PARKWOOD SPRINGS LSC 5010 URBAN LANDSCAPE PLANNING Alexander Saunders
‘A strategy to create a new socio- economic hub for Sheffield which addresses the city’s growth and local deprivation using Parkwood as a catalyst for change in a manner that embraces the flood plain and other ecostystem services’
CONTENTS 1 - Introduction 2 - Concept Exploration 3 - Drivers Of Change 4 - A Temporary Beginning 5 - Site-Wide Landscape Planning Strategy 6 - Core Focus Areas Pt 1 7 - Core Focus Areas Pt 2 8 - Sub-site Vision 9 - Masterplanning Principles and Big Moves 10 - Land Use, Connectivity and Masterplan 11 - Character and Social & Economic Benefit Delivery 12 - Environmental Benefit Delivery 13 - Economic Futures 14 - References
EMERGING MEADOWHALL HUB
T H E U N S TO P PA B L E F O R C E A N D T H E IMMOVABLE OBJECT - THE GROWING CITY AND THE WAITING FLOOD PLAIN. PARKWOOD SPRINGS
WHAT’S THE ISSUE? THE SHEFFIELD ECONOMY As with the rest of the UK, Sheffield’s economy is recovering and growing again however on average Sheffield’s growth is lower than that of the rest of the UK and Parkwood is an area particularly lagging behind with severe deprivation.
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Sheffield’s average GVA per head is over less than the English average with the gap between the North and South still growing ( State Of Sheffield Report, 2015). With a growing population it is important that Sheffield’s business communities are given
opportunities to grow and accelerate Sheffield’s economic recovery. There are current
13,375 business enterprises in Sheffield (State of Sheffield Report, 2015) who have the potential to benefit from more centrally locate commercial, technological and trade communities.
FLOODING
Without intervention in the lower Don valley hydrology strategy this prime
Moderate Risk
area of land on the city centre edge is at from flooding putting it at risk to 1 in every 500 year flood events which are due to become 10% 20% more likely subject to climate change.
SOLUTION / PROJECT AIM ‘A strategy to create a new socio- economic hub for Sheffield which addresses the city’s growth and local deprivation using Parkwood as a catalyst for change in a manner that embraces the flood plain and other ecostystem services’
CENTERTAINMENT SUPPORT HUB
POTENTIAL PARKWOOD HUB
A PARKWOOD HUB PEAK DISTRICT
Parkwood has the space to privide a new business centre, a large demographic to draw people and bussiness from and fantastic supporting green space to service growth as well as wider city connections and the desire to emerge from its current state of deprivation. Michael Porter - Speech Summary
WESTON PARK /PONDEROSA PARK HILL CITY CENTRE
ENDCLIFFE PARK
Social and environmental benefit delivery is limited by resources. The current model of making beneficial change to social and environmental issues relies on bodies that predominantly use resources e.g. NGOs and Government. With limited resources benefits occur and can be measured however their scalability is limited. Business can create resources through inward investment, tax generation and other means in a manner that is much more scalable as it is based on profit.
SHEFFIELD RING ROAD
PARKWAY TO M1
NORFOLK HERITAGE PARK
WHY WOULD PARKWOOD HELP SHEFFIELD’S ECONOMY? THE CAPACITY TO HELP
Parkwood Springs is one of Sheffield’s largest green space resources and has a fantastic proximity to the current city centre. A strategy to enable potential development in the proximity of a park of this size and
location would drastically effect Sheffield’s economy and local land values. Developers
would be willing, on average to pay at least 3% more for land in close proximity to open space with some putting the premium as high as
15%.
