base maps and organizing the general structure of the platform. During the usage of the platform, the host needs to provide technical support for the interaction between all users and provide a server to save data.

The host has an insight of all information and decides which data can be seen and used by whom.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

AUTHORITIES

LOCALS

This group can be all kinds of public authorities that have an interest in information and data or have an effect and impact on the process itself. Over time, this would include European, national, regional, city, or district-level policymakers. For the case study task we would introduce, we focus first on the district-level policy makers.

Authorities are seen as both the consumer and producer. As they are a part of the legislative and social structures, it is important to integrate them into the process, as well as to benefit from their profession and possibilities. Nevertheless, this actor predominantly produces and offers highly detailed data for the analysis and evaluation process, they also have access to all kinds of information. Furthermore, they have the right to adjust regulations or to create new ones. They communicate and interact through regulations, laws, resolutions and announcements, which can be either in text, maps or illustrated format.

Locals can be all kinds of residents, citizens, business owners or service providers, who live and work in the AMA and have an interest in the data, want to influence or be involved in the process or want to benefit from the platform. This user group is one of the most important groups, as they can evaluate, proof and comment best on the provided information, as they are directly or indirectly affected by it. Their insights, opinions and involvements in the process can generate further successful developments.

Locals can use the platform to get informed, to interact through a forum, exchange or communicate with the other users and check the frequency of locations. Moreover, they can use the platform to promote themselves, their concerns, and their ideas. They are offering their data, their location if wanted and giving feedback on the provided information. Locals interact on the platform mainly in text format, and the points they place on the base maps (manually, or automatically).

PLANNING CONSULTANTS

TOURISTS

This stakeholder group can be all kinds of planners, that are involved in the planning development of the region and it’s related studies. So far, we have identified regional, municipal, city, urban, and academic planners or researchers that may have an interest. This user group can in the long run be integrated as hosts and providers of the platform through partnerships.

Planners can consume data from the platform in order to produce evaluations and studies of their own, or make data-driven decisions in designing spaces of the city. The planner mainly interacts, guides and interconnects through the platform in form of illustrations, maps and text. They can evaluate opinions, identify strengths and weaknesses, implement new strategies, or rethink existing ones. Further, they can be called on as experts during workshop organisations and implementations.

This user group can be all kinds of visitors, either local, national or international. Tourists are mainly a consumer of the platform but act as producers in form of giving feedback. As tourists are important users of the platform, we also need them to gather and evaluate their data and to get personal reflections. This user group shares their information and needs, as well as gives feedback and communicates with other users. In this way, the process can be improved constantly by identifying and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses and real-time data can be provided. Nevertheless, they have limited access to data, they can use the platform to get person-based and local information and advice, as well as to interact and exchange with other users.

As tourism is a major topic and issue in the AMA region; it is important to involve this target group in the process, to generate knowledge and to improve the conditions. Moreover, tourists are commissioned to evaluate the result and to interact in the forum. They mainly interact on the platform in the form of text and symbols.

ORGANISATIONS Organisations can be different initiatives, (research) associations, NGOs, real estate companies or universities, that have an interest in the provided data or want to be involved in the process. This can also be private or public based. The organisation can be either consumer or a producer, depending on its role.

Moreover, they can also provide their data on the platform, adjust their program, can help to evaluate the information, or can serve as an independent consultant. Nevertheless, this user group has only limited access to the data, to avoid misunderstandings and misuse. The organisation can support or function as the independent party representing either its own or general interest.

They mainly communicate through the platform in text format.

4.3 BPMN

A BPMN is a form to provide a graphical notation for business processes. It represents complex processes in a comprehensible notation that is understandable for business and technical users (commonly used by entrepreneurs, business analysts and technology developers). In that way, the BPMN is intended to be used directly by the stakeholders and at the same time precise enough to be translated into software process components (OMG, 2021).

The model uses a flowchart path, showing sequence or flows of 83

(Locoal) Tourists

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Local (Businesses) Organisations

Chain of events

use Access

define intervention

base map is online

get informed about latest regulations

send location

send location

evaluates

call for attention

consuming data (further research)

research on current issues

Planning Consultants System

revise (new) places & frequency

use Access

adjust planning

background process input

foreground process input

Authorities

new layers

define or change regulations & policies

use informations

Figure 73. The overall BPMN of 1 case study – Author’s graphics

events. It also works with formalized symbols and paths, acting as a specific language of its own that is universally understood.

These symbols are categorised into activities, events, gateways and sequences/flows that can be grouped as one action or process.

The BPMN illustrations created from this project follow the interconnections used to make the basemap of the platform, through to the data and evaluations from users, and finally to the implementation of new policies. we look into how users use the platform, communicate and interact with each other, as well as exchange and share knowledge and data. Within our user groups, we further specified the type of used (eg. Local tourist instead of just tourist, and a Business for organisation).

4.3.1 GENERAL BPMN

In the BPMN for Amsterdam, which is shown in Figure 73, the previously stated user groups and several subgroups can participate. The provided base map, database and exchange is hosted by planners. Authorities add information about Covid-19 caused policies and regulations and spread novelties on all scales. Due 84

to local rules, openings and lockdown-liberalizations are possible and allow more freedom in the districts. Public instances also use the communication platform to get an insight into the status quo of the city which helps them to react and change regulations and planning. In this way, they are interacting with the planning entity which defines interventions with the help of gathered information. These information are provided by (research) organisations, local businesses and tourists, which include data in the form of their locations, creative business approaches, research findings and openings. From this data spatial frequencies are identified which lead to new usage possibilities with low frequencies. An exchange and evaluation of experiences between the user groups is provided due to the evaluation option and comment function in an interactive forum. With the communication platform, local opportunities are exchanged and supported, as well as adhering to regulations. The communication between municipalities and their inhabitants is strengthened and a tool to publish and transmit information about spatial actions like master plans or policies is offered.

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 74. BPMN Authorities – Author’s graphics

Figure 74 shows the interaction between the Covid-19 communication system, authorities and the Add-on hosts. It guides through the process from publishing a base map by the hosting team to the adding of a new layer on current incidence values, Covid-19 regulations and openings. General opening regulations are published by the authorities and added to the system. By appending current Covid-19 incidence values, the AddOn automatically evaluates on which district can open and which district has a too high number of infections to open. If further regulations are necessary for opened districts, the authorities have the possibility to decide on and publish them. All information about opening possibilities, incidence values and regulations are added to a new layer and update all other user groups.

85

base map

rules

rules

rules

rules

rules rules

1 rict dist

n in

o pe

gc

tion ula alc distr

ict 2

rules regulation per m²

district

4.3.2 AUTHORITIES BPMN

infec

/ tions

Figure 75. BPMN Authorities, Abstract – Author’s graphics

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 76. BPMN Planning consultants – Author’s graphics

4.3.3 PLANNING CONSULTANTS BPMN

In Figure 76, the process between authorities and planning consultants is visualized.

Authorities add data to the platform in the form of new decisions that are made. Planning consultants use this information to adjust their planning processes. New planning needs to be reviewed by the authorities again. If they are approved, the new planning status is added and published to the communication platform. Otherwise this process is repeated until the reviewed plans get confirmed by the authorities. After an approved planning process, planning consultants can draft new interventions and publish them on a new layer to the platform.

86

? adjust planning

rules regula

tion

rules regulation

review planning

Figure 77. BPMN Planning consultants, Abstract – Author’s graphics

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 78. BPMN Organisations – Author’s graphics

4.3.4 ORGANISATIONS BPMN

The next BPMN outlines the interaction between research organisations and authorities (Figure 78). Organisations in general can be small research companies as well as (international) universities, but also non-profit-organisations. By publishing scientific findings on the platform, authorities can view data from a new layer and adjust their regulations based on new research. If new findings correspond to the current rules and regulations, no changes are needed. In the case of adoption to new knowledge, regulations are adjusted by authorities and newly updated to a layer in Access.

87

new!

rules

rules

rules

rules

rules regula

tion

comment comment comment

rules

changes needed? regu

lation

?

rules

rules regu

lation

Figure 79. BPMN Organisations, Abstract – Author’s graphics

rules

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 80. BPMN Local Business – Author’s graphics

4.3.5 LOCAL BUSINESS BPMN

The user groups of local businesses are illustrated in Figure 80. A business owner needs to adhere to regulations concerning e.g. the people per sq in their space. By using the Covid-19 Add On Access, the business owner can involve her or his available space and usage in the system. In return, businesses get informed once the lockdown ends or their space fulfills the official requirements to open again. Are the requirements fulfilled, the owner can open. If not, maybe an adaption to the exceptional situation is needed and creative adjustments could lead to a possibility to open the business again. In this case, an addition of the layer for open businesses is done and other people can see the facts in Access.

