ALSA LEGAL ENGLISH GLOSSARY #2 English Department ALSA LC Unhas NUCLEAR WEAPONS By Priskila Bani and Aina Adhwaa Nuclear weapons are designed to release energy explosively as a result of nuclear fission or a combination of the two processes. It is the most potent explosive device ever invented. Their destructive effects include not only a blast equivalent to thousands of tons of TNT (Trinitrotonuluene) but also blinding light, searing heat, and lethal radioactive fallout. The number of nuclear weapons reached a peak of some 32,000 for the United States in 1966 and some 33,000 for the Soviet Union in 1988. Since the end of the Cold War, both countries have decommissioned or dismantled thousands of warheads.1 The US created the Manhattan Project in 1942 and conducted the first nuclear test in 1945. The US then dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, causing massive destruction and casualties. In 1946, the United Nations called for nuclear disarmament. The Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon in 1949. The US, UK, and others tested numerous nuclear weapons from 1952-1954. The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament was founded in the UK in 1958. The Antarctic Treaty prohibiting nuclear explosions in Antarctica was signed in 1959. In 1964, China conducted its first nuclear test. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1968, with non-nuclear states agreeing not to acquire nuclear weapons and nuclear states agreeing to disarm. Between 1967 and 1996, Latin America, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia, Africa, and Ukraine became nuclear-free zones. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. A suspected South African nuclear test with Israeli assistance occurred over the Indian Ocean in 1979. In 1985, the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War received the Nobel Peace Prize for addressing the human impact of nuclear warfare and fostering Cold War reconciliation. In 1986, Reagan and Gorbachev discussed nuclear disarmament in Reykjavik. In 1996, the International Court of Justice ruled against the general legality of nuclear weapon use, except in extreme self-defense cases. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) was opened for signature in 1996, with major nuclear powers signing, but India declined. From 1998 to 2006, India, Pakistan, and North Korea
1
Cochran, T. B., & Norris, R. S. ‘Nuclear Weapon’. (Encyclopædia <https://www.britannica.com/technology/nuclear-weapon> Accessed September 22, 2023.
Britannica,
2023).
conducted nuclear tests, raising global proliferation concerns. Nuclear detonations cause death and injury through blast, heat, radiation, and electromagnetic pulses—immediate exposure to radiation results in sickness and potential death, with different doses affecting various body systems. There have been serious accidents in weapons industrial complexes. For example, a chemical explosion at the waste storage facility in Kyshtym (former Soviet Union) and two severe fires occurred in 1957 and 1969 at the nuclear weapons establishment in Rocky Flats (United States of America). The second accident, believed to be due to the spontaneous ignition of plutonium scrap, released unknown quantities of plutonium into the environment.2 Besides that, Nuclear Weapons also have positive impacts. The advantages of Nuclear Weapons include the following: 1. It is a deterrent for starting a major conflict. A few nations including the US, Russia, France, China, the UK, and Pakistan, possess over 100 nuclear weapons. Their presence and destructive power serve as a significant deterrent to largescale conflicts, promoting diplomacy. 2. It reinforces national borders. Our society is increasingly global due to the internet and technological advances, allowing accessible worldwide communication. Advanced transportation technologies are being developed, further connecting nations. Strengthening national borders promotes a global society based on negotiation and diplomacy, reducing the likelihood of warfare. 3. It changes the power and status of a nation. Nuclear-armed nations receive distinct treatment globally. Despite possessing only a limited number, North Korea's nuclear capabilities elevate their demands' seriousness. Nations with nuclear weapons often have their demands met due to the desire to prevent catastrophic conflicts.3 Regarding the use of nuclear weapons under international law in the conduct of hostilities, the primary rules under jus in bello are found in the law of armed conflict, which is currently widely termed
2
World Health Assembly. "Health and environmental effects of nuclear weapons: Report by the director-general’. (Institutional Repository for Information Sharing, 1993). <https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/175987> Accessed October 6, 2023. 3 Gaille, L. ‘16 Pros and Cons of Nuclear Weapons’. (Vittana.org, 2017). <https://vittana.org/16-pros-and-cons-ofnuclear-weapons> Accessed October 6, 2023.
