2022 Cyberpsychology Research

Team Blue: Cyberpsychology Journal Review

Darius Hines-Cross, Alexis Bernard, Paul Gilbert Department of Psychology, Norfolk State University PSY520: Current Trends in Cyberpsychology Dr. Scott Debb May 20, 2022

Blue Team: Cyberpsychology Journal Review The Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking journal is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles relating to the psychological impact of social media, video games, and other notable internet-related technologies. Throughout the years, this journal has covered many important topics that are groundbreaking and relevant to society, providing critical research on our social networking interactions like behaviors in virtual communities, differences in behavior based on access to tools, telehealth, internet addiction, artificial intelligence, gaming, and virtual reality. This paper reviews and analyzes similar themes of the journal broken out by year starting with 2017 and concluding with 2022.

2017 The major themes of 2017 include the possible physical, social, behavioral, and psychological influences, and manipulations of social media and the tools and processes that support and deliver it may have on people. Two original articles, “Internet-Based Interaction Anxiety and Communication Preferences”, and “Internet Addiction, Psychological Distress, and Coping Responses Among Adolescents and Adults”, as well as, an editorial article, “How Digital Anxieties Are Shaping the Next Generation's Mental Health”, all explain the challenges of social media and the way it is delivered and used (McNicol & Thorsteinsson, 2017; Shaughnessy et al., 2017; Wiederhold, 2017).

Another major theme throughout the year was how the tools themselves were providing researchers a new way to observe people and their interactions within a community (netnography), while the researchers remained unobserved (Elipe et al., 2017; van Bennekom et al., 2017). The last major theme of 2017 was the overall population breakout chronicling multiple cultures like Korean and Spanish (Chun et al., 2017; Gómez et al., 2017), while also covering social groups and communities like adults and adolescents (Stapleton et al., 2017).

2018 Journal articles from 2018 were adjacent to many themes from 2017 while adding a substantial focus on the challenges and opportunities offered in the creation and presentation of one’s choice of identity and the perceptions of it by others (Fullwood & Attrill-Smith, 2018; Wiederhold, 2018). 2018 importantly added a new series on security and safety in the digital realm (Kaakinen et al., 2018; Wachs et al., 2018).

2019 Journal articles from the year 2019 (volume 22), included multiple special editions to offer readers in-depth explanations of the latest topics within technology and health. Themes on virtual and augmented reality, in addition to the impact those technologies have on cognitive functions and social anxiety “during virtual cues”, were common throughout this edition. With guest editorials from authors, including Mark D. Wiederhold, readers are encouraged to learn more from experts on key subtopics and discussions. In an effort to increase the sense of “being there”, experiments have been conducted to study the effects of spatial embodiment in augmented reality (Wiederhold, 2019). In particular, the results affect medical attitudes about the self and show significant promise in a wide variety of fields, including education, entertainment, art, and the sciences (Jung et al., 2019; Strimbu & O’Connell, 2019).

Moving throughout the year, articles shift towards themes centered on internet addiction, gaming disorders, and gender studies. September’s issue focused on social media and additional forms of rapid communication. Internet access has rapidly increased in recent years, enhancing the quality of life relating to communication, education, businesses, recreation, and many other aspects (Sakakihara et al., 2019). Accordingly, negative aspects of excessive internet use have caused concern for researchers and can cause harmful effects on users.

There are concerns with users developing problems with interpersonal relationships and social life because of difficulty controlling their internet use. Problematic internet use (PIU), is an

ongoing issue that has been drawing attention across countries since 1995. Namely, PIU is highlighted throughout many of the fall volumes.

By the conclusion of 2019, there was a central focus on the development and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). AI has been successfully combined with mobile computing, remote sensor monitoring, wearable technologies, and telehealth capabilities.

Alternatively, while mental health care professionals have an interest in conducting research and early clinical studies, AI has been limited in availability and use.

2020 There were a few main themes of 2020. For the first quarter, January through March, one of the main themes was virtual and augmented reality technologies. January had a special publication that contained a lot of articles that looked at the use of these multimedia technologies for training, assessments, and treatments for Autism in both children and adults (Antão et al., 2020; Crowell et al., 2020; Miller et al., 2020b; Newbutt et al., 2020). Adding to this point, a lot of these studies used some sort of mixed reality to create interactive experiences for those with autism. Pursuing this further, one study sought to see if mixed reality could be used to encourage social initiation for autistic individuals (Crowell et al., 2020). This study compared mixed reality solutions with a common non-digital intervention method. Other distinguishing studies used virtual reality to introduce children to air travel or to create interactive games to improve alphabet letters, numbers, and time skills (Antão et al., 2020; Miller et al., 2020b).

Finally, January was wrapped up with an article that analyzed the assessment and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder using virtual reality (Miller et al., 2020a).

February changed directions and looked at social media and video games. The focus of many of the studies was on Instagram and the effects it has on Adult men, how it is accessed via different cultures, and the effects of taking a break from it (Fioravanti et al., 2020; Modica, 2020; Schaffer & Debb, 2020). However, March also had a special issue looking at virtual reality and its benefits for the Elderly (Gamito et al., 2020; Huang, 2020; Q. Liu et al., 2020).