88

yes rules

no

x m²

pt ad a

? x m² wed allo pen? to o

rules regulation

Figure 81. BPMN Local Business, Abstract – Author’s graphics

n o pe

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 82. BPMN Tourist – Author’s graphics

4.3.6 LOCAL TOURIST BPMN

89

The final BPMN demonstrates the possible processes a local tourist from the AMA can undergo (Figure 82). It is useful to e.g. plan a weekend trip or holidays in uncertain times like the current Covid-19 crisis. The tourist can use the Add-On Access to inform about feasible possibilities to experience new places. Therefore, the user gets displayed by current regulations and opening plans to revise where to go. By gathering frequency data, low-frequented places are shown and advertised so that a distribution of people is guaranteed. While visiting new places or businesses, the scan of QR codes adds frequency data into Access and updates the present circumstances in the public realm.

The tourist can furthermore evaluate the experiences and leave messages which again enter the Add-On. This information can then be useful for the planning entities to adapt their planning and review the decisions that were taken. We look into how this process would work in the storyline case study of Inga next.

rules

rules

rules

comment

yes

?

no

? ded crow

x x

comment comment comment comment

number / polygon

Figure 83. BPMN Tourist, Abstract – Author’s graphics

review planning

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

90

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

INGA 79 YEARS LIVES IN ALMERE

Figure 84. Inga’s Description – Author’s graphics

4.3.7 CASE STUDY INGA

Inga wants to go on a sunday trip with her two grandchildren This case study shows a hypothetical use of the platform from the perspective of the local tourist Inga. Inga is a 79 year old grandmother from Almere who wants to go on a sunday trip with her two grandchildren. Due to the Covid-19 situation, she is not allowed to visit any place she wants, and she’s wary of being in overcrowded spaces. By using Access Inga tries to find a solution to still be able to go on a day trip.

After logging into the platform on her mobile, She first checks on local regulations provided by the public authorities (see: Authorities BPMN). They use information about incidence values against populations and available space to evaluate opening options of local districts. The defined interventions and regulations are updated regularly and adjusted by the public administrations.

The opening updates are then spreaded through the platform to reach people like Inga as fast as possible. In this way Inga revises where she can go and which services are open and offered by local businesses. Additionally, frequency data gives her an insight into the abundance of people in different places.

Local businesses like a chocolate fabric, use the Access App as well. The owner sends a location and checks on her or his own opportunities regarding business openings in the spatial district.

The transmitted information also provides data on the square metres of the specific business area, to automatically generate limits for visitors. In the case a business can not open due to not fulfilled regulations, the owner has the possibility to instantaneously receive this information, and is pointed to governmental representatives and departments to contact on the exceptional

situation.

After reviewing her options in Access, Inga decides to take her grandchildren to Bijlmermeer to visit the chocolate factory. At the entrance, she shares her location data through scanning a QRCode. This information can directly be seen in the App again.

She and the two kids spend the day in the factory and enjoy Bijlmermeer. Back home they reflect on their trip and leave an evaluation in the App. They liked their tour and the chocolate factory very much and click ‘thumbs up’ in Access. Unfortunately, they felt uncomfortable on the streets, as the sidewalks were very narrow. Also there were very few seating possibilities on the streets and Inga missed the option to sit down. She comments on this issue on the App and sees that 578 other people felt the same as her.

After Inga and her grandchildren finished their trip, planning consultants reviewed the information, regulations and peoples’ evaluation of their experiences (see: planning consultant BPMN). Analysing the gathered data in Access, they read the comments of Inga and 578 other people agreeing to her opinion that the sidewalks in Bijlmermeer are too narrow in Covid-19 times and that there are not enough seating possibilities to rest in the public realm. The consultants then adjust their planning, tackling the emerging issues. A creative approach for the Covid-19 times is the extensive use of parking lots as sidewalks and the set up of new benches. The consultants bring their solution to the municipalities’ attention and after being reviewed the new ideas are implemented. The interactive approach through Access starts again, information can be retrieved, evaluated and changed again. The next time Inga visits Bijlmermeer, the seating opportunities have increased. There is enough space for everyone to walk with distance and Inga is satisfied.

91

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

yes rules

no

:(

? x m²

?

? x m² wed allo pen? to o

?

rules

:/

regulation

COMMUNICATION PLATFORM

welcome

WHERE AM I ALLOWED TO GO?

CHECKS FREQUENCY

es

rules

rules

rules rules

rules rules

Figure 85. Inga’s sequence of events – Author’s graphics

92

pt a da

s

?

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

n o pe

CHOCOLATE FACTORY

GOES TO BIJLMERMER

OPPORTUNITY

? ded w o r

no

?

WHERE TO GO?

LOCAL BUSINESS

SHARE DATA

d? e d crow comment

rules

rules

CHOCOLATE FACTORY rules

comment

BIJLMERMEER

noyes

? cr

e d? owd

no x x

x comment comment comment comment

x

comment comment comment comment

93

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

rules

VISIT CHOCOLATE FACTORY

review planning

comment EVALUATION

BIJLMERMER

comment 578 PEOPLE LIKE IT

comment comment

:) :) x x

no

x x

SIDEWALKS TOO NARROW comment comment comment comment

BIJLMERMEER

comment comment comment comment

x

EVALUATION x

comment comment comment comment

x x

94

comment comment comment comment

PLA CONS

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

? adjust planning

rules regula

tion

regulation

review planning

? adjust planning

ANNING SULTANT

ules

BIJLMERMER regu

lation

VISIT BIJLMERMER AGAIN

NEW DEVELOPMENT

?

NEW DEVELOPMENT

ust planning

NO SEATING POSSIBILITIES

review planning 95

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

96

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

4.4 LONG TERM TRANSFORMATIONS THE PLATFORM PERFORMANCE: LONG-TERM The design thus far has illustrated a storyline according to one task carried out. Multiples of such actions would ensure in data collection over time, providing an overall view of decisions made, and governmental reactions. While the concept of the platform is connected to the current crisis, we see the possibility of this to evolve over time and incorporate other restrictions to daily activity.

This tool is not expected to float on it’s own. Previously, some hints on possible partners were put forth. In terms of the frequency counting, this is a useful addition to many businesses and organisations. In particular, Iamsterdam.com - a city and governmental based website - is one of the first partners we see ourselves approaching. The two sided benefit of these partnerships is the advertising and testing our product on established structures, while aiding Iamsterdam in the types of suggestions offered to people at different times of the day based on crowdedness.

External interactions are necessary, as it would take multiple actors to really push a AMA-wide change. Thus, the governmental strategies and approaches need to be integrated into the decisions taken. As it is governmental employees that are part of our user groups, we provide them with informed and current ideas to spaces.

The evaluations provided (through newsletters, publications and visualisations on the platform) is a way to keep users informed of what is happening in the AMA. Furthermore, cross-municipal awareness is fostered, as they are able to see what projects are taken on in different areas, what datasets helped activate them, and how it relates to their own municipal space. This is done with transparencies in hopes that joint projects would emerge easily.

On the other hand, bottom-up activation is also a long term outcome of the platform. As not every issue would be handleable by municipalities, it is up to inhabitants to be aware of the needs and wants of the communities and provide for the smaller aspects. For example, a restaurant owner that receives information that there are no outdoor seating or terraces in the area, may think of ways you provide such a service outside their business.

Furthermore, locals can come in contact with other organisations or neighbourhood groups that are providing specific services or changes through the public forum. Structured participation in the form of the workshops also attempts to include locals. While, in the short term, we expect these discussions to be directly related to the pandemic, in the long run they may open up to all aspects of change. Additionally, any learning outcome from local’s experiences during the pandemic can help with planning and handling future ones.

THE AMA PERFORMANCE: LONG-TERM In the long-run, through the use of the Access tool as a knowledge based decision maker, as well as other mechanisms and policies that need to be enacted, the AMA would slowly open with a redistributed tourism sector. The concept is that by the time international tourists are visiting the netherlands, the hot spots are developed in other areas, and the ease of choice and movement is seamless within the region. As overcrowdedness is controlled and dispersed, different scenes would be given the opportunity to thrive.