International Humanitarian Law (IHL). It states, “do not have unlimited freedom of choice in the weapons they use,” but there is no requirement that each weapon be specifically 'authorized' for its use to be lawful. Using any given weapon will only be unlawful if an applicable conventional or customary rule prohibits it. A fundamental rule of IHL stipulates that parties to a conflict must direct attacks only against lawful military objectives, whether military personnel or objects of concrete military value. The rule of distinction in attacks is a norm of customary international law, applicable in non-international and international armed conflicts. Consequently, any weapon that is incapable of distinguishing between civilians or civilian objects and military targets is considered inherently indiscriminate, and its use is always unlawful. The use of nuclear weapons could be subject to international criminal law due to potential violations of IHL rules. This includes potential charges of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes, despite differences in legal frameworks. The absence of explicit ICC jurisdiction does not rule out the possibility of nuclear weapon use being considered an international crime under other legal regimes and subject to national prosecution. NPT is the crucial element in nuclear disarmament law, which entered into force in 1970 and has since gained near-universal adherence. It establishes a "grand bargain" where Non-Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS) forsake the nuclear option in exchange for a legal obligation on the part of the Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) to avoid transferring their weapons to any other nations and to reduce and ultimately eradicate their arsenals. In addition to the non-proliferation elements in Article I and Article II, the treaty guarantees all parties the ''inalienable right'' to peaceful uses of nuclear technology in Article IV, and, in Article VI, also requires the NWS to ''pursue negotiations in good faith'' towards the reduction and eventual elimination of nuclear arsenal. Environmental regulation of nuclear weapons under international law primarily follows IHL. This involves detailed evaluations under jus in bello rules, focusing on Articles 35(3) and 55 of the 1977 Additional Protocol I, customary international law, and limitations on environmental harm during hostilities. An atmospheric nuclear testing ban is now considered customary international law, while the status of underground testing remains less clear. Treaties like Rarotonga, Bangkok, Pelindaba, and Semipalatinsk compel states to refrain from testing and prevent such tests in their territories, regardless of test type or yield. Moreover, already under the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, any activity involving nuclear
weapons, such as their testing, stockpiling, deployment, or launching in or from Antarctica, is prohibited; similar prohibitions apply by treaty to nuclear weapons in outer space and on the sea bed.4 Despite Cold War-era reductions, the world still has a substantial nuclear warhead inventory of about 12,500 warheads in nine countries as of early 2023. The United States and Russia hold the majority, comprising 89% of the global total and 86% of stockpiled warheads. Other nuclear-armed states maintain smaller arsenals, and while global nuclear weapon stockpiles are decreasing, the pace has slowed, with reductions mainly driven by the US and Russia dismantling retired warheads. The secrecy surrounding the exact number of nuclear weapons in each country's possession creates significant uncertainty. Most nuclear-armed states reveal little about their stockpiles, with varying levels of secrecy. The United States briefly disclosed its stockpile size between 2010 and 2018, but the Trump administration stopped this practice in 2019. In 2020, the Biden administration reinstated transparency but declined to declassify US stockpile data for 2021 and 2022. The UK also reduced public disclosure in 2021. As of 2023, the US and Russia have ceased exchanging publicly-available data on deployed strategic warheads and launchers as required by the New START Treaty. In historical context, the number of nuclear weapons in the world has declined significantly since the Cold War, down from a peak of approximately 70,300 in 1986 to an estimated 12,500 in early-2023. Government officials often characterize that accomplishment as a result of current or recent arms control agreements. However, the overwhelming portion of the reduction happened in the 1990s. Some also compare today’s numbers with those of the 1950s, but that is like comparing apples and oranges; today’s forces are more capable. The pace of reduction has slowed significantly compared with the 1990s and appears to continue only because of the dismantlement of retired weapons; the trend is that the military stockpiles (usable nuclear weapons) are increasing again.5 The length of time a country possesses nuclear weapons can influence how they are perceived by their adversaries and the extent of nuclear weapons learning. New nuclear states emphasize their nuclear capabilities more frequently and may be reluctant to engage in military conflicts. Surprisingly, more experienced nuclear states engage in fewer disputes, indicating that opponents may learn how to approach
4
Nystuen, G., Casey-Maslen, S., & Annie Golden Bersagel. ‘Nuclear Weapons under International Law’. (Cambridge University Press, 2014). <https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107337435> Accessed October 14, 2023. 5 Kristensen, H., Korda, M., Reynolds, E., & Kohn, K. ‘Status of World Nuclear Forces’. (Federation of American Scientists, 2023). <https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/> Accessed: 14 October 2023.