On a site the size of parkwood and with such a wide (Profitable Places, 2014). demographic in need of change, a scalable strategy NPPF 10.101 - Applying the sequential test to areas such as the dog racing stadium to generate resource to address social environmental and near the local college, another site would not be suitable for development due and economic deprivation can be created with to their greater risk of flooding. The topography of Parkwood would also limit a city business as the foundation. development up the slope. Therefore the Don basin is the most suitable site for a new hub in this area. (NPPF, 2012) Functional Flood Plain
NPPF 10.102 - A sustainable development in this area would provide economic, social
Moderate to High Flood Risk
risk. (NPPF, 2012)
and environmental benefits that exceed the current situation and outweigh the flood
THE DESIRE TO HELP ITSELF
The Parkwood springs area is one of the most deprived regions of Sheffield which in turn is reflected in the perception and treatment of the park and other local green spaces. A new economic hub in the area would bring inward investment to benefit the local area.
A LANDSCAPE LED APPROACH
Whereas Sheffield’s other centres turn their back on the river network Parkwood can utilise the water and vast parkland to create a better connected centre where the created and existing environment can provide greater social, economic and environmental benefits to both the immediate centre and the wider region. A multi benefit approach will aim to transform Parkwood into a city district of regional significance.
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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT AND CASE STUDIES
Tanner Springs Park, Portland, Oregon, USA
THE POLY CENTRIC CITY With growing populations, recovering economies, urbanisation of global cities and technological advancements and networks cities are moving away from the single centre to an adaptation of the Garden City concept where multiple economic centres are emerging. With the arrival of HS2 to Meadowhall and its increasing growth, Sheffield is likely to become poly-centric in a similar fashion to London and Manchester. In order to combat against a mass exodus from the current centre to Meadowhall, a new business hub/ community in close proximity will provide Sheffield with a more stable foundation to grow poly-centrically
HYDROLOGICALLY RESPONSIBLE URBAN CENTRE
EXISTING CENTRE - HUB OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY COMPRISING OF DENSE COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL LAND USE. DEVELOPING CENTRES - PLANNED OR EVOLVING CENTRES SERVICING ADDITIONAL CATCHMENT AREAS CONNECTORS - NOTABLE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONNECTIONS BETWEEN CENTRES INCLUDING TRANSPORT AND BUSINESS CO OPERATION
Olympic Park, London - Where a rapidly developing urban centre is working in tandem with an extensive park system.
In order to meet the requirements of article 10.102 of the National Planning Policy Framework regarding flood plain development the proposal must demonstrate that it can offer sustainability benefits that outweigh the flood risk. In the Don basin this requires an intense network of flood managing ecosystem services ranging from river corridor expansion and improvements to an integrated sustainable urban drainage system. By utilising natural services over solid infrastructure the proposal will deliver much greater environmental benefits than the current industrial zone. Capital
costs of traditional drainage are more than double the capital cost of SUDs and annual maintenance costs are
20-25%cheaper
BUILDING A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Poly-centric Nature Of Successful Cities
EnviPark - Turin - A compact business district promoting a sustainable, responsible environment for technology start ups to grow.
Green infrastructure is commonly considered as green space penetrating into the city, often trying to bridge the gaps between urban fringes. However Parkwood’s green penetration into the city is limited by the belt of industrial warehouses and struggling industry. In order for the green benefits associated with the parkland of Parkwood to be felt by the city there must be an economic justification to transforming areas of industry into green infrastructure. City expansion along bodies of water is common practise and with Sheffield’s expanding industry, population and economy it is inevitable that the city will expand along this corridor and given Parkwood’s proximity to the existing city centre, one of many new centres will form with dense development forming the basis of the city’s social and economic growth. It is therefore imperative that Parkwood be developed in a manner that can suit the city’s densification while incorporating green infrastructure incorporate Parkwood’s environmental and social benefits with the new urban population, business and economy.