This would further empower local tourism, as manageable situations catered to their needs emerge. It also provides them with options close to their place of residence. Further, it scatters the income generated by the tourism sector, which was largely accumulated in the city of Amsterdam’s centre.

The exploitation of nature would further change in the long run.

The image of Amsterdam has regularly been marketed on its access to water within the city centre. With the waves of visitors that travelled to see the canals, such acts have infringed on the local’s access to these spaces in the pre-covid times. For the first time in the last decade, the pandemic has allowed locals to reclaim these spaces (Snijders, 2020). This would be fostered in the long term to embody sustainable tourism goals as already set by the OECD and European commission (European Capital of Smart Tourism, 2020; European Commission, 2020; OECD, 2020).

Finally, the basics of democracy (an element of spatial justice according to Fainstein (2010)) is used in discussing changes needed. Inhabitants’ experiences with the regulations set upon them is voiced. They have accessibility to review regulations and discuss them as a community. Unintended conflicts due to missing knowledge can be avoided in this instance, and planning processes that cause unhealthy scenarios can cease from recurring.

The low threshold approach of such a process, where everyone can comment and share their daily movements, means that it is easily accessible to groups of people. The way in which data is collected would be aimed to make it as easy as possible for vulnerable groups specifically.

Finally, the outcome of the many products and different layers coming together would lead to a joint effect of changing the AMA one bit at a time (Figure 86) CASE STUDY ZOOM INS: From our previous attention to 4 case studies in Book 1, we revisited them with possible foresights on how they might change in the long-term after the provision of such a platform. These figures and the images put forth is a utopian outcome to the Decentralised model.

AMSTERDAM CITY CENTRE: Figure 87 shows a situation in which the waterfront and centre of the city is not just touristic (Who are dictated in blue), but also inviting for locals (red). With local users feeling like they have a place within the areas, it is 97

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 86. Layers of actions and implementations – Author’s graphics

98

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

h o t el

b u urthuis

fre e to rent

Figure 87. Amsterdam Centre Vision – Author’s graphics

Figure 88. Bijlmermeer Vision – Author’s graphics

h o tel graffiti tours

fa c tory

lo c als arts

Figure 89. Haarlem Vision – Author’s graphics

hoped that many of those that left the city would be incentivised to move back. Thus, the pressure on housing stock to cater to a large sum of tourists would be reduced, and so would rent. Distributing touristic rentals to other districts can lead to an equilibrium Amsterdam has been searching for.

BIJLMERMEER: Figure 88 Bijlmermeer inhabitants, tourists and planners are discussing specific locations that could be developed further according to common comment in the communication forum. Planners and citizens can use easily accessible statistics on satisfaction levels according to different groups, and find ways to enact change based on these data sets.

Haarlem: Haarlem, a well connected sea-side city, is able to cater for the many local tourists who are looking for nearby areas of rest and fun. They revamp their touristic approach by showing local-based arts and history (Figure 89). The use frequency rates

Figure 90. Almere Vision – Author’s graphics

and the personalised hotspot findings to figure out which kind of trips locals look for in Haarlem, and how far they are willing to drive to receive them. Easy and sustainable transportation routes are implemented.

ALMERE: Almere’s new developments are commented on and scrutinised by locals and visitors. Newer developments to come are changed according to these findings, and accesses to public realms that were once unclear and refurbished to fit the needs.

The tourists find themselves looking at a modern approach to organising public space, and architects take day trips there to see what “new AMA planning” looks like (Figure 90).

99

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

100

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

5. CONCLUSION

This study set out with the aim of finding alternative models built on foundations of spatial justice theories, that fit crisis and pandemic scenarios. It further tests out a possible tool that can be deployed for the desired outcome as time progresses, and act as a communication platform. The focus was set on the AMA, and a tailored outlook was handled for this region. The larger and global finding is the process described in this study; where crisis management is an iterative approach. Development and changes are ongoing and evolving amid catastrophes and therefore need a flexible guiding model.

The model creation segment of Book 1, was heavily influenced by the “Sights” put forth in Fuerth’s writings on anticipatory governance (Fuerth, 2009). Looking at the organisational structures, policy-making bodies and visions instated by them [Top sight]; assessing our purposes and theories of spatial justice [Insight], becoming aware of past forces that may affect the future [Hindsight]; integrating these streams of knowledge to estimate possible outcomes [Foresight] and finally envisioning a best-case scenario image of the future and how to get there from what is known [Vision].

The process incorporated academic writings, geo placed and open-sourced data, own calculations, governmental reports, and news sources. The steps taken within this project’s process are also explained in the title of this book: • Rethink the existing handling of the COVID-19 crisis and the imbalance and injustices it has highlighted (such as increasing unemployment, unaffordable rents, and previous overtoursim). Finding what aspects to keep, like reduction in crowdedness, and which ones to change.

• Restart the cities, with informed and reflective decisions

•

•

that are done with multiple actors‘ participation. Using the current point-zero to enact new developments that benefit those living in the region and cater to their needs first, in stead of outsider tourists who are no longer in the area.

Recover as soon as possible in small steps that may grow into big ones, or collectively create a shift in the area over time. using interrelated planning and constantly introducing new data to refresh and evaluate steps being taken. Allow room for bottom-up creations to emerge through reestablishing communications that have so far been lost. We propose the Access app as the collector and distributor of data and networking.

Resilient to future crises by achieving a more just and sustainable base, through tackling issues identified in earlier steps. Being able to change and evolve as necessary according to crises by emphasizing the “public good” instead of economics and monetary gain. Learning from the ill-preparedness of today for tomorrow. This is done by strengthening the communication and response time between municipalities and their constituents, as well as inter-municipality networks, and always looking out for what is just.

The AMA is intricate, complex and large. A dominating conversation for this area, as regularly reminded by this report, is the role the tourism sector plays, and the direction it should be led to.

When applying the process proposed to another area, the regional dominating issue in that location would be taken in its place.

The study further compiles and assesses a range of issues experienced, and the effect it plays on the built environment and city lifestyles. With no international tourism sector left due to the 101

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

pandemic, it is a unique basis for rethinking the former situation.

AMA should not revert to its old status - but to a more just and sustainable future. In that sense, our approach can be traced back to the three principles of spatial justice (Fainstein, 2010) Diversity, as the harmonious existence and mix of people, services and places, is strengthened by the redistribution of tourists within the AMA. By providing attractive alternatives to well-known touristic places in the city centre, tourists stay longer and visit different places than before. By measuring frequencies, locals can use the public realm in low frequency-times. This measurement system can also be useful for the reaction on possible future pandemics. By using statistics of the utilised capacity of spaces, planners can react faster on empowering areas that need special attention.

Access integrates users‘ experiences and opinions into the planning process. Being accessible to everyone strengthens the basis of democracy. Multi-actor input into new regulations and growth are identified within this project as an important factor for a fair and quick recovery. However, with the spatial distancing that is recommended, and with an ongoing digitalization, traditional in-person tools are redundant. Therefore online forms of democracy are reached towards.

Democracy is achieved by representing people‘s voices in space and planning. Local businesses are represented e.g. through an ‘open businesses’ layer in the system and in this way not only gain attention but also create a broader interaction between themselves and the inhabitants, tourists, public organisations and authorities. The factor democracy is furthermore strengthened by a now possible closer division of regulations on the local level. Local regulations strengthen acceptance and precision of them, especially in the Covid-19 crisis. By scaling down, the ability of inhabitants to be represented is more correct and fairly raised. Additionally, also vice versa the bigger scale is approached as Amsterdam is our focal point in the European context and an exemplary city with overtourism threats. In its larger position in Europe, Amsterdam and the developments initiated through Access can also serve as a good practice example in Europe.

Equity, as the fair share of allocation of resources to citizens, is strengthened by redistributing public spaces through showing alternatives. Providing an interactive open database makes unknown spaces accessible to more people. Frequency gathering in connection to a spatial component in form of a map base not only helps a necessary redistribution of people in Covid-19 times, but it also allows the visualization of unjust allocation of public resources and their evaluation (e.g. green spaces, educational institutions, etc).

In the sense of strengthening the mentioned factors, Access is a tool, which serves a wider transformative goal of spatial justice. It allows a reduction of pressure on the housing market by fostering redistribution of touristic sights and apartments. This is a small step in achieving the long-term goal of increasing socio-economic status.

102

We find that this topic of reflecting on how to police a pandemic, and how to start to get out of it, is a worldwide issue that will be tackled in the upcoming years. There are ongoing discussions on the pandemic and its effect on inhabitant’s lives. Our approach with tourism at the forefront can also be applied to many other cities on the European scale.

