Functionalism and the grid
Functionalism
- Dutch movement - mode of operation - 1960s
- leading figures of pre war movement remained active during war - after war - democratic and more functionalist approach to building started
Switzerland - remains neutral during war
The pragmatism of Benno wissing
- painter at art academy in Rotterdam - bare necessities of life, benno really liked this - letterforms - narrow face based on ovals and circles, two tone lettering with triangles and squares, - all decisions were pragmatic not ideological reasons
Founding of total design
- wissing - airport project, involved in creation of first multi disciplinary large scale design studio in Netherlands, system ideologist - total design - influence of United States, Switzerland, Britain, design was modular - alphabets based on a 6 x 9 grid
- wim crouwel - nicknamed “the system general”, authorship of the grid credited to him
Wim crouwel and Dutch Calvinism
- personal internal paradox
- create a certain order in everything
- flamboyant side : drives sports card, tailor suits, likes expressive art - dynamic abstract drawings - purist attitude can be traced back to Calvinism
Wim & typography
- experimental typography is reflecting a cultural pattern, but gives self reflection - experimental typography ever results in a solution for a certain problem - Amsterdam type foundry had monopoly in the printing world
- small jobs - cut out single letters and glued
- akidenz - big rubber stamps or typographic stamps - hand drawn early on - main elements - rectangles and quarter circles
Quiz question Swiss design managed to obtain maximum aesthetic effect by the most ______ means
1) elaborate 2) simple
colorful toned
Alina Nicholas / VISC 202 10/13/20 TOOLKIT
editorial toned clean
delicate
Alina Nicholas VISC 202 10/13/20 TOOLKIT 2
editorial toned crisp
delicate
10.12.20 toolkits - 2 variations
10.14.20
gif sketches & testing
jklmnopqr stuvwxyz .-,
slight subtle curves at the ends straights move into cut off ends long & narrow straights duchess AN EDITORIAL DISPLAY TYPEFACE POLISHED ORGANIC CRISP DELICATE Duchess is a narrow typeface that ex hibits the qualities of editorial fashion photography. With thin straights and subtle curves at the terminals, the typeface is subtle yet loud and perfect for short headlines. abcdefghi
duchess woven silk
exchanged for blue quartz ALINA NICHOLAS duchess AN EDITORIAL DISPLAY TYPEFACE abcdefghi
Duchess is narrow typeface that ex hibits the qualities of editorial fashion photography. With thin straights and subtle curves at the terminals, the typeface is subtle yet loud and perfect for short headlines. POLISHED ORGANIC CRISP DELICATE slight subtle curves at the ends straights move into cut off ends long narrow straights duchess woven
duchess AN EDITORIAL DISPLAY TYPEFACE abcdefghi
Duchess is a narrow typeface that ex hibits the qualities of editorial fashion photography. With thin straights and subtle curves at the terminals, the typeface is subtle yet loud and perfect for short headlines. POLISHED ORGANIC CRISP DELICATE slight subtle curves at the ends long narrow straights straights move into cut off ends duchess woven
10.19.20 behance tests
jklmnopqr stuvwxyz .-,
pyjamas
jklmnopqr stuvwxyz .-,
silk pyjamas exchanged for blue quartz
silk pyjamas exchanged for blue quartz
changes made - re kerned gylphs file so letters are properly spaced - made all small texts match font sizes - changed the word on the display section - fixed craft parts of gif
slight subtle curves at the ends straights move into cut off ends long & narrow straights
AN EDITORIAL DISPLAY TYPEFACE POLISHED ORGANIC CRISP DELICATE Duchess is narrow typeface that exhibits the qualities of editorial fashion photography. With thin straights and subtle curves at the terminals, the typeface subtle yet loud and perfect for short headlines.