DRIVERS OF CHANGE
ECO SYSTEM LINKAGES
Three primary ecological corridors build connections through Parkwood and on to the wider regions including the City, Hillsborough, Shirecliff and Pitsmoor. The two woodland corridors will form a landform edge that will encase a SUD system strategy to collect site water and transfer it into designated water retention zones. The three corridors will also play host to improved habitats and increased biodiversity, particularly for riparian species.
primary centre in the river basin is a hub of social and economic activity that SOCIO ECONOMIC The starts to build relationships with smaller nodes to generate cash income across the whole site and at a variety of scales. These are particularly located near thresholds RELATIONSHIPS
to serve local and wider catchment areas and beneficiaries. The formation of the environmental connections build a visual connection between nodes which is proven to benefit business interaction.
A TEMPORARY BEGINNING
Allotment conversion to accomodate smaller allotment sizes, urban farming, Sheffield’s street tree growing initiative within a smallscale nursery
Local groups begin the coppicing and planting process for the improvement, expansion and creation of the woodland corridors.
Pop-Up/ Temporary activities providing initial income e.g. cafes, food trucks, events. Treshold enhancements.
Development limited to plot boundaries to prepare for new infrastructure improvements. For plots see sub site strategy.
Temporary/ Start Up bussiness communities formed from pop ups in existing buildings and or low cost, removable shipping containers create a newer diverse micro economy in the area.
POP UPS & CONNECTIVITY
Sports facility improvements and enhancements. Tree clearing/ coppicing for increased visibility
Pop up/ Temporary parks form micro environments for new hubs and begin the process of river corridor expansion.
The initial drive to rejuvenate the area can consist of a series of pop up parks and commercial units (comprised of temporary structures and existing buidling usage) for a temporary base economy where inward investment can formalise some of the early park connections through tree clearing and path creation as well as early improvements in sports communities and small scale income generators around site thresholds.
Early stage of formalising routes for improved connectivity including bound gravel pathways.
Early stage presence felt by wider communities such as the current city centre.
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In 2013 the Yorkshire and Humber region had start up companies (PopUpEconomy.com) and the market for pop up companies and commercial expansion is growing year on year.
PRELIMINARY DEMOGRAPHICS Local Businesses and Start Ups Expanding commerce Friends Of Parkwood Local Council Local Residents Sheffield Students
Tourists
INITIAL INCOME GENERATORS
Potential initial businesses to benefit from the new Parkwood strategy include:
Local Football Clubs, Local Tennis Clubs, Mountain Bike rental and repair, Outdoor sports companies, Markets, Design and technology start ups, Food trucks and stalls, Urban Farming, Plant Nurseries
Currently have a warehouse on site and would benefit from a shop and supporting commercial community.
Popupeconomy speaks to founder and CEO of online retail space provider Appear Here, Mr. Ross Bailey, about the emergence of pop-ups on the retail landscape. Is the purpose of a pop-up solely to kick start a retail operation, or do some businesses operate profitably on the long term under a pop-up setup? Do you know of any long-term pop-up ventures? No, a pop up doesn’t have to exist solely to kick start a retail project. They can happen at any point in a brands lifetime. Many pop ups also operate on a pay as you go basis so that they can continue their tenancy on a rolling rent. (PopUpEconomy.com)
PARKWOOD SPRINGS SITE WIDE LANDSCAPE PLANNING STRATEGY
An illustrative map of potential future income generators, activity zones and accessibility linkages. The central hub acts as both a source point and collection point for activity in Parkwood Springs. The dense activity in the hub is connected both physically River, Woodland and Parkland Corridors) and visually by a network of income generators and green infrastructure while also forming the gateway between Sheffields other centres and Parkwood Springs.
Bar or equivalent
Community Hub
Helipad
Business Complex
Nursery/ Allotment
Water Sports
Retail Complex
Education
Cafe or equivalent Arts & Entertainment Restaurant/ Equivalent Supermarket/ equivalent Picnic areas Fishing Major Viewpoint
Recycling Centre Public Toilet Bike Centre Winter Ski Zone Play Park Football Tennis
Dog Racing
CORE FOCUS AREAS & INCOME GENERATORS
Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park - London New Connections
Railway Park
Economic Centre River Park
A new city hub The city hub is formed around the principle of the compact city in which aims to place minimum emphasis on the car in favour of a dense, pedestrian dominated hub of social, environmental and economic activity. Here a mixed use business park contained in the river and park landscape will supply locally accessible services, jobs and amenities to promote economic growth in the area.