Finally, this study and the second book in particular use an online platform as a solution. However, such an app is not an overall solution, but part of a general vision towards a new urban paradigm (with sustainability and justice as the main goal) enabled through exceptional circumstances of the Covid-19 crisis. Thus, there is room for developing more tools and tactics of change.

5.1 OPEN QUESTIONS

The model we created acts as a guide for future projects within the area to take into account. The creation of the platform was a way to evaluate the model teachings. As the model is the first version of it’s kind, there is a need for expanding the findings and having more concrete statements, so that it is more universally understood.

While the process may be adapted to multiple scenarios, there is a need for governance systems to be in place. Clear paths of responsibilities and decision making are key in the fast-paced response time needed during crises.

Furthermore, the scale in which one can “zoom-out” with this model has not been experimented on in this region. In the case of AMA, it happens that tourism has been regularly highlighted and studied. However, when looking at a national level, other pressing issues may exist in one region, and not in another. Thus, more studies on how to adapt the model, process and platform to different scales could be assessed further.

Currently, the AMA is pulling many large businesses and corporations once more as Brexit looms. Economic and monetary measurements of growth are therefore likely to be back, raising the question of what effect will this have on tourism, housing and socioeconomic status.

The platform proposed is dependent on interaction to work. Basic data to start up and make initial analysis was done through open-access sources. In using the internet to generate findings, and attracting people online, there are many limitations and questions to this. How do we evaluate our data and be sure of its accuracy? How to incorporate non-tech-savvy users? What restrictions should be set in place for users, and what information is sensitive and needs to be protected.

There is room for unequal and skewed data to rise when one district becomes more adaptive to the platform, and another not.

Such imbalances are existent in geographic cyberspaces; with examples of the metropolitan region of Tokyo having three times the amount of placemaking data than the entirety of the continent of Africa (Graham and Zook, 2011).

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Further, data privacy has been at the forefront of the Covid-19 situations, with countries using facial recognition and infringing on citizen’s privacies in the name of the pandemic. Certain populations, like surveyed South Korea, are more accepting of mass surveillance (Moon, 2020), while others are not. We need to “read the room” as to what is acceptable by Netherland standards legally and socially.

5.2 SELF REFLECTIONS ON GROUP WORK Due to the current pandemic, this semester was very challenging for everyone. Especially, as the project was only based on virtual meetings. This might be stressful for group work, as personal interaction is not possible. The limited interaction and exchange of information makes the success depend on the communication and flexibility of the team members. Still it was probably the best coworking team, during our studies, as the group composition flowed seamlessly. Nevertheless, all team members had issues in these pandemic times, different timetables and courses, internet and technology problems… etc. However, everyone was reachable, open and accessible for discussion, meetings, brainstorming or help. By using everyone’s strengths, we were also able to participate in an independent competition and create a comprehensive result on short notice (see our proposal with the same title for an MIT Lab competition on www.pandemicresponsecolab.org).

significant findings.

Ultimately, we went through a learning period of trial and error and regular support from the course supervisors to reach presentable maps and diagrams.

STRUGGLES Due to the ongoing pandemic, visits to the locations we studied were not possible. We were unable to get a personal impression or use others on the ground impressions. Instead, all information gathered in this study is second hand and only analysed according to different variables. While the impersonality of it all might help stay objective, in some areas we feel we would have been able to get a more in-depth view in person. In the end, this project can also show the kind of digital footprint the AMA region has presented itself in.

The scope of the project was quite ambitious given the time. The workload itself was more than we were used to in other semesters, and time management was of the essence. Quite quickly we had to organise schedules and self-made deadlines to achieve our goals and examine our research question. However, with all other courses of the semester and the pandemic situation, it was at times quite stressful.

ON SUPERVISION/COURSE IN GENERAL This extensive project with new topics and scales of the planning perspective and integration of technical knowledge was very challenging. The interaction, flexibility, communication and guidance of the supervisors had been very helpful and productive.

We had a balance of technical to theoretical backing, which we think is visible in the two books. The fact that we could create two extensive projects - one on AMA and making a model for it, and one on creating a tool that tests the limits of our model - speaks for itself.

DATA GATHERING ISSUES As we never worked in previous projects with such detailed and sensitive data (or in processing data in general), it was a challenge to get used to it and learn to use the software necessary to evaluate them. However, we think that this helped us in understanding what “low-threshold” should act like/incorporate when expecting evaluations to be easily made for the public.

Partial information could be gathered as well, as some critical ones were private and therefore needed to be paid for, or did not have an extensive timeline/sufficient input that could produce 103

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

104

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

6. APPENDIX

105

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

106

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:

AMA - Amsterdam Metropolitan Area BPMN - Business Process Model and Notation GFC - Great/global financial crisis of 2008 HORECA - Hotel/Restaurant/Café (Food services & Hotel Industries) NL - Netherlands WOZ - Wet Waardering Onroerende Zaken (Property Valuation Act)

LIST OF APPENDIX:

Appendix 1. The City in Balance, Goals and Measures (City of Amsterdam, 2019a) Appendix 2. Unemployment rate % of 2008. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 3. Non-western populations 2019. Data: Regiomonitor. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 4. Non-western populations 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 5. Western populations 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 6. Western populations 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 7. Housing stock composition from 2013 to 2019 (Hochstenbach et al. 2020).

Appendix 8. High WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 9. High WOZ in 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 10. Middle WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 11. Middle WOZ in 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 12. Low WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Appendix 13. Low WOZ in 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure 1. Studied themes within the Amsterdam Metropolitan Region Figure 2. Topics Concept – Author’s graphics.

Figure 3. Spatial justice concept, content analysis, and interconnections – Author’s graphics.

Figure 4. Protests in 3 cities of the AMA. Taken from google search results of 2016 to 2020. Categorised into 6 themes of Urban space, Economic, Tourism, COVID-19, Pollution/Climate, and Society. [data collected 11.2020] – Author’s graphic.

Figure 5. Methodology Scheme – Author’s graphics.

Figure 6. The AMA subregions. Data: (www.openstreetmaps.org) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 7. Urban structures. Data: (www.openstreetmaps.org) – Author’s graphics.

107

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 8. Mobility and Connectivity. Data: (www.openstreetmaps.org) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 9. Amsterdam Doughnut Model by Kate Raworth. (Amsterdam.nl, 2020) Figure 10. Circular Economy Concept of Amsterdam (Amsterdam.nl, 2020) Figure 11. Visionary elements topics analysis according to 4 common themes of Development, Climate, Social and Policy; that are present (to some degree) in all models. – Author’s graphics.

Figure 12. Visionary Elements tasks distributed according to the thematic topics of this report (Socioeconomic statuses, Tourism, COVID-19, and Housing) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 13. Population Density (2020). Data: (www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/admin/NL32__noord_holland) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 14. Population growth since (2001)- Data: (www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/admin/NL32__noord_holland) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 15. Migration out of Amsterdam. Data: ( https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration) Figure 16. Ethnic population distribution. Data: (https://regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com/) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 17. Foreign Migration. Data: ( https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration) Figure 18. Net domestic migration. Data: ( https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration) Figure 19. Welfare recipients and housing associations in 2017. Data: (maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) & Regiomonitor 2020 – Author’s graphics.

Figure 20. Single household statistics of 2010. Data: Regiomonitor 2020 – Author’s graphics.

Figure 21. Single household statistics of 2018. Data: Regiomonitor 2020 – Author’s graphics.

Figure 22. Income distribution by household composition in 2018. Data: CBS Nederlands (www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisations/income-distribution) 2019.

Figure 23. Income distribution by housing situation in 2018. Data: CBS Nederlands (www.cbs.nl/en-gb/visualisations/income-distribution) 2019.

Figure 24. Unemployment development of 1991 to 2012 (Statistics Netherlands, edited by Buitelaar et al. 2016).

Figure 25. Rent liberalized housing constructions statistics from 2000 to 2017 (Van der Malen 2018) Figure 26. Ownership types and distribution 2010. Data: (www.amsterdam.nl/en/housing/rental-prices/) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 27. Ownership types and distribution 2017. Data: (www.amsterdam.nl/en/housing/rental-prices/) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 28. Rent regulation types – Author’s graphics.