duchess
for blue
ALINA NICHOLAS 10.21.20
abcdefghi jklmnopqr stuvwxyz .-, toned woven silk pyjamas exchanged
quartz
final behance post
10.21.20 refined timeline gif
frame by frame gif
10.21.20 refined
History of the Latin alphabet part 1 10/5/20
Protintaeic script - earliest form of alphabet - “rock scribbles”
Egyptian hieratic - funerary papyrus of tphous - Egypt, 127 - image forms, hieroglyphics - in religious places - there was a need for writing that was simpler -> hieratic and demiotic scripts
Phoenician alphabet - famous merchants, trading all over Mediterranean - modified and adopted, spread to a lot of other cultures like greeks - royal purple
Rosetta Stone - monumental stone that allowed cryptographers to decode Egyptian hieroglyphic script - bottom is Ancient Greek - comparing Greek to Egyptian, same thing written in 3 different scripts
Archaic Greek alphabet - inscription on bronze tablet - no distinction between upper and lowercase at this time, idea of punctuation or space between word, etc. these things happened with time, it was being invented, but they don’t exist here yet -
Quadratas - square capitals - written with broad nibbed tool - Italy - different substrate as stone, less precious
Roman rustics - examples that had dots used for inter word separation - word separation stops and then comes again in Middle Ages - ease of reading was not on anyone’s mind, ex: maybe people wanted educated slaves
Roman cursive - less precious - wont be as crisp, depending on what substrate their written on - reed pen - close to felt tip pen - expressive, modularity to it, hard to read - new Roman cursive is basis to what becomes out ascenders and descenders
History of Latin alphabet part 1 10/5/20
Uncial - Unicase - only one case - interword spacing, but not invention of punctuation yet - bigger letter to start pagraphs - flat pen angle
Half uncial - not from uncials - uncials and half uncials share ancestor - got ascenders from new Roman cursive
Insular Half uncial - book of kells - larger letter to start
Merovingian - general legibility is not good - lots of ligatures (a lot of shortened words - combinations of words that were used to shorten time)
Carolingian minuscule - where we get our Roman type - modern - used up until 1200s
Wax diptycha (writing tablets)
history of the letter - 1
History of the Alphabet Part 2 The Later Written Scripts 10/6/20
Proto gothic more compressed straight thick forms reason : with carolingian, it was only possible to have a lot of those spaces, but now they had to condense material expensive to get animal skins
Textus Prescissus considered to be most beautiful font of this era almost San serif quality everything flat on baseline scribe had to write, then turn pen, then square off end takes a long time
Textus quadratas took a little less time to square off endings cheaper and faster than prescussis trying to emulate writing
Rotunda closer to carolingian in Italy, they liked it more curved black, dense texture
what country leads the development of the humanist letter form ? italy
What period of European history does the humanist letter form belong? Renaissance
Humanistic separating them from each other, you can tell by where they connect
Evolution of humanistic script to chancery cursive italic - called this cuz it was written in Italy written in chanceries humanistic turns to italic because of the speed, this could be same for chancery chancery script developed out of simplifying chancery gothic script
3 branches of carolingian gothic - looked barbaric, qualities of Middle Ages, style hat couldve been influenced by Islamic a Art
carolingian minuscule where large standardization happens
Humanistic connected to calligraphy mimics a handwriting script
History of the alphabet Part 4 The early types 10/7/20
Johannesburg gutenbuerg - goldsmith - engraving letters in metal - very very first printer in Europe - invention for process for making movable type - using oil based ink - using wooden printing press
Anton Koberger (shabacher) - gothic qualities - straight pen logic - more compressed - based on handwriting
Fracter - associated with German empower - Dense - similar to gothic cursive
Venice - efforts to transfer handwriting to type -
Nicholas Jensen - made Roman types
Aldus Manutius - one of the earliest printers - modeled after Roman inscriptions - the e on third row, crossbar of it is flat - old style - has humanists aspects but more modern
Early French times -
Claude - his italic types weren’t as impressive as his Roman ones - early printers to establish that italic capitals should slope just like lowercase - created Garamond - looked to Garamond
William Silvius - one of the best printers - his stuff was sold to auctioneers
William Caslons - caslons typeface was very pop;ulnar bc it established British value in terms of aesthetics - caslons types used for US Declaration of Independence
Romain du Rod - refers to sun king who commissioned type face - standardized type using rulers grid - influential, different from Garamond type face -
Pierre Simon fournier - created standardized measuring system for type
Baskerville - known for redesigning Roman and italic type that came before him - more contrast - thinner elements - rounded
Bodoni - very high contrast - presented along side didot
Didot - families that work - rivals with bodoni
history of the letter - 2 & 4
History of the Latin alphabet : Part 5 19th and early 20th century types 10/11/20
19 century - fat faces are born - very exaggerated and contrast form from bodoni and didot - slab serif born
Sample - Egyptian - called antique -
Where does first sans serif appear as a typeface? - William caslons book
Who’s the first to use the term sans serif - v & J Figgins
William Morris - first graphic designer - stuff in the met - British textile designer and activist
Edward Johnston - iconic typeface for London - modeled typeface after Italy one
UNicase - herbert bayer - experimenting with an alphabet that would only require one set of 26 letters that would represent upper and lowercase
Paul Renner - Influenced from Bauhause - starts to represent modernism
Eric Gill - Gill sans - based on Johnston - British helvetica
History of the Latin alphabet Part 6 Modern types and influences 10/12/20
Questions - what year was helvetica born? - what typeface was on the legendary banknote? - did William Morris prefer the medieval way of creating or the mechanisized process more? - who are the two people that are considered the fathers of modern calligraphy ? - who wrote the book “a handwriting manual?” - what was ernst schniedler the founder of?
Revival of calligraphy and influential figures
William Morris - liked medieval way of creating - taught himself how to do calligraphy from old renaissance books - learns gilding
Rudolf von largish - taught about tools effect on letters, language and materials
Rudolf Koch - considered father of modern calligraphy, along with william Johnston
Alfred Fairbank - wrote “a handwriting manual” - Bembo condensed
Hermann zampf - preamble of the charted of the United Nations (largest calligraphic project he worked on) Ernst Schneidler - founder of _____ school -
history
- 5 & 6
of the letter