“Local Combined Heat and Power plants (CHPs) can be used both to distribute electricity and, due to their proximity, to pipe hot water directly into buildings. This can more than double the efficiency of conventional urban power distribution. City rubbish, which is usually either dumped as landfill or incinerated, both with polluting effects, can be burned by local CHPs.” (University of Reading)
London’s Olympic Park sets a precedence for a waterside park, with the ability to flood, forming the foundation for intense areas of commercial activity (Olympic facilities) which in turn attracts even more businesses (Olympicopolis & University College London’s new campus) to generate more economic growth, enhancing the whole area of Stratford and London at a local, national and international scale.
Greenwich Park - London Viewpoints Woodland Corridor
Sports at Parkwood
Sports Clubs Direct Routes
Enhancement, expansion and densification of local sporting facilities will give a greater intensity to the community atmosphere encouraging Parkwood to be a recreational hub as well as an economic one. Encased in woodland, formal activities such as football and tennis will run with formal sports such as running trails and mountain biking, while adjacent ecology is given room to thrive. Amenities such as food stalls will give greater income to the sports clubs on top of their
subscriptions. Together they bring economic growth to help make, manage and maintain other amenities such as the viewpoints.
Greenwich park is one of London’s most successful sporting community parks with formal cricket and tennis clubs and excellent viewpoints combining with informal lawns, downhill skateboarding and running routes.
Woodland Corridor
Activities in the country park Landfill Restoration
Sequential Income Generation
Amenities
The woodland corridor will encase the open country park containing a succession of
income generators including the cafe, bandstand, toilets, hillside museum gallery. This route will lead up to the urban nursery zone and will be flexible enough to accommodate leisure activities such as mountain biking and in the event of heavy snowfall, open skiing.
The influx of people on site for activities will not only generate cash resources but also improve site safety. Sculpted channels and a network of suds will collect water from further up the site and transfer it into a retention water body that will grow into a visitable attraction bringing people to an adjoining cafe complex.
The act of sculpting sud channels will also assist in reducing the sloping bowl like nature surrounding the water body creating a more open and visible attraction.
Amenties such as Public Toilets will allow people to stay on site for longer.
Recycling Historical Features Sadovniki Park - Alphabet City
COUNTRY PARK Thresholds Commercial Gateway
City Gateways Arrival and departure thresholds are important in making a statement of the character of the local area and in making Parkwood more visible, recognisable and significant to the city of Sheffield. Visual connections throughout the site create linkages
between income generators resulting in a better network for growth.
Visibility through site
Public Realm Improvements Restoration and re-use of pieces of current industrial remnants may be used as character features on site. For example the dis used gas pipe can be dismantled and re assembled to form a gateway arch on the edge of the city.
Industrial materiality and contemporary art combine to create thresholds with greater local significance.
The Parkwood Hub - Sub Site
Railway Park Commercial Clusters
SUD Networks
Public Realm
River Park
Infrastructure Network Water Retention
New Connections
Coming up... Key Masterplanning Principles Design Rationalisation Park Character Areas Benefit Delivery
Minimising flood risk through increased primary water capacity and retention and an additional network of sustainable urban drainage systems.
Water Management
Establishing high value frontages to the two parks and the public realm to create a landscape integrated business community.
Orientation and Density
KEY MASTERPLANNING PRINCIPLES Compact City The site is partially in a zone 2 medium probability flood area. “There are generally no other restrictions placed on land use in these areas outside of the sequential and exception tests.” ( Sheffield City Council Strategic Flood Risk Assessment)
Compact plots for increased social and economic activity to build building to building and plot to plot relationships. Angled to receive maximum sunlight hours and incorporate green roof technology one some buildings.