Figure 29. Housing association percentage of all houses. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 30. Construction dates of housing associations. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 31. Construction dates of housing association and amount in Amsterdam, Almere, and Haarlem. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 32. Construction dates of buildings in Bijlmermeer (1). Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 33. Construction dates of buildings in Bijlmermeer (2). Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 34. Construction dates of buildings in Amsterdam city centre. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 35. Construction dates of buildings in Haarlem. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 36. Construction dates of buildings in Ijburg. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 37. Construction dates of buildings in Slotermeer. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 38. Housing associations built per decade since 1900 to 2020. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl/open_geodata) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 39. Low WOZ development 2010 – 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 40. Middle WOZ development 2010 to 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 41. High WOZ development 2019 to 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 42. Rent affordability survey – internationals. (Stitching ICAP and In Amsterdam, 2017) Figure 43. Willingness to pay survey – internationals. (Stitching ICAP and In Amsterdam, 2017) Figure 44. Tourism distribution sector. Data: (https://data.overheid.nl/dataset/yqu-eenokrruog) Figure 45. Distribution of people working in HORECA. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 46. attraction, accommodation & supply distribution. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 47. Hotel Accommodation density. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

108

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Figure 48. Increase of Overnight stays in the AMA. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

Figure 49. Deconstruction until 2012 (Verlaan and Loerakker, 2014) Figure 50. New constructions of 1992 until 2012 (Verlaan and Loerakker, 2014) Figure 51. New developments (Verlaan and Loerakker, 2014) Figure 52. Job dristibutions (Gemeente Amstedam, 2017) Figure 53. Almere growth. Data: (Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek 2006).

Figure 54. COVID-19 Vaccines rollout in 7 north western EU countries. (Our wold in data, 2020) Figure 55. COVID-19 Vaccines rollout in 7 North Wester EU countries - Weekly average. (Our wold in data, 2020) Figure 56. COVID-19 cases comparisons of France, Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. (Our wold in data (2020)) Figure 57. North Holland steps of opening. (International Welcome Centre North (IWCN), 2020) Figure 58. Access to open public spaces (parks, playgrounds, benches, and gardens). Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www. geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics Figure 59. Stage 1 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www.geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics Figure 60. Stage 2 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www.geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics Figure 61. Stage 3 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www.geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics Figure 62. Stage 4 - activity nodes. Data: (www. maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www.geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics Figure 63. Stage 5 - activity nodes. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl) & (www.geofabrik.de)) – Author’s graphics Figure 64. A Spatial SWOT plan based on analysis findings – Author’s graphics Figure 65. Spatial situations of the AMA. Data: (www.maps.amsterdam.nl), Regiomonitor & (www.geofabrik.de) – Author’s graphics Figure 66. Concept – Author’s graphics Figure 67. Decentralised Model – Author’s graphic Figure 68. Vision – Author’s graphics Figure 69. The platform process – Author’s graphics Figure 70. Access – components – Author’s graphics Figure 71. How Access performs over time – Author’s graphics Figure 72. Users of the platform – Author’s graphics Figure 73. The overall BPMN of 1 case study – Author’s graphics Figure 74. BPMN Authorities – Author’s graphics Figure 75. BPMN Authorities, Abstract – Author’s graphics Figure 76. BPMN Planning consultants – Author’s graphics Figure 77. BPMN Planning consultants, Abstract – Author’s graphics Figure 78. BPMN Organisations – Author’s graphics Figure 79. BPMN Organisations, Abstract – Author’s graphics Figure 80. BPMN Local Business – Author’s graphics Figure 81. BPMN Local Business, Abstract – Author’s graphics Figure 82. BPMN Tourist – Author’s graphics Figure 83. BPMN Tourist, Abstract – Author’s graphics Figure 84. Inga’s Description – Author’s graphics Figure 85. Inga’s sequence of events – Author’s graphics Figure 86. Layers of actions and implementations – Author’s graphics Figure 87. Amsterdam Centre Vision – Author’s graphics Figure 88. Bijlmermeer Vision – Author’s graphics Figure 89. Haarlem Vision – Author’s graphics Figure 90. Almere Vision – Author’s graphics

109

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

CITY IN BALANCE Less nuisance

Better financial balance in visitor economy

Set boundaries and enforce them

Fairer charge for using the city as a place to visit and for recreation

Improve follow up on reports of nuisance Cleaner streets

Sustainable recreation and facilities

Reduce nuisance on and around the water Communication campaigns

Make transport more sustainable

Attractive mixed-use development Create a more diverse range of facilities Restrict growth of range of overnight accommodation options Upgrade range of overnight accommodation

More space on the street and on the canals Reduce crowds in public spaces

Make leisure facilities sustainable

Towards a new equilibrium between quality of life and hospitality

Dispersing visitors Move crowd-pullers to peripheral locations Entice visitors to less busy areas Regulate festivals Extend green spaces

Amsterdam as a low-traffic zone Reduce numbers of coaches and lorries Reduce nuisance caused by taxis Combat overcrowding Reduce the amount of entertainment transport

City in Balance Goals and measures

Appendix 1. The City in Balance, Goals and Measures (City of Amsterdam, 2019a)

110

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE % IN 2008

Appendix 2. Unemployment rate % of 2008. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

111

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

NON-WESTERN POPULATIONS IN 2019

Appendix 3. Non-western populations 2019. Data: Regiomonitor. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

112

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

NON-WESTERN POPULATIONS IN 2010

Appendix 4. Non-western populations 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

113

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

WESTERN POPULATIONS IN 2017

Appendix 5. Western populations 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

114

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

WESTERN POPULATIONS IN 2010

Appendix 6. Western populations 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

115

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

HOUSING STOCK COMPOSITION FROM 2013 TO 2019

Appendix 7. Housing stock composition from 2013 to 2019 (Hochstenbach et al. 2020).

116

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

HIGH WOZ IN 2010

Appendix 8. High WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

117

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

HIGH WOZ IN 2017

Appendix 9. High WOZ in 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

118

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

MIDDLE WOZ IN 2010

Appendix 10. Middle WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

119

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

MIDDLE WOZ IN 2017

Appendix 11. Middle WOZ in 2017. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

120

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

LOW WOZ IN 2010

Appendix 12. Low WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

121

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

LOW WOZ IN 2017

Appendix 12. Low WOZ in 2010. Data: (www.regiomonitor-uva.i-mapping.com) – Author’s graphics.

122

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

123

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

7. CITATIONS

124

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

7. CITATIONS ‘Almere Travel and City Guide’ (2014) Netherlands Tourism, 19 February. Available at: https://www.netherlands-tourism.com/almere/ (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Amsterdam city (2020) Policy: City in Balance, English site. Gemeente Amsterdam. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/ policy-city-balance/ (Accessed: 5 November 2020).

Amsterdam.nl (2020) Policy: Circular economy, English site. Gemeente Amsterdam. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/sustainability/circular-economy/ (Accessed: 24 February 2021).

Aschhoff, F. (2019) Tschechiens Städte wehren sich gegen Touristenmassen, LandesEcho. Available at: http://landesecho.cz/index. php/gesellschaft/1004-tschechiens-staedte-wehren-sich-gegen-touristenflut (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Barcode Architects (2017) Biljmer Bajes Masterplan, Barcode. Available at: https://barcodearchitects.com/projects/bijlmer-bajes-masterplan/ (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Benakis, T. (2018) ‘Experts warn of “overtourism” in Hungary’, European Interest, 28 November. Available at: https://www.europeaninterest.eu/article/experts-warn-overtourism-hungary/ (Accessed: 20 February 2021).

Berkmen, S. P. et al. (2012) ‘The global financial crisis: Explaining cross-country differences in the output impact’, Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(1), pp. 42–59. doi: 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2011.11.002.

BMZ, F. M. for E. C. and D. (2019) ‘Tourism – an opportunity for sustainable development’, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Available at: https://www.bmz.de/en/issues/wirtschaft/nachhaltige_wirtschaftsentwicklung/sustainable_tourism/index.html (Accessed: 20 February 2021).

Bromberg, A; Morrow, G & Pfeiffer (2007) ‘The Good City, Urban Studies, 43, pp.1009-1023. Bromberg, A; Morrow, G & Pfeiffer, D (2007), Editorial Note: Why Spatial Justice? Critical Planning,14, pp.1- 4’.

Buitelaar, E., Raspe, O. and Weterings, A. B. R. (2016) ‘Urban inequality and justice. Creating conceptual order and providing a policy menu’, in. PBL Working Paper Series.

Bunger, R. (2019) ‘Amsterdam verzweifelt an seiner Beliebtheit’, Der Tagesspiegel, 6 April. Available at: https://www.tagesspiegel.de/ wirtschaft/immobilien/wenn-der-tourismus-zur-hoelle-wird-amsterdam-verzweifelt-an-seiner-beliebtheit/24404152.html (Accessed: 7 November 2020).

Burton, D. R. and Topol, E. J. (2021) ‘Variant-proof vaccines — invest now for the next pandemic’, Nature, 590(7846), pp. 386–388. doi: 10.1038/d41586-021-00340-4.

Buscher, B., Koster, M. and Spierenburg, M. (2020) Laat Nederland eerlijker en duurzamer uit de Coronacrisis komen, Petities. nl. Available at: https://petities.nl/petitions/laat-nederland-eerlijker-en-duurzamer-uit-de-coronacrisis-komen?locale=nl (Accessed: 25 February 2021).

Calzada (2020a) ‘Algorithmic governance & AI in the post COVID-19 society’, Galde, 29. Available at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/ uuid:99052d1d-04f3-4bd9-a000-dc06a0c9a46e (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Calzada (2020b) ‘Setting up the Basque algorithmic nation: Technological sovereignty amidst the post-COVID-19 society’, TM eLab. Available at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fbdf4973-1094-4cd9-8f3c-185c547a90d9 (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

125

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Calzada (2020c) Will COVID-19 Be the End of the Global Citizen? SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3558029. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3558029 (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Capocchi, A. et al. (2020) ‘Is “overtourism” a new issue in tourism development or just a new term for an already known phenomenon?’, Current Issues in Tourism, 23(18), pp. 2235–2239. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1638353.

Castrucci, B., Juliano, C. and Inglesby, T. V. (2021) ‘Four Steps to Building the Public Health System Needed to Cope With the Next Pandemic’, Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 27, p. S98. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001303.

CBS (2017) ‘Amsterdam is expanding, mainly due to immigration’, CBS. Available at: https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration (Accessed: 21 February 2021).

Chan, K. F. et al. (2021) COVID-19 Vaccines: Saving Lives and the Global Stock Markets. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3785533.

Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3785533 (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Chin, A. et al. (2020) ‘Pandemics and the future of human-landscape interactions’, Anthropocene, 31, p. 100256. doi: 10.1016/j. ancene.2020.100256.

City of Amsterdam (2019a) ‘Infographic - City in Balance: Goals and Meaurements’. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/ policy-city-balance/.

City of Amsterdam (2019b) Property valuation (WOZ value), English site. Gemeente Amsterdam. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/municipal-taxes/property-valuation-woz/ (Accessed: 19 February 2021).

City of Amsterdam (2021) New housing rules, English site. Gemeente Amsterdam. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/news/ new-housing-rules/ (Accessed: 6 November 2020).

Coalitieakkoord groenlinks (2018) ‘Een nieuwe lente en een nieuw geluid (A new spring and a new sound. Coalition agreement)’.

Gemeente Amsterdam. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/bestuur-organisatie/volg-beleid/coalitieakkoord-2018/ (Accessed: 25 February 2021).

Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y. and Weber, M. (2020) Labor Markets During the COVID-19 Crisis: A Preliminary View, NBER Working Papers. 27017. National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/27017.html (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Costanza, R. (2000) ‘Visions of Alternative (Unpredictable) Futures and Their Use in Policy Analysis’, Conservation Ecology, 4(1). doi: 10.5751/ES-00171-040105.

Crook, L. (2017) Colossal Amsterdam housing block brought up to date with customisable apartments, Dezeen. Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2017/03/11/colossal-amsterdam-housing-estate-up-to-date-customisable-apartments-architecture/ (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Daamen, W. et al. (2016) ‘Plan amsterdam city in balance’, City of Amsterdam. Available at: https://issuu.com/gemeenteamsterdam/ docs/plan_amsterdam_city_in_balance (Accessed: 25 February 2021).

Daniel Boffey (2020) ‘Amsterdam to embrace “doughnut” model to mend post-coronavirus economy’, the Guardian, 8 April. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/08/amsterdam-doughnut-model-mend-post-coronavirus-economy (Accessed: 24 February 2021).

Daventry, M. (2021) ‘Netherlands appeals court set to rule on coronavirus curfew legality’, euronews, 19 February. Available at: 126

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/19/appeals-court-set-to-rule-on-legality-of-netherlands-coronavirus-curfew (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Dawoud, D. (2021) ‘Emerging from the other end: Key measures for a successful COVID-19 lockdown exit strategy and the potential contribution of pharmacists’, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(1), pp. 1950–1953. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.05.011.

Degrowth.info (2020) ‘Planning for Post-Corona: A Manifesto for the Netherlands’. Available at: https://www.degrowth.info/en/2020/05/ planning-for-post-corona/ (Accessed: 24 February 2021).

Deutsche, R. (1996) Evictions: art and spatial politics. Chicago, Ill. : Cambridge, Mass: Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts ; MIT Press (Graham Foundation/MIT Press series in contemporary architectural discourse).

Deutsche Welle (dw) (2021) ‘Krawalle bei Protesten gegen Ausgangssperre in Niederlanden’, DW.COM, 25 January. Available at: https://www.dw.com/de/krawalle-bei-protesten-gegen-ausgangssperre-in-niederlanden/a-56331306 (Accessed: 21 February 2021).

Dodds, R. and Butler, R. (2019) ‘The phenomena of overtourism: a review’, International Journal of Tourism Cities, ahead-of-print. doi: 10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0090.

Dodds, W. (2019) ‘Disease Now and Potential Future Pandemics’, in Dodds, W. (ed.) The World’s Worst Problems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 31–44. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30410-2_4. van Doorninck, M. (2020a) ‘Groener en socialer met de stadsdonut’. Available at: https://wetenschappelijkbureaugroenlinks.nl/artikel-tijdschrift/groener-en-socialer-met-de-stadsdonut (Accessed: 26 February 2021). van Doorninck, M. (2020b) ‘The Doughnut Model for a Fairer, Greener Amsterdam’. Available at: https://www.greeneuropeanjournal. eu/the-doughnut-model-for-a-fairer-greener-amsterdam/ (Accessed: 24 February 2021).

Doughnut economics action lab (2020) ‘The Amsterdam City Doughnut: A Tool for transformative action’. Available at: https://www. kateraworth.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/20200406-AMS-portrait-EN-Single-page-web-420x210mm.pdf.

Dutch News (2021) ‘Haarlem key questions’, DutchNews.nl. Available at: https://www.dutchnews.nl/haarlem-key-questions/ (Accessed: 22 February 2021). Édes, B. (2021) Resetting Our Future: Learning from Tomorrow: Using Strategic Foresight to Prepare for the Next Big Disruption.

John Hunt Publishing.

Elsinga, M., Haffner, M. and Heijden, H. (2008) ‘Threats to the Dutch Unitary Rental Market’, European Journal of Housing Policy, 8, pp. 21–37. doi: 10.1080/14616710701817141.

Engelen, E. and Musterd, S. (2010) ‘Amsterdam in Crisis: How the (Local) State Buffers and Suffers’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 34(3), pp. 701–708. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00986.x.

European Capital of Smart Toursim (2020) An EU initiative to reward innovative and smart tourism in European Cities!, European Capital of Smart Tourism. Available at: https://smarttourismcapital.eu/ (Accessed: 20 February 2021).

European Commission (2020) Recovery plan for Europe, European Commission. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/ recovery-plan-europe_en (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Fainstein, S. (2009) ‘Spatial Justice and Planning’, Justice Spatiale, Spatial Justice. doi: 10.1002/9781119084679.ch13.

127

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

Fainstein, S. S. (1999) ‘Can we make the cities we want?’, in Beauregard, R. A., Body-Gendrot, S., and Bauregard, L. (eds) The Urban Moment.

Fainstein, S. S. (2010) The Just City. Ithaka & London: Cornell University Press.

Felix Schlagwein (2019) ‘How Amsterdam is fighting mass tourism’, Deutsche Welle, 3 July. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/ how-amsterdam-is-fighting-mass-tourism/a-47806959 (Accessed: 7 November 2020).

Fuerth, L. S. (2009) ‘Foresight and anticipatory governance’, Foresight. Edited by C. Bezold, C. Juech, and E. Michelson, 11(4), pp.

14–32. doi: 10.1108/14636680910982412.

Furceri, D. et al. (2020) ‘Will Covid-19 affect inequality? : evidence from past pandemics’, Covid economics : vetted and real-time papers, (12).

Gemeente Amstedam (2017) Gebiedsgericht Werken - area in view Dashboard. Available at: https://gebiedinbeeld.amsterdam.nl/#/ dashboard?gebied=DX21&wijk=T94&buurt&thema=Gebied%20in%20het%20kort (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Gemeente Amsterdam (2015) Policy: Income, English site. Gemeente Amsterdam. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/ policy-work-income/policy-income/ (Accessed: 5 November 2020).

Gemeente Amsterdam (2019) ‘City in Balance 2018-2022 (Stad in Balans)’. Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/policy-city-balance/.

Gilderbloom, J. I., Hanka, M. J. and Lasley, C. B. (2009) ‘Amsterdam: planning and policy for the ideal city?’, Local Environment, 14(6), pp. 473–493. doi: 10.1080/13549830902903799.

Graham, M. and Zook, M. (2011) ‘Visualizing Global Cyberscapes: Mapping User-Generated Placemarks’, Journal of Urban Technology, 18(1), pp. 115–132. doi: 10.1080/10630732.2011.578412.

Haarlem | I amsterdam (no date). Available at: https://www.iamsterdam.com:443/de/stadtteile-und-grossraum/haarlem (Accessed: 9 January 2021).

Hagen, N. (2019) The Future is Now: Studying the interaction between present and future Amsterdam. Available at: http://localhost/ handle/1874/383453 (Accessed: 26 February 2021).

Himelfarb, E. (2018) ‘How Bijlmer transformed from Amsterdam’s no-go zone to the city’s most exciting ’hood’, The Independent, 13 November. Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/bijlmer-amsterdam-neighbourhood-travel-netherlands-anniversary-el-al-plane-crash-a8630071.html (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Hochstenbach, C. and Ronald, R. (2020) ‘The unlikely revival of private renting in Amsterdam: Re-regulating a regulated housing market’, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(8), pp. 1622–1642. doi: 10.1177/0308518X20913015.

Hotez, P. J. (2021) Preventing the Next Pandemic: Vaccine Diplomacy in a Time of Anti-science. JHU Press.

Huang, N. E., Qiao, F. and Tung, K.-K. (2020) ‘A data-driven model for predicting the course of COVID-19 epidemic with applications for China, Korea, Italy, Germany, Spain, UK and USA’, medRxiv, p. 2020.03.28.20046177. doi: 10.1101/2020.03.28.20046177.

I amsterdam (2021) Overview of housing rights in Amsterdam | I amsterdam. Available at: https://www.iamsterdam.com:443/en/living/ everyday-essentials/housing/rental-property/housing-rights (Accessed: 19 February 2021).

ILiveHere community centre (2018) We Live Here: About, We Live Here. Available at: https://welivehere.amsterdam/about/ (Acces128

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

sed: 21 February 2021).

ILO Monitor (2021) COVID-19 and the world of work. Briefing note 7. International Labour organisation. Available at: http://www.ilo. org/global/topics/coronavirus/impacts-and-responses/WCMS_755910/lang--en/index.htm (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Jerónimo, P. (2020) ‘COVID-19-Nationalism and its toll on citizenship and mobility rights in the European Union’. Available at: http:// repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/ (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Kadi, J., Hochstenbach, C. and Lennartz, C. (2020) ‘Multiple property ownership in times of late homeownership: a new conceptual vocabulary’, International Journal of Housing Policy, 20(1), pp. 6–24. doi: 10.1080/19491247.2019.1697514.

Kemeny, J. (1995) ‘Theories of Power in the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism’, Journal of European Social Policy, 5(2), pp. 87–96. doi: 10.1177/095892879500500201. van Kempen, R. and Priemus, H. (2002) ‘Revolution in Social Housing in the Netherlands: Possible Effects of New Housing Policies’, Urban Studies, 39(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980120102948.

Kizys, R., Tzouvanas, P. and Donadelli, M. (2021) ‘From COVID-19 herd immunity to investor herding in international stock markets: The role of government and regulatory restrictions’, International Review of Financial Analysis, 74, p. 101663. doi: 10.1016/j. irfa.2021.101663. laenderdaten.info (2019) Tourismus in den Niederlanden, Laenderdaten.info. Available at: https://www.laenderdaten.info/Europa/Niederlande/tourismus.php (Accessed: 7 November 2020).

Leyshon, A. and French, S. (2009) ‘“We All Live in a Robbie Fowler House”: The Geographies of the Buy to Let Market in the UK’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 11(3), pp. 438–460. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-856X.2009.00381.x.

Luo, J. (2020) ‘When Will COVID-19 End? Data-Driven Prediction’, Data-Driven Innovation Lab, p. 9.

Luo, J. (2021) ‘Forecasting COVID-19 pandemic: Unknown unknowns and predictive monitoring’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, p. 120602. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120602.

Marcuse, P. et al. (2009) Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice. Routledge. metropool regio amsterdam (2019) About the Metropolitan Region Amsterdam, metropoolregioamsterdam. Available at: https://www. metropoolregioamsterdam.nl/about-mra/ (Accessed: 20 February 2021).

Moon, M. J. (2020) ‘Fighting COVID-19 with Agility, Transparency, and Participation: Wicked Policy Problems and New Governance Challenges’, Public Administration Review, 80(4), pp. 651–656. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13214.

Municipality of Almere (2002) ‘Cultural Identities: Almere (The Netherlands)’, Planum. Available at: http://www.planum.net/cultural-identities-almere-the-netherlands (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

MVRDV - Almere 2030 (no date). Available at: https://www.mvrdv.nl/projects/357/almere-2030 (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

NBTC and Fronteer Agency (2019) ‘Perspective 2030: Destination the netherlands.’ NBTC Holland Marketing. Available at: https:// www.nbtc.nl/en/home/vision-strategy/perspective-2030.htm (Accessed: 7 November 2020).

Neumann-Böhme, S. et al. (2020) ‘Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19’, The European Journal of Health Economics, 21(7), pp. 977–982. doi: 10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6.

129

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

NL Nierlande (2011) Almere - Aktivitäten in Almere - Dies sind die besten Tipps. Available at: https://www.holland.com/de/tourist/ reiseziele/provinzen/flevoland/almere-18.htm (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

NL times (2020a) ‘Almere to Amsterdam subway should extend west to Haarlem: Politicians’, NL Times. Available at: https://nltimes. nl/2020/03/02/almere-amsterdam-subway-extend-west-haarlem-politicians (Accessed: 9 January 2021).

NL times (2020b) ‘Amsterdam BLM protest moved to bigger location as thousands show interest’, NL Times, 6 September. Available at: https://nltimes.nl/2020/06/09/amsterdam-blm-protest-moved-bigger-location-thousands-show-interest (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Nobajas, A. et al. (2020) Lack of sufficient public space can limit the effectiveness of COVID-19’s social distancing measures. preprint. Public and Global Health. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.07.20124982.

OECD (2020) TOURISM POLICY RESPONSES TO CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19). Available at: https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=124_124984-7uf8nm95se&title=Covid-19_Tourism_Policy_Responses (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Ollongren, K. (2019) ‘The Dutch Housing Agenda’, in Nijskens, R. et al. (eds) Hot Property: The Housing Market in Major Cities.

Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 155–158. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11674-3_13.

OMG (2021) Business Process Model & NotationTM. Graphical notations for business processes, Object Management Group. Available at: https://www.omg.org/bpmn/ (Accessed: 25 February 2021).

Purcell, M. (2008) Recapturing Democracy: Neoliberalization and the Struggle for Alternative Urban Futures. Available at: https:// www.routledge.com/Recapturing-Democracy-Neoliberalization-and-the-Struggle-for-Alternative/Purcell/p/book/9780415954358 (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Raworth, K. (2013) ‘Doughnut’, exploring doughnut economics, 28 April. Available at: https://www.kateraworth.com/doughnut/ (Accessed: 26 February 2021).

Raworth, K. (2017) DOUGHNUT ECONOMICS. White River Junction, Vermont: CHELSEA GREEN PUB. Raworth, K. (2020) ‘Introducing the Amsterdam City Doughnut’, exploring doughnut economics, 8 April. Available at: https://www. kateraworth.com/2020/04/08/amsterdam-city-doughnut/ (Accessed: 26 February 2021).

Rodney Bolt, D. expert (2016) ‘The ultimate guide to visiting Amsterdam on a budget’, The Telegraph, 30 November. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/netherlands/amsterdam/articles/cheap-amsterdam-guide/ (Accessed: 22 February 2021).

Roser, M. et al. (2020) ‘Netherlands: Coronavirus Pandemic Country Profile’, Our World in Data. Available at: https://ourworldindata. org/coronavirus/country/netherlands (Accessed: 27 February 2021).

Rossingh, D. (2003) ‘Dutch miracle breaks down’, BBC News, 23 April. Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2882451.stm (Accessed: 21 February 2021).

Rydin, Y. (2013) The Future of Planning: Beyond Growth Dependence. Policy Press.

Savini, F. et al. (2016) ‘Amsterdam in the 21st century: Geography, housing, spatial development and politics’, Cities, 52, pp. 103– 113. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.017.

Schilder, F. and Scherpenisse, R. (2018) ‘Policy and practice, affordable housing in the Netherlands’, (Heft 4/2018), p. 12.

130

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

131

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

AUTHOR´S BIOGRAPHY

132

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

B.Sc. Amal Al Balushi

B.Sc. Eva Hoppmanns

Amal al Balushi is a Candidate for the European Masters: Transforming City Regions at RWTH-Aachen University in Germany.

Previous to this, she had completed her bachelors in The German University of Technology (a sister university of RWTH-Aachen) in her native country of Oman, where she studied Urban Planning and Architectural Design.

Eva Hoppmanns studies the European Master of Transforming City Regions at the RWTH Aachen University since 2019. Having studied architecture at the RWTH Aachen and the Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura in Granada, Spain, she worked as an intern at Jan Wiese Architekten in Berlin. Eva gained further experiences in urban planning and architecture with internships at Heinz Jahnen Pflüger and Glashaus Architekten in Aachen. During her studies, she worked as a student assistant at the Chair of Building Construction of the faculty of architecture and is currently working as a research assistant at the Chair and Institute of Urban Design and European Urbanism.

She has authored papers while working as a researcher for GUtech; in which she has compiled research on improving walkability in Arabian cities, with a focus on female pedestrians and the cultural perspective on this (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-00021643-3383). Her later work included community activation schemes and collaborative designs, including the creation of a city game that was deployed in 11 neighbourhoods of Muscat. Her work has come alive in the real world, with the first of the gaming results and design changes to be implemented by the Muscat Municipality in the neighbourhood of Al Hail by 2022 (pre-corona estimates). She is currently involved in research projects with the Muscat Municipality, aiming at changing policies and the built environment, and includes participation in the planning process.

Amal has a keen interest in professionally developing proficiency in the field of social urbanism and architecture

133

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

M.Sc. RWTH Vanessa Kucharski After graduating from the A-levels in art and design, Vanessa Kucharski studied Architecture at the Georg-Simon-Ohm Technische Hochschule Nuremberg, with a focus on building construction. While her bachelor‘s, she attended an interdisciplinary summer school in Luzern, dealing with urban transformation in Switzerland. Due to the Erasmus program, Vanessa Kucharski studied for one semester at the Yeni Yüzil Universitesi, Istanbul focussing on community planning. In 2019 she graduated with her Master‘s in Architecture at the RWTH Aachen University. After a three-month stay in Latin America, she started her Master‘s in Transforming City Regions at the RWTH Aachen up till now.

During her studies, she constantly worked in architecture companies. In Nuremberg, she was working for PB Consult and focused on the infrastructural network by animating and investigating traffic behaviour. Furthermore, she was working for Fritsch Knodt Klug +Partner mbB Architekten, with a focus on historic building preservation and monumental protection. After her bachelor‘s, she worked for Architekt Domscheit in Ansbach, where she focused on inclusion living in urban areas. Starting the masters, Vanessa Kucharski first did an internship and later on, up till now working for kadawittfeld Architektur Aachen, where she is supporting the team in several projects in the competition department with the focus on urban design.

B.Sc. Lea Schwab Lea Schwab finished her bachelor degree in architecture at the RWTH Aachen university in 2018. In her thesis she worked on the „Incompiuto Siciliano“, never finished concrete buildings in Italy, which especially shape the existing landscape in Sicily.

Subsequently she worked as an intern for the architecture and urbanism office Zuloark in Spain from 2019 until 2020, embracing different tasks including research or design tasks, such as participation in spatial competitions. She also gained further experience working in building constructions for the company Cad Cabin. Finally, Lea is taking part in the Master programme „Transforming City Regions“ at the Chair and Institute of Urban Design and European Urbanism at the faculty of architecture at RWTH Aachen university. As part of her studies, this research work about the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area was developed by her and the other authors in her third semester of the master studies. In the near future Lea will work for a program that advocates the spatial protection of coastlines in Spain and Chile, before writing her Master thesis in September 2021.

134

Transforming City Regions Chair and Institute of Urban Design and European Urbanism Integrated Project III: Networked urban systems in Europe RWTH Aachen | WiSem 20/21 Professors/ Supervisors: Dipl.-Ing. Prof. Christa Reicher Prof. Dr. Jakob Beetz Dr. ir. Ceren Sezer Authors: B.Sc. Amal Al Balushi B.Sc. Eva Hoppmanns M.Sc. RWTH Vanessa Kucharski B.Sc. Lea Schwab

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

OP

EN

ACCESS RETHINK

OPEN

EXSISTING PLATFORMS

RESTART

PLATFORM

I AM

IN YOUR

AMSTERDAM

POCKET

IMPLEMTATION

KNOWLEDGE BASE

USER

PLATFORM

ACCESS welcome

RECOVER

RESILIENT Illustration by Amal Al Balushi, Eva Hoppmanns, Vanessa Kucharski, Lea Schwab

...

A TOOL TO “START” We propose an online communication platform that can also act as an add-on for existing online websites. There is an urgency for a participatory engine that can study people’s choices and activities during different stages of a lockdown as well as provide a space for communication and evaluation on the needs and challenges faced. This problem is identified through the previous spatial analysis, and the performance of existing Visionary Elements (that workshops and participations have come to a halt).

The goals are activating the local individual to increase their confidence of choices by providing them with alternatives. Simultaneously, it provides municipalities and authorities with data on spaces that are used by locals throughout the time of a crisis. We argue that in tackling the spatial needs during a pandemic, we create a basis for alternative spaces to activate in the long-term towards sustainability, spatial justice and, in the case of AMA, redistribution of tourism.

We see a great opportunity for this multi-scale and integrative process happening on an online platform. This user-driven approach was chosen as online dependencies have been increasing in the Covid-19 times, and the shift to being more internet efficient has affected most people’s lives. Furthermore, in person workshops and meetings were not allowed for a majority of time throughout this crisis.

Amsterdam already has many existing platforms, like I Amsterdam, that we assess as inadequate for current conditions nor influencing the built and open spaces directly. They are also not integrative amongst different groups of users. Indications of this are the fact that they are advertised more for international tourists, and they do not have a detailed view of how Covid-19 affects people’s movements and accessibility. Data is held within individual platforms and not shared between planners, municipalities and public organizations.

136

Rethink. Restart. Recover. Resilient.

WHAT DOES IT OFFER? • •

AN INTERACTIVE BASEMAP REAL-TIME FREQUENCIES possible through: • locational datas • Gate counts • QR-code sign in

•

ALTERNATIVE LAYERS

•

COVID REGULATIONS UPDATEST

•

PERSONALISED HOTSPOTS

•

COMMUNICATION FORUMS

I AMSTERDAM

ACCESS

welcome

EXSISTING PLATFORMS

LOCAL REGULATION

4 grounds: • Rating • The public forum • Workshops DATA CENTRE

•

NEWSLETTERS, PUBLICATIONS AND EVALUATIONS include: • Where are people going • What is being used • What ongoing projects exist - and which databases do they relate to • How have residents rated different areas • What discussions are popular, which online workshops are ongoing and what projects are underway, and which are coming soon or in discussion.

MUNICIPALITY

LOCALS

providing data on COVID19

real-time data frequency measuring

FEATURES

•

ACCESS

showing alternatives to go

infections accessability of open/ green

information of current status/ regulation

spaces

promoting lockdown tourism

SHORT-TERM

local COVID19 restrictions

Presenting step program/ district

NEW MASTERPLAN

INTER-MUNICIPAL COMMUNICATION

Information of protest

masterplans based on frequency data

receiving information

SUSTAINABLE + LOCAL TOURISM promotion of events + festivals

improvement of open spaces

frequency measuring

redestribution of tourism communication with other municipalities

local tourism no more overtourism

LONG-TERM

137 Illustration by Amal Al Balushi, Eva Hoppmanns, Vanessa Kucharski, Lea Schwab