The second quarter of 2020 didn’t have any notable common themes throughout. There were a few publications on cyber victimization and bullying in school and the workforce (Anwar et al., 2020; Sindahl & van Dolen, 2020). Some articles assess the body images of men and the correlation between body size and avatars users choose (Gültzow et al., 2020; S.-Y. Kim et al., 2020). Importantly, some articles looked at addiction and how the Internet can help or hinder certain tendencies. One study examined how internet intervention may help with alcohol consumption (Black et al., 2020), while another looked at the effects of users being addicted to the actual Internet (X. Liu et al., n.d.; Mak & Young, 2020).

June did have a special issue that focused on smartphones, interactive media, and early childhood. There were a few articles that studied technology use during infancy and in young children (Coyne et al., 2020; Vanden Abeele et al., 2020). A study focused on behavior problems in children between ages 4 and 5 (Sundqvist et al., 2020). Another looked at the association between the nonverbal reasoning of 5-year-olds and screen use at home (Beatty & Egan, 2020). There were a lot of studies that looked at parents, stress, and the correlation with child media use (Gordon-Hacker & Gueron-Sela, 2020; Linder et al., 2020; McDaniel & Radesky, 2020). It was interesting to read about the bidirectional associations between early childhood behavior and smartphone and tablet use. This was fascinating to read considering another article that same month talked about the drawbacks of using media devices to regulate child distress (Gordon-Hacker & Gueron-Sela, 2020).

Quarter three and quarter four of 2020 had a couple of major themes in the articles.

Most of them dealt with either habitual internet use or virtual reality. A little bit of covid-19related research was also conducted. Quarter three had a few articles that touched on video game use, trolling, and internet dating (March & Steele, 2020; Norton et al., 2020; Timmermans & Alexopoulos, 2020). In particular, these three activities have become mainstream internet hobbies for many individuals. Internet trolling happens when a user is behaving in a way to

provoke or distress other users, normally for the amusement of themselves or others (March & Steele, 2020). The study looked at the relationship between self-esteem and Internet trolling.

Video games were the topic of two different studies. One looked at how video games affected romantic relationships (Norton et al., 2020). With online gaming becoming commonplace in many households, this study looked at the acceptance of gaming within a romantic relationship. The goal was to comprehend how the acceptance of video game use changed the partner dynamic. The other looked at hostility associated with massively multiplayer online role-playing games (Smith et al., 2020). Notably, many games have patterns of play that can be harmful to health and the study looked at the links between hostility towards others in-person and the player roles in these online games.

Quarter four had a couple of studies revolving around Covid-19. A study looked at the effects of seeking out information online about Covid-19 (P. L. Liu, 2020). The study looked at what preventive behaviors users exhibited while consuming four main types of digital media, social media, online news media, mobile social networking apps, and social live streaming services. Additionally, another study looked at the incivility of users regarding covid in certain countries and the link to social grooming factors (B. Kim, 2020).

Importantly, 2020 had numerous exceptional topics. Above all, virtual reality was a major theme throughout multiple months and dominated the first quarter. Another key theme was the effects of Internet use and media devices on infants and young children. Parents are increasingly providing media devices to resolve child distress; however, multiple studies are showing the detrimental effects of media devices on young children’s development and social behavioral skills. Video games came up a few times in a few months and had interesting articles relating to effects on relationships and interactions with other people in person.

2021 2021 had a lot of special issues published. Almost half of the monthly releases focused on some aspect of a user’s deepening engagement with tools and the relationship between the

user and these augmented intelligence tools. The January issue included a special on the effects of violent video games over the last 50 years (Goodson & Turner, 2021). The March release focused on the impact of deepfakes on society (Hancock & Bailenson, 2021).

In May, another special issue was released covering Human-Robot Confluence and the relationships people have with their things (Riva & Wiederhold, 2021). A special issue was released in July which focused more on the same topic in May (Dibble & McDaniel, 2021). To close out the special issues, the September journal had an article from Norfolk State’s very own, Dr. Debb, that focused on the responsibilities of humans in managing our tools, especially in the cybersecurity field (Debb, 2021). Overall, the 2021 series continued to expand the cyberpsychology knowledge base by publishing studies on the benefits and risks of technology, how users use it and how users are influenced and manipulated by it.

2022 At present, virtual reality and other haptic devices are becoming more popular and in turn, more research is being conducted about these devices. Research on these types of devices was a central theme in 2022. One study noted the current way of accessing the Internet, smartphones, and computers allow for limited immersion. As more innovation occurs, tech leaders believe VR headsets will become less bulky and more comfortable for the user and provide a wider selection of haptic devices for users to actually feel virtual objects. With the increase in these devices, there is already a need for more cybercrime investigation training to occur, incorporating virtual reality.

Another common theme was big data and artificial intelligence. In particular, one of the most visible and powerful hallmarks of modern society is the marriage between big data and artificial intelligence in the digital economy. These exceptional technologies have also been used for complementing and enhancing theories, modeling and simulations, and most recently predicting the 3D structure of proteins. Finally, as with all things, there were a few studies that covered the negative aspects of big data and artificial intelligence. One notable study looked at

the abuse of psychological mass persuasion while another looked at ways to capitalize on users' good and bad behaviors.

Conclusion There were a lot of prominent themes from 2017 through 2022 in the journal, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. Virtual reality was heavily researched for multiple years and looked at various demographics including neuro-divergent and elderly populations. Many articles also looked at the drawbacks of these new technologies. Internet addiction, gaming disorders, and behavior developmental issues were highlighted over a couple of years. Ultimately, the journal provided a lot of good resources and topics for future research and offered the reader a deeper understanding of cyberpsychology.

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