NPPF 2.23 “Planning policies should be positive, promote competitive town centre environments and set out policies for the management and growth of centres over the plan period”. (NPPF, 2012)
A new pedestrian access green route that connects the two sides of the river, the core plots and starts to build the physical connection to the wider city. A vibrant central route will play house to a multitude of outdoor urban activities ie. Markets.
The park system will incorporate wetlands including ponds and riparian woodland (Alder, Birch and Black Poplar among others) to begin to meet the UK’s BAP priority wetland policy in an urban area.
A multi park system to encase the development with interconnecting public realm to define plots and encourage the compact city over urban sprawl. Maximising landscape accessibility and availability will increase developable land value and encourage increase biodiversity.
“A good quality water environment has the potential to help economic regeneration and enhance the economic and social amenity value of developments and improve the quality of life in cities.” (Environmental Agency Humber Basin River Management Plan)
THE BIG MOVES
New Connections
Multi Park System
A landscape driven, encased, compact development to drive economic growth in the local area. Acting as a business and commercial centre its variety and density of activity will generate economic and social growth and improvement which will in turn spill out to the wider Parkwood Springs, further down the river and rail corridor and onto the City and Meadowhall.
A rational series of contained developable plots to for flexibility in plot development and a greater efficiency in pedestrian and vehicular networking.
Flexible Plots
DESIGN RATIONALISATION Ground Level Retail + Office Ground Level Retail + Residential Total Retail Total Office
CONNECTIVITY & PLOT LAYOUT Primary Developable Plots
River Don Functional Flood Plain
Primary Public Transport Routes
Secondary Developable Plots
Water Retention Quay
Secondary Vehicular Transport Route
Central Pedestrian Spine
Primary Developable Plots - These plots will form the foundation for commercial growth on the site with the potential to hold dense configurations or clusters of services and businesses. Each plot will contain its own high quality public real and have a visual relationship with either the river park, railway park or central pedestrian spine. Depending on developer preference and community consultation plots with existing buildings may be retained and enhanced provided they are within the plot boundary. Secondary Developable Plots - These plots are of higher value as they face onto the two parks however there is a greater need for these to respond responsibly to the woodland and river corridors. These are likely to house individual service requirements and are less likely to form clusters. The northern bank of secondary plots will group with the primary plots to form an active street serviced by the public transport routes giving it a different nature to the fully pedestrianised zones along the central spine. Water Retention Quay - In the event of large scale flooding this water retention body will hold large quantities of water to prevent any detrimental impact on the local SUD network and reduce impacts on the city’s sewage system. Transport & Circulation - Vehicular circulation routes encase the plots to allow for flexibility when designing buildings with varied entrances, waste disposal points and total emergency services access. Central Pedestrian Spine - This core connector is a statement of connectivity between the city and Parkwood. Unimpeded by vehicular transport it epitomises the compact city ideal and promotes increased walkability by creating an active route along the commercial frontages and into the clusters and plazas.
ILLUSTRATIVE MASTERPLAN & INDICATIVE LAND USE Land use on site is primarily driven by economic growth with commercial services dominating. However the mixed use of the development will allow for residential use in perimeter blocks and or on the upper floors in some clusters with a direct visual relationship to the parkland. A school is not a priority as there are large numbers of nearby educational facilities however hubs for electricy and waste processing will be present away from the city edge to account for the dense service requirements of the compact hub.
Don River Park THE MULTI PARK SYSTEM
Parkwood Railway Park
A two park system in the sub site will allow the continuation and expansion of the riparian and parkwood springs woodland corridors. This will result in the Parkwood business hub being encased in its environment and becoming a character area that contributes to Parkwood’s natural habitats as opposed to the old urban wasteland and industrial corridors.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BENEFIT DELIVERY Each new character area has the opportunity to begin income generation and provide social benefits. The new character areas will have a greater relationship to each other and have greater functionality. Parkwood Business Hub - The hub is the primary income generator bringing inward investment and large numbers of people to the area. The large increase in population will benefit the safety perception of Parkwood springs as a whole.