challenges against nuclear powers over time. Nonetheless, the risk of nuclear war remains in international conflicts involving multiple nuclear weapons. The development of nuclear weapons significantly influences a country's engagement in multilateral disputes and the potential for heightened conflict. This impact can lead to the risk of nuclear war in the context of international political conflicts. The consequences of nuclear warfare are catastrophic, with the potential for mass destruction, death, and the obliteration of entire communities. Historical examples like the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings underscore the devastating effects of atomic bombs, and a major nuclear war between the US and Russia could result in a death toll reaching hundreds of millions, emphasizing the urgency of preventing such conflicts. The United Nations (UN) played a significant role in combating nuclear proliferation through the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). This treaty is a fundamental reference for preventing the spread of nuclear weapons, ensuring that non-nuclear countries do not acquire them, and regulating the proper and safe use of nuclear technology. Additionally, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was established to promote and oversee the peaceful use of nuclear technology. This institution was initiated in response to U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower's December 1953 "Atoms for Peace" speech, which provided the impetus for its formation. In his speech, Eisenhower highlighted the need for an international agency to prevent the unchecked proliferation of nuclear technology, warning that, if left uncontrolled, it could result in "the annihilation of the irreplaceable heritage of mankind."6 Since 2014, the International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons has been an annual observance, with the General Assembly calling on Member States, the United Nations, and civil society, including NGOs, academia, parliamentarians, media, and individuals, to raise public awareness and educate people about the grave threat posed to humanity by nuclear weapons and the vital importance of their complete elimination. To observe the International Day, the United Nations supports events in New York and Geneva. United Nations Information Centers around the world are encouraged to raise awareness of the observance of International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons.7 As evidence of the grave threat posed by nuclear weapons in the world, history points to the only nuclear war that ever occurred, resulting in the deaths of many people and the destruction of the cities of Hiroshima and
6
World101. ‘The History of Nuclear Proliferation’. (World101 from the Council on Foreign Relations, 2023). <https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/nuclear-proliferation/history-nuclear-proliferation> Accessed October 5, 2023. 7 United Nations. ‘International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons’. (United Nations, 2023). <https://www.un.org/en/observances/nuclear-weapons-elimination-day> Accessed October 18, 2023.
Nagasaki. On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on Hiroshima, Japan, leading to an estimated 140,000 casualties. Three days later, on August 9, the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, resulting in more than seventy thousand deaths. The death toll continued to rise in the following years as survivors developed high levels of cancer caused by radiation exposure from the bomb detonations. The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were American bombing raids on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, which marked the first use of atomic weapons in war. Little Boy, the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, was a gun-assembly fission bomb using uranium. In contrast, Fat Man, the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, was an implosion fission bomb utilizing plutonium. The uranium bomb detonated over Hiroshima had an explosive yield equal to 15,000 tonnes of TNT. It razed and burnt around 70% of all buildings and caused an estimated 140,000 deaths by the end of 1945, along with increased rates of cancer and chronic disease among the survivors. The bombs wiped out both cities as ground temperatures swelled to more than 4,000°C (7,000°F), and shockwaves leveled entire communities. Six days after the Nagasaki bombing, Emperor Hirohito of Japan announced his country’s surrender. Those atomic bombs remain the only ones ever used in war.8 Some factors contributed to the United States’ decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. Japan refused to surrender unconditionally, and the decision to defend its emperor through its military plans, which were meant not to be interfered with by US forces, was another reason. However, the United States wanted unconditional surrender, which thus meant the continuation of the war. Japan refused to surrender after multiple firebombing campaigns, such as the Bombing of Tokyo on March 9–10, 1945. This tragedy alone claimed tens of thousands of lives and is often cited as one of the most destructive acts of war in history.9 Another reason why the United States dropped the atomic bombs—and, specifically, the second one on Nagasaki—has to do with the Soviet Union. On August 8, 1945, two days after the Hiroshima bombing, as agreed to by Joseph Stalin during the Tehrān and Yalta conferences in 1943 and 1945, respectively, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. It is possible that President Harry Truman ordered the atomic bombing of Nagasaki not only to force Japan's surrender but also to prevent the Soviet Union's involvement in Japan by displaying American military power.10
8
Ibid. Ibid. 10 Ibid. 9
Diplomacy plays a pivotal role in nuclear disarmament, particularly among countries possessing nuclear weapons. Effective cooperation and validated treaty agreements involving nine key nations, including the United States, Russia, France, North Korea, Pakistan, Israel, India, China, and the United Kingdom, are vital for reducing the risk of nuclear war. Diplomacy helps prevent nuclear threats from escalating into actual attacks by lowering tensions, and nations like the United States can use it to encourage responsible nuclear behavior, reducing the nuclear threat. Additionally, avoiding the use of nuclear exercises or demonstrations can make diplomacy respond to nuclear threats, which can escalate tensions and increase the risk of nuclear war.11 Nuclear weapons play a significant role in international diplomacy as deterrents, discouraging nations from initiating nuclear attacks. Concerns persist regarding nuclear deterrence's adequacy, efficacy, justice, and ethics. These weapons are integral to NATO's deterrence and defense capabilities, outlined in the 2022 Strategic Concept. Despite evolving challenges, NATO emphasizes the importance of a balanced approach to nuclear, conventional, and missile defense forces. However, diplomatic use faces limitations, and atomic diplomacy has lost credibility. The utility of nuclear weapons in diplomacy remains constrained despite their continued role as deterrents.12 Nuclear weapons shape contemporary international relations in several ways, especially in the context of rising tensions in various global hotspots. The existence of nuclear weapons has fueled international tensions and created an uncertain and unsafe world, with the risk of nuclear conflict feeling higher than at any point in decades. The belief in nuclear deterrence as a defense strategy, alongside the lack of progress on the NPT, is preventing humanity from reaching a world free from the fear of nuclear annihilation.13 The catastrophic humanitarian consequences and the sheer destructive power of nuclear weapons have led to a fragile and uncertain global security environment. Around 30 countries are currently considering, planning, or initiating nuclear power programs. Almost 20 countries have expressed an interest in such programs at some point regarding economic development, ranging from advanced economies to developing nations. The emergence of new nuclear nations in the nuclear energy sector raises several political, social, and international relations concerns.
Gottemoeller, R. ‘The Role of U.S. Diplomacy in Countering Russia's Nuclear Threats and Misbehavior’. (Texas National Security Review, 2023) <https://tnsr.org/2023/03/the-role-of-u-s-diplomacy-in-countering-russias-nuclearthreats-and-misbehavior/> Accessed October 18, 2023. 12 Sagan, Scott, and Sharon Weiner. “Nuclear Deterrence" (Carnegie Council, 2023) <www.carnegiecouncil.org/explore-engage/key-terms/nuclear-deterrence> Accessed December 22, 2023. 13 Anon. “Entrenched Belief in Nuclear Deterrence as Defence Keeps Fear of Annihilation Alive, First Committee Hears in Thematic Debate”. (UN Press, 2023) <https://press.un.org/en/2023/gadis3718.doc.htm> Accessed December 23, 2023. 11
These include policies related to nuclear waste management, non-proliferation measures, and insurance arrangements.14 The world still faces challenges in nuclear non-proliferation despite some success in reducing nuclear weapons stockpiles. The post-Cold War era has brought new security threats, including terrorist use of nuclear weapons and attacks on nuclear facilities.15 The development of nuclear fusion technology has the potential to impact international relations significantly. Cheap energy from nuclear fusion could create a new playing field in world economies. The potential of this action could have far-reaching political and economic implications for various countries, potentially leading to shifts in global power dynamics.
SUMMARY Developed during the Manhattan Project in 1942, nuclear weapons release energy explosively through nuclear fission, with both negative and positive impacts. The negatives include death and injury from the blast, heat, radiation, and electromagnetic pulse. At the same time, releasing radioactive substances plays a lesser role. On the positive side, they deter conflicts. Regulated by International Humanitarian Law, there are approximately 12,500 nuclear warheads globally, mainly held by the U.S. and Russia. These weapons pose a severe threat, with historical precedents like Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Despite reducing disputes, nuclear-armed states influence global conflicts. To prevent proliferation, the UN established the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
World Nuclear Association. “Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries". (World Nuclear Association, 2022) <https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/emerging-nuclear-energy-countries.aspx> Accessed December 23, 2023. 15 Taniguchi, Tomihiro, and Anita Nilsson. "Strengthening Nuclear Security in a Changing World". (IAEA, 2004) <https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/publications/magazines/bulletin/bull46-1/46103545761.pdf> Accessed December 23, 2023. 14
GLOSSARY TABLE
No.
Terminology
Definition
Explanation
1.
Potent
Ampuh
Having a great power, influence, or effect
2.
Invent
Menciptakan; Membuat
Produce or design something that has not existed before
3.
Destructive
Destruktif (merusak)
Causing harm or damage
4.
Searing
Efek panas yang menciptakan sensasi terbakar
Extremely hot or intense (strong) that it seems to burn you
5.
Decommission
Dinonaktifkan
Stop using a nuclear power station and take it apart safely
6.
Dismantling/ Dismantlement
Membongkar
To take apart a machine or structure so that it is in separate pieces
7.
Warhead
Hulu ledak
The explosive part of missile
8.
Warfare
Perang
The activity of fighting a war, especially using particular weapons or methods
9.
Genocide
Genosida
The murder of a large number of people from a particular nation or ethnic group, with the aim of destroying that nation or group
10..
Missile
Rudal
A weapon that is sent through the air and that explodes when it hits the thing that it is aimed at
11.
Disarm/ Disarmament
Menghilangkan (melucuti) senjata
Reducing the size of the armed forces or the number of weapons
12.
Foster
Mendorong
Encourage the development of something
13.
Reconciliation
Rekonsiliasi
An end to a conflict with somebody and the start of a
good relationship again 14.
Proliferation
Proliferasi
The sudden increase in the number of amount of something; a large number of a particular thing
15.
Ignition
Sistem pengapian
The action of starting to burn or of making something burn
16.
Deterrent
Pencegah; Penghalang
Something that makes somebody less likely to do something
17.
Possess
Memiliki
To have or own something
18.
Presence
Kehadiran
The state or fact of existing or being present
19.
Reinforce
Memperkuat
To make an idea or a thing stronger
20.
Advance
Kemajuan
A progress or a development in a particular or area of understanding
21.
Likelihood
Kemungkinan
The chance of something happening
22.
Distinct
Perlakuan berbeda/khusus
Clearly different or of a different kind; used to emphasize an idea or situation definitely exist and is important
23.
Elevate
Meningkatkan
Put something in a higher position; to make the level of something increase
24.
Demand
Tuntutan
A very strong request for something; something that somebody needs
25.
Catastrophic
Bencana
Causing many people to suffer
26.
Conduct
Melaksanakan
To organize or do a particular activity
27.
Hostilities
Pertempuran
Acts of fighting in a war
28.
Authorized
Resmi
Having official permission or approval
29.
Lawful
Sah
Allowed or recognized by the law
30.
Unlawful
Tidak sah
Not allowed or not recognized by the law
31.
Frameworks
Kerangka
A set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements or decisions
32.
Distinguish
Membedakan
To recognize the difference between people or things
33.
Inherently
Secara inheren
In a permanent, essential, or characterictic way
34.
Indiscriminate
Tidak pandang bulu
The act that is done without thought about what the result may be, especially when it causes people to be harmed (act without careful judgement)
35.
Prosecution
Penuntutan
The process of trying to prove in court that somebody is guilty of a crime
36.
Regimes
Rezim
Method or system of government that has not been elected in a fair way
37.
Force
Memaksa
Violent physical action used to obtain or achieve something
38.
Adherence
Ketaatan
Behaving or commitment to a particular rule
39.
Forsake
Mengabaikan; Meninggalkan
Ignore something; stop doing something
40.
Obligation
Kewajiban
A state of being forced to do something because it is a duty or because of a law
41.
Treaty
Perjanjian
A formal agreement between
two or more countries 42.
Party/ Parties
Pihak/ Para Pihak
A political organization that you can vote for in elections and whose members have the same aims and ideas
43.
Pursue
Mengadakan; Melakukan
To do something or to try to achieve something over a period of time
44.
Value
Nilai; Harga
The quality of being useful or important
45.
Reduction
Pengurangan
The act of reducing the amount or quantity of something
46.
Arsenal
Persenjataan
A collection or stock of weapons
47.
Conventional
Konvensi
Tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in general, normal, and ordinary
48.
Jurisdiction
Yurisdiksi
The authority that an official organization has to make legal decisions about somebody or something
49.
Primarily
Terutama
The most or main part
50.
Atmospheric
Atmosfer
Related to the earth’s atmosphere
51.
Refrain
Menahan
To stop oneself from doing something
52.
Prevent
Mencegah
To stop somebody from doing something or to stop something from happening
53.
Yield
Hasil
The total amount of profits or that are produced
54.
Stockpilling
Menyediakan
To collect and keep a large supply of something in the future
55.
Deployment
Penyebaran
The act of moving soldiers or
weapons into a position where they are ready for military action 56.
Seabed
Dasar laut
The ground or floor of the sea
57.
Inventory
Inventaris
A written list of all the objects, property, or furniture in a particular building
58.
Decreasing
Menurun
Become smaller in size, amount, or intensity
59.
Secrecy
Kerahasiaan
The fact of making sure that nothing is known about something (secret)
60.
Varying
Bervariasi
Different from each other in size, shape, or amount
61.
Disclose
Mengungkap
To allow something that was hidden to be seen
62.
Reinstate
Kendali
To give back a job or position that had been taken away
63.
Declassify
Deklasifikasi
To state officially that secret government information is no longer secret
64.
Disclosure
Penyingkapan; Pemberitahuan
The act of making something known or public that was previously secret or private
65.
Ceased
Menghentikan; Mengakhiri
To stop something from happening or existing
66.
Accomplishment
Prestasi
An impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work
67.
Retired
Pensiun
Leave a job and stop working
68.
Perceive
Melihat; Menilai
To understand, think, notice, or become aware of something
69.
Adversaries
Musuh
Person that is opposed to and competing with in an argument or a battle
70.
Reluctant
Enggan
Hesitating before doing something because they do not want to do it or not sure that it is the right thing to do
71.
Indicating
Menunjukkan
To show that something is true or exist
72.
Opponent
Lawan
A person that you are fighting against in an argument, competition, or battle
73.
Heighten
Meningkat
More intense, stronger, or increases than normal
74.
Mass
Massa
A large amount of a substance that does not have a definite shape or form
75.
Obliteration
Penghancuran; Pemusnahan
The act of removing all signs of something, either by destroying or covering it completely
76.
Combating
Melawan; Memerangi
Stop something unpleasant or harmful from happening or from getting worse
77.
Acquire
Memperoleh; Mendapatkan
Obtaining or gaining something
78.
Initiated
Dimulai
Make something begin
79.
Impetus
Dorongan
Something that encourages a process to develop more quickly
80.
Unchecked
Tidak dicegah
Not stopped or controlled from getting worse
81.
Annihilation
Penghancuran
The act of something being completely destroyed
82.
Mankind
Umat manusia
All humans, thought of as one large group (human race)
83.
Annual
Tahunan
Happening once every year
84.
Parliamentarians
Anggota parlemen
Member of a parliement
85.
Grave
Serius; Berat; Parah
A serious or significant threat
86.
Posed
Menimbulkan
To create a threat or problem that has to be dealt with
87.
Evidence
Bukti
The information, signs, or object that is used to prove something
88.
Threat
Ancaman
The possibility of trouble, danger, or disaster
89.
Casualties
Korban jiwa
Persons who is killed or injured in an accident or war
90.
Exposure
Paparan
Being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful
91.
Detonation
Ledakan
An explosion or an act of making something explode
92.
Utilizing
Memanfaatkan
Use something for a practical purpose
93.
Razed
Meratakan
Completely destroy a building or town with nothing left
94.
Burnt
Terbakar
Damage or injured by burning
95.
Swelled
Membengkak
Become bigger or increase in number or size
96.
Shockwaves
Efek kerusakan yang mendalam
Destructive and far-reaching impact or consequences of an action
97.
Surrender
Menyerah
The act of admitting to being defeated and wanting to stop fighting
98.
Interfered
Intervensi
To intrude in a situation or process, often in a disruptive or negative way
99.
Cited
Dikutip; Disebut-sebut
Mention something as a reason or an example in order to support a fact
100.
Pivotal
Penting
Great importance because
other things depend on it 101.
Escalating
Meningkatkan
To become or make something greater, worse, or more serious
102.
Trinitrotonuluene (TNT)
Trinitrotulene
A pale yellow, solid substance made from toluene through a process that makes it explode, mainly used as an explosive
103.
Electromagnetic Pulses
Pulsa Elekrtomagnetik
Electromagnetic interference involving the release of powerful electromagnetic energy as part of the impact of a nuclear explosion
104.
Fission
Pembelahan (Fisi)
The act or process of splitting the nucleus (central part) of an atom, when a large amount of energy is released
105.
Adequacy
Kecukupan
The fact of being enough in quantity, or good enough in quality, for a particular purpose or need
106.
Constrained
Terbatas
Severely restricted in scope, extent, or activity.
107.
Fueled
Memasok; Menyediakan
To supply something with material that can be burnt to produce heat or power
108.
Ranging
Mulai dari
To include a variety of different things in addition to those mentioned
109.
Death Toll
Jumlah korban tewas
The number of people killed in an accident, war, or disaster
110.
Gun-Assembly
Perakitan senjata
The process of putting together the various components of a firearm (gun) to make it ready for use
111.
Plutonium Scrap
Sisa limbah yang mengandung plutonium
Discarded or waste materials that contain plutonium, a radioactive and highly toxic element
112.
Inalienable Right
Hak yang tidak dapat dicabut
A right that is not transferable or that is impossible to take away
113.
Grand Bargain
Kesepakatan (perjanjian) besar
An agreement between some of the largest donors and aid providers, which aims to get more means into the hands of people in need
114.
Manhattan Project
Proyek Manhattan
A top-secret program to make the first atomic bombs during World War II
115.
United Nations (UN)
Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa
An international organization remains a place where the world's nations can gather together, discuss common problems, and find shared solutions
116.
Soviet Union
Uni Soviet
Known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), emerged as one of the dominant political entities of the 20th century following the Russian Revolution, which marked the rise of the world's first communist party in history
117.
International Criminal Law (ICL)
Hukum Pidana Internasional
A body of international law that defines international crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the crime of aggression, as well as the procedures to be applied before international courts and tribunals
118.
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Mahkamah Internasional
The UN's primary judicial body is tasked with using international law to peacefully resolve disputes between nations, addressing various legal issues such as territorial disputes and human rights, while also contributing to
global peace, security, and the development of international law 119.
International Criminal Court (ICC)
Mahkamah Pidana Internasional
A global court that's always there to look into, charge, and judge people accused of doing the worst crimes that affect the whole world, like genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression
120.
Customary International Law
Hukum Kebiasaan Internasional
International obligations based on common global practices, rather than formal written agreements and treaties
121.
General Assembly
Majelis Umum
One of the main organs of the UN that delivers recommendations on many international issues and manages internal UN appointments and budget approval
122.
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
Organisasi Non-Pemerintah
A nonprofit organization that operates independently of any government, typically one whose purpose is to address a social or political issue
123.
Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) or International Humanitarian Law (IHL)
Hukum Konflik Bersenjata atau Hukum Humaniter Internasional
A set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict
124.
Nobel Peace Prize
Penghargaan Nobel untuk Perdamaian
An international award, presented annually by the Nobel Committee in Norway, is given to individuals, groups, or organizations that have made outstanding contributions to promoting peace, ending conflicts, or reducing the global arms race
125.
The Rule of Distinction
Aturan Pembagian
A rule that mandates that in LOAC, the involved parties must consistently differentiate between civilians and
combatants, as well as between civilian objects and military targets, with attacks exclusively aimed at military objectives 126.
Cold War
Perang Dingin
An ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II
127.
2022 Strategic Concept
Strategi Konsep 2022 (oleh NATO)
Describes the security environment facing the alliance, reaffirms its values, and spells out NATO’s key purpose of ensuring collective defence for its allies
128.
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND)
Kampanye Perlucutan Senjata Nuklir
An NGO that leads a movement of people campaigning to get rid of nuclear weapons in Britain and worldwide
129.
The Antarctic Treaty
Traktat Antartika
A treaty that aims to demilitarize Antarctica, to establish it as a zone free of nuclear tests and the disposal of radioactive waste, and to ensure that it is used for peaceful purposes only
130.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional
The world's centre for cooperation in the nuclear field and seeks to promote the safe, secure, and peaceful use of nuclear technologies
131.
The Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty (NPT)
Traktat Non-Proliferasi Nuklir
An international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament
132.
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW)
Fisikawan Internasional untuk Pencegahan Perang Nuklir
A federation (NGO) of national groups dedicated to mobilizing the influence of the medical profession against the threat of nuclear weapons
133.
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Traktat Pelarangan Uji Coba Nuklir
A treaty that bans all nuclear explosion tests, whether for military or peaceful purposes
134.
Nuclear disarmament law
Hukum upaya pengurangan senjata nuklir
The collection of international laws, treaties, and norms that regulate and guide the process of progressively reducing and finally abolishing nuclear weapons across the world
135.
Non-Nuclear Weapons States
Negara-negara pemilik senjata non-nuklir
States that are not to receive nuclear weapons from any transferor and are not to manufacture or acquire them
136.
Nuclear Weapon States
Negara-negara pemilik senjata nuklir
The five states (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) officially recognized as possessing nuclear weapons by the NPT
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