CURRENT CHARACTER ASSESSMENT The current fragmentation of Parkwood springs is inhibiting connectivity of both human and ecological networks. Large swathes of hard industrial surface are detrimental to Sheffield’s economic, environmental and flooding strategies.
PROPOSED CHARACTER AREAS A more simplified and continuous system of character areas reduces the detrimental effects of fragmentation and adds to a more coherent character for the whole of Parkwood. Creating a more compact centre will give other natural corridors room to breath.
Recreational Park - The Park will have smaller income generators such as a museum/ gallery. It will play host to history as a site for memorials, relics of WW2 History and the re-emergence of Parkwood as one of Yorkshire’s Deer Parks. Woodland Corridor - This corridor will provide a wide variety of trails for mountain bikers and runners alike. As a transitional edge between the hub and the recreational park it will host small income generators such as ice cream stalls for those arriving for recreation Riparian Corridor - The river corridor is the primary amenity space for the commercial hub playing host to an array of social activities. Businesses located close to it will receive higher inflow of those on the river walk and increases in land value associated with quality public realm. Allotment and Nursery Revival - The new ‘growing’ community will produce plants (especially trees) for the city of Sheffield promoting local sourcing of resources. Smaller allotments will benefit the existing community that enjoy growing their own food.
Street Tree Planting. Food Production.
Wide River Corridor Park.
Green Roof Technology.
Reduced Urban Heat Island Eect.
Lower Carbon Footprint.
CO2 Railway Park Connection To Parkwood Springs.
Improved Carbon Cycle.
Greater Carbon Absorbtion.
Increased Biodiversity
Storm Water Management.
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT DELIVERY A development based around its river wetland and railway parks with deliver environmental benefits from the small scale (habitats for Dippers, Otters, Watervoles, Newts and Frogs) to the broader scale including combating climate change.
EďŹƒcient Energy Consumption Lower Emmisions.
High Quality Public Open Space. Proximity connections to local transport.
Improved Walkability.
Grey Water Management.
Orientation.
Parkwood is currently on of the most deprived areas of Sheffield. Lack of investment detrimentally affects the maintenance and perception of the park.
Parkwood is heavily disconnected with the rest of the city and its economic benefits.
Create a strategy to regenerate an economic hub for the city of Sheffield.
Development is discouraged in the Parkwood area.
Parkwood has a severe lack of inward investment and is virtually dependant on grants.
The Parkwood area struggles to produce its own income and help its local economy. Eco services to provide cash savings and cash generation for the city of Sheffield and local economies.
ECONOMIC FUTURES “The masterplan aims to reduce the Parkwood area’s deprivation by way of creating a dense urban centre that will delivery economic benefits and recovery by a network of means at local, city and regional levels.”
Improvements in city connectivity with the creation of economic networks and inward trading. Transport connectivity is improved accorss the city to suit the multiple centres.
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As Sheffield’s centres get a greater regional standing the city grows increasing city-wide investment. More emphasis of Sheffield’s city parks lead to greate improvements to Sheffields wide green infrastructure network.
Benefits to local bussinesses in and around Parkwood Springs.
Sheffield city centre, Parkwood and Meadowhall (assuming arrival of HS2) make Sheffield polycentric following models set by London, Manchester and Tokyo.
Increased quality increases local land values to bridge the current gap between the parkwood area and the sheffield centre.
Reduction in local and city deprivation.
Create a dense centre of commercial activity to encourage development of the River Don corridor.
Encourages inward investment.
Further establishment of Parkwood as one of Sheffield’s new centres.
Greater investment in the Parkwood parklands.
Money reaches the surrounding local communities